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Reinforce Concrete

Reinforced concrete was developed in the mid-19th century by embedding steel bars into concrete, combining the strengths of both materials. Ernest L. Ransome made significant contributions through his invention of twisted steel reinforcing bars (rebar) in the 1880s. One of his first projects using twisted rebar was the Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1889, which was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States. Requirements for deformations on steel rebar were not standardized in the U.S. until ASTM A305 was published in 1949, establishing modern standards still used today.

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71 views1 page

Reinforce Concrete

Reinforced concrete was developed in the mid-19th century by embedding steel bars into concrete, combining the strengths of both materials. Ernest L. Ransome made significant contributions through his invention of twisted steel reinforcing bars (rebar) in the 1880s. One of his first projects using twisted rebar was the Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park in 1889, which was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States. Requirements for deformations on steel rebar were not standardized in the U.S. until ASTM A305 was published in 1949, establishing modern standards still used today.

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Shainee Delle Palmera
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Reinforcing bars in masonry construction have been used since at least the 15th century (2,500 meters of rebar

was used in the


Château de Vincennes).[3] During the 18th century, rebar was used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia,
built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov. The cast iron[citation needed] used for the rebar was of high quality, and
there is no corrosion on the bars to this day. The carcass of the tower was connected to its cast iron tented roof, crowned with one
of the first known lightning rods.[4] However, it was not until the mid-19th century that rebar displayed its greatest strengths with
the embedding of steel bars into concrete, thus producing modern reinforced concrete. Several people in Europe and North America
developed reinforced concrete in the 1850s. These include Joseph-Louis Lambot of France, who built reinforced concrete boats in
Paris (1854) and Thaddeus Hyatt of the United States, who produced and tested reinforced concrete beams. Joseph Monier of
France is one of the most notable figures for the invention and popularization of reinforced concrete. As a French gardener, Monier
patented reinforced concrete flower pots in 1867, before proceeding to build reinforced concrete water tanks and bridges.[5]

The Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park

Ernest L. Ransome, an English engineer and architect who worked in the United States, made a significant contribution to the
development of reinforcing bars in concrete construction. He invented twisted iron rebar, which he initially thought of while
designing self-supporting sidewalks for the Masonic Hall in Stockton, California. His twisted rebar was, however, not initially
appreciated and even ridiculed at the Technical Society of California, where members stated that the twisting would weaken the
iron.[6] In 1889, Ransome worked on the West Coast mainly designing bridges. One of these, the Alvord Lake Bridge in San
Francisco's Golden Gate Park, was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States. He used twisted rebar in this
structure.[7]

At the same time Ernest L. Ransome was inventing twisted steel rebar, C.A.P. Turner was designing his "mushroom system" of
reinforced concrete floor slabs with smooth round rods and Julius Kahn (inventor) was experimenting with an innovative rolled
diamond-shaped rebar with flat-plate flanges angled upwards at 45° (patented in 1902). Kahn predicted concrete beams with this
reinforcing system would bend like a Warren Truss, and also thought of this rebar as shear reinforcement. Kahn's reinforcing system
was built in concrete beams, joists, and columns. The system was both praised and criticized by Kahn's engineering contemporaries:
C.A.P. Turner voiced strong objections to this system as it could cause catastrophic failure to concrete structures. He rejected the
idea that Kahn's reinforcing system in concrete beams would act as a Warren Truss and also noted that this system would not
provide the adequate amount of shear stress reinforcement at the ends of the simply supported beams, the place where the shear
stress is greatest. Furthermore, Turner warned that Kahn's system could result in a brittle failure as it did not have longitudinal
reinforcement in the beams at the columns. This type of failure manifested in the partial collapse of the Bixby Hotel in Long Beach,
California and total collapse of the Eastman Kodak Building in Rochester, New York, both during construction in 1906. It was,
however, concluded that both failures were the consequences of poor quality labor. With the increase in demand of construction
standardization, innovative reinforcing systems such as Kahn's were pushed to the side in favor of the concrete reinforcing systems
seen today.[8]

Requirements for deformations on steel bar reinforcement were not standardized in U.S. construction until about 1950. Modern
requirements for deformations were established in "Tentative Specifications for the Deformations of Deformed Steel Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement", ASTM A305-47T. Subsequently, changes were made that increased rib height and reduced rib spacing for
certain bar sizes, and the qualification of “tentative” was removed when the updated standard ASTM A305-49 was issued in 1949.
The requirements for deformations found in current specifications for steel bar reinforcing, such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706,
among others, are the same as those specified in ASTM A305-49.[9]

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