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Signal Conditioning

Signal conditioning is required for several reasons: 1. To filter out high-frequency coupling from sources like variable frequency drive motors, protecting measurement and control circuits. 2. To provide short circuit protection for each circuit in a field device, so that if one circuit fails the others are not affected. 3. To provide protection against surges and dangerous voltages, preventing high voltages from entering control loops via galvanic isolation. The document then discusses AC and DC bridges, their components and uses, and key differences between them such as AC bridges measuring impedance while DC bridges measure resistance.

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62 views

Signal Conditioning

Signal conditioning is required for several reasons: 1. To filter out high-frequency coupling from sources like variable frequency drive motors, protecting measurement and control circuits. 2. To provide short circuit protection for each circuit in a field device, so that if one circuit fails the others are not affected. 3. To provide protection against surges and dangerous voltages, preventing high voltages from entering control loops via galvanic isolation. The document then discusses AC and DC bridges, their components and uses, and key differences between them such as AC bridges measuring impedance while DC bridges measure resistance.

Uploaded by

Wild Bot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chp:2 Signal Conditioning

LP 1) Explain why signal conditioning is required?


Explain the need for protection with example.
Ans)
1. Filtering of couplings
Signal conditioners protect signal circuits against high-frequency coupling. For example, for
drive motors with variable frequency control, the input filter of the signal conditioners filters
coupled interference. Thus, measurement and control circuits in environments with high-
frequency interference are effectively protected.

2. Protection of field signals in case of failure


Signal conditioners protect the field circuits in the event of a short circuit. Otherwise,
the faulty circuit may shut down the entire supply chain and could cause damage to the
wiring. Signal conditioners offer short circuit protection for each circuit of the field
device. If a single circuit fails, the other circuits are not affected.

3. Protection against surges


Signal conditioners protect personnel and equipment from dangerous voltages. In case
of failure, high AC voltages or voltage pulses can enter the measuring circuit. Signal
conditioners prevent the passage of high voltages into the control-side loop by galvanic
isolation. Personnel and equipment are protected from dangerous high voltages.

4. Reliable signal doubling (signal splitting)


Signal conditioners double input signals. When signals are needed for several parallel
outputs, such as in DCS and ESD systems, or data acquisition systems, signal conditioners
provide the input signal at the output in parallel. The input signal can be used
independently by several systems. In case of system failure, the other signal remains
available.

5. Potential equalization within a channel


Signal conditioners adapt sources and sinks within a signal circuit. When a field device
and a control unit feed current at the same time into the channel, the result is a non-
functional circuit. Signal conditioners ensure the potential equalization within the
channel. All combinations of current sink, current sources, and voltage sources can be
realized.
AC Bridge: -
The AC bridge consists source, balanced detector, and the
four arms. The arms of the bridge consist the impedance. The AC
bridge is constructed by replacing the battery with the ac source.
The bridges are formed by replacing the DC battery with the AC
source and galvanometer with the Wheatstone bridge. The bridge
is used for detecting the inductance, capacitance, storage factor,
dissipation factor etc.

DC Bridge: -
The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical
resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the
bridge circuit. The value of one of the arms is known while the
other of them is unknown.

Key Differences Between AC and DC Bridge

1. The bridge which is used for measuring the unknown


impedance of the circuit is known as the Wheatstone
bridge. The DC bridge is used for measuring the unknown
resistance of the circuit.
2. The AC bridge uses the AC supply. The DC bridge uses the DC supply for measuring the
resistance.
3. In AC bridge the current is detected by using the AC detector. While in DC bridge the current
is detected by using the DC detector.
4. The resistive and reactive components are used in the AC bridge circuit while in the DC
circuit only resistive components are used.
5. The AC bridge circuit uses the Wagner earth device for removing the earth capacitance from
the circuit. It also reduces the harmonics and the error which occurs because of the stray
magnetic field. The Wagner earthing device is not used in the DC bridge circuit.
6. The AC bridges take less time to comes in balance condition while the DC bridge uses
comparatively more time to comes in the balanced condition.
7. Wheatstone Bridge and the Kelvin bridge are the types of the DC bridge. The AC bridges are
classified into seven types. These are capacitance comparison bridge, inductance
comparison bridge, Maxwell’s bridge, Hay’s bridge, Anderson Bridge, Schering bridge, Wein
bridge.

Conclusion

The AC and DC bridge both are used for measuring the unknown parameter of the circuit. The AC
bridge measures the unknown impedance of the circuit. The DC bridge measures the unknown
resistance of the circuit.
Analog to Digital Converters
Digital to Analog Converters

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