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100%(2)100% found this document useful (2 votes)
3K viewsComplete Mathematics For IGCSE Rev Guide
Complete Mathematics for IGCSE Rev Guide Fourth Edition
Uploaded by
sam wongCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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OXFORD
LURIVERSITY Puss
‘eat aren Set, Ono, 0X2 SDF als Knsem
‘eesti nd educaton by pling wore: cd
incenam cher counter
{©oxfore Univers res 2017
Alghero pas oft pub may be epee
‘eihout the por pei in wing! Calor Univers es oe
‘xyes pete by lao nde ans ated ith the appa
morale net aon tienen een
‘Sci Unive es atte saaeetstere
eis rary Catlaguing in Puen Daa
Printed in Gra tain by Bl and sin Ld. Glasgow
Acknowledgements
‘ices ict ogitered tama of Cambie Interatinal Exasnaions,
he publisher wu ike to thank GanbrigeItemacional Beainations or
‘thin persion eves pnt pa stn
game
slay? (2) Copy and complete the table forthe numberof
sees in each diagram
12. Joshua decides to save money in the following way: e
He saves Et inthe fist week, £7.20 in the second
week, £1.40 in the tied week, and so on
{@) How much would he save inthe nth week?
oA een aera ee eed (0) How many sticks ate in the 25th diagrarn?
(© Inwhich week would he ist save at least £52 ( noepany fli ee rine adage
(@) After 1Oweeks Joshua wants tobuya tennis racquet (@) Hew mary pentagers are inthe degra with
which costs 19.98, Herealses that he hes saved ee me
Diagram 22 ||
sie [5 [2
To stk?
gute eraugh, but byhowmuchisheskor?
6. Find the ne arm in each sequence:
3. fdthetattveetemsina sequence whosenth am 8+ Fd erect neice
een ae (b) 3,8, 11, 19, 30.
@ inary oe © 6.811,15.20.
(@) 3X, 6x3, 1204, 24x%,,
A. Find he nom wo terme in cach saquence,
G@ 5,10,20, 40,20, 7. the numberof gala (Gin this agra gien by
(b) 1,8, 27, 64, 125, the formula G = 3.n (n+1), where nis the numiber of
© 2,8, 18, 32,50, rows, Thee are 4rows in the diagram. How many gol
@2322u tals al thee bea agra with 15 rows?
4 9 78 25 35"
“The diagrams shaws a sequence of regular
ppentagans. Sticks of equal length are used
‘to make the pentagons. A set isa collection of items ~such as numbers, peopl, letters etc
For example
Set Ais the set of pupils in year 11 who wear classes.
Set Bis the set of pupils in year 11 who have blonde hai.
An elements an indwcual tem ofa set, for example a particular pupilin year 11 isan element.
Extended
Venn diagrams
‘Venn diagrams can be used 10 represent sets
‘A.Venn iagram consists of a large rectangle with circles or ovals inside to represent the
vavious sets,
é
The circles may or may nat overlap.
The symbol # beside the rectangle represents "the universal
set". This might be, for example, all year 11 pupils ln this, ss
‘example aniy year 11 pupils in this school would feature in
‘the Venn diagram,
Ian elernent isin setA and aio in set 8 then ilies in the intersection of the two circles,
Han element isneitherina nor 8 then ilies incde the rectangle
but outside both eles, ‘
70
Example
The Venn dlagram shows students in a class who
enjoy swimming and running.
(@) How many students enjoy both running and
swimming?
(@) How many enjoy running?
© How many enjoy neither running nor swimming?
(2) Tere ae students who enjoy both running and swimming as there ae students
Iyng nthe intersection ofthe two cides
(0) There are 13-who enjoy runing, Thats the 8 who enjoy running but not sineing
and the 5 who enjoy both running and swimming
(There ate 10 students who enjoy nether runing nor swimming, These are the
Jo whole cusie both cles
Running Saining
Example
Ina class of 33 students, 20 like chess, 12 lke droughts and 5 like nelther. Represent
this on a Venn diagram.
Those who lke ches il be reprsented by one il, those who ike draughts wil be
represented by another cre. Those who ice both ae inthe overlap ofthe cies while
those who like neither vil fe ouside both ees
So the S who lke nether go outside the two cicles
é
‘Those students do not le
ineither circle so that leaves
|_____— 28 tobe putin the three
5 spaces inside the circles.
ches Draughts Ertendad
sets (5
How isthe rect cf the Venn diagram 10 be filled in?
“The two circles can averlap. Imagine that one crcl has tata 20 (students who lke chess), one
has total 12 (students who lke draughts) The combined total has to be 28,
Iv the circles did not overlap thelr combined total would be 32 (20 + 12) s0 the overlap
must have 4 (32 ~ 28)
¢ There are 12 altogether
() tino lke draughts 60
“There ate 20 aogether 8 must goin hare.
‘who like chess so 16 —~] 7
‘must go in here. Chess Draughts
Set notation
If set is the set of even numbers less than 10 then
The members or elements of
A=2,4,6,8) set A are listed inside curly
brackets
4. A means that 4 isan element of A.
9A means that is not an element of A.
(A) represents the number of elements in A. FA = 12,4, 6, 8) then n(A) = 4,
AU Brmeans the union of sets A and 8, AO. B means the intersection of sets A
‘hati, all the elemoms which belong tA and B, thats, only he elements wiih
oF Bor both, belong to both @ and B.
6 é
A 8 a F
A.C Beans that Ais proper subset A (called the complement of A) represents
of, all the elements that are notin A.
é (i S
The shaded area represents
a
z A @
NB When A is a subset of B.A UB = B
AGB means that A is nota proper subset of 8.
ACB means thar A lies inside 6 but A cannot be equal to &.
A.B means that lies inside 8 but A can be equal 1 8.
‘The empty set © or { } are the symbols used for "the empty set” so A 11 B= Gir theres,
ro element that belange both to A and &. Tip) Revision guide: Mathematics
For example if isthe set of polygons, set A is quadilaterals and set is triangles then the
‘Venn diagram would look like ti:
6
Example
*ieall whole numbers less than 10.
(x: xis an even number
B= (c:x1sa prime number} ~ This notation means that A
(@) Express this on a Venn diagram, consists ofall numbers x,
(b) List all the elements of 4’. here xis an even number
(©) What is n(A UB)?
@) Find an 8.
(2) Since is all whole numiaers less than 10,
Inthis example A 7B = since a polygon cannot
bbe a quatiateral and a triangle. The two ovals do
rot intersect.
A 8
the only numbels appearing on the Venn é 19
diagram are 1,2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8and 9.
{) A" contains al the elements outside A.
SoA'=11,3,5,7,9)
(€A UB represents al the elements which belong to a
A.of B 01 both,
SoA UB = Q2,3,4,5,6,7, 8} There are 7 elements inthis sat so nA UB)
(4) 4.718 represents all the elements which belong to both A and B, SoA 1B
since 2 ie the only number which is beth even and prime.
‘Shading unions
Example
AU Bincludes any region thats shaded in A’ or B (or both).
é é
u
a 3 a 3 a
2 ethaded a pshaded A UB b shaded
Example
A’U Bi includes any region that is shaded in A” or 6 (or both).
E A B ‘ a © A
u
t z 7
A ® aus Ertended
sets (5
Shading intersections
Example
4° 1B includes any region that is shaded in both A’ and B.
‘
a =
A 3 A 3 a 3
A a ANB
Example
4°18’ includes any region that is shaded in both A’and 6.
i A 8 si A £ * 4 c
n
ig 7 a
A e ane
Exam question CHE 0580 November 05 Paper 4.Q8.a
‘All 24 students in a class are asked whether they like football and whether they
like basketball. Some of the results are shown in the Venn diagram below.
5 6 8
‘f = (etudents in the class}.
F = {students who like football).
8 = {students who like basketball),
(@) How many students like both sports?
(b) How many students like neither sport?
(©) Write down the value of n(F U 8).
(@) Write down the value of n(F'N 8).
(©) A student from the class is selected at random. What is the
probability that this student likes basketball?
(f) A student who likes football is selected at random. What is the
probability that this student likes basketball?
(@) The 12 people inthe intersection of the two ovals like both sports,
(b) The diagram has numbers in three of the four regions. The total surnber of
students in the three regions is 7 + 12 + 2 = 21. There are 24 students in the
class so that leaves 3 students who are in the fourth region, which is those who
lke neither spor.
(Continued) Exam question (continued)
(0 FUB represents those who lke footbal or basketball or both, There are 7 + 12 +2
21 in this region so rKFU 8) = 21,
(6) F/B represents thase who do not like football but who do like basketball
z
a
5
é 5 p | onrne
(e) 12 + 2 = 14 studems ike basketball aut of 24 students in the class. Sopprobablity
44
iste o
(0.7 +12 = 19 students lke football. OF those 12 lke basketball. So probably is FS
Describe the shaded regions 2, Inayearof 100 students, 70 enjoy Maths, 50
enjoy French and 20 enjoy nether.
eis e | a 8 (2) Draw a Venn diagram showing this
information
(©) Use your diagram to find the numer of
students who enjoy both subjects.
3. Inashop there were 120 customers ona certain
© E clay. Of these 60 paid using note, 30 paid using
«ins and 50 paid using cards.
ey 4 2 | OF 4 “ (@) Drawa Venn diagram showing this
information
(0) Use your diagram to find the numberof
customers who used both notes and coins.
-- -- 4, Onanathletics day 150 athetes tke part 60
are in the 100 meties, 50 are in the 200 metres
and 80 are in neither.
(2) Draw a Venn diagram showing this
information
(0) Use the diagram to find the number of
athletes who ran in only one race. 4 Galculations
snus nsn-nvn ane
mE Gao
se
The cube of a number n isn X n Xn =n, 50 the cube of
m3 0800
bi ale
S isthe square root of 25,
&
2isthe cube root of 8. The cube root of nis represented
by vm
2
“The square root fn i represented by VF
sovE=
fon same calculators
on some calculators
so V25
on some calculators
Exam question E0580 tne 06 Paper 1 Q5 Catoosa pot all
the sme Lem how
‘A cube of side / metres has a volume of 20 cubic metres. Calculate the value of I. os
122.71 m(to 3s)
Order of calculations
Jomes fist calculates “thee plus five” to give
3+ 5= 8 and then does “times by two" to
give ® x 2= 16.
Akshay fst calculates “two times three” to
ive 2 X 3 = 6 and then does “plus five" to
ghe 6 +5=11
‘Whats two times
three plus five?
‘When calculating expressions with several operations you have to do the working in the
right order. The order is
EEaaaee es
Indices — for example 2° or
Division ~ for example 8 = oa —BI D MAS
Multiplication — for example 3 x 4
‘Addition ~for example 5 + 2
Subtraction - for example 7 —
& Without a calculator
Calculate (3 +4 x 3+ (5 +7) 46-1
Using the 8 of BOMAS gives(3 +47 x 34547) +6—1=7X34+12+6-1
Using the lof alDMAS ges 7° x 3+ 12+ 6-1=49x3+ 1246-1
Using the D of BIDMAS gives 49 x 3 + 12 = 49x3+2-1
Using the M of BIOMAS gives 49 x 34+ 2—1= 147 +2~1
Using the A of BIDMAS gies 147 +2— 1 = 149-1
Using the 5 of BDMAS gies 149 1 = 148
Ea Revision guide: Mathematics
Example
‘Add brackets to this expression to make the answer correct:
axs—3-7
Possible postions forthe brackets ae:
@xs)-3-7=20-3-7=10
4x5 -@-1)=20-(-a)=24
4xG-9-7=4x2-7
1
So the correct positon for the brackets is 4 x (S — 3)-7=4%2-7=1
With a calculator
The calculator operates using BIOMAS.
I, for example, you type in 7 +9 =
The calculator
Does the Division first ta ghe 7 +3 —
Then the Addition to give 10 — 1
Than the Subtraction ta give 9
7+983-1
you wenttecaltortoworcout 222
‘he expression using brackets. pein (7 + 9) + (3 ~ 1) as
shown to get the answer 8.
they ye Se
(74-1)
Example
(2) Work out (752 + 8.13), writing down all the figures on your calculator display.
(b) Write the answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures.
(0) You mustinstruct he calculator to work out VOLE2 + 813) not VTAZ + 8.13.
Sar allt open races atonal when © is presets may at
(thers do not need them as they write everything under the square root
on IQOQUOOGOVO00000
—!—_ ‘The brackets may appear automatically or may not
be needed
The daplay might look like this:
ssh een
3-4bBb2b4G7 era
(©) VOBIF ETF = 4.00025)
“his alelaton canbe done
Example a eee
(@) Work out 32 +43, writing down all the figures on your calculator display
(©) Write the answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures. Yo have to baka the op
(ii cfan safer ocala the op and bom ofthe exes, te sha down | eteonandbada he
vernucnrsivepeurediaan tenon esi. Te sy
52+43=95and61-27=34
vert 7 TD
0&1 2 9.53.4 Ga
Typing ths into a caleulator gives z.7auna7eur | | teseasay
BSF - 270M T007 2.79421 7647
52443
8 (to2s
©
oo” Exam question
(@) Work out
12.48 x 0.063
VB +752
‘Write down all the figures on your calculator display.
(b) Write your answer to part (a) correct to 2 significant figures.
(2) Type in (12.48 x 0.063) = (VB + 7.52),
The display looks lke this:
a2-4ax-0b3)!
(1B+?.52)
00759767348
12.48 0.063
(oy 12.48 x 0.083
va +752
076 (to 2sh)
Example
5sin 20° + cos 5°
Use your calculator to work out 531" 20: +-c0s 5°
You need to bracket the numerator ofthis expression oY else use the fraction button on
some calculators.
The display looks lke ths:
Ssin(20)+cos(5)
tan(10)
25 -34816398
5sin 20° + 085° _ 15.54
ss 15,340 35h)
Calculations (77s
CIE 0580 June "06 Paper 1 Q6
Using ANS on calculator
Ifyou type in 12.48 > 0.063 t0
get 0.78624 and then V8 +
752 to get 1034882712
(on the calculator splay)
youcan then type
0.78624eAns
0.07597b74348
‘The “Ans” uses the value that
the calculator ast calculated,
In this case VB + 7.52
iving your answer to 3 sf.
1. Find t(to3sh given thatthe volume ofthe cube is $0 er
Tem
Tem
Tam
2. Calculate the value of each expression (to 33F
where necessary:
@F wir 7.48
QV (@ Y=100 y ease
3B. Find the side length ofa square whose area is 49 cm”
‘A, ‘Fndithe side length of a cube whose velume is 216 ar’.
5. Write the following in ascending order (smallest
first
(oe VOB VvOE a6 as
we We ve 6 &
‘Add one set of brackets to each calculation to make it
correct
@)4415+5-2x5=29
() 3427x3=15
@543x2+7=32
72. Calculate the value of each expression (10 35f.
(@) VIZRSSF21K57
61-35
© Sy +arx te
LP + Ae
ee 5 Directed numbers
You can use a number line to show directed numbers, 5-43-21 012345
Adding and subtracting “10° d° 10" 20" 90" 40"
“To add @ positive number (or subtract a negative number) move to the sight on the
umber line.
Example
(-41+6=2 Aone a tthe right
S4s2toi2sas
“To subtract a positive number (or add a negative nurniber) move to the left
Example
s+
SESTTTT ES TE | move ot? wthe te
Example
‘The temperature in Moscow was ~1°C at 2300. By 0400 the next day it ha fallen
by 3°C. What was the temperature at 04007
‘The temperature was (—1) ~ 3 = -#°C Fastitissas
Multiplying and dividing
Mutpyng or didn two negative numbers or two postive numbers gives a paste number
“Multiplying or dividing a negative number and a positive numer gives a negative numicer.
Example
(-4) x(-2) =8 3x (-5)
{-10) + (-2)=5 (-8) 23
Exam question CCIE 0580 June ‘08 Paper 1 Q6
Im May, the average temperature in Kiev was 12°C.
In February, the average temperature was 26°C lower than in May.
What was the average temperature in February?
The average ternperature in February was 12 — 2
1. The average temperature each month in Montreal is 2, Calculate the following:
shown in the table, @ 17+-3) (6) (-4) x(-2)
OM-CN — @ 15-4)
() 18+C3) A (-40) + 10
18
Wea [an [Fe [ ara [ay an
Aug Temp |-11| -9| -3| 5 | 13] 18
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec 3. A man’s bank balance is — £345.20. He then
a fis fas] 6 | 1-7 vsthdraws £50, What & hs new balance?
(a) Find the difference between the highest and
aos The wstar ona gauge is at =20 cm, thats 20 cm
(b) ‘The average minimum temperature for fel the ood ive. the wate ses by 25 cm what
Decemar is usualy 5° lower than the average level does the gauge stow?
December temperature. Find the average
minimum temperature for December. 6 Fractions andi decimals
Fractions
If 2.cake is split into five equal pieces and Joe eats one of the five pieces then the amount,
he eats can be expressed
a: a fraction, that is ofthe whole cake.
a5 a decimal, that is 0.2 of the whole cake. the three expressions are equal
252 percentage, that is 20% of the whole cake
5 isthe numerator
Fractions we
hen youwrte a naber stato ou wt nin the fon
81s the denominator
War shades 4 oto 6 equlsecars of re ten she shades of tec
own ou ao seta neracnanee Force
wf
When iti 15 minutes after 3 pm, 1 minutes out of 60 rninutes in the hour have
gone by and the time is @ quarter past three
© Remember If you multipy or dvide the numerator and the denominator of,
’ fraction by the came number then the value of the fraction is nat changed,
x2 25
AY
so,asyousawabow,2 = £ and
a
@ ms
\titng 2 number in “its lowest form” or “its smpes form” means writing too that
the numerator and denominator do not have any corm factors (except I.
Example
ite ine towest form.
4and Wehavea common factor of 2.
a+2_2
is=2 5
B.7
18
2isthe lowest frm ince 2 and $ have no common factors (except 1)
Decimals and percentages
ln. decimal rurnber the decimal point separates the whole number part from the fractions.
“The factions are tenths, huncecths, thousandths and so on.
sa=s+%
Example
Express 0.15 as (a) a fraction (b) a percentage. 10% = 199, = 1 situ util
ois-h+ 5-28 -2 — @ ats=015% 100% = 15% 0.15 by 100% ts values ot change Revision guide: Mathematics
Example
Express the ‘fraction 2 5 (a) a decimal (b) a percentage.
er 2
fa 3=f=04 () 2=0.4 x 100% = 40%
Example
‘Write down three equal numbers from this list
2 8
0.008 8% 08% 32, = 08 800%
\Write all the numbers as decimals
0.008 8% = 0.08 0.8% = 0.008 %
5-008 08 800%
00
2
So the three equal numbers are 0.008, 0.8% and 2.
Addition and subtraction of fractions
+ Same denominators
If the fractions have the same denominator then add the wo numerators and leave the
denominator unchanged.
243
3
<— Denominator left unchanged —> i
Different denominators
Ifthe fractions have dlfferent denominators then rewrite them so that they have the same
denominator (the LCM of the denominators)
Example Example
1,4 7,5
6*i0 ae
LCM of 6 and 10 8 2030 write LCM of 12 and 18836 so write
Las S and asd, Zt and S 52.
6% 30 10 *30 12736 4 12 36
1,154,384 net +S = 24s
Memes +797 309 * 307 30715 Henceay + 7g = 56 * 36 ~ 36
+ Mixed numbers
A tnedrumber is number such as 42 So hie 2 mina of a whole rum and 3
fraction.
Example
2472 NB Methed 1s simpler when adding
‘or subtracting large numbers,
Method 1 Method 2
sh+72 Ute both fractions as “top heavy fractions”
47
a
2
sos
2-74
and 72 =7 Fractions and decimals
Method 2
‘Wie both fractions 2s “top heavy itactions"
cheb ole oltt
Multiplication of fractions
‘© Multiply the numerators together and multiply the denominators together.
2x3_ 5
2y3
Rompe 7X5 9505 as
Remember to cancel eut common fatrs.
2-3
158 D
ample Fnd2of 120.
7
Bample
\Vutite both numbers as “tap heavy fractions"
2=14+2=Wand2e=2+ 2-28
sorgr tgp aeg ete
2 3 x at. 8
so 1§x2gp=— "ZnB
:
3
=2
Division of fractions
+ Vtite both fractions as top heavy fractions
+ “Flip over” the second fraction and change the division sign into 4 multiplication sign,
Example
Find 32 Revision guide: Mathematics
Recurring decimals
‘A recutring decimal has a sequence of digs which repeat indefinitely, eg. 0.333333,
0.275275275.., 06781818181
The recurting gis are shown like this:
0333333, 3 Put.a dot over the first digit and
0275275278... = 0.275 ‘the last digit ofthe recuring part.
os7atataral... = 0.6781
Comparing the sizes of decimals
You canwite 578 =50+ 7+ 2, ands7t2
Itis clear from this that $7,812 is larger than 57.8
To compare the sizes of two decimals.
Compare the digits inthe fist decimal place, the dig in the fist decimal place are equal
case wiper afro then compare the second decimal places
win is larger than 0.679
Continue in this way comparing digits
‘When comparing 0.987 with 0.98 itis easier if you write 0.98 as 0,980.
0.9875 larger than 0.980
since 7s greater than 0.
Example
Place these numbers In ascending order:
“2 2
#2 06 om 8
Wee them all as decimal fractions.
Moose 2206 086 67% =067
50 3
So in ascending order they are:
2 2 34
Boos 2 om #
Exam question HE 0580 hune'06 Paper 1 Q2
009 90% yoy 9% 09 2 900%
Write down the three numbers from the list above which have the same valu
‘Write all the numbers as decimal fractions
9 = 9 ie =
009 90% = Tos {02 ME =00F OB ig5=009 s00%
“The three equal numbers are 0.09, 99% and 2
700 Fractions and decimals (W773
Notation for comparing the sizes of numbers
“The symbol ">" means greater than. So x > S means that xis greater than 5
“The symbol "=<" means les than, So.x < 3 means that» is less than 3
“The symbol "2" meane greater than ar equal to, Sox = § means that x grecter than or
equal 106.
‘he symbel "=" means less than or equal o. Sox = ~2 means that xis ess than or equal
to-2
Exam question ‘CIE 0580 November '05 Paper 1.Q14.
Choose one of the symbols: =, < or >, to complete each ofthe following
statements,
When x = 6 andy = ~7, then
@) Key Oe O yoReny
() 6>-Tsox>y
bo) P= 6'= 35, P= CTF = 49 and 36 < 49500 , in these expressions,
be cut from the original rod? @ xy
a r ) y—xex-y
Abotile of orange juce holds 21 tires of water. A © me
lass holds 2 ite, How many glasses can be filed
from ona bétle of orange juice? a er cc? Buea
io 700
Frorn the numbers listed above write down
(@) the smallest number
(b) the largest number
3. (@) Epes 0375 aafracton.
(0) Fxpress 2a a decimal
A. Caleuate to tolowing: {© the ne numbars hich ao aqua
@ 3}xst
8. Comer the fllowing recurring decimals to fractions
Ae
() 734 62 on
© 83-35 ) 06
(@) 4p+ 23
5S. Write these nurbersin ascending order
aL au
Hop 2 sim 085 7 Standardiform
“The mass ofthe Earth is about $ 974 200 000.000 000 000.000 000 kg, a very lage
rummber. The time taken for light 10 travel 1 kr is about 0.000 002 335 S6 seconds, avery
small numbet. Standard form is useful when wrting very large and very small numbers.
“To write a number in standard form express i as a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by
the appropriate power of 10.
@ x10
SB e number a bawhole number,
between t and 10 posite for large numbers,
(
Ifa loaf of bread cost $2 on
jon in Zimbabwe Sh Octobe 2008 then what
piyperinflati ‘1.000.000 ‘would it cost aweek,
seinnation ite sees OT ‘amonth or a year later?
Zassbabue'
When wsing percentages the total amount, whether ite the price of bred, the pros oa
company ofthe numberof unemployed people i spltinto 100 pars. Each paris one
per cet ofthe tal
S025% means 25 of these 100 pats, 17.5% means 17.5 ofthese 100 pars andson.
Percentage calculations
‘Type
Example
What i 23% of $5002
SatO ie 100% Quick alternative method:
12500507395 6 329 x02 =
19 5 500 so 2394 i 0x 23 500 x 023 = $115
Example
Find 125 of 1300 yards. es
1% of 130015 329 = 13. 12% of 1300 613 x 12 = 156 yrds 1300 0.12 = 156 yards
‘Type2
Example
16 17% of the total price Is €1445 what ithe total price?
1485 is 17%
Quick alternative method:
1% is WA — e950 100% ic €85 X 100 = €8500 1s = 0.17 = €2500
Example
18% of the students at a school play tennis. Ifthe school has 216 tennis players
‘then how many students are there? ee nan ene
1856 6 216,50 196 218 = 12 so 1005612 100 = 1200, 216 + 0.18 = 1200,
‘Type 3
Example
‘What percentage is 85 of 2507
noun 5 25 190% =
Percentage = AMUN x 100% = BS x 190% = 34%
Example
A girl scored 75 out of 120 in atest. Find this asa percentags
Percentage = 75 x 100% = 62.5% Tip) Revision guide: Mathematics
Percentage change ‘Al percentage change questions are type 3
weston. lays use the following...
Example 4 ae
Ina sale the price ofa shirt was reduced from £40 to £32. Find the Percentage change = Gra, % 100%
percentage decrease,
In this ease the ariginal Ie £40 and the ehange in price is £8.
nange x 100%
origina * "°°
So percentage change X 100% = 20%
ype 4
Example
‘Acar worth €5000 loses 15% ofits valu
cone year?
a0
. 5
19% of €5000 is 3000
5000
500 15
0
15% of 5000
The caris worth €5000 ~ €750
Example
A football dub’s average attendance was 41 200. The following year the
‘attendance rose by 4%. What was its new average attendance?
41200
1% of 41 20015 a2
100
49 is 412 x4 = 1648,
The average attendance increased by 1648 so the new average attendance was
42 64a
Example
‘The value of a house in 2007 was $300 000. What was its value in 2008 after a fall
of 8%?
196 of £300 000 is 300-000 ~ ¢3000 so 8% of £300 000 is $3000 x 8 = $24.000
So the value of the house in 2008 was $300 000 ~ $24 000 = $276 000.
Simple interest and compound interest
If you save money in 2 savings scheme (for example, witha bank, bung soiey or the
_govetniment) the initial amount you invests called the principal and you receive interest on
your money.
Similarly f you borraw money the lender will charge you interest,
‘Simple interest
Wien you invest money in a bank offering simple Interest you only get interest on the
original principal
Example
Joseph invests $500 at 4% per annum simple interest.
How much will he have at the end of 5 years?
Interest = 4% of $500 = 585 x 500 = $20 per year
Total intrest in 5 years = $20 x 5 = $100
Joseph will have $500 + $10
600
ina year Whatisit worth after /—T|
Quick alternative method:
5000 x 0.85 = €4250
Quick altemative method!
41200 % 1.04 ~ 42848
Quick alterative method:
+300 000 x 0.92 = $276 000
"Per annum” (pa) means
‘each year Example
‘Aruna invests €480 at 5% simple interest p.a.
‘What is her investment worth after
(a) 7 months (b) 3 years?
@ 5% of C4
es
A.whole year's interest = €24
“After 7 months Arunas investment will be worth €480 + €14 = €494
(3 years’ interest
3x@a=e2
Alter 3 years Aruna’ investment will be worth €480 + €72
552
Compound interest
\When you invest maney ina bank offering compound interest the interest you get each
year is added to your principal and the next yea’ interest ispaid on the increased amount
in your account,
“The compound interest formula is:
Value of investment
of interest andn is the number of years of compound interes.
Follow through these examples, checking the calculations as you go,
Example
All invests $200 at 3% compound interest. What amount will he have after 3 years?
3% of $200 = $6
$200 + $6 = $206 s0 Ali has $206 a the start of Year 2.
3% of $206 = $6.18
$206 + $6.18 = $212.18 0 Al has $212.18 atthe star of Year 3
316 of $212.18 = $6.37 102 dp
$212.18 + $637 = $218.55,
Al will have $218.55 after 3 yeas.
Example
Rose borrows £800 at 7% compound interest for 2 years. How much does she owe
at the end of two years?
7% of £200 = £560 stter one year Rase awes £856,
7% of £956 = £5992
After two years Rose owes £856 + £59.92 = £915.92
Example
{Acar loses 30% of ts value each year. cost £18 000 then how much sit worth
after 3 years?
£18.00 x 0.7* = E6174
The car is worth £6174 after 3 year.
(1+) where Pis the amount invested, the percentage ate
Percentages
Quick alternative method:
200 x 1.03'=$71855,
Te prncipalincreases by 2
factor of 1.03 each year so
in thee yearsit increases
bya factor of 1.02.
Quick method
Multiply by 1.072,
At the end ofa year the car is
worth 70% (0.7) ofits value
atthe start ofthat year. 3
Reverse percentages
IF you know the amount after a percentage increase or decrease then you can work out the
criginal amour.
Example
The price of a skirt reduced by 10% In a sale ft cost $31.50 Inthe sale what was
‘the original price of the skirt? ‘This question has nothing
Ne pice a it 8 $3150, ‘0 do with ing 10% of
$3150.
1s 90% of the orga price
, a5 5
‘So 1% of the original price is >>. ‘Quick method
Divide by 0.9.
So te ngal cee, 100%) was 21 x 100 = $35 sa15+09
Example
The price of a camera including VAT (value added tax) at 17.5% Is S94, What wasits
price before VAT? You do not ned fn
$94 is 117.5% of the price before VAT. 17.5% of $94.
So 1% ofthe price beter VAT was 24
Quick method:
So the orignal cee. 100%) was oan 75 ~ $80
The quick method
Togo rom theo price to the new price multiply bya factor
Tego fom te new pie to the ot pie dide bya facto,
Income tax
People who earn money often pay tax on their earnings. They usually receive a tax-free
alowanee
Example
‘an earns $45 000 per year He get tax free sllowanee of $8000 and pays tx at
arate of 25% onthe next $20 000
He then pays taxa arate of 30% on his remalning Income. How much tax does
Juan pay?
$46 000 ~ se0n0 = $37 000
25% of $20000 = 20000 + 4
$27 000 ~ $20.00 = $17 000
30% of $17 000 = 17 000 x 03 = $5100
Total tax = $5000 + $5100 = $10 100
11. Abank offers 5% compound interest on 2. Aman buys plane tickets for himself, his wife and
imestmens. A man ives 2000 his fou chider The dul aes $172 and the
(@) What isis evestment worth after chk fares 67% ofthe adult fate. fnd the ta
year? cost ofthe juny.
(b) What is the total percentage increase? 10.
‘An investment fund has increased in value by
a total of 21% over the last wo years,
(2) A man invested £1000 in the fund two years
‘ago. Whats worth now?
(0) Calculate the yearly rate of interest assuming
that it was:
() compound interest (i) simple interest.
A bank offers 2% simple interest per year. A woman
‘opens an account with a depost of €750, She closes
the account 11 manths later. Haw much money
does she withdraw?
In Apia lawnmower cost £265. In the September
sale itwas only £225.25. What was the percentage
discount?
‘A bleach bottle i labelled “900 mi forthe price
(of 750 ml: x% extra free”. The xis smudged and
iegible. Whats x?
Jack invests €80 in an account ottering him 3.6%
simple interest. He removes his money after
10 months, How much interest does he get?
‘The sale price of a garden table is £48 andit has
sign saying “Reduction of 20%". What was the
price of the table before the sale?
A schoo claims that the pupils’ average mark in an
‘exam has increased by 15% over 5 yeas. Two boys
ate told that the average mark snow 85.1
George thinks thatthe average mark five years
‘ago was 72.335 but James thinks it was 74
‘Whois right and how is the right answer obtained?
In a sale all items are reduced by 15%. A carpet
ow costs £15.30 per square metie, What was
the price before the sale?
13.
14.
(17.
Percentages
‘A document is phatecapied co that the lengths
of the copy are 70% af the original lengths. Ifthe
copy measures 12.6 cm by 17.5 cm what ate the
dimensions of the original document?
“The attendance at a football match one week
increased by 2 from the previous week. ff the new
attendance was 45 000 what was the attendance
the week before?
[boys height increased by! over yea. his height
reyes wea eaters eae eee7
The number of pupils at a school in 2006 was 85%
‘of the number atthe school in 2005. In 2006 the
number of pupi was 1020. How many pupils were
there In 20057
Find the orignal price ofa car which was sola for
$1200 at a loss of 4%.
Find the original price of an antique which was sold
at £545 at aprofit of 996,
‘The profit of a company in 2004 was £1 500 000. In
2005 the profit was 25% higher than it was in 2004
bbutin 2006 the profit fell by 40%.
(@) Show that the profit in 2005 was £1 875 000.
(0) What was the prfit in 20067
Julienne earns $73 000 per year. She gets @ taxcree
allowance of $7000 and then pays tax ata rate
‘of 20% on the next $50 000. The tax rate on any
additional income is then 40%. How much tax dacs
Julienne pay overall? 11 Timeand speed
Time problems
Tend the journey time given
the start and end times:
Example + Cole how many
{flight departed at 1514 and arrived at 1842. How long was the flight?
oh departed complet hous the
Three hours on fom 151 is 1814, Jouey has take.
1842 is another 28 minutes on from that
= Calelate the minutes,
So the fight taok 3h 28 min.
= Combine the hours and
Example ad
Ail arrived ata rehearsal at 1935 and left at 2129. For how long was she
atthe rehearsal?
‘one hour on fom 1935 2035
2035 to 2100s another 25 mines 2100 to 2129's a furter 29 inutes.25 + 29 = 54
So che wes atthe rehearsal for | hour 4 minutes
Example
{A plane leaves Shanghat at 1055 local time and arrives at London the same day
at 1550 local time, The website says thatthe flight takes 12h 55 min. How many
hours isthe time in London behind the time in Shanghai?
12 hous on from 1055 is 2255 and 55 min on from 22555 2350,
50 the plane ares at 2350 (Shanghal tne) This 1550 London time. So London is
8 routs behind Shang.
Example
Derok wanted to get from Twickenham to Wembley. A website gave him the
information shown in the table.
(a) How long did the journey take in total?
(0) At which station did Derek wait for 8 minutes? Depot Tera fal Satan Tis
(a) He departed at 1158 and arived at 1302. One ave ichmond Ral Satan 1203
hour would ing him to 1258 0 theres another [Depart ened Ral Staion iat
4 minutes. Sotho journey tao 1h nin Arve Wisden ncion Undergenne ation | 1230
(b) There isan 8rrinute gap between 1203 and 1211, [Depart Wiles uncon Underround Staton [1235
‘So he waited for B minutes at Richmond Rail Station, Arrive Wembley Central Station 1242
Depa WimoeyContal ten i
tine GiEance'and speed ‘rive Wenibly Stam — 302
Average speed ,
(otal distance travelled
‘otal time taken
average speed
Be careful with units.
Example
‘Acar travels 189 km at an average speed of 60 km/h, How long does the journey
take? “
s
wing t+ ais 3.15 doesnotmean3h SP
SMgT= 7, T= (gy 318 45 min. means 3h ane
“The journey takes 3 h 9 min, (0.15 x 60 = 9 min Bitended
Time and speed
Exam question CIE 0580 June ‘07 Paper 4 Q1 b (ii)
A ee race
SUSaee nace, ,___| aig ts
‘The distance travelled is 1580 km.
1520)
Average speed = 71580 — = 740 km! (103s
24 hour clock
‘At midday a digital clock goes from 1159:59 to 1200:00 but at midnight the clock goes
rom 2359:59 10 0900:00 (not 2400:00).
‘Thaurs on from 1900 fs "2600", then subtract 24 to give 0200.
hours 45 minutes on from 2030 is “3015” then sultract 24 to give 0615,
Example
Lyla went to sleep at 2015 on Thursday and woke up at 0655 on Friday. For how
tong was she asleep?
655 can be treated as “3055" (0655 + 2400
2015 t0 "3015" 10 hous.
3015" to "3055" is further 40 minutes
0 Lyla was aslep for 10 hours 40 mites.
1055)
Example
IMr Singh looks at his watch asthe plane departs from Mumbai to Singapore and
sees that it's 2050 f the journey lasts 8h 30 min what time wil his watch show
‘when the plane arrives at Singapore?
Shouts on from 2050 & “2850.8 hous 30 in on from 2050 2920", Subtract 24
to gue 0520
is watch wil show 0520,
Other rates
Example
{A So itre tank is filed fll of water in2 minutes and 15 seconds. What isthe rate of
flow (in litres per minute) of the water into the tank?
90 litres in 2.25 minutes = 90 = 2.25 = 40 lites per minute
Example
‘An industrial heater uses energy ata rate of 30 kilowatts per hour How many
Kilowatt of energy does it use n 24 hours?
24 hours a 20 kwh = 24 x 30 = 720 Klas 11. A coach leaves London at 0655 and arrives in Glasgow 4. A fight from Singapore 1o London leaves at 0130
{at 1612, a distance of 667 km. Finclthe average speed
inkilometies per hour
‘plane travels from Windhoek to Jehannesturg in
11h 45 min Ifthe distance is 1190 km find the
average speed,
{A plane leaves Naiobi airport at 2330 ard aves in
London the next day at 0520. The time in Nairobi is
3 hours ahead of the time in London,
(2) How long does the fight take?
‘The retuin flight leaves London at 1005 and artves in
Nairobi at 2135,
(b) How long does the retutn fight take?
(©) Caleulate haw much longer the ourward journey
is than the return journey,
The distance between Nairobi and London is 6813 km.
(@)_ Find the average speeds ofthe plane on the
outward and return journeys, in kin!
local time and arrives the same day at 0555 local
‘ime. The aitline website says that journey lasts for
124 25 min,
(2) How many hours ahead of London is Singapore?
(®) A traveller arrving at Singapore rings home when
‘the time in Singapore is 0700, What isthe time in
London when he rings?
“The ailine website says that the exchange rate is such
‘that the return trip costs 1780 Singaporean dollars,
which is €913.80,
(©) Atthis exchange rate how much would 2 return
‘tip of 2130 Singaparean dollars cost in euros?
‘A-bucket is filed wah water ata rate of 0.04 lres per
second. If it takes 9 minutes to fil the bucket, what is
she capacity of the bucket? 12 Graphs in practical situations
Example
‘The graph below shows the value ofthe Nigerian naira against the Kenyan shilling.
Use the graph to find
{@) how many Kenyan shilings you would get for 80 Nigerian naira
(6) how many Nigerian nalra you would get for 60 Kenyan slings.
1
‘al 60 hilo
Ey
|
30}
Kenyan Shilling
o” 10 2 30 4 50 6 70 80 80 Too
Nigerian naira
(@) Draw a vertical lineup from 50 naira to the graph and then a horizontal line across to
the vertical ans: 50 naitais about 33 shlings.
(©) Draw 2 horizontal line across ftom 60 shilings to the graph and then a vertical ine
down to the horizontal axis: 60 shillings is about 92 naira,
Example 40 py
The ap sons theamcunt hata shop charges fing
2 bie for upto hours ina day. a ieee el
Thovebanhilurgeand thea anhoutytarge, — B
{a) What is the initial charge? 2 ee
CO wnat te hour rg gf
(0 How much would it cost to hire a bike for 3 hours? 5
(@) How many hours’ hire would cost $287
(a) The initial charge isthe cost when the time is zero.
Thisis $10.
(6) From the graph you can see that 1 hour costs $13.
So the hourly charge is $3.
(@ eating oft from graph gives $19. 526
(@) Reading off from graph gives 6 hours. =:
<9 3 hous
5 i
o 1 2 3 4 5 5 7 8
Length of hiring (hours) Tip) Revision guide: Mathematics
Distance-time graphs
The gradient ona dstance-time graph represents speed.
Exam question HE 0580 June 08 Paper 1 22
The diagram shows the graph of Rachel's journey on a motorway.
Starting at A, she drove 24 kilometres to B at a constant speed.
Between B and Cshe had to drive slowly through road works.
At Cshe drove a further distance to D at her original speed.
{(@) For how many minutes did she drive through the road works?
(b) At what speed did she drive through the road works?
Give your answer in:
() kilometres/minute
i) kilometres/hour
(Q. Whatis the total distance from A to D?
(0) She came toraad works after 10 minutes and let them after
22 minutes. So se spent 12 minutes inthe road works
(b(n 12 minutes her stance increased from 24 km to 24 km
50 the oad works were 10 kr long
speed = 19 0,823 km min” 03) oT imma
(6) 0833 .. km min- = 0853... x 60 kmh! =50 kmh”?
(© Between A and she travelled 24 kmin 19 rin
Between Cand D she travelled 12 km in § min nce she was Waveling 3
the sare speed a5 fern to 8)
Distance to Cis 34 km so tal stanc rom A 0 Dis 43 kr.
This graph shows the journey of a boy cycling. From the graph you can tell how the boy’
speed changes.
‘What happens tothe speed...
Between Os and 2s the boy is speeding up.
Between 2s and 5s the boy is travelling at 3
constant speed.
Betncen 5s and 75 the boy is slowing down.
Between 7s and 10s the boy stationary.
Between 10s and 12 the boy speeds up.
From 12s to 15s onwards the boy is travelling
ata constant speed.
From 15s to 17s the boy's slowing down.
Distance (rm)
Time (5)
Speed-time graphs
Gradient on a speed time graph represents acceleration,
‘Area under a speed:-ime groph represents distance travelled.
This graph shows the speed of a toy car. From the graph you can tell how the car’ speed
changes,
o Ertended
Speed (nt)
se)
Exam question
1 (a) A train completed a journey of 850 kilometres
with an average speed of 80 kilometres per
hour. Calculate, giving exact answers, the time
taken for this journey in
(0 hours
(i) hours, minutes and seconds.
‘Another train took 10 hours 48 minutes to
‘complete the same 850 km journey.
()) Itdeparted at 19 20. At what time, on the
next day, did this train complete the journey?
(ii) Calculate the average speed, in kilometres
per hour, for the journey.
(b)
©
Speed (mi)
12345678910
Time ()
‘The solid line OABCD on the grid shows the
first 10 seconds of a car journey.
() Describe briefly what happens to the speed of
‘the car between B and C.
(li) Describe briefly what happens to the
acceleration of the car between B and C.
(it) Calculate the acceleration between A and 8.
(iv) Using the broken straight line 0¢, estimate
the total distance travelled by the car in the
whole 10 seconds.
(¥) Explain briefly why, in this case, using the
broken line makes the answer to part (iv) a
‘good estimate of the distance travelled.
(vi) Calculate the average speed of the car
during the 10 seconds.
Give your answer in kilometres per hour.
Graphs in practical situations
What happens to the speed
Between 0s and 17s the cars speeding upto reach atop speed of
ams",
Between 17s ané 25 5 the car has a constant speed of 12m 5
From 25 s onwards the car slows dovn (decelerates to come to rest
What happens to the acceleration.
Between 0s and 2s the acceleration is increasing.
Between 2 sand 12 the acceleration is constant
Between 12 and 17s the aceleration is decreasing,
Between 17s and 25 s the acceleration is zero
Between 25s and 30s the deceleration is increasing.
From 30 s to35 s the deceleration is constant.
From 35 s the deceleration is decreasing.
CIE 0580 June "06 Paper 4 Q1
=2_ 850
@ 0 T= 9-859 - 10.625 hours
(i) 0625 his 0625 6 = 37.5 min= 37 min and
30 seconde
Sothe journey tie is 1037 min and 30sec
{© 1Ohows.on tr 1920 5 2920" witch is 0520 the
net dy. Another 48 minutes brings 1 0508,
(i) 48 minis $2 = 08h
so 1042 minis 10h
Average speed = 850 10.8 = 787 kb! to
asf)
(© 6) The speed ofthe car increases rom 15 ms“! to
20ms".
(® Between B and Cthe curve is getting les steep
50 the acceleration is decreasing
(ii) Ais the point (1, 5) and @ isthe point (1.8, 15)
Gradient =
(iv) Distance is atea under graph.
Total area is 30 + 140 = 170
“otal distance travelled = 170 m
awl wong 4332038
Time (9)
‘Aes of rectangles? 20 = 140
() The area of the graph below the dotted line
about the same as the atea ofthe graph above
the clotted line.
(i) The car travelled 170 m in 10s.
sverage speed = 178 7x 60 x
50mh-' =61 200m h! = 61.2 kmh”!
ms Extended
|) Revision guide: Mathematics
Questions
11. The graph below shows the amount a electrician
charges for up to five hous’ werk
(2) What does the electrician charge for being called
our?
{b) How much does he charge for 2 hours! work?
(fhe charged Mr Bali $210 then how many hours.
work did he do?
(@) second elecician had acl ou ee of $50
and an hourly fa of $35. For hew many hours
wvork woul the two electricians charge the same
amour?
250)”
F roo]
B50
100]
50
oy 2 3 4 5
Time (hours)
cha
2. A coach was hited 10 take a school team to a faotball
game, The graph shows the distance traveled from
the school
(a) How far did the coach travel before stopping?
{b) For how ong did the coach stop?
(@) How much further did the coach travel to the game?
(@) How long did the coach wait at the game?
(e) Howlong did the return journey take?
(1) What was the average speed of the coach on the
return journey?
“re tour
Hasnain drove to see a friend. The graph shows his
journey to and from his friends house and the time he
spent with his fiend.
(2) How long it take for Hasnain to reach a constant
speed?
(6) What was happening to his speed in the fist
minutes?
(©) What was the constant speed in kmh"?
(4) How long aid Hasnain spend at his friend's
house?
(©) What was his constant speed for the ast 11
minutes at his journey?
05.15)
5.15)
16
35.18)
tare eee orate tee
i a a
4. dwvais was on 2 fast road and the graph shows his
journey.
(@) Hows long diittake Awais to reach a constant speed?
(8) How far dil he travel at this constant speed?
{© What was happening to his acceleration inthe fist
minute?
(@) By using the dotted ines forthe fst minute and the
last 20 seconds estimate how far Awais travelled.
(@) Isthis an underestimate oran overestimate ofthe
distance that Awais travelled? Give a reason for
your answer
Spasd (kesh)
as 1 15 725 4
Time (rir)
338 a5 5 13 Graphs of functions
Example
The table gives the values of x and y forthe function y = 3x + 2.
roPpPepeE
y 2_[5 Is _[n
{2) Fill in the missing values of y.
(b) Sketch the graph of y = 3x +2.
(©) Use your graph to solve the equation, 3x + 2 = 10.
(a) To find the yale when » = =1 substitute —1 for x into 3x-+ 2 *
Bx-ee
&) A .
Repeating this for x = 4 andx = 5 gives:
eee >=]
lb ble In fe fr |
(b) Mark the points on the graph, Join the points using a straight
_—
oeanis is horizontal Ab:
inte
(Alphabet orderin
bohiiayeh.
y= 3x+2measy=10
123456 Seoctear
(eotdp.
Graphs of quadratic functions
“he basic shape ofthe graph of y= a? + bx + cisshown in these diagrars.
fja>o Gi) a<0 Revision guide: Mathematics
‘The turning point of the quadratic function can le anywhere and it
determined by the particular values ofa, Band c.
Example
‘The table gives the values of x and y for the function y = x* ~ 4x + 4,
~fph Pe i fs
(2) Fill nthe missing values of y.
(b) Sketch the graph of y= x7 = 4x +4,
(0) Use the graph to solve x? ~ 4x + 4= 7.
(2) o find the value of y when x = 1 substitute —1 forxintox® — 4 + 4,
Use brackets on the calculator, so type in (—1)° ~ 1) + 4 toget 9 a
CPA ca) 4y
Repeating this forthe values 2 and 4 gives: q
» [a PEE
yePerP hf
7 ate the xcoordinates
oars
{) Mark the points on the graph, Join the points using asmooth The solutions to? — 4 +
that is(-1,9),(0,4)etc. curve. of the points on the graph where
meets,
v7
“a and a6
Sethe sletions to
wena d= Tare 08
ard 45 (0 1p),
Example
The table gives the values of x and y forthe function y = 26,
7 [+] aE EE
7 [6 [-8 : 2 fs
(2) Fin the missing values of y.
(© sketch the graph of y= 24
("6 ind the value of y when x
~2 subsite -2torxinto 2 ghey = -12
Repeating this for ~1, 2 and 4 gives:
You cannat write a value for ywhen
sinc itis not possible to divide
~ [aa [2 [se Te by 20,
iy [-s [-s [Fe 5
Graphs of functions (77)
() Mark the points on the graph, Join up the points using asmoath
that is (-4, ~6), (3, -8) etc. cue,
Notice that you cannot dra the
raph without taking your pencil
off the paper. This is because 2
undefined when x = 0
Example
‘Acurve has equation y = f(x) where f(x) = 4x —
{@) The table shows some values of f(x):
« [3 [asl isl Fospos [) [is [2 ps [3
y [-tale [es [-aa[s [=a [o
Find the values (to 1 dp) of a, b and c.
(b) Drawa skatch of y = f(x).
(0 Estimate the gradient of the curve at the point where x = 2.
(@) The best way to ill n such a table is to use your calculator efficient
Some calcuatorshave the table facility; a, 6 and c can be found easily wing the table
IF not, then almost all calculators enable you to siore values into the memony,
Store -2.5 in the memory wee
Soa = -8.2(to1 dp) aoe
Now store ~1 inthe memory. On many calculators
you can scl upto 4X — 1082 + 2. —a
Q UX-14X442
Press LD to get -3. Sob 3
A similar method gives ¢= 13.9
(6) Plot the points and join them,
NB Wena cuve has term sch as 4
or & then Rl read amet
fea eer
ety ieeeeetele meee
eee ree e
eed eer eee eel
values ofx, the term ~ 4 becomes a very
ese nee Revision guide: Mathematics
(To find the gradient at x
raw a tangent at this point and caleulate its gradient
Find another point that les a t®
‘om the tangent with a whole 20
umber acoornate 5
Ee
So the tangent roughly goes through the paint (0, 1) and also goes through (2, 9.8)
(fromthe intial table),
Hence the gradient of the curve at the point where.
So the gradient is approximately 4 atthe point on the curve where x
Graph of y = a*
‘Wher a> 0 the gaph ofy~ a has ths bale shape:
0,0)
Gradients always postive
Trails off towards the xaxs for and always increasing.
“Large” negative values of x
Using graphs to solve equations
Example
‘The graphs of y = x° ~ 4x? + 5 and y = 4 ~ 2x are shown in the diagram,
{@) Use the graph to solve x? ~ ax? + 5 = 4 ~ 2x.
(b) Find an integer value of k for which x? ~ 4x? + 5 = k has three solutions.
(@) The solution tox" ~ 4x! + 5 = 4 ~ 2xisthe x [8 [sa ual [aes
7 PEE EE
(©) nthe sare agra apa (craw the graph
ofy= Mor Sax87
White don the coordinate ofthe wo
reese er eer
reece sere ete
equation. Write down and simplify
Poe
©
3. The table of values is for the graph y = x* ~ 2x
a of
3
y
(@) Copy and complete the table.
(b) Draw a sale rom ~3 10 § on the x-axis (2 em per
unit) and from ~8 112 on the y-ais(1 cm per
uni
(9 Drawa sketch ofthe cuney = x? — 2x — 4
(3) Use your graph to solve (to 1 dp) the equation
2-m%-4=0,
(@) Use your graph again to solve (to 1 dp] the
equation x! — 2x 4 = 5.
¢®) Whats the smallest value of 2 ~ 2x ~ 4 and
wich value of x achieves this
smallest value?
The diagram shows graph of y = fo
Extended
o
Use the graph to find
om)
(8) Use the graph ta solve
(toy =5 (if) =10
(@)_ isan integer for which fe) = k has three
| different solutions. Use the graph
tofind an inequality fork.
(@) Write down an inequality for x for which the
| gradient of y = ie) has a positive aracient
5. Draw the graph of y = 2 using x values from —1 to 5
(7am per unit) and a scale of 1 cm per 5 units on the
‘yaxls Find the approximate value of x when y = 10 14 Straight line graphs
Equations of straight lines
“The equation of any straight ime can be writen in tho form
count units not
squares when
yamete leating the gradient,
mis the gradient and cis the intercept,
‘oti the gradient of
-Rraght ine take any t70
points on it
“The gradient, m, is a measure of how steep the line i.
change iny
change in x
‘Sorte gradient is 3
mis positive ifthe line slopes upwards from left to right. a
fy =ar-2.
_mis negative ifthe line slopes downwards froma eft ta right
“The intercept of a ctraight line Ihe y-coordinate af the point where the line crosses the
yas
Remember
Straight lines with positive gradients
90 uphill as they move from let to {go downhill as they move from leftto
right, so they look like this Fight, so they look lke this:
Nee
Drawing straight lines
Example
Draw the line y= 5 + 24.
Ts ine has ayitercept of § and a gradient of 2
‘Set up a table of three values:
a CO
ytsts fr Plot these thiee points and
draw a line through them. —»
Example
Draw the tine y =
The ie has ay.ntercept of 8 anc a graent of —2.
Setup a table of values. Since he gradients
choose values of x that ae mutpe of 2.
2
4
[ots s
ytatel2
Plot the points and craw the line
Sometimes the equation is in adlifferent form as in the next example
Sasa ae
yop 2345678 810 Revision guide: Mathematics
Example
Draw the line 3x ~5y = 15.
Method 1
Rearrange the equation to give 3 and use the rethod shown above
Method 2
(2) any = On the equation (o) pute 0 nthe equation
3 15 y= 15
r5 y=-3
S0(5,)is parton the fine $0.0, -3)isapoint onthe Ine
Flot and jin the two points
Finding the gradient and intercept of a straight line
‘© Ifthe equation i in the form y = mx + ¢ the gradient and y-ntercept can be seen
Immediately,
For example, forthe line y = 6x ~ 7 the gradient is 6 and the y-intercept is ~7.
‘+ Ifthe equation isnot in the form y= mx + cthe gradient and y-intercept cannot
be seen immediately Rewrite the equation to make y the subject.
For example, to find the gradient and yintercept ofthe line 9x + 2y
‘equation as y = ~ $x + 2, The gradient is ~ 3 and the intercept is
rewrite the
Example
‘The equation of a straight line can be written in the form 5x + 4y ~ 12 = 0.
{@) Rearrange the equation to make y the subject.
(&) Write down the gradient ofthe lin
{© Find the coordinates of the point where the line crosses the y-axis,
(5x +4y-12=0
ay = 12-5
ya3-s
(o) The gradient af the fhe —3
(@ The y.ntercept i 3 so the line crosses the yan a (0, 2)
If two lines are parallel they have the same gradient. Soy = 3x + 1 andy = 3x ~ 5.are
parallel lines since they both have gradient 3
Example
Find the line parallel toy = 3x ~ 2 which crosses the y-axls at the point (0,5).
‘Aline patalel toy = 3x — 2hasgradent 3.
Aline passing though (0,5) has incecep
othe equation of theline ky 3x + 5
Finding the equation of a straight line
‘Youcanuseone method offing the equation of ine you know the gradient oftheline
area point through wich & passes
Example
Find the equation of the straight ine with gradient 2 which passes through the
point 3, 11).
‘The equation of astraight lines y = mx +c
m= 2s0 the equation is y = 2x +
The line passes through (3, 11) sa
N=2x3+e
5
Hence the equation is,
+5. Straight line graphs (TEs
‘You can use anather method cf finding the equation of a line if you knaw-two points through
hich the ine passes.
Example
Find the equation of the straight ine which passes through the points (2, 13)
and (5, 28). ns
J sracient ofthe nec PANBEINY _ 28-= 13 _ 1S
The gradient ofthe lines raeinx ~ 5 3
So the equation ofthe ine By = Se +6
‘The ine passes through @2, 13) 50 ay
13=5x2+¢
c toe
Hence the equation isy = 5x + 3. a
Example ke |
Find the midpoint ofthe line joining the points (5, 1) and (11,9). Find also the s
distance between these two points. |
The midpoint found by catatng te means other and y- coordinates of thermo 3 |
points. So the ridpoint ofthe line joining 6, 1) and (1, 9) S|
ig(S 11 139) Sra ae
(3 40439)-@5)
‘The distance between the points calculated by Using Pythagoras’ theorem.
Distance = VQ = 57+ @ = TF = VFS = 10
Perpendicular lines
iftwo lines are perpendicular, the product of their gradients is —1: my x mj = —1
Example
Find the equation of the straight line through (3, 1) that is perpendicular to the
SK +1.
Gradient of the perpendicular ine: ~1 + 05 = -2
The equation of a straight line sy = mx + €andm = -2 soy =
The ine passes through G3, 1) so
1=-2x3+e
7
Hence the equation sy = -2x +7
Exam question CIE 0580 November '06 Paper 2 Q21b
In the diagram, the line AC has equation 2x + 3y
The lines BC and AB intersect at B(1, -2).
The lines AC and BC intersect at C(4, 3).
17 and the line AB has equation 4x ~ y = 6.
Find the equation of the line BC.
change in. 5 Sen
Thearaserot telneie MPBEIY 22) 8
Sorte eustonot Cy =Eark
Since the line goes through the point (4, 3)
Hence
The equation of BC's
ory o~ guide: Mathematics 15 Algebraic formulae
Using formulae
Example
A farmer pays $20 per bag of fertiliser, plus a fixed delivery fee of $30.
(@) Find the cost C, form bags of fertiliser.
(b) How many bags can the farmer buy for $1107
(a) nag at 520 pr bag costs 20n
Dalvry costs $20
Total cost C200 + 30
()110= 207+ 30 Subtract 30 fom each side
a0 = 20n Divide each side by 4
4
The farmer can buy 4 bags for $110.
Example
pp and q ate related by the formula p = 20q + 300.
Find the value of p wen q = 25. poxes+300
Replace q with 25 in the formula
0x 25 + 300 400
00
Example
Cand rare related by the formula € = 20 ~ 0.5.
Find the value of C when r= 6. eee
replace with Sh the form
23
Example
to = © =" tind the value of O when a =7, b= ~2and c= 3. 7
p= = (—2)? (2-2) PB
a
s
=3
Rearranging formulae
“To make x the subject of any formula use the folowing steps
Step 1 Clear the fractions
Step 2. Muliply out any brackets involving x
Step 3. Put,-torms together alone on one side ofthe formula.
Step 4 Divide both sides by coefficient of aterm,
Example
Make x the subject ofthe formula 2x + 36 = «.
Step 1 Clear the fractions No factions
Step 2. Wuliply out any rackers involving x No brackets to multiply out
Step 3 Putacterms together on one side.
2=¢- 36
Stop 4 Divide by coefficient of term, coaticere ot een Revision guide: Mathem:
Example
Make x the subject ofthe formula 2X3
Step 1 Clear te fracons
arth
Step 2 Multiply cut any brackets involving x No brackets to multiply out
Step 3 Putacterms on one side.
When x appears tice Factorise
togivexc~ a)
Stop 4 Divide by coefficient of
b
Example
Make x the subject of the formula 2 +
step Clow the fractions
at bro
step2 Wily out any brackets invoking x No brackets
Step 3 Putscerms on one side and wie 35x
ao —be
aaxe~b)
Step 4 Dide by cosficient of x
6
Ifthe equation involves x? then, frst ofall, make » the subject and then take the square
Fact of both sides to find x. Include the = sign when taking square ots,
Example
Make x the subject of the formula 2 - PRE
Stop 1 Clear the fractions
ad= be +e
step2 Multiply out any brackets iwoling No brackets
Step 3 Put.x-tern on one side.
ad—e= be
Step4 Die by oefient of
* 3
Step5 Take square roots. Algebraic formulae Extended
16 Expanding and factorising
Expanding an expression means wrting it without brackets,
Expanding simple expressions
3 5 The total areaiin the diagram is 2 x (3 + 5).
ee ‘The area fs made up of two rectangles — the small one has
BI afea 2% 3 andthe large one has area 2 x 5
so2x@+5)=
« d ‘The total area isa x (c +o}
[2c Lott
saps aaa
write ax bas ab.
cc _, Thetotal aes is32 x 2c
ft ic made up of six rectangles, each with area a x ¢ = ac
zl so 3a x 2e= 6a
The numbers can be dealt
q ice
eters 30% 2
Example
Expand these expressions.
(a) 3(a + 2b)
(b) 5(2m — 3n)
(©) 2G6p + 74) - 30@p ~ 5a)
(@) 3(@ + 2b) = 3a + 6b
(0) 5(2m ~ 3n) = 10m ~ 150,
(4) 2(6p + 79) ~ 3129 ~ 5q) = 129 + 14 ~ Gp
45g comes from (3) (-5q)
Example
Expand these expressions.
(@) 4a(2a + 36)
(0) Splep ~ 5q)
(©) 6s{2s + 7t) — 2s(5s - 20)
(2) 4a(2a + 36) = 832+ 1206
(©) 5p(2p — 59) = 109? ~ 2509
(c) 65105 + 7) — 25155 ~ 20 = 12s? + 42st ~ 105? + ase = 25? + abst
82s shorthand for 8 x aX a.
Expanding harder expressions
c d__, Thetotal area #10 + B)x (e+) = 0 + Ble + ab.
sis rade up of four sar rectangles with areas 2, ad
4 te and bo
PTE
ohB> Sawa
4 See Tael
‘ poled ears
es A Bitended
Expanding and factorising (79
Example
oven wt ll Bor in
Fist terms = 2x x 3x= 6x7 Outerterms 2x x —
BB)
“As
bmertoms 323r=9r Lastims | 3x(-1)
e+ 3X5—1)= 6 + C29 494+ C3) = 6" +75
Example Be careful with expressions like (x + 3)
Expand these expressions, Write (x + 3)? as (x + 3)x + 3)
(a) Oe + 2) + 5) (b) Oe + 7x 4) and so
(0 & — 3-5) (d) (2x + 3)(5x — 7) e+ BP = 8434 xt 9
+6r+9
Use the FOIL method:
UH +S) AK KE AREA AHH INS
PE Se+ DE IORe + TK +10
(+ Me = aK ERK TTR RET KOM)
Sa = AK + 2k 28 = + K-28
G35) Sax tx x (5) +3) XH 4+ -3) x (-5)
SxS 3 + = Be + IS
(20) x (51) + x) x (9) + 3 x GH) +3 x (-9)
= 10x! = 18 + 15x — 27 = 108 = 3-27
(Qe+ 35% - 9)
Factorising simple expressions
\ihon you oxpand 4a(2a + 3) you get 8a? + T2ab.
Factorising takes you back from 83 + 12ab to 4a(2a + 36),
Factorising 8a? + 12a:
+ Find the highest comman factor of a? and 12ab by testing the numbers and each
letter separately
‘The highest common tacter of 8 and 12 i
‘he highest common factor of a and ais a
There ate nob's common to both 84? and 1220
So the highest carnmon factor of 8 and 12ab sa
‘© Express each tetmn using the highest common factor, so 8a? = 4a x 22
and T2ab = 4a x 36.
© Add these together to give Ba’ + 12ab = da(2a + 3b)
Factoring 1Sp°q? + 12p°¢
Find the highast comman factor of 15péq? and 12g by Weating the numbers and each
lemter separately
The highest common factor of 15 and 12 is
The highest common factor of p? and p's p
The highest common factor of q* and qs.
So the highest cornmon factor of 15p’q° and 12p%q is 3B@
Express each teimn using the highest common factor, so 15 pq!
120'g = 3p'q x 4p,
Add these together to give 15p?q? pale? + 40) Revision guide: Mathematics
Example
Factorise these expressions.
(a) 9b + 3b*
(91-4 5x + 18y + t0y
(9 ore as 57438
(2) 9b and 36° have an HCF of 36
Sab + 3b? = 30%3a+ 6)
4x + 28y and 14x and 28y have an HCF of 14,
(bo) 9x + Se + 18y + toy
Ox + Sx 18y + Oy = 14x +28
14x +29)
(€9r-4 45 4 Sr-+35= 14r-+ 7s and 14r-and 7s have an HCF of 7.
OF + as + Sr + 3
tar + 75=7@r+5)
Example
Factorise
2a? — 16xy.
24? and 16xy have an HCF of Bx
Day — 16x = BrC3K — 2y)
®) Factorising quadratic expressions
\When you expand (e+ 24x +5) you getx? + 7+ 10, whichis quadratic exresion.
If you do the process in reverse you're factorising a quadratic,
Example
Factorise (a) P+ 7e+6 — (b) xt + 3x28
(9 2- Is 12 (8) = 2x15
(21x 47x46. Find two numbers that multiply to ve 6 end add up to 7:6 and 1.
S08 + Tx + 6= 6+ 6K 1) When you have found
©) + 3x—28 Find twornubers that multiply to give -28 and add upto 3:7 and — the two factors aways
Sod + 3x28 = K+ Dr 4) check they are comectby
(x? — 71+ 12 Find-wornurbersthatrultpy to give 12 and add up to ~7:-3 and 4
Sox M4 12= K~ Hr- 4)
(812 ~ 2x15. Find two rumbersthat mutiply to ge —15 and add up to ~2:3 and -5
Sox! = 2-15 = 4 3) — 8)
There are two special cases,
Case 1: A quadratic expression with no middle term,"the difference of two squares"
Example
Factorise x? — 16.
enamine NBa?~ B= (2+ be B
nes
Example Woe =19- A =(o+ me
ne ea del opp? 2p ~ 367 = 59 — (a= 6p + 6al5p— 89)
Sr ea whe ees OTE
Sar op ee eae a
kha i ac ae ee a We te ao
sae Expanding and factorising (79
Case 2: A quadratic with no end term
‘When there Is no end term the two terms in the quadvatic have @ common factor x
So
REM aKEET)
De + 10x= Bele + 5)
20x" — 100e = 20x(x ~ 5)
Factorising harder quadratic expressions
Example
Factorise 2° + 7x + 6,
(1) The brackets must be of the form (2x +} +)
2) The missing numbers must multiply to give 6: 1 and 6 oF 2 and 3.
(@) Ty the four possile combinations.
(e+ Vix + 6) gives 12x + x = 13x In FOIL the sum of the outer and ner tems give the aterm.
(2x-+ 6kx + 1) gives 2x + 6x = Bx
(Qe + 2ix +3) gives 6x + 2x = Be
(x + 3X + 2) gives dx + 3x = 7.
(Only (2x + 3Xx + 2) gives the 7x term in the midale, so
We +46
Dx + 3)ie+ 2)
Example
Factorise 5x? ~ 16x +3.
(1) The brackets must be of the form (5x
n-
2 The missing numbers must multiply to give 3 so must be 1 and 3.
(2) Ty the possible combinations.
Only (5x — 16 ~ 3) gives the ~16irterm in the middle, so
Se 164+ 3= Gx Nor 3)
Factorising other expressions
Example
Factorise ax + bx + 3ay + 3by.
‘There is ne factor carmen to all terms so factorise pats of terms
ant bx=(@ + 6x
Bay + 3by = 3la+ bly
(@ + 8 isa common factor.
Soar + br + 3ay + 3by= (a +6)x +300 + d)y= (a+ Bix + 39)
Example
Factorise 2? + 2ab + b?.
There i no factor commen to all tes, but this isa quadratic expression,
‘The first tes must multisly to give a? and the last terms must mutily to give 6, so try
(+ bia +
(2+ bla + b)= a? + ab + ba +o
+ 2ab +b Exam question E0580 june 06 Paper 2018
Factorise
(2) 4-9
(b) 4x2 - 9
(9 4c ~ 9x42
(@) This is @ quadratic with no middle term, “the difference of two squares”, since
4-9 = Oxy — 3? Remember *square minus a
So 4x? — 9 =(2x + 3)2x~ 3) “square” = (sum of square
() This fsa quadratic with no end term. roots) x (difference of
48 = Ox= x(dx— 9) square roots)
(© The only way to get "+2" and a negative middle termis with —1 and 2,
Qx ~ 124 ~ 2} does not work, nor does be 1\Ax — 2)
Try (x = Noe = 2) = Are = Bx =x + 2= 4? =O +2
Sodx? ~ 9x+2 = (4x — 11-2)
1. xpand these expressions. Fo e-x-2 @ #47412
@) 7p+34 Eo rsx) e-18
() 6(6m ~ 7n) Sig 43% @ #-25
(Q 3(5a+ 2b) ~ 62a — 3b) i
© 6. Factorse these quadratic expressions
2. Multiply out the brackets in these expressions. | @ 5-6 (b) +5046
2 (2) (2x + 1X3x +2) (b) (Sx + 23K +4) ) © P46 @) 2 -5x+6
a (© (6e-1X2e-3) — ) y-9X3y— 1) (@) P-4x—€0 () B45" ~ 36
@) z= 1K22 +3) (Gr —2¥3-+2) | @ e-20K+ 98 th) e-1
() e-11K2e+1) hy (8q+ 1159-3) @ P+x-132 @ P+er+9
Q Gp-ee+ M Gy +2x%7-2) |W F-10425) #100
(Bk +tXe +3) e141)
Factorise these quadratic expressions.
3. Mutply out the brackets and simply these @ e+%+2 () +7410
expressions. ( #-5-6 @) #5046
@) +2) +3) +e +A) | @ mets 12 a+ HS
© (t+ 1t+2— @ q+ Neqg-1) | @actiets th) Se +1 ts
(©) (Sy+2K2y— 3) () m= 15m +1} {
(@ y+ 1ky-1) th) Gp+2P Factorise these quadratic expressions.
@ Qq-1F @ (d+ 20,24 ~ 32) (a) @ + Sab (b) P+ 2r
(®) Gp+3qiep+q) ) Gs—3n2s—9 (9-36 (@) bf + b+ 26
(© 4p'+20p+9 tf) Sq? 89-4
4, txpand and simpy these expressions
@) +3? by +e 9. racic them quadratic xprestons
© y-4 id @- 6? fa) P+3x42 (b) y-9
@) Qw-3F () Ge-2F fo 2422 @) WP -n-6
(G) (32+ bx22+ 5) (h) (3m— 2nX5m — n)
(i) (Sp + 2qN3p ~ 49) f) Bx ~ 395 — 29)
(© 4p'- go-5
Ge+ 24? ) 6-39? “10. Factorise these quadiatic expressions
| @ P=9x420 (b) P= 3x-10
S. Factorise these quadratic expressions. 1 ae ties @) 6? — 13-5
@) 2+ 9K418 tb) x -x- 20 } f@ &- 1345 (G+ 17+ 5
@ 2-%+10 (8) 2+ 3-40 Extended
17 Algebraic fractions
‘Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions
Toad 3 + 2 you tna the LM ofS and 7, ats 35.
1420
35 35
[Algebraic actions are added inthe same way.
Example
simplify *4 44% 53.
LCM of 3 and 4s 12 0 express both terms as fractions with denominator 12.
HEL LM44 gy Ha 231-9
3 12 ad 12
so
Sey
2
Example
simpity 204= 12. 264-63),
LEM of 2 and 31s 6 s0 express both tes as actions with denominator 6
3Gx— 1) 361-0 yoy WSEH 3 _ 200412
2 € 3
so
260+ 3
3
Example
singlity 3-2
simplity <2 - 725.
LCM of —xand 1 +xris¢h — kt +3950
Pe ce ee ee ee ee
Tax (=a) (aX +X) Tex +00 -9 (+001 — 9)
so
= 1+
at 5
Simplifying fractions contains quadratic expressions
Example
Factorise and simplify
w= ae ame
Opn © aes
(@
Fox
4x = xin 4)
oP x12 =~ Aix +3)
Hence
_ tea
E+
x
rae o~ guide: Mathematics
yale 12
De = Tet 3
ATE = 3K)
De = Te +3 = (= 342" 1)
Extended
Hence
ea Met 2 _ DK 4)
Dea Txt 3 Ge BROX— 1)
ee)
a1
‘Write as a fraction init simplest form
xa 4
a
LCM of 4 and x 3 is 4.— 3)
16
3 A
= Wa = 3) +16
a= 3)
G+ 9416
“aie 3)
P6425
x= 3) 18 Functions
1, 2, and B = (2, 3, 4] then Ais mapped onto B by the relation “add 1°,
3 fA
By scantestown ana maping dag
} A 8
Set Ais called the domain and set scaled the range.
| lhe Athen the mapping iex s+ 1
Notice that each element in A is mapped onto just one element in .
The relation xx + 1 Isa one-to-one relation
| Example
| For the domain A = {-2, -1, 1,2} draw a diagram to show the mapping x = x2,
| Notice that, in the mapping in this example, each element in the range isthe Image of
more than one (Le. “many”) element in the dornain: 2 and 2 are both mapped onto 4
| and —1 and 1 are both mapped onto 1
The relation x x! fs a many-to-one relation.
(One-to-one and many-te-one relations are called functions,
‘A funetion is a mapping in which each element in the domain has one, and only one
image in the range.
| Functions are usually denated by the letters f, g etc so we can wiite
feSx+ 1 oF HSK +1 and gixe or gh)
Example
If a) = 22 + 38 — 2 then find (a) (-3)_ (6) 1105)
| @i-a= (3? +4-3" -2=-2
P| NB Use your calculator efficiently here,
i so soe Either (use table or (i) store ~ 3
() 40.5) = (057 + 305} —2=—1.125 eGR CITE
434-2 Jy) Revision guide: Mathematics
Composite functions
IF) = + 1 and gi) =? then “gf” means *€o fist then
So gile) means g(x).
f 9
\ es
4) =2 and g(t) = 92) = 4
42) = 3 and ff) = (3) = 9
13) = 4 ane ff) = af4) = 16
Example
IF f(x) = x + 3 and g(x) = x then find:
(2) the value of x for which f(x) = 8
Work from the inside outwards.
(b) the values of x for which g(x) = 36
© foo)
@ att)
(2) Solving fi) = 8 means solving x + 3 = 8. So
(b) Solving glx) = 36 means solving x? = 36. 50x = 6 or ~6.
(ga) 16 s0 fig(4)) = 16) = 16 +3 = 19
(fbx) = x + 3 s0 gti) = obe + 3) = + 3
Inverse functions
Consider the function fa) = 24
+1 acting on the set A = {1,2, 3h
2
fx 1
aixtet
Z
;
z
\ A) |
‘
x241 35
fay=
bomain Range Notice that isa “one-to-
‘one function*.
‘When fa) isa one-to-one function, asin this example, there is an inverse function, denoted
by F700 which “undoes”
Sof" does the following ee a
Fe but 2= ft) as above
0 replacing 2 with (1) in (1) gives
eM =1
Simla £3) = 5 and £16) = 3
so 4) =3
8 A Infactitis tue that, for ll values of.
1G) = xand fF") = Functions (hy
Finding an inverse
Ta find she inverse of 1:
put f) =y and make x the subject of the formula in terms of y
+ replace each y with »t0 find 1")
Example
Find the inverse of £00 =
+ Puring ti = ys y
z yes ‘Check your answer by substituting a
Make the subject of the fouls x = = numerical value for xeg if x= 3,
+ Replacing y with x gives "Qn St ae
Example
Find the inverse of fx) = 2 (forx> —1).
. - 3
Putt ye ye 3 Check:
Rearrange: yx + y = 3andso ihe 2, fg =1
+ Replace each y with 1%) forx> eit?
Exam question ‘Adapted from CIE 0580 June “08 Paper 2.Q18
F109 = 8 — 3x8 + 6x — 7 and glx) = 2x 3
find:
@-9
) gfe)
or
(@) Store —1 into memory X to give 1
(b) ge) = 2-3
(f00) = 210) — 3 = 260 — 3x? + 6x 7) 3
De — Gx + 12-4
De oe + 12x17
© gW)=2-3
a3
1. ide +3, ind (© avalue of xsuch that flaG)
@ f2) &) gig %-3)
) #1)
iG evebentasley tet ea A, The functions t and g are 2s follows
Fix 2e45:
2. tt = then fina Gx 24 Ve
(2) Caleuate #3).
3. iti) =2rand ge) = x + 1 find: (6) Given that f@) = 17, find the value of a.
@ faa) (©. Find the verse function og,
() fig) When you write 2 2 x 2 x 2.x 2.a5 28 you are using index notation,
‘When the index sa postive whole number, such as 5, 2° means "five 2s multiplied together”.
The laws of indices
Examples
fa) Px Bt =@x9x9)x(@x9x9x do)
X9X9XOX9X9XD
‘To multiply pawers of the same base add the indices,
ox atsor
bya? + a= 2
i a
ZxZx Wx Px 2x2%2x2X2
"Dx Dx 7
»
To divide powers ofthe same base subtract the indices.
Pre=P
x SxS XS
GX 5x5) KGXSXIXGX 5X5) XGXSX5)
Sx 5x SXSX5XSXSXSXSXSXSXS
=s"
“To ind a power of a power multiply the indices.
(5 =”
oy
The three laws of indices can be written in a more general form.
so mxpertn
ete
+ ayaa
Example
Simplify these expressions.
wexe wor of
@ axa Oe ?
orxn oer OF
axa
nxn e
Example
Simplify these expressions.
@ Rxy¥ —(b) GRY
G@) xtp yt = 248 yy = t6ety?
©) @pig? opfq
Example
Caleulate: ;
2” 6) 3* (9 (3)
(2) 2 =2% 2% 2%2%IK2KPIxIRA= 1024
(b = 3x3x3x3=81
SY 3433 2 BF
© (3) =3x3x3
228
yee Sis the index
™ isthe base. Example
Express in the form 2%:
(a) APY x
oy xa
() OX
oF
Ca) 117 = 1122 = tang (12F = = 11
So (118 x 14 = 118 11% = 11
(©) (79! = MAST and DF = PEST?
so
OY x7 _ MxF
ay e
ms
=7n-10
=
‘Yu will often use the powers cf 2 up to 2%, powers cf 3 up to 3! and powers of 5 up to 54,
Knowing their values will help you
Zero and negative indices
Look at this sequence: start with 16 and keep dividing by 2.
we421 kb & &
te the sequence in index frm
YPPeyrtoe
“he index goes down by 1 each te you divide by 2.
Notice that. 2°=1
+ P= 1 fora vauosota
Also 2'=% 2 4 and2~*
‘A negative index can be replaced ly “one over
. rah for all values of a and n,
Example
Galeulate the following:
@s* (3)? jr
1
a1
@s SXSxS TS
oor et
i
Example
Bee wer se wee rary
Indices Revision guide: Mathematics
Fractional indices
Look at this sequence: start with 256 and keep taking square roots.
26 16 4 2 V2
‘Write the sequence in index form:
Fe a ae a
‘You dhide the index by 2 each tie you take a square root
© Notice that = VE
Ingeneral a! = \/2 for al values ofa
What does 275 mean?
ayaa
3! which isthe cube root of 27
for allvalues of a
Ingeneral at = «2 forall values of aand n.
‘What does 8! mean?
alot
=e
In general a = Va? = (Wa
for all values of a and n,
=WaP =6a
Example
Evaluate the following
fs = (16 (25?
27\) aye 3)
oleh wf}? ova
(ay @ = (ai)
(25?
a
fa
1
s}
Example
Find x where 32°
32 = (27 and 2
so2"=2
Hence 5x = 1 and sox
Exam question ‘IE 0580 November 06 Paper 2.Q7
Find the value of nin each of the following statements:
(@) n=O Gince o° = 1 for allvalues of a)
(by 32 = 2550.32” = (25? = 2
Since 32” = 2 it follows that 2
Hence Sn = 1 andson = 2
5
(Asin (by, since 32” = 8, 2°
Since 2° = 32 it follows that 32?
+ without any ofthis working.
23. Hance Sh = 3 and so. Eatended
(@) 32 = 2°, find the value of p. 20 Solving linear equations
Ina linear equation the highest power of xis 1
3x +2= 17isa linear equation,
‘When you solve the equation you find the value of x which makes the left-hand side of the
‘equation equal to the ight-hand side.
The solution of 3x +2= 17 bx=Ssince3 x5 +2
‘You solve an equation by doing the same operation to both sides.
Example
Solve the equation 3x ~ 5 = 16.
a= $= 16 ‘Add Sto both sides. Check
Divide both sides by 2 3x7-5=16
Example
Solve the equation 2x + 4)
2+ a) = 18 Expand the brackets.
D+8= 14 Subtract B frm both sides, check
2 Dine both sos by 2 2844-14
Example
Solve the equation 3 = 12
Clear the fractions by mukishing both sides by 4
Divide both sides by 3.
oss multiplying
I you have an equation ofthe forn 2 = S witha single trcton |
cnlyon each side you can “ross multiply” to give ad ~ be
For example:
To solve a linear equation:
Step 1 Clear the fractions.
Step2 —_Exgand the brackets
Step3 —Putall the xterm on one side of the equation
Step4 Simplify the equation
StepS Check your solution, Example
Solve 4+ "
2
at lear the fractions
thon Clear the Fact
wer 1=22 Subtract ftom both sides,
ax=21 Divide both sides by 2
Example
ind xif 444
Find cif +3
‘Clear the fractions by mukiglying both sides by 24.
Simply
Dhide both sides by 8
Example
Find xf 2420-1
T+ 2)=1
2 Clear the fractions.
e+9)—1=43 Expand the brackets
e+ 14—1=48 simply
Te+13=48 Subtract 13 from both sides,
k= Dhide both sides by 7,
xe
Solving simultaneous equations by elimination
Apples costa cents and bananas cst b cent
‘Avni buys 3 apples and 1 banana and pays 90c.
3a cents and cost of 1 banana
coms.
o
Parmjit buys 1 apple and 2 bananas and pays 80c
cents and cast of 2 bananas = 2b cents.
Cost af 1 apple
Soa+2b=a0 @
Equations (1) and (2) are called simultaneous equations because they have a common
solution
You can salve simultaneous equations by elimination,
satb=90 o
at 2b = 80 @
Solving linear equations Revision guide: Mathematics
Multiply equation (1) by 2 so that both equations have a 2b term.
69 +26 = 120 °
Subtract equation 2) trom equation (3) to eliminate the 2b terms,
(6a + 2b) ~ (@ + 20)= 180 ~ 80
52 = 100,s0a
20
Use the value ofa in equation (1) to find b
3 x 20+ b= 90, sab = 30
An apple costs 20c and a banana costs 30c
Check the olution,
‘Avni pays3 x 20+ 1 x 30=90
Parmit pays 1 x 20+ 2 x 30 = 80
In the elimination method you have to get wo equations like this:
1. Same coefficients and same signs or
af + w=
a+ yu @
inthis case subtract
the equations: (2)~ (1) See
6 3er yy Yy= a9 | 63
3e= 15
inequnion 1
19
Example
Solve this par of simultaneous equations:
aety=22 a
x= y=27 a
2. Same coefficients but different signs
In this case add the
In this case the coefficient of y are already the same (but with diferent signs)
The castficents have different signs co add the two equations.
10x = 40 and so
4
Replace x with 4in equation (1) to give
2+y=13
So
The solution s «= 4, y=
Example
Solve these simultaneous equatio
axe ay =27 0
2x4 5y= 31 @
equations: (1) + (2) DIFFERENT SIGNS
2+ Ix + Gy ~ GY =26 +10 ADD
9x = 36
=4
Put x = 4 in equation (1)
2x4 gy=26
B+ Gy =26
ey=18
y
Check using equation (2)
Tx4—1=27 Bx
Solving linear equations (>)
‘Mutiply (2) ay 2 (to get 4x in bath equations)
2+ 5¥=31 x2
ax + toy = 62 @
‘Now the equations are:
c+ 3-27)
e+ oy= 62 @)
‘The w-terrns have the same sign so subtract equation (1) rom equation (3)
Jy = 35andsoy=5
Substitute for y in equation (1)
ax+15=27
andso 4
x Check using equation (2)
The solution sx = 3. y= 5 2x345x5=H1
Example
Solve these simultaneous equations:
2 -3y=8 wo
ax + 2y =25 2
Mukiply (1) by 2 andl (2) by 3 (to get 6y in both equations)
@
@
‘The yterrns have different signs so add equations (3) and (4)
13x = 91 and sox =
Substitute for x in equation (2) to give
21+ 2y = 25 and s0 2y= 4
yn Check using equation (1)
2x7-3x2=8
The solution sx = 7, y= 2
The coordinates ofthe point where two lines cross the solution of a pair of
simultaneous equations.
Exam question CHE 0580 June 08 Paper 2.Q16
Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the straight lines:
2+ 3y=11 i
3K = 5y= 12 2
2+ 3y
ax 5y=
be 4 oy
6 - 10y=
(x3
x2
8
@
Subtract (4) from (2)
19y = 57, soy =3
Any =3in(0)
ae+oeit
2e=2,s0x=1
Thepoint of intersection is (1, 3). Jy) Revision guide: Mathematics
Solving simultaneous equations by substitution
Example
solve:
xt Sy=19 a
y=xtt Q)
Equation (2) gives y in terms of x so substitute Oe + 1)for yin equation (1).
2e+ 5+ 1) = 19
+5219
Te = 14,50.
Putx=2in equation 2)
peach a ‘Check using equation (1)
2x245x3=19
The solution is x= 2,y= 3
Example
Solve:
Bx+2y= 13 0
y=x-6 2)
Substitute (* ~ 6) for y in (1)
3+ 260-6) = 13
5x-12=13
ars ‘Check using equation (1)
atx = sin) 3x542x(-1)= 13
y=5-6
The solution is x= 5,y=—1
Solving simultaneous equations graphically
Tosolve y= 2x + 1 and x + y= 4 plot both lines on the same diagram.
The point of intersection, (1, 3)is the solution sox = 1, y= 3, Questions
1. Thesthree angles in a
ttiangle area, a +20
anda + 25.
(@) Wte down an
equation imolving 2.
{b) Solve this equation to
finda
‘Thiee consecutive whole numbers add
Up to 144. Ifthe lowest number isn then:
(@) write down an expression for the cther
‘wo numbers in terms of n
(b) write down an equation invalving n
(© find n and hence find the other two numbers.
3. Sobe the following equations
@) 30-1) = 20 +1)
(b) 25x +2) = 63-2)
(© S(7x — 3) = 49x — 4)
@) Xax+ 5) +7 = 26x +23)
(@) Wax + 9) +3 = 5K +4)
4x ~3) = 20+ 1)+ 10
SoWve the following equations
@ B=s5 ) S=2
2 35
co © 5%
24 12
© 543 © Fat
Solve these simultaneous equations by elimination,
@mx+y=11 (0) 3u+2v= 10
3x-y=14 qu-v=29
(@ 1p +39=71 (9a 26
Sp-q=37 5a 4b
(©) 7p ~3g=15 9 136-7
5p+2q=19 7b -9
6. Solve these simultaneous equations foy the
substitution method)
(@)5m + 3n = 27 (0) 2p + 7q=3
m=7-n p=e+q
In parts (c) ~ (0 frst rearrange one of the equations.
(utw=7 (@ 3p +2q=21
2u+3v=11 p-3q+4
(7+ 28=17 Sx -y+5=26
r-3s=9 ae
7. Aman ous frit cass tkots and? second class
tickets which cost him €246, Another man biys2 fist
class and 3 secon dass tickets which cost him 20,
10.
Solving linear equations (>)
Let the price of a frst class ticket be x and the price
‘of a second clas ticket be €).
(@) Write down a pair of simuitaneous equations
involving x and y.
(b) Find xand y.
‘Two numbers p and g (where p isthe bigger
rnumibet) are such that thelr sum is 95 and their
diference is 21
2) White down a pair of simultaneous equations
involing p and g.
(b) Find and g.
‘Aman buye three student tickets and five adit tickers
‘which costs him 662, Another man buys seven student
tickets and three adult tickets which cost him $71. Let
the price of a student ticket be $s and the price of
an adult ticket be Sa
{@) White down a pair of simultaneous equations
involving s and a
(b) Finds and a,
By looking at points of imetsection of the suaight
lines shown on the graph, sole the folowing pais
cf simultaneous equations
@ y-x-5=0
y-2e=1
© y+x
yd
@ x+y-1=0
y+39=%
( 2y=12—
yom 21 Solving quadratic equations
Solving quadratic equations by factorising
ifyou can factors a quadratic equation you can sole.
Example
Solve x? + 6x +
| Ether x +
orx+4=0
{ sox=—2or-4
| Example
| Solve x? + 5x~24=0
| P45 24=0
| & 8a 9=0
| either x-+ 8 = 0 givngx
ore 3=Ogivngx
Two special cases
Case 1 Quadratic with no middle term, "the difference of two squares”
Example
solve x? - 16=0
16 =0
| We a+ a) =0
thera —4=0
sox tended
Case 2 Quadratic with no end term
Example
Solve ~ 5¢=0
we -5x=0
x — 5)
ore — 5 =Ogiving x= 5
Solving harder quadratic equations
Example
Solve 3x? ~ 14x +
Be he $B
The Factors ae 3x} )
“Wal and error ges 32 — 14x + 8 = Bx — 2Ite— 4)
So if (x ~ 2\6e~ 4) = 0 then
either 3x ~ 2 = 0 giving x = %
orx 4 =0 givingx =4
Solving quadratic equations by completing the square
e+ BP Set Bet 3) = + B+ + OH + +S
Since + 6x +11 =x + Gx +9 + 2itfollows thane’ + Get 11 = Ge 3 +2.
Hyouwte + 6+ 11 nthe més 39 2 you a “completing he sue”
Conte eee
Example
Complete the square on x! + 8x +21.
eae Ste
Example
Complete the square on x ~ 8x +3.
Bree an
acsaolll™
Eee] Revision guide: Mathematics
Example
Complete the square on x? — x + 1.
Example
Solve x? + 8x + 5 = 0 by completing the square.
x Be 5 = het aF 11
Nr
8+2=4
So you need to sohe +4? — 11
Hence i+ 4? = 11
Sox+4= VT andsox=—42.VTTx
0.683 or x = ~7.32 (to 3s)
Solving quadratic equations by using the quadratic formula
The quadratic formula states tat te sobtions toe equation ac + bx += 0
b+ Viet 4b —
a
a
BF = AR where means “plus
The two solutions are usually combined in the form
or minus”
Touse this method replace the letters a, 6, and.¢ with the nurnbers that come from the
particular equation you want to solve
Example
Solve the equation 3x° - 2x - 7 = 0.
The equation ca't be facarised so solve it sing the formula
b= Ve
22
Write down the values ofa, band
a=3,b=-2c=-7
Substitute these values in the formula,
TRS
= 1.900" 1.23103 sf
Take care when using
your calculator to work
out solutions to the
quadratic equation. Ertended
Problems involving quadratic equations
Exam question CIE 0580 June 07 Paper 4 08
Appacket of sweets contains chocolates and toffees.
(@) There are x chocolates which have a total mass of 105 grams.
Write down, in terms of x, the mean mass of a chocolate.
(0) There are x + 4 toffees which have a total mass of 105 grams.
Write down, in terms of x, the mean mass of a toffee.
(©) The difference between the two mean masses in parts (a) and (b) is 0.8
grams. Write down an equation in x and show that it simplifies
tox + ax —525 = 0.
(A) (i) Factorise x? + 4x — 525.
(ii) Write down the solutions of x? + 4x ~ 525 = 0.
(©) Write down the total number of sweets in the packet.
(Find the mean mass of a sweet in the packet.
fo) Mean mass = —_ ‘amass
eM ‘number of chocolates
total mass_
‘number of
105,
(©) Mean mass
(4) Difference is 0.8 so
105i+4) __105x
TOS RH wD
20
0 og
axe
_40_ 4
Ror S
5x 420 = Axx + 4)
2100 = 4 + 16
4 + 16e— 2100=0 viding both sides by 4)
4 ae 52550
(8 ax = 525 = e+ 25-21) + 55)
() x= 25 0rx= 21
(6) xis numberof chocolates andi cannot be negative. So there are 21 chocolates
and x +4 = 25 toffees, So there are 45 sweets in total.
{otal mass of all sweets _
umber of sweets
(Mean mass = = 457 g(to3sf)
Solving quadratic equations Jy) Revision guide: Mathematics
Exam question CIE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 4. Q8b
The dlagram shows a right-angled trangle.
The lengths ofthe sides are given in terms of y.
(2) show that 2y° ~ ay - 3 = 0. w-4
(b) Solve the equation 2y’ ~ 8y — 3 = 0, giving your Not to scale
answers to 2 decimal places.
(0 Caleulate the area ofthe triangle.
yee
(@)_ Using Pythagoras’ theorem gives
y+ 2F+ P= Oy-1F
4 Bly 42) + y= By ~ thay 1
Pret dee =a y+
ap -By-3
( a=2, b=-8, c= 3,
soy -82VE=AB
soy =2 434520788 or -0.34520788
a
(© yis the height of the triangle so must be positive so y = 4.34520788
So the base of the tangle isy + 2 = 6.24520788
‘Avea of tangle = 3 x base x height = } x 434520788 x 6.34520788 = 13.8 (to 3 sf)
4. Solve these equations. 5. Falble Reptiles claims shat ts bags of snakes contain 5
@ e+ 7e+12=0 — ) Fr 13y+22=0 more snakes than the bags fiom Snakes Ake and that
(© m—sm—6 (@ #-Sa+6=0 they charge { cant less per snake than Snakes Alive
(@ 2-4-12=0 ©) ZH 22+ ‘Anjana buys a bag from Snakes Alive for $5.00. Dhnuw
( C+15c+36=0 hy P-I8t+8 buys @ bag of the same snakes for $5.70 from Edible
(@) P-6r=0 @ e+itt Reptiles.
W) we 3w= @ R+k= (@) If misthe numberof snakes in a bag from Snakes
Ale then find in ters ofr:
2. Solve the following equations by completing the 4) how many snakes are in a bag from Edible
square (leaving square roots in your answer) epiiles
@ 2+2%-1=0 0) = 4x Ail the cost per snake (in cents) at both shops.
( P+I%+3=0 © () + I0K+S (&) Set up an equation involving n and soWe ito
(@) ¢+&-9=0 #-2-7=0 find.
3B. Solve the following equations by completing the
square. Fst write them inthe form? + pe + @
‘4 rectangular box s 23 cm longer than itis wide. ts
diagonal is 65 em. Ix fs the width ofthe ox then:
Leave square roots in your answe's (@) se Pythagoras’ theorem to find an expression for
@) 244% -6=0 — @) 324 1K-12=0 the length of the box in terme of x
(BEF 1+1=0 E+ B-12=0 ——b) showthatx? + 23x - 1848 = 0
(@_ solve this equation to find the exact value of x
4, (@)_ the) = 2 + 4x +5 then show that the equation
can be written as) = e+ 2) +1
(0) Use this to explain why 9 canner take a value
lower than 1
(©) Use this also to explain why takes the
minimum valve of 1 when x = ~2. Extended
22 Solving inequalities
You can solve inequalities in the same way as you solve equations. You can:
add and subtract any number from bath sides of an inequality
multiply and divide both sides of an inequality by 2 positive number.
H you multiply or divide by a negative number you have to reves the Inequality sign
eg. ~3 < I but 3 > —1, Ty 10 avoid doing this as itis easy to make a mistake.
Example
solve x +2>7.
x+2>7 Subtiact2 trom both sides
x5
Example
solve 3x> 18.
31> 18 Divide both sides by 3
xo
Example
solve ~7x > 21.
x21 Add Tet both sides = —7k>21 Divide by ~7 and
> 214 7 Subtract 21 from both sides cover inequaly ign
-21> 74 Divide both sides by 7
A354
re-3 e-3Thismethods
cuicker but you cen
ge wrong,
You can express inequalities on @ number line,
x> 3 can be expressed as
x -< Alcan be expressed at
Da a
z
1 and <
‘© uses more ink than ©
“Less than or equal to” and “greater than or equal to”
use more ink than "less than” or "greater than’
‘= goes with “less than or equal to” and
‘= goes with “greater than or equal to” and @
-< goes with “less than’ and ©
> goes with “greater than" and 0
CIE 0580 June ‘08 Paper 2 Q13
Clear the factions
3 5)> 8x +4) Expand brackets
Gr—15 > 8432 Simplty
= 2047 or =20>47 Ald 2eto both sos
renal O47 + 2x Subact 27 ——
7S by Inequality sign fips because
divide both sides by ~2
shes a -ad you divide both sides by Tip) Revision guide: Mathematics
Using inequalities to describe regions
Solid and dotted and lines
Use sol lines to show thatthe points an the line are included in the egiandeserbe by an
inequalig So uso sal ines for nequatio invlvng = or
Use dotted lines to show that the points on the line are not included in the region described
by an inequalily. So use dotted lines for inequalities irwohing < or >.
How can you remember whether to use dotted line or solid lines?
The way to remember tis is as before:
The signs = and = use more ink than > and <:
The solid line uses mare ink than the dotted line so > and < go with sol
and > go with dotted lines.
The line y = 2x + 1 splits the gragh into two part.
very point on the ine
satisfies the equation y =2x-+ 1.
Every point above the
lineation the
Inequality y > 2x 44
/.«__Forexample ths pots were
es tandy =
x Sean ax 144
seothat y <2 1
For example ths pointie where _* 2
xe-amdy~2
Sine ane tax (-2) 44
and 21s bigger than 350 you
se that y > 2+ 1.
2
Every point below the ine satisfies
‘the nequaiy y<2x-* 1.
Soy < 2x + 1 desetlaes the tagian below the line y = 2x + 1. However you are aften asked
to shade the unwanted region so you would shade above the line
eg ‘The region ett
, Unshaded the
7 $= region described
Z bythe inequality
yemet
“he dotted line indistes hat
paints on the line do not sats
‘he inequaltyy< 2e +1
Which area to shade?
‘© Ifyou are asked to leave the region
satisfied by the inequality x >
unshaded then remernber that
‘The region lft unshaded
4 bsthe region described
by theinequaty «> 1.
X> a always describes the region to the
Fight ofx = a
So shade to the left of x
x a akways describes the region to
theleft of x= a
So shade to the right of x = a ‘Therion
lettunshaded ———»
is therogion
‘dosebeld by the
Inequality <3. Bat
Solving inequalities (7723
‘When dealing with inequalities of the form ax + by > corax + by c (provided that b> 0) always
describes the region above the ine
ax + by =c.
So shade below the line ax + by = «
region deseibed by
the inequality 2+ 2y >
+ ax-+ by 0) always
clescribes the region below the line
a+ by = ‘he region lef unshaded i
So shade above te lne ax + by= tx+y <6
First draw the three lines
xty=6
Use dotted lines forx + y
‘and a solid line for x = 2
x = 2 describes the region to the right af
So shade to the left of x = 2.
> 1 descives the region above the Ine
So shade below y = 1
x+y < 6 describes the region below the
line x-+ y = 6. So shade above x + y
The region x = 2, y> 14+ y-< 6 isshown unshaded
Exam question ‘HE 0580 June '06 Paper 2 Q20
(2) One of the lines in the diagram Is labelled
y= mx + © Find the values of m and c.
(b) Show, by shading all the unwanted regions
‘on the diagram, the region defined by the
inequalities:
x=1 yeme+e y=x+2 and y=
y
(@) As the line moves 1 unit t the right it moves
“unit down so the gradient of the line is —1 x
Som==1 T2sase7e
The yrintercept is. So
xet = muse
(Continued) [Revision guide: Mathematics,
Extended
(©) Use solid lines for al the lines a they all involve = or >.
xet describes the region to the right of x = 1 so shade to the lett
ofx=t.
yesmx+c describes the region below y= mx + 50 shade above
yams,
yexs2 describes the region above y= x + 2 so shade below
yax+2
yea escrbes the region above y = 40 shade below y = 4.
7]
Z|
o 2 4 6 ©
The unshaded region Is defined by x= 1,y< —x+ 8 yex+2.y 24. Extn
23 Linear programming
Linear programming sa graphical method of fnding the best solution to @ problem that is
defined by simuktaneaus inequalities.
Example
{@) Leave unshaded the region defined by the inequaltosx =, y < 2x-+ 1,5x + 2y>20
(©) Find the maximum value of x + y for points that have integer coordinates in
this region,
(a) Fist daw the thie lines x= 4, y= 2x +1, 5x4 2y
0
Use dotted lines for y = 2x + 1 and Sx + 2y = 20 and a solid line for
Shade tothe right of
Shade above y= 2e + 1
Shade below 5x + 2y = 20
() Inthe unshaded region (the solution set) mark the points which have integer
coordinates
The possible points are marked as black dots an the diagram.
The table shows the value of x + yat each of the possible points.
~pepeEpeperErepiE spe
yp iit ft) Pp i | is |e |7
eyle | [es 2 [s [6 [7 [e [9 [eo [nu |e
The maximum value of x + y = 12.
Points an the dotted lines y< 2x + 1 and
5x + 2y> 20 arenotin the solution set.
Exam question
Tiago does some work during the school holidays.
In one week he spends x hours cleaning cars and y hours repairing cycles.
‘The time he spends repairing cycles is at least equal to the time he spends
cleaning cars.
This can be written as y = x.
He spends no more than 12 hours working.
He spends at least 4 hours cleaning cars.
(2) Write down two more inequalities in x and/or y to show this information.
(b) Draw x- and y-axes from 0 to 12, using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 unit on each axis.
(© Draw three lines to show the three inequalities. Shade the
unwanted regions.
12
(@) Tlago receives $3 each hour for cleaning cars and $1.50 each 5)
hour for repairing cycles.
() What is the least amount he could receive? 8
(li) What is the largest amount he could receive?
NW
CIE 0580 November ‘06 Paper 4 Q9
@
w)
©
a
He spendsrno more than 12 hours working means thatx + y= 12
HHe spends at least 4 hours cleaning cars means that x
see graph
see graph
‘Amount earned cleaning cars = 3x
‘Amount eamed repairing cycles = 1.5y
Total earrings = 3x + 1.5y
Find the minimum and maximum values of 3x + 1,5y for values
o 2 4 6 8 1 2
(Continued 3
Exam question (Continued)
of x and yin the unshaded region
“The nine marked points on the graph represent possible solutions
x Cs CC
y a [> (6 i |e [5 le |? [6
aratsy [18 [195 [21 [225 [za [22s 255 [27
(The least amount he could receives $18,
(GD The largest amount he could receive is $27
Drawx- and y-axes from O10 10 using a scale of 1 cm
10 represent 7 unit on each axis
(@) Leave unshaded the following region:
kty<10 0 y>ax xed
For integer values of x and y in this region find:
(©) the maximum value of 2y + x
(©) the minimum value of 2y + x
Banu ges a gardening jab in the school holidays. She
rakes leaves for x hours and she weeds flower beds for
‘yours, Her employer tells her that she must spend at
least as long weeding the flower beds as she spends
raking the leaves, She s also told that she must spend
‘at least S hours raking leaves but must spend less than
11 hours weeding the flower beds.
(2) Write down three inequalities for x and y.
(6) Draw- and y-axes from 0 to 15 using a scale of 1
cm to represent 1 unit an each axis
(© Draw three lines 10 show the three inequalities and
shade the unwanted regions.
Banu is paid $5 for each hour of raking leaves and §4
or each hour of weeding flower beds.
48) Wit down an expression for how much she
featns wen she rake leaves forx hours and weeds
flowerbeds for y hours.
(e) (i) What is the least amount that she could receive?
(i) What isthe largest aroun that she could
recowe?
‘A bay wants to buy a collection of books and
magazines from a second-hand shop, The books cost
$3 and the magazines cost 51. He has $20 to spend
and the number af magazines he buys must be less
than twice the number of books he buys. He wants to
buy at least 8 tems from the shop.
Aiter reading the books and magazines he sells them
‘on to friends at $5 for books and $2 for magazines,
If he buysx books and y magazines:
(2) write down the three inequaltes which describe
the above situation
(8) drawa graph and show unshaded the region
whichis satisfied by these inequalities
(@) find the maximum amount he can make from
seling these books and magazines to his trends 24 Angles and)polygons
Angles
(one complete revolution 360°
So the ange ata point is 360 360°
The angle on a nes 180° 80°
Example
Ifa CD spins at 500 revolutions per minute then how many degrees does it turn
‘through each second?
Each revolution is 360° so the CD spins through 360° x 50
'20 000° per minute
180 000" = 60 per second
3000” per second
An acute angle is ess than 90° ‘An obtuse angle is between 90° and 180°,
reflex angle is larger than 180° A right angle js 90°
but less than 360"
—
Example
Find the obtuse and reflex angles between the hands ofa clock at 8 o'clock. ’
The obtuse ange = 4 of 360" = 120°
A
The reflesangle = 2 of 360° = 240"
Perpendicular lines c. D
Perpendicular Ines meet or Intersect aright angles
{ABs perpencular to CD.
Intersecting lines =
DD
SY
atbtetd
160" (angles at a point)
and c = d (vertically opposite angles are equal)
180° and b + d= 180° (angles ona straight line) Revision guide: Mathematics
Parallel lines
7) Le)
. {\
LT
and b = atemate angles) a= candb = (corresponding angles)
2+ 0= 160 andc+ d= 180 + d= 180° (angles ona sagt ine)
{angles ona straight line) andsoa+d= 180"inewa= 0
Polygons
‘A polygon is a closed 2-dimensional shape with straight edges
AS]
In a regular polygon all the sides are equal and al the angles are equal
©
regular hexagon
squxe equilateral rangle
A trlangle is a three-sided polygon.
The three interior angles in a tangle add up to 180!
atb+c= tar
> a+ b+ c= 180° anglesin triangle)
2 d= 180° (angles on a steight ie)
It follows that d= b + or in rds
Z\ PX ‘The exterior angle ofa triangle
is equal tothe sum ofthe two
d=b+e interior opposite angles
‘An Ieoscales angle has two equal sides ‘An equilateral viangle has three
and-wo equal angles equal sides and three equal andes
Tre mata ta ses ea f\_, fe
oe ‘Angles and polygons
A right-angled triangle has one right angle C
‘A quadrilateral is 3 four-sided polygon. The suin of its interior angles is 360",
Quadrilaterals with special features
Square Rectangle
4 equal sides, 4 right angles 4 sides, 4 right angles, opposite sides equal
F 7
oO qd
Parallelogram Rhombus
A sides, 2 sets of parallel sides, 4 equal sides, opposite sides paralel,
‘opposite sides equal, opposite angles equal opposite angles equal
‘Trapezium Kite
4 sides, one set of opposite sides parallel 4 sides, 2 pats of adjacent sides equal
1 pair of opposite angles equal
Polygons with more than four sides
‘A pentagon has S sides, A hexagon har 6 sides.
Callsin a beehive
“The Pentagon in Washington
A heptagon has 7 sides {An octagon has @ sides Revision guide: Mathematics
Nets
Ifyou cut along some af the edges of this cuboid and lay it out flat you have the net.
Cutting cifferent edges gives diferent nets
acm
Interior and exterior angles
exterior
angle
interior
angle
‘Sum of interior angles
An r-sided polygon can be split up into fm ~ 2) tiangles. The angles in each triangle add up
10 180° and so the angles in an n-sided polygon add up 10 (n ~ 2) x 180°.
Example
This 7sided polygan can be spit up into 5 triangles. So the angles in the 7-sided
polygon add up to (7 ~ 2) x 180°= 5 x 180" = 900"
Exterior angles
Imagine an ant standing at G and walking clockwise around the polygon,
It would turn through angle a when it got to A, b when it got to 8 etc
By the time ft got back 10 G it would have turned through 360",
Soatb+ct+dt+e+f+g= 360,
Ina regular n-sided polygon the exterior angles are equal
350"
Each exterior angle
‘The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon (regular or iregular) is 360”. bo Extended
25 Gircles
Angles in a circle
‘Angle in a semicircle ‘Angle between radius and tangent
@
Tr
\ %
IPR is the diameter of a cide IF OR isthe radius of a circle and the line ATs a
then ZPQR is aright angle. This tangent to the circle at R then ZORT is aright
theorem is often stated as "the ange. "The angle between the radius and the
‘angle in asernicice isa right angle’ tangent is 90°”.
fr "the angle subtended by the
siameter 5 90°"
Angle at centre
Q FP, Qand Rare thee x ZPOR
A\ points on 2 circle then the
angle POR is twice the
angle POR.
YN “The angle atthe
cee bite he ange
’ at the circumference."
‘Angles in the same segment
1FQ,P, Rand S are points on a cicle
vith Q and $ Wing in the same
segment then ZPQR is equal to PSR.
“Angles subtended by a chord or arc
Rin the same segment are equal.”
Example Oa—~ 8
fd dy. v7
00 = OR (radii of the circle), so triangle OR is isosceles
yee V/
80° (angles ina triangle) ?|
os
X ZOPR (angle at centre)
x ZOPR Bat
Circles
Example
Find we x,y and z
OP 00 Ga so tingle oP
owe
22 28 52 ange x cent
wa yaoi heme
weyeer ms
A
=e St
oppose nein yee qudelatrl
Q FQ, P, Rand S are points on a circle with Q and R lying in
K Siert segments ere sunel POS Sh PRS"
“The sum of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°
NQODSs
7
Example
Find, yandz.
X= 42 (anales in same segment)
y= 45°(angles in same segment)
(7+ 42) 4 2 = 180" (opposite angles of cyclic quadriatera)
S02 = 180" 42° — 49" = 80°
Exam question
P,Q, Rand 5 lie on a circle, centre 0.
TP and TQ are tangents to the circle.
PRis a diameter and angle P5Q
(2) Work out the values of w and x.
(b) Showing all your working, find the value of .
(a) w+ 64 = 90", so w = 26° (angle in semicide)
x= 2x 64° = 128° (angle at centre)
(b) POOTis a quadrilateral so the sum of its interior
angles is 360".
ZOPT = 90° and ZOQT = 96° (radius meeting ?
tangent)
90° + 90° + 128+ y = 360°
Y= 360" ~ 90" — 90" ~ 128"
y= 52 Exam question E0580 hue 06 Paper 218
AD isa diameter of the circle ABCDE.
Angle BAC = 22° and angle ADC = 60°
‘AB and ED are parallel lines.
Find the values of w, x, y and 2.
2ACD = 90° angle in semicircle)
w+ 60° + 90° = 180" (angles in triangle)
Sow = a0
X= 22° (angle in same segment)
y= w= 30° angle in same segment)
ZABE = ZBED = x + y= 52° (AB ED, alternate angles)
2 = ZABE = 52° (angle in sare segment)
Questions
In questions 1=12, find, giving reasons, the angles shown by letets, The only cice laws which may be used ate “angle at
centre” and “angles insame segment". h addition “isosceles triangle", “angles at a point/on a line” exc. can be given as
reasons, n each circle, Qs the centre
1 Q 2 3. CoN
~—
=
o cies
= |Questions
Lag (a OA
at centre
Jf
So 26 Similar shapes
Congruent shapes
e
Similar shapes
“wo shapes are similar (or mathematical sim ithe rato of every ear of cxresponding
sides ic tho same. That it say ano of the shapes isan enlargement af the athar
Example
‘Ae these two shapes mathematically similar?
som
dom
raed Zs sem 3200 2am
oem Taam
24 and 24. all hese ratios ae equal
‘The ratios ofthe corresponding sides are 59, 3, 25 and 25
10 0.75 s0 the two shapes are simi
Example
Find x given that these two shapes are similar.
Ratios of corresponding sides are equal, .
Kal 6. cm
© 54
Tam Ton
a2
= 105m
Example a
Find x and yin triangle ABC. ‘0a y
g <
samy qsen
° em a
Drow the two similar triangles separate and mark on all he lenge.
Tangles ABC and ADE ac sma,
19 A A
16
y
15m 10em, 7 ye75
16 om
48 (Crossultisp sh. _
16 o &
16 Bem
7
12.5em
Similar areas and volumes
Area
|ftwo shapes ar ilar then tho ratio of thoi aoa equal tothe square ofthe ato ot
their soe Bat
Similar shapes (725
Example
‘wo triangles are similar. Their bases are 5 cm and 8 cm. The area of the smaller
‘langle i 24 em’. Find the area of the larger triangle.
Accaic
zeemé
Bem
San
AL =
So if area of the larger wangeis Athen & = Tiss easy to remember because uits of top
7 __ storm of te tease ce sa
Hence a = 24 x |B) = 61.44 en?
square the right-hand side to get the same units
Example
Find tho area ofa lake on a 1:20 000 map given that th
fon the map.
if true area of lake A,
(000 000 000 cm? = 0.8 km?
foci wat isto imagine the lake as a rectangle measuring 1 cm by 20 cm as
"cman map 20000 cm = 200 t= 0.2 kn ote sod aioe eueeeine
2ocmon ttemea 40000 tn ~ 4000 m= & mon he gourd ate aar ats
So actual area of lake is 0.2 km x 4km 8 km? Zz
eet
Exam question E0580 une '07Faper 40} a
The scale of a map i 1:20 000 000.
(nthe map, the distance between Calo and Addis Ababa Is 12m.
(a) Calculate the distance, in kilometres, between Cairo and Addis Ababa.
(0) On the map the area of a desert region ls 13 square centimetres.
Calculate the actual area of this desert region, in square kilometres.
(2) 12 cmon the map represents 12 x 20 000.000 = 240.000 000 «m on the
ground
240 090.000 «rn = 2 400 000 m = 2400 km
(6) Consider the desert as measuring 1 cm by 13 em
IF 12 cm represents 2400 km then 1 cm represents 200 km and
13 em represents 2600 km.
So area of desert is 200 kmn x 2600 km
520 000 km? Tip) Revision guide: Mathematics
Volume
IF two shapes are sirlar then the ratio oftheir volumes ic equal tothe cube ofthe ratio of
thei sides,
Example
‘Two similar bottles have radius 3 em and 5 em respectively. f the volume of the Tee ee ene
‘smaller bottle is 54 cm’, what is the volume of the larger one? Reet eat arog
bottom of thelefthand side
‘ace cn so cube the right
han side to get te same
unis.
Finding a side when one side and two areas or two volumes are given
Example
‘Two bottles are similar; one has volume of 1200 cm’ and the other has volume.
1900 cm’, If the height of the smaller bottle is 10 cm find the height of the larger
bet
(4)
io] = T2009
Take cube root of both sides:
Example
‘wo containers are similar. One has a volume of 8000 cm andl a surface area of
5000 cm’. The other has a volume of 4000 cm’ and surface area A. Find A.
Ratio of volumes
Ratoot der = YE
(vosy
A= 5000 x (Vos)
= 3150 an? (0351)
Exam question CIE 0580 November ‘06 Paper 2 Q13 a
{A statue two metres high has a volume of five cubic metres.
A.similar model of the statue has a height of four centimetres.
Calculate the volume of the model statue in cubic centimetres.
Let the volume of the model be Vv.
1m? = 1m x 1m x 1m = 100 em x 100¢m x 100.cm = 1 600 000 cm ese eee,
ifthe smaller volume (r
this example V) is in the
‘So volume of statue
‘numerator.
(000 009 cm’
io of volumes =
Ratio of volumes = at ay
Ratio of heights = 545
= 40en)
Yoove (4)
=) 0 v= 5.000 000 x (58,
The volume of the model is 40 em
o Questions
1. Bon and Sarah want to measure the height of a
buling, Ben is 1.8 mall and Sarah suggests that
he stands next to the bulding and compares the
shadows she measure his shadow ro be 2.4 m
long andthe shadow of the building to be 16 m
tong. Haw tllis the building?”
‘A photocopier is set to reduce the lenaths of copies
105 ofthe original size. the orginal document
measures 12 em ty 15 cm what will Bethe
dimensions of the copy?
‘Acphotography shop produces enlargements of
photos. A 15 cm x 10cm photo was enlarged so
that is longest side was 24 em. What was the
length ofthe shorter side?
‘A map is reduced to 2 ofits orginal size. A field on
‘the original map meatured 25 mm x 35mm. What
vill be its dimensions on the image?
‘Aap that measures 24cm by 30 mi educed to
2 cite onghal ze Whatare the denenon of
eee ee
Inthe tangle inthe agra 80 = cm, AB = 10 cm,
AD = Gem, AC = xand CD =.
{@)_Drawthe two triangles ABC and DBA in the
same orientation and mark on all their angles.
Hence explain wy tangles ABC and DBA are
simi
{© Write down an equation inveving x
(@)_ Solve the equation to find x
(©) Calculate the valu of y
mE
i)
uA
A
ise
Tom
7. A rectangle Pis enlarged to a rectangle Q The
dimensions of Pare 5 m ky 12 m. The shortest side of
Qisémn
(a) What isthe scale factar af enlargement?
(b) What is the length of the longer side of @7
Extended
Similar shapes (725
8. Aright-angled tangle Pi enlarged to a wiangle 0.
‘The hypotenuse of Pis 12 em and the hypotenuse of
Qis15 cm
(@)_ What isthe scale factor af enlargement?
(©) Ifthe shortest side of Pis 8 cm find the shortest
side of Q.
AA photo 8 cm high and 10 cm wide has a border
2.cm high along the bottom and the top of the
pphoto and w em wide on each side. Find w if the
‘atiginal phota is similar to the phata with is border.
loon
ae
D em
Inthe diagram 20
= 12emand cB
(2) To which triangle is tiangle ABC similar?
(6) Draw tviangle ABC and the triangle of part (a) so
thar they have the same orientation and mark
each sie clealy
(©) Find the length AB.
(2) Find also the length AC.
cone of radius 6 cm and height 15 em hasa cone
Cf height 9 cm removed from its top. What isthe
radius of the removed cone?
1.
The distance between Delhi and Calcutta is 1310
km. Qn a map they are 26.2 cm apart. Find the scale
of the map the form 1:
43. the scale of a map is 1:20 000 000. On the map the
‘area of a state is 5 em’, Calculate the actual area of
the state In km?
°o 5) Revision guide: Mathem:
14. inthe diagram AB = 5 em, 8C = 4 em and the V7. Three layers of wedding cake are similar The middle
a area of the wiangle ABE is 23 em*, Given that BE is layer has a surface area of 3600 em? and a mass of
“ parallel to CD tind (to 2sf] the area of the triangle 5ko.
AOD. (@)_ Whats the mass (103 fof the bottom layer ft
< its surface area is 8000 cm?
(6) What isthe surface area (to 3 sf of the top layer
2 its mass is 3 kg?
F D
415. Two large water tanks are similar. One holds 5 m!
{and the other holds 12 ri ifthe height of the
smaller oneis 1.2 mwhat is the height (to 3sf) of
the larger one?
1G. Two pictures are similar, The area of one is $4 crm? 18. Two cuboid ae sila: One has volume 6m’ and
and ofthe other is 216 cm the length of the she other has volume 11 ifthe surface area of
larger one & 18 cm find the Ienath of the smaller the smaller one Is 22 rm whats the surface area
one. {to 2h of the larger one? 27 Geometrical constructions
Constructing a triangle
This exarnpe shows you howto canst, that make an accurt erowing ofa tangle
sng only 2 rulr and a pair of comossee
Example
Construct a triangle of lengths 5 cm, 6 cm and 8 cm using only a ruler and compasses.
41. Draw a straight line about 10 er long
and matk a point A at one end
A
2. With contre A and radius ® em mark a point
Bon the line.
{To do this adjust the compasses to 8 cm and put the compass point on A.)
a tan t
3. With centre A and radius 5 em draw an are above AB,
4, With centre 8 and radius 6 cm draw an arc to
cutthe frst are at C.
5. Join ACand BC, G.
Sey een
Constructing an angle bisector
Example
Construct the line which bisects the angle BAC using only a ruler and compasses.
41. With centre A craw an arc to cutAB at X 3. With centre X draw an arc tothe right of Band C.
5
x x
A © A hc
‘With the same radius draw an arc to cut AC at ¥. 4. With the same radius and centie ¥ draw an are to cut
5 the previous arc at D. 8
x,
5. Join AD. x
ADIs the bisector of ZBAC.
A yo a vo Jy) Revision guide: Mathematics
Constructing the perpendicular bisector of a straight line
‘The perpendicular bisector of a straight ine AB & the me which cuts AB into two equal
pans and corse AB at right angles
Example
Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB using only a ruler and compasses.
1. with centre 4 and adlus greater 2, With the same alu and centres 3, Join xv
than halt AB dave ares craw ars to cut the
above and below 48. previous arcs atX and ¥.
S A
x 3
x t
3 + *
7 YW Levis the pepancieay bisector of AB
4. Constructan equilateral tangle AscwhereABis 5. fe
ees © avon oun
oo
We liemen ers reratepeses tact ene A
rakes nage 0A. oom .
& (2) Moke a full-size copy of the diagram. Use a set,
ee arias in ee)
ete
(0 label te pin whet thse resets AB a5
a ea
Ree (2. Fr the rigpon of ACky constuction and label
he
3. Construct a triangle ABC in which the angle ABCis a (d) Draw a circle with centre X which passes through A.
right snl and she ange BAC 6 reine rear ieeetet aetna ta
4 c
ry
ny
Al
om
(@) Make a full-size copy of the diagram. Find the
midpoint of AB. Label this point D.
(©) Find the midpoint of AC. Label this point é.
(©) Find the midpoint of 8C. Label this point F.
(@) Draw the lines CD, BE and AF
(©). What do you notice about these three lines? AP SVuliiseny
Line symmetry
“he dota ines show the lines fn equistra angle has three
of symtry for some eters nes of symmetry
A square has four lines of symmetry 4 rectangle has two lines of synmetry.
d
A parallelogram has nalines of symmenry. A rhamus has twa lines of symmetry.
A trapezium has no line of symmetry. ‘A kite has one line of syrnmetry.
‘A reguiar msided polygon has n lines of symmetry.
‘A reguiar pentagon has fve lines of symmetry. Revision guide: Mathematics
Rotational symmetry
Hf you rotate the S through 360° about the matked point it wil have
{wo identical postions. The Shas rotational symmetty of cider 2
you rotate this equilateral viangle through 360° about its centre it
will hve three identical postions, An equiatera triangle has rotational
symmmetyy of order 3
‘A.squate has rotational symmetry Arectangle has rotational syrrmetyy of
of order 4 order 2.
my q pA 7
. a qd
L 4
A parallelogram has rotational symmetry A rhombus has rotational symmetiy
ot order 2. of order 2.
A trapezium has rotational symmetry Akite has rotational symmetry of order 1.
of order 1
L/ ¢<
Notice that all shapes have rotational symmetry of order atleast 1.
A regular n-sied polygon has order of ratational symmetry n
In summary
Polygon Lines ofsymmetry | Order of rotational symmety
Isosceleswanale 1 1
Equlsteral ange 3 a
Sure « a
Fectanale 2 2
Faleloram ° 2
Fhombus 2 z
ie 7 1
“rapes 0 1
agua rsided polgon a a
@ Example
For these shapes
(2) drawal the lines of symmetry
(b) state the order of rotational symmetry.
0 ai SG
(@) the lines of symmetry
o ay,
(the atder of rotational symmetry.
@ i SG
order 1 Order?
Example
Witte down
(2) the number of ines of symmetry
symmetry (er)
Order 2
{(b) the order of rotational symmetry of these shapes.
®
(a) Lines of symmetry
w
Allies of symmetry
(0) Otder of rotational of symmetry
Rs
Bilines of symmetry
@ “(@ by 45° the result (®) (which is different).
Rotating by 90°, 120°, 270° and 380" gives the same shape.
So the order of rotational symmetry i 4.
(il Ths shape has rotational symmetry of order 6 Revision guide: Mathematics
symmetry properties of circles
Equal chords
Ace / — Frwochors A and CO hai equ rh hen theyre
SRK besten anno et
NY rcle.
5
5
ox
Bisector of chord
4 “Te perpendcularine om the centre ofa cle ta chord
bisects the chor
8
axa
Tangents
2 The tangents rom a point Poutside cide
[> to two points Q and fon the circle are equal
inlenat
ro= Pe
Solids
Rotational symmetry
The cylinder and the cane both have an axis of syramery.
rotational symmetry n
Arm whose cosssetanis equ sides polygon has rer of
aes
© Planes of symmetry
‘A cuold has three planes af symmetry.
symmetry (PE
A]
A prism whose cross-section is a regular n-sided polygan has n + 1 planes af symmerry.
For example, a pentagonal prism has 6 planes of symmetry,
(One plane like this
Exam question
(@) Shade one square in each diagram so that ther
() one line of symmetry
S planes like this
CCIE 0580 June ‘06 Paper 2.Q21
(ii) rotational symmetry of order 2.
(©) On the diagram below, skatch one of the three planes of symmetry of the cuboid.
(© Write down the order of rotational symmetry of the equilateral triangular
prism about the axis shown,
ao
) (aay
(ip rotational symmmetty of order 2
(q)_ The order of rotational symmetry is 3 since as the prism is rotated there are
‘tree identical positions, Jy) Revision guide: Mathematics
1. Copy he following shapes anc
{2} drawvon all the lines of symmetry
(0) state the order of rotational synimety.
¢ “ NM i) Q”4 7) +
"QB oT “MI | enon
2. For this shape vrte oven
(@)_ the otder of rotational symmetry
(©) the number of lines of symmetry.
3. Draw aces with valucs of andy from 102010.
Draw the shapes end filin the table.
store | erie 239 nest ry
[mame [iemenealo fra ya
cai
taftecme Janes [lane y-s
ofmae [Baoan
tae
vee
510.7)
wane Hen
[tents Ysa ean
os
10 [rasan waa
1a] Raieagan tae
[same ye
yen
4, (2). Shacle one square in each diagram so that shere is:
{) oneline of symmetry
symmetry of order 2
(8) The cuboid shown belaw has no square faces.
How many planes of symmetry does it have?
(@. How many planes of symmeny has a regular
some
Sx
(0) Ws don Se tent oratory
of the regular hexagonal prism about the axis
shown,
i
CES 29 Loctis
‘The locus of a points the ath traced out as it moves.
Some important loc
1, The locus of points which are a xed wistance d fiom a given point
Ica ciele. The radius ofthe circle is
locus of points
Som from a
2. The locus of points which are less than 2 fied distance from,
a given point fs the region inside a circle f ,
locus of points less than
Scmfioma
3. The locus of points more than 3 certain distance from a given point i the region outside
adrde,
4, (a) The locus of points which are a fixed distance trom agen. —§ >
straight line isa palr of parallel nes. ——
(©) The locus of points a fixed distance from a line
segment is shown inthis diagram,
5. The locus of points which are equidistant from two fixed 1
points A and 8 fs the perpendicular bisector of AB, t
66, The lacus of points which are loser to point than point 2 is,
shown in the diagram,
7. The locus of points which are equidistant from two fixed
lines a and.AC & the ande bisector of angle BAC.
The plural of locus is Revision guide: Mathematics
Sometimes a lacus consists of the intersection of two loci asin the next example.
Example
Find the points which are 2em from A and 3 em from B.
With centre A and radius 2cm draw two ai, Repeat with
centre 8 and radius 3 cm. Te pointsX and ¥ atthe intersection
of the arcs are 2 cm ftom A and 3 from 8.
XK
be
4. sketch the follaing loc, Describe each locus in
words
{9} The locus ofa point P which moves so that its
always 4m fom a fied port.
{b) Tho locus ot a point Rwhien moves eo thotit =
always 2m fom aline AB, 5 cr ona,
(© The locus ot a point P which s equidistant trom
two points Cand 0,6 cm apart.
{@) The locus of a point 5 equidistant rom two nes
[AB and AC hich meat at right angles at.
Draw a pair of axes with x and y ranging from —3t0 3
(use 2 om per unit on both axes)
(@) Draw the locus ofa point which Ic 2 unis away
from the point A (1. 1)
(b) Draw the locus of a point which is he same
distance from 8-2, 1) as from C(1, ~3)
(©) Shade the locus ofall points which are closer to C
than to B and less than 2 units away from A.
‘A shed of dimensions 7 m by 3 m sin the middle of
2 large field of gras. A goat s tethered by a rope 5 m
Jong to a corner of the shea.
(@) Using a scale of 1 em for 1 m, craw an accurate
ciagram of the shed and the area of grass the goat
isable to eat.
(b) Calculate this area (0 3 sf)
(2) Using a scale of 1 em far 10m, draw a diagram of
2 rectangular field 100 m by 60 m and mark the
midpoint A ofthis field, where theve isa tree
(0) A boy fies a kte in the field and doesn't want to
stand closer than 20 m te the tree or closer than
410 mto the low wall which surrounds the field.
(0) Shade the region in which the bay can stand
{i Showing all your working leary find the area
(io 3sf)inwhich the boy can stand.
(0. A farmer wants to erecta fence so that no one
can get closer than 10 m to any part of his fel.
(i) Qn your diagram mark this fence
(i) Showing all your working clezy, find the
perimeter (to 3 sf) of the fence,
Aladder of length 2 means against a vertical
‘wall so that the ladder itself isin an almost vertical
position. The foot of the ladder & on the horizontal
floor. The ladder sips down the wall in such a way
‘that the tap of the ladder remains in contact with
the wall and the foot of the ladder remains in
contact with the floor.
@) Drawa diagram of the wall and floor and draw
‘on it five positions which the ladder takes as it
slides dawn to the floor. Use a scale of 1
Trapezium
The atea ofthe trapezium the same asthe area
ofthe mo dete rezangls.
Soares of rapetium = ax 2-+ bx
pat byxh
‘ats al the sum of paral sides x height
Circle
Area of circle =
Circumference of circle
Find out howto get
‘on your calculator,
2ar
arc
Length of minor arc = 2. x 2mer
- sector
major
sector Dp? .
yew
Ro
ES 0 ‘Area of segment
= (Area of minor sector) ~ (Atea of ttianale OPO)
Example
Find the area of this shap
ares ofectange 4% 10 = 40 cr cen]
ae of tangle = £5 =
om Gan
Area of whole shape = 40 + 12 = 52 ani Ertended
Mensuration
Example
Abirthday cake has radius 12.m. A piece in the shape of a
sector of angle 40° Is eut from the cake.
{(a) What is the cross-sectional area of the top of this piece
of cake?
{(b) What is the total perimeter of the top of this piece
ofcakar Ped
4o
xmx12?
(a) The top of the bithuay cake isa sector, 3b0
Sox wx IP =x ate
‘Area of sector 50- 26548245
= 16m = 50.3 em (to 3 sf)
(Length ofae= $x 2x ax 12-89
4a
MO exmxt2
38.cm (to 3 sf) 360
8.3775a04)
Perimeter = arclength + 2 radi >
So total perimeter =8.38 + 12 +12 =32-4emito3 sf) (>
Example
Find the area ofthis segment.
‘Area of minor sector = 2 x mx 8 = 37.819859... cv Sasa panaune
xBXx8xsin6r
‘Area of triangle OAB
So area of segment
= (grea of minor sector) ~ (area of triangle O48)
37.41 9859 ~ 20.456155,
= 7.96 an 103 st
Volume and surface area
tan isthe same a5 1¢ sam
4 cm 10mm
Tair Drm
Prism as
‘A 3.dimensional shape which has the same cross-section
throughout is called prism.
The volume of a prisin = cross-sectional atea X height, ZN
Cylinder All these shapes are pre.
Acgylnder ica prism whose cross-sections a crcl.
cross-sectional area = 9?
h Volume of cylinder = 7h
cross-sectional area X height = wr
Not t0 scale
\ Leap
{e) The workmen put a cylindrical pipe, radius 0.2 m and length 500 m,
along the bottom of the trench, as shown inthe diagram.
Calculate the volume ofthe cylindrical pipe.
(0) The tenehsthonefiled with sol
Calculate the volume of soll put back into the trench as a percentage
of the original amount af sol removed.
1
(a) Avea of tapezium = ba + byh
Lar+1axo7
875 mv
(b) Volume of trench = cross-sectional area X length
= 0.875 m' x 50D m = 437.5 m0 The tench is in the shape
(© Mass of soll = 437.5 x 48 = 2100 = 2.1 x 10*tonnes of apis.
(@) 1 tonne = 1000 kg
1000 x 1000
= 1.000 000 or 1 x 10°g
s0 2.1 x 10" tonnes
= 21x10 x 108
21x 10'g
(@) Volume of pipe = = x 0.2 x S00
is= 628m to 3s)
Volume ot sll put back in 427.5 ~ 62.8 = 374.7 m
Volume as 3 percentage ofthe original amount of soil taken
3747
= FE x 100 = 85.6% (0 3)
4. Find the areas ofthese trapezia by fist finding x using 0 40am
Pythagoras’ theorem, 17m,
@ ne
x ean
@ 14mm
N
©) 12m
13cm
Tamm
(Continued) Ent
Questions (Continued)
2
Find, in terms of zy, the area which is enclosed
benween two circles withthe same cemte, one with
radius 7 cm and the other with radius 5 em,
Show thatthe area of a shape consisting of a square
of side length 4 cm with a semicitce of radius 2 em
added to one side is 16 + 2m.
4cm
2a
Gam
Find the radius of the circle which has the same area
as the combined area of a circle of radius 12 cm and
circle of radius 5 cm.
running track is 60 m wide. The inside of the inner
lane consists of two straight sections of 80 m and vo
semicircles of radius 24 m,
(@) Find, in terms of =, the perimeter of the inside of
the inner lane.
(b} Find, in terms of x, the permeter of the outside
of the outer lane.
(© Find, in terms of 2, the area of the track
4am 50 m
20m
A glndrical glass of radius &cm and height 9.cm filed
vith water. The waters then poured into a upturned
cane of base radu S cm and height 15 cm until the cone
Is full How much water io 2 sf willbe let inthe glass?
‘A-company makes spherical and cubical ice holders
‘What is the radius (to 3 sf of the spherical container if
It has the same volume as the cubical container with a
side length 13 mm?
‘An ice clear scoop is designed to make spheres,
Ice crearn is taken from a container measuring 20
cm by 15 cm by 13 cm. ithe scoop abvays picks up
perfect spheres of radius 2.4 cm how many scaops
(o the nearest whole number) can be filled from the
container (assuming no waste),
eet
10.
11.
12.
Mensuration (eu)
A litre pot of paint is used to cover the surface of
a large sphere. The instructions say that one litre of
paint will cover 5m, What isthe maximum radius
Cf the sphere i tis to be completely cavered?
‘Accone of height 45 cm has to hold at least 3 litres
(of water, What is the least possible value (to 3 s) of
the base radius?
‘Acralway tunnel i: constructed in the shape of a
hallow gjinder. tis 1 km long and has a radius of
3m, A.gravel bed is lad in order to support the track.
‘Accross-ection of he tunnels shown in the diagram,
‘with the shaded area representing the gravel. AB
represents the horizontal surface ofthe gravel
X 6 the midpoint of AB and 2OAB = 60°
@
©
©
‘Show that OX = 2.60 m (to 3.
Find the area (to 3 sf ofthe triangle OAB.
By considering the area of the sector OAB and
yyour answer to part (b), find {to 3 sf] the shaded
area,
Hence find {to 31) the volume of gravel
required for he tunnel.
Find (to 3 si) the length of the major arc ACB,
The wall ofthe tunnel above the gravel level Is
tobe painted. Find (103 sf) the surface area to
be painted.
@
©
©
‘Acditeh is cut in the ground in such a way hat its
‘cross-section isa trapezium as shown in the diagram,
“tam
The ditch is 400 rn long and its filed with water
(2). Whatis the area of the cross-section of the ditch?
(©) What f the volume of water which the atch
contains?
The water flows ata rate of 1.2 ms". How much
water passes one point ina minuto?
‘8 pipe with @ square cross-section in then placed in
the ditch and the rest of the ditch filed in with sal
(@)_ Ifthe pipe has the largest possible cross-section
how much sails put back into the dich?
«
@ 31 Irigonometry
“Tigonometry is used to find an unknown length or angle in 2 right-angled triangle
Pythagoras’ theorem typotenuse
“The longest siden a right-angled tangles called the hypotenuse
Pythagoras’ theorem states that
“In aright-angled triangle the square on the hypotenuse is equal ta
the sum of the squares on the other two sides. | -
teed
7
Example
Find xand y in these triangles.
1
3
y
fa
7
PeiPee yer
P= 169 4 289 = 458 Soy = 12 7=95
Hencex = V5E=21.4(t03 sf) Hencey = 9.75 to 3 1)
Example
Find x and y in these triangles.
oy
1
7 34cm
= 7
(2x? + (3xF (oy — (5?
Axe + Ox Bly — 25y Remember (3x)’ = 9x7 not 3x"
13% sey
¥ ¥
x= 9.3 crn G0 350 y= 0935 mto3st)
Trigonometric ratios
Ina right-angled tangle the longest side i the hypotenuse, The other two sides are
‘opposite anc adjacent (next to] the angle @ you ate interested in — ether because you
know its size or because you want to find it. Remember SOH CAH TOA for
right-angled trlangles:
9 0860s tporense// opposite
~ ypotens
atiacent
cos 0 = saecent_
Fypotonase Soc
_ oopasite
eres adjacent
Example
Find x and y in these triangles.
Y
24cm
PN
¥ >
os singar = OPDesite_ 18
ae iad hypotenuse
ysinga = 18
= 20em to 3h =_18
+> new
= 200mm(t0 34h
Example
Find ain this triangle.
rei ‘5 em Brackets mustbe used on
the caleultor
Use these buttons onthe
colcator
27.8" (1 dp)
‘Angles of elevation and depression
‘he angle of elevation isthe angle you it your head
throught lok at something above
‘The angle af depression isthe angle you lower
yur gaze through to look at something below,
‘Trigonometry
Make sure your calculator is
in degrees (not radians).
24cos(25)
20-99087297
1a
sin(buy
20-02b83493
sint(7#15)
27-81813928
Notice Bath angles
are measured from the
horizontal
@ Revision guide: Mathematics
Example
‘A surveyor standing on the top of a bullding 3 m tll sees two points Cand D
{due north of him. The angles of depression of Cand D are 35° and 20°. Find the
distance CO.
A
+ b>
a 30 m|
_Lt al c
3 ) 7
A
aon
dl .
7
wn7=L sey =30un70'= 24m
=i 8244983960 (035)
Trigonometry in non-right angled triangles
“You can also use rigonomonyinsrianglee without aight angle.
Lobel the sides a band
Notice that angle A is opposite side a,
angle Bis opposite side b.
‘and angle Cis opposite side ¢.
The sine rule
The sine rule states that
abe 2
nA ~ ainB~ inc
% a
‘When finding an angle rewrite the rule as
sind _ sing _ sin A
epee e c
Use the sine ruleif you know ane side and its oppesite angle and ane ather measurement.
Example
Find x and 0 in these triangles.
Use brackets onthe
17.3 sin 38° 4 calculator
nse
132m t0329
7.6" (10 1 dp) Batended
‘Trigonometry
Cosine rule
‘The cosine rule states that B Notice that this is Pythagoras’
—.
Use the cosine rule if yu know 90") to compensate for angle
(a) two sides and the enclosed angle (the ‘being les than or greater
angle between the two sides) than.
(bal three sides,
Example
Find x and din these triangles.
x
2 = 142 + IE = 2 x 142 x 154 cos 32°
6739 142 en,
x= B2.4cm (103 5) 15cm
2a = 32' + 19° 2% 32x 19 xno Sem
576 = 1385 ~ 1216 cos 0 loam
cos g = 1385 576
= BS 87
Rem
48.301 dp)
(co Use brackets on the
caleulator
Area of triangle
‘Suppose you know the lengths of a, 6 and the angle C. z
hs
; i 7 b C
cof two sides ina tangle and the ange between them.
Example
Find the area of this triangle.
‘Area = ab sinc
142m,
3X 154 x 142 x sin 32°
790 cin (to 2 si) Ts4 on Jy) Revision guide: Mathematics
Bearings
Bearings tel you adrecon as an angle measured cockwise from the North ne
Glasgow
Searbaraugh ison a bearing of 050° from York.
ul ison a bearing of 115° from York,
Leeds is on a bearing of 230° from York. (180° + 50")
Glasgow ison a bearing of 318° from York.
Example
The bearing ofa ship froma lighthouse Is 100%.
Find the bearing of the lighthouse from the ship.
Draw a diagram showing the positions of the ship and
the lighthouse, Draw the Nerth lines
‘The bearing of the lighthouse from the ship is
180° + 100° = 280°
Example
Clinton walks towards AbY’s house on a bearing of 240°.
If AbI sets out to meet Clinton what bearing should
sshe take?
@
Exam question
Draw a diagram and put in the North lines
‘Abi’ bearing is 240° ~ 180° = 060°
=
(2) Calculate the distance LH. w
(b) Calculate the distance WJ.
(©) Calculate the area of quadrilateral W/HL.
(@) The bearing of Lusaka from Windhoek is 060°.
Calculate the bearing of
() Harari from Windhoek.
(i) Windhoek from Johannesburg.
Scarborough
York is atthe cenire
of the diagram.
‘CIE 0580 November '6 Paper 4 Q2.a~d
The diagram shows the positions of four cities in Africa, Windhoek (W),
Johannesburg (J), Harari (H) and Lusaka (L).
WL = 1400 km and WH = 1600 km.
Angle LWH = 13", angle HW = 36° and
angle WJH
(Continued)
Ifyou know the bearing of
‘A trom B you can work out
the bearing of Bfrom Aby
‘adding or subtracting 180°, Ertended
‘Trigonometry
Exam question (Continued)
(2) Use the cosine rule to gve
(ui = 1400! + 1600" — 2 x 1400% 1600 x cos 13" = 154.822
1H = 303km (035)
we = 180° — 36°
Use the sine rule to ae
wy 1800.
95° = 49"
NAP" — 1210 km to 359)
23
(q)_Ateaof WJHL = Area of triangle WLH + areact tangle WH
Aveaof WHHL
dx x xsin 13° +1 1210 sin 36°
x 1400 x 1600 x sin 13° + 4 x 1600 x 1210 x sin36
= 821 000k (to 3H)
@ 0
60°
w
60" + 13°= 73"
Bearing of Harati from Windhoek is 073°.
(Gi) Bearing of Johannesburg from Windhoek is 60° + 13° + 36° = 109°
9 bearing of Windhoek ‘roma Johannesburg i 180° + 109° = 289°
Trigonometry in three dimensions
The angle between a line and a plane.
“The line PQ meets a plane at Q.
“The perpendicular line from P races the plane at
The angle @ between the ie PQ and the plane is the angle POR.
Exam question E0580 June 06 Paper 406
The diagram shows a pyramid on a horizontal rectangular base ABCD.
‘The dlagonals of ABCD meet at E.
Pis vertically above £.
{AB = B em, BC~ 6 em and PC= 13 em
(@) Caleulate PF, the helght ofthe pyramid.
(b) Calculate the volume ofthe pyramid.
TThe volume ofa pyramid is given by 1x area of base x height]
(© Calculate angle PCA.
(Continued) Revision guide: Mathematics
Exam question (Continued)
a (@) Mis the midpoint of AD and Wis the midpoint of BC.
Calculate angle MPN.
(©) (Calculate angle PBC.
(i) K lies on PB so that BK = 4.em.
Calculate the length of KC.
(@)_ Pythagoras’ theorem for triangle ABC gives f Draw a diagram ofthe
seen e 100 part ofthe figure you are
x= 10em 4 éem working on,
10
so aeis 42 =
A
tm
Pythagoras’ theorem for triangle AEP gives P
1as4+n
169 = 25-40 acy
Wea tas » PA=PC=13cm
h=12em
PE= 12cm se
{by Volume of pyramia = 1 (aso ares) x height
Volume of pyramic = 1 x 48 x 12 = 192 er?
>
(© The angle £ACE = 2PCA
Using SOHCAHTOA gives 13cm
cos 0= F and 50 0= cos " ($3)= 67.4° (to 1 dp)
LPCA= 67.48 : c
San
(@)_ Using SOHCAHTOA gives
tna=dandion
MPR = 2 x LN
#2 x 18.43.02
69°10 1 6p) n
& 4em nN
© ( 2c = crn =p p
Using SOHCAHTOA gies
cosB= Aandsop=cos"(3}= 767 to1d) PY
2P0C = 767° (101
o
e 3m
(@ Cosine rule gives K
+8 2x46 x cos 76. 2
4095 dary
4ocm¢io3 sh
Lard ‘ ‘Trigonometry
1. Apiece of A4 paper measures 298mm by 210mm, 6, In the diagram:
Find the length ofthe longest straight line which can D
be drawn on it.
2. square fied has side length 45m. Find the length
ofthe dagona (to 3s) al
3. Aman walks 1.5 krn north and then 1 km east. How am
far is he from his staring point (ta the nearest m)? ee enter en ern
(6) use this to caleulte the length DC (to 259.
4. An equilateral tianglehas side length 8c Findthe fe cate the angle ADC
height of the viangle (03s. 7. Inthe iogram D tthe micocint ot A
c
fy ce ; can
5. Inthe trapezium AD = 32 cm, FE = 20cm, FB = 12
‘em and angle FAB = 60°.
(a) Find x(to 3 sh,
(b) Findy to3 sf.
i 2m. (9 Hence show that 0 = 45.5°(to 1 dp
Acarravels 15k trom Aon a bearing of 100" toa
point. then travels
/o\ 12 km from 8 on a beating of 175° to a point C. The
4 z c car then retums 1.
As _ a Gatatete area eros by the journey to 339.
{b) Calculate the time (tothe nearest minute) it
takes to travel ftom C10 A ithe car maintains 2
steady speed of 80 kmh’.
(2) Show that AB = 6.9 em (ta 1 dp.
(0) By fst finding CD, calculate the angle EDC,
Giving your answer t the nearest degree.
(6) Find the area of the trapezium, (ne o-
I
jon gui 32 Statistics
Pie charts
Ina ple chan you use sectors to represent the data.
‘An angle of xn the ple represents 3%, ofthe total
Example
The ple chart shows the answers 120 students gave to.a question on a multiple
choles paper. How many students put Aas the answer?
“The ight angle inthe sector representing A shows that
Hs
L £8. or one-quarter ofthe cancidates chose A asthe answer
Jot 120 =} x 120 = 30
30 students gave the answor A
Example
James asked 36 pupils in his class where they had been on holiday. He recorded the
results in this table:
Country UK| France | Spain | Other
Number of pupis [9 e [ufo
Represent ths information on a ple chart. raver | ue
‘At the centre of the pie there fs an angle of 360°. There are 35 pupils
50 10° represents one pupil
Spain
Coury UK| France | Spain | Other
Number ofpapis | § a
angeareaor [so | eo [vio | 00"
Example
‘The ple chart shows the nationalities of a group of 150 delegates at a conference.
Given that 30 delegates came from Ethiopia, find:
{a) the values of p and q
(b) how many delagates came from the other countries. Kenya
(@)30 out of 150 are from Ethiopia, So one-fifth ofthe delegates
ae tom Ethiopia,
Hence o = 1x 360" = 72"
It follows that q = 360° ~ 72° 144 ~ 120° = 24"
(e)Number om kenya 8 5 150 = 60
jumber from Uganda is 122
Number from Ugandi is 129 150
24
‘Numer from Sudan 24; 3 15
0 Revision guide: Mathem:
Pictograms g
a a
hadonronim ear
svenmcriasbodes sodimomntin iio
=— = = 5
——
is > | ERRREEER \
3 SE
Ts - [aeeeseg | Eom
w | ERREERE
v | EREERRERRE
Bar charts
The homework scores of 20 pupils were as follows:
2 20 15 2 17
16 18 18 20 15
a 19 7 18
9 18 0 Homework scores
4
Putting the scores ina table gies: 7
Pe
Score Frequency 5
a Fa
16 1 3
7 2 2
1B 6 1
Q
1
2 2 from the table you can draw a bar chr. The 12 Se 1 181920
= i heights of the bars represent the frequencies. =
Scatter diagrams
You can use scaler clagranto nd ut thteis any creation (conection) between
‘wo Ses of varales such as shoe sie and height sles of gloves and he temperature
‘upd dn e
ee eee ener ‘These points al ie close 19a straight
Pema 8 ‘There is said to be “strong linear)
Boas ffenpefew yma
af renee
ous
shoe see
“Tse are called
thelines of best Rt, ——~
Salesotglows A
Hout a
As Aincroasor A Aincrosee so
0 Bato nreses, Bedecases. House number Statistics (TEE
Mean, median, mode and range
sum of al thew
The maa imber of values *
Which can be written as x
“The median i the “middle” value when the deta have been writen in ascending or 1@3
descending order. there aren values then the mecian isthe Teh ale
When nisoea
For example with 3 values, the median is the
When a is even
For exaipe with 4 values, the median ithe $2
between the second and third values,
Sth value, that ishaliway
“The mode is the value which appears most frequently
“The range isthe difference between the largest and smallest values.
Example
Find the mean, median, mode and range of 14,16, 10,15, 13,13, 19,15, 13,12, 14
14+ 16 +104 15+ 13413 + 19+ 1S + 13+ 12414 _ 154 _ 4g
(@) Mean = i
(b) First write the data in aecending ore."
10, 12, 13, 13, 13,44)14, 15, 15, 16, 19
ee
Median = 14
(@ Mode = 13 | There are 11 values and so the
r
(© Range = 1910-9 median is the 11-1 ~ sixth value
Discrete and continuous data
Data that can take only certain values is caled diserete. So, for example, show siz is
clscrete since it can take only certain values.
Data you obtain by mezsuring can take ary value in a given range and is called continuous,
S, fot length, for example, is continuous.
Grouped data (discrete)
Discrete data are sometimes given in along lst but more often they are given ina table,
‘grouped into aifferent categories.
Example
‘The scores of a class in atest are given in the tab
Soin ue je [« [s [re
fue [5 [|e pt
Find the mean and the mode.
Mean score
x2
11x24 12x54 13X74 14x64 15X34 16X1_ 318
Dror THeraeT 26
You could write this as
‘The mode & the score with the highest frequency, that is 13. Revision guide: Mathematics
Grouped data (continuous)
Continuous data can take any value in a given range and is usually groupe in cases
Example
‘The table shows the masses, n grams, of 100 apples. Find the mean mass of the
apples.
Wann [a [ro [a- [sere [vote
Femeny [2s [9 [3 [es [vs
The mass of each inlvidual apple is not known, The masses willbe spread out over the
range for each class, but it is reaconable to suppose that the maan weight of the apples
in each class willbe atthe midpoint of that dass, Adjusting the table gives
Maxi [25 [ts [ms [iss [ies «(5
Freqency [25 2 2 16 2 5
Mean mass ofall the apples =
= 12525 4 135 19 4 145 x 23 4 158 X18 4 Tt
219+ 23+ 164 1275
124175 x5 2% (x bar) is used to denote
‘the mean.
= 143.6g (to 1p)
NB This only an estimate of the mean asthe actual mas ofeach apple isnot known: Remember to include
‘the units,
Since the actual mass of each individual apple inthe example above is not known, the
‘mode cannot be stated. The “modal group” can be found, that isthe group with the
highest frequen In this example itis "120~"
‘When the total frequency nis large the median can be
in
The median is the 19° = soth value after
calculated using the value and not th value
sorting the massesinto order
The lightest 25 apples were in the “120-" category and the next 19 lightest apples were
in the "130-" category. The 50th apple must be in the * 140-" catagory and ta find out
just where the median lies within this category you use a cumUative frequency diagram.
Cumulative frequency diagram
Masxt [120- [130 [rao [so [re [0-180
Few fs [ee [3 |e [2 (5
From the table you can see that no apple had a mass below 120 g, that 25 apples had a
‘mass bolow 1304, that 25 + 19 = 44 apples were under 140 g etc
25, 44, 67 etc. are called the cumulative frequencies. You can show the cumulative
‘requencles in the frequency table
Mass x) Frequency Comulatve reauancy
102 n=130 2B es
13dsx< 140 19 a J<—25+ 19
140 =< 150 Be 7 x14 +23
1s0= x= 160 16 a
1edsx= 170 2 5
170% 5 100)
© Ertended
Statistics
‘A cumulative frequency curve is curve which displays this information with the cumulative
frequency on the y-axis and the Upper boundaries of class incewvals on the x-axis, Each
‘cumulative frequency is plotied at the upper end of its class interval
“The cumulative frequency curve must always start on the x-axis. h this exaraple since na
apples had a mass below 1204 it will star at 120 on the x-axis.
Example
Plot a cumulative frequency for the data shown in the table above.
Plot the points (120, 0), (130,25) et
‘The median can be read off the cumulative frequency curve as shown below
pool” Median
& 80th percentile ‘To read off the median:
g 5p The care wilgenesaly Calculate half the total frequency onthe
y Median always have 3 postive ‘Jraxls (¢, 50 inthis example)
& so} sradent ‘+ rawva horizontal line to the graph a this
3 value
gs ‘+ Read down tothe xis.
"20 130 14) 150 leo 170 160
‘The medians U2 (1031). The 0th percent 150 (40350,
Wass (g)
Percentiles
‘The B0th percentile the value below which
80% ofthe values i,
Quartiles
“The lower quartile the 25th percentile) andthe upper quar the 75th percentie) can be
read off the cumulative frequency diagram inthe same way.
goof’ Querties
Peewee Tread ofthe quarts
zo + Calalate one-quarter and twee-quartes of he oa
& frequency onthe yas 25 and 75 in hs example)
© 9) ower Dra harizona lines tothe graph at these vale.
7 f Rood down tothe ans
eso an teen oe Interquartile range = upper quartile ~ lower quartile
‘Ther ie '30, Tippr ua 1S, = 155 130= 25
Mass (9)
Exam question CCIE 0580 November '05 Paper 4 Q9
The heights (h cm) of 270 students in a school are measured and the results are shown in the table.
a Frequency
woh = 130 5
wosn= 40 Ey
140 4) = 4 =2
Hence Reven 01 $=3
Example
The probability of agi Ina school wearing glasses 0.3 and the probability ofa
dll having blonde hairs © Joshua thinks thatthe probablity of agit! wearing
‘lasses or having blonde hari 0.7. lhe right?
Joshua is not ight
Some girls have blonde hair and wear glasses. In other words, wearing glasses and
having blonde hair are not mutually exclusive, so their probabilties cannot be added
togethe.
Combined events
Two events A and B are said to be Independent if they have no effect an each ather(e.9,
being late to schoo! in Kerya and raining in BolWia ae independend,
IFA and 8 are independent events then
PA happening and 8 happening) = P(A happening) P(B happening),
Example
‘A.coin is tossed and a die Is rolled. Find the probability of getting a head on the
coin and a five on the die.
Suppose the event Ais geting a hesd on the coin and thatthe event Bis geting athe
onthe die.
way = 1 and
A) = and Pia) = 2
These are independent events so PUA and 6)
© Ertendad
Probability (ee
Example
Alexander shoots thee arrows ata target. With each arrow, the probability that he
hits the target is 0.3. Whether he hits with any given arrow is independent of what
happened tothe previous arrows.
Find the probability that he hits withthe first two arrows but misses with the third,
The probity shat he his the target with his rat rows 03
The probabil that he its the target wth is second arrow is 0.3.
The probabity ache mises shtarget ith he tid sowie T 03 = 07
Since the events are assumed to be independent, the probabilty that he hits with the
first and hits with the second and misses with the thi is obtained by muttipying the
three probabilities,
So Phits with fst two and misses with third) = 0.3 x 03 x 0.7 = 0.063
Tree diagrams
“ee diagrams ae a clear way of representing te possisle outcomes of combined evens
On tree diagrams:
a5 you move across multiply probabilities
a3 you move Down aD probabilities,
Questions often involve choosing two or more alls rom abag.In these questions itis important y
to establish whether or not the ist bal hasbeen replaced before te next one as ben chosen. =
Read the question carefully.
Ball replaced
Example
‘A.bag contains 10 balls, seven of which are red and the rest green. A boy takes out
a ball from the bag, notes its colour and puts it back. He then repeats this process.
{@) Draw a tree diagram to represent this information.
{(b) Find the probability that he chooses two red balls.
{@ Find the probability that he chooses two balls of different colours.
@
Figg
7 a oe 10
as you move arass
® youwe sce
1st ball 2nd ball
Notice that the |
reraittron te > 62
Y<
a oe
a6 i
:
termobabity of woreds 8 2 = 28, nove across so use acs)
Fy 3-2 2
i
4; and P(GR)
(apie)
‘As you move Down aDD so probability is. Tip) Revision guide: Mathematics
Ball not replaced
Example
‘hore ae 3 red bas and 2 green balls ina bag. One bale chosen at random, its
colour is noted and ts not replaced, A second balls then chosen and its colour is
also noted. Find the probability that:
(a) both balls are red
(©) both balls are the same colour
(@ at least one ofthe balls 's green.
red balls chosen fest,
then thre are now bal
inthe bag and oly 20
1st ball 2nd ball
When the balls ar in the 2
ish prababay ot aR
choosngaredis2, 5 3
Since ofthe sale SR
teret
6
me §
26H
3 6
as
pe
. 2
Ise gZ
6G) = Ana) + RG) = 5+ 2
(4) When two ball are chosen, either “Atleast one of the balls is green” or both of them
arered
Sa the probabilities of these two events add up ta 1
Plat east one G) + PUR) = 1
So atleast one G) = 1 — P(RR Questions involving "atleast one”
This is an example ofan important short
From the tee diagram PxRR) = 3. cat.
And 50 You do not need to think of all the casos
Pat least one G) = 1 — PARR) when there is atleast one graen ba
3
Example
60% of the population ofa certain town ae vaccinated against fu, The probabil of
someone getting flu given that they have had the vaccination is 0.2 but the probability
‘of someone getting flu given that they have not had the vaccination is 065.
(@) Draw a tree diagram to represent ths information.
() Find the probability that a porson chosen at random gets fu.
(© Write down the probability that a person chosen at random doesn’t get flu
aiven that he didn't have the vaccination.
@ Extended
@
Vaccination Flu
o2-F 012
og Notice tha the probabilities onthe
branche that come from the same
DEN NF 043 point avays.add upto 1.
So
06+04=1
065-F 026
ee 02+08=1
oN Ww 0.65 +035 =
OSE NFO
() There are mo groups of peaple who get flu. Either a person has a vaccination and
{gets fu or a person does not have a vaccination and gets fu
“The probability that a person has a vaccination and gets fu is 0.12
“The probability that a person does not have a vaccination and gets flu is 0.25
‘As you move Down aDD so probability of getting luis AF) = 0.12 + 0.25
(4 Plperson does nat get flu given he has not been vaccinated) = 0.35
(this comes straight from tree diagrarn)
Exam question Cle 0500 June 08 Paper 493
(a)
y 4
wag we
Nadia must choose a ball from Bag A or from Bag 8.
The probability that she chooses from Bag A is 2.
Bag A contains 5 footballs and 3 tennis balls.
Bag B contains 6 footballs and 2 tennis balls.
The tree diagram below shows some of this information.
Bag Type
2 tootall
3 rt
7 ‘temis ball
| otal
Page
tems ball (Conte
Probability Revision guide: Mathem:
Exam question (Continued)
Eat
() Find the values of p, g, rand s
(il) Find the probability that Nadia cheeses from Bag A and then
gets a football.
(uD) Find the probability that Nadia chooses a football.
(b) Another bag contains 7 green balls and 3 yellow balls.
‘Sani takes three balls out of the bag, without replacement.
{() Find the probability that all three balls he chooses are yellow.
(i) Find the probability that at least one of the three balls
he chooses is green.
(2) () The probabilities on the branches that come from the same point akways
caper
pebetmp=} a+ f=100-3
Inbag, #6 ofthe Bbalearefotbals 20 r= § = 3 ifolows thats = 2
4 Frobabinty of croosing bag A and then a footballs 3 x 8 =19-=
(it) There ae two ways of choosing 2 football Either from bag A or from bag 8
Pag A and footbal) =2 x 3 =10= 8
PiBag 8 and football)
So Plfootbal)
w 0
inital there ae 10 bas of which 2 are yellow so the probably ofthe
frst ball beng yelow is
Conce a yelow bal hasbeen taken out there are 9 ba of which 2 ae yl
low 50 the probably ofthe secand tallbeingyelow is 2
‘once a second yelow all has been taken out thee are bas of which 1
is yelow so the probably of he tid bal being yelow i
ita tee boyd
So the probability ofall the balls being yelow is 2, x 2x 2 = 38, = <1,
(i) Either al the balls ae yellow or “at least one is green”. So these two events,
arid up to 1. So Plat least one @) = 1 ~ 1g = 2
The lottery basket contains 49 balls umbered from 1 Find the probabiity that when the arrow spun, the
1049, What is she probability of geting umber of the section on which it ands is
(a) asingle digit number fa) 4
(b)_ an even number (b) 3
(@ amukiple of 7 (© atleast2
(@) amutiple of § ora mutiple of 172 (@) an even number
1B. Acircular spinner has tour sections, numbered 1, 2, 3
A ctular spinner has an town the middle, The Gicle and 4. The aea for2 is twice the area fr 1, the area
is splinto four sections as shown inthe diagram. for 3 is thee times the area for 1 and the atea for is
four tees the area for 1
IF pis the probabil of getting 41 then:
(2) write down, in terms of p, the probabilities of
getting 2, 3 and 4,
() find p.
(© find the probabilty of geting an even number,
wx
‘The piobabilies associated with the scores on a biased
(Continued)
@ Questions (Continued)
‘Score. a 2 3. 4 = 6 s.
trebabiiy [oT _[03_[ 005 025_[ors
(@ Find the probability of geting a 4 when the dis
role
{b) Find the probailty of geting an odd nurnber
when the dei rolled
(©. Find the probability of geting at east 4when 210,
the dies role.
A.boy picks out @ marble fram a bag of 20 coloured
marbles. He records is colour and then puts t back
He does this ity times. Ten of the marbles he takes
out are red. How many of the 20 marbles inthe bag
do you estimate to be red?
“The spinner shown fs spun 400 times. How many
‘ies would you expect the spinner to land on
11.
(@) the sector numbered 1
(b)_asectorwith an even number
(© asector with a number of more than 3?
A pack of 52 playing cards is dealt to four players so
that each player gets 13 cards, This done forty mes,
How many cards in total from the spades suit would one
Player expect o have been given tram these forty eas? 4)
‘A postman delivers leters to the Azim's house every
day. The probability that he delivers them at certain
‘ies is shown bel
Time Probably
0.5
03.
035)
‘Benen 700 am and 7.30 arn
etqeen 730 am anc 8.00 am
13.
‘eteen BOD am anc 8.30 am
(@) Find the probability that he delivers before 7.00
am or after 8.20 arn,
Itis also known that he is as likely o deliver the letters
before 7,00 am as he isto deliver them after 8.30 am,
(b) Find the probability that he delivers before 7.00 ar.
(© Find the probability that he delivers a card before
‘the Azim children go to sehaol at &.30 am.
(@) Find the probabilty that he delves after 7.30 am,
14,
Probability
‘Armilkman always delivers the milk between 6.00
{am and 9.00 am each morning. He i as likely 70
deliver the milk at any time in those three hours
Find the probability that he delivers the milk
(@) before 7.00am,
(bo) between 6.15 am and 8.45 am.
Mi Chouly drives to work each morning, The
probability that he parks his carat the font of the
building i 0.4. The probability that he parks his car
at the side ofthe building is 0.15, The rest of the
sime he parks atthe back ofthe building
(@) What isthe probability that he will park atthe
back of the bulding on any particular morning?
(6) What isthe probability that he will park either
atthe tack or atthe side ofthe building on any
particular morning?
In the next year, he wotks for 220 days. On
appraximately how many daye will Mr Choury
park ether at the back or atthe side of the
building?
a
‘The probablity tat Ayesha is Ite for school is 0.4
and the probability that Leena is late is 0.7.
(2) What assumption do you need to make to
Calculate the probability hat both girls are late
forschool?
Making this assumption, draw a tree diagram to
show all the possiblities,
Calculate the probability that both girls are late
forschool.
Calculate also the probatilty that anly one of
the twa gil slate for school
©
@
@
‘A box contains 12 counters of which 2 are blue, 2
ate red and the rest are purple. Two counters are
chosen at random, the first being replaced before
the second is chosen,
Find the probability that
(@) the frst counters purple and the second is blue
(6) both counters are red
(4) one of the counters is blue and the other fs ed.
“Three coins are tossed at the same time.
(@) Us allshe eight possible outcomes, using H and 7.
() Find the probability of
(getting three tails
(id. getting the same outcome on all three coins
Ail getting two heads and one tal in any order)
(not getting thes heads.
‘Accoin s biased so that the head appears twice as
often as the tal
(Continued) o~ guide: Mathematics
3
5 34 Vectors
@)
fos
caunnvece
The notation AB is used to describe the translation
‘rom At 8.
Soin this eample Zt
3
‘The same translation moves the point C(1, 3) 0 D(3, 6).
‘notin TB vied a csebs te raren farnc0. SoZ =
soAb = CB.
Tre two vectors and have the same detonate same length
1 vecor|"2) oil anne Bosco
Aveorcan aio be peed yaa er nts bike ae ee
inl, oroangten= an [t ih cow cal in nding whan to
flese(
ae
Position vectors
‘The position vector of a point A tells you the postion of A relative tothe origin.
3)
2
So the pasion vector ofthe point A (-3, 2) ete wectr OA =
Parallel vectors
Parallel vectors have the same direction,
ae
2345
‘and f are equal in length and have the same direction.
‘a and b are equal in length but have opposite directions.
and c have the samme direction but the lenath of dis twice
‘the length of.
If two vecters are parallel both the carrespanding components willbe in the same ratio. Jy) Revision guide: Mathematics
Example
aa -| "land <8 = ans.
ai e| Santi aa
(@) Write @ asa column vector _
(©) what can you say about AB and CB?
sana a
@@=4l_}=(_e)
(0)B and GB are parle
GB ts fourtines as ong as AB,
Adding and subtracting vectors
Example
va =[2Jonab
a+b
b)a-b
Gann] +(4)-(5)
"a ad col Vo a he opening
component
({) write the following as column vectors:
wa-b
Multiplying a vector by a scalar
Example
wa =[2Jana
@)5a
(b) 3a + 2b
(a5 =|
rite alum etn
5x2)
sxal |r
Multiply each component by the scalar, 5
eye 42m 2) +2(4)
(I+6)
Magnitude of a vector
The magnitude of a vector is its length
Estended
The magnitude of a vector ais witten [al
AB = (3) = a you can find [a by using Pythagor2s” theorem.
P43 19
+ 2) 8
+9 3.
=2B
7S
6
a8
3.61 to 35f Ed Bitended
Vectors (a
Example
Find the magnitude ofthe vectra +b wherea = (2) and =
1221035
Vector geometry
ABCD a paralogram in which B = wand AB
DA =-aB
and BC
Since ABCD is a parallelogram AB
v. A 2
Mis the midpoint of AB and. is the midpoint of BC so
‘Attanslation from A 10 D and then from D to Cis equivalent to a translation trom A to C.
‘This can be expressed in vectors as follows
2B + De = AC
since AB = v and DC = u, it follows that AC
ty
A translation from D to Cand then from Cto Mis equivalent toa trarslation from D to W.
“Tis can be expressed in vectors as folows:
since = wand GH = =}, fotos that BW = w — Lv
2
A translation from M to B and then ‘rom 8 to Nis equivalent to a translation from M10 N.
“Tis can be expressed in vectors as follows
‘MB + BN = aN
since 148 = Lu and BN = 4, i fllows that Ra =
Notice that MN
“This means that MN is parallel ta AC and that MN is half the lenath of AC.
Example
Xi the midpoint of AB and Y's the midpoint of 8.
D PB c
a a
{@) Find the following in terms of p and @:
xB
i) BY
iy Tip) Revision guide: Mathematics
(b) What can you say about XY and AC?
@ 0) Be
w
Hence XY and AC are parallel and XY is half AC.
Exam question ‘CIE 0580 November ‘06 Paper 4 6 a and b
@ 2 uw
Not to
c+ %
(0PM0 isa parallelogram and 0s the ovigin.
06 = pand 08 = 4,
Lis on PQ so tha PL: 9 = 2:
Find the following vectorsin terms of p and q, Write your answers in
their simplest form.
76
Gi) i
i)
(iv) the position vector oft.
(isthe pote (2 stranded tothe point Sythe vcor( 3}
(Write down the coordinates ofS.
{i)_Write down the vector which translates $ onto R.
@ 0
w
w
ww
(©) © Coordinates of Sare(t + 3,2 - 4)
w | 2) ansiates& onto 0 the vector| 3) wanslatesS ont 8
Exam question ‘IE 0560 June 08 Paper 4 99,
‘0PQR is a parallelogram.
ls the origin
OP'= pand OR =r
‘Mis the midpoint of PQ and Lis on OR such that OL : LR = 2:1.
The line PL is extended to the point .
©
(Continued) Batended
Extended
Exam question (continued)
(@) Find, in torms of p and rin their simplest forms,
) 0g
iy PR
(uy) PE
(iv) the position vector of M.
(b) PLS is a straight line and PS =
3p.
Find, in terms of p and/or rin their simplest forms,
(@) What can you say about the points Q, R and S?
POR a patalelogram, FG = 8 = # and R
a=»
@ @ 0G=O8+ PG=ptr
ob) 0
(©) Since OF
Gy F-A+G8--prr
SnceOL: UR 2 +1 Niolows that
A-W+ol--p+2r
(Since Wiehe midget oF Pillows sha Pt
Poston vecior of Mis OM = OF + A= p +
2 -3-p+3
iptr
=W+B=-1+(-3p+d=—3p
np add = gp eracia nae
Tis shows that, Rand Sal fe on taht ie
1) using (a) i)
0 PS
@
Vectors (a
isthe
yale eee ca ee le aaa a
and ore parallel then te tre points A, Band C
eee ie
1.
Zz
Ha
(@) 2
Wat
(@a-b
@) 304 4b
ws ={3
Entence
‘ABCD is 2 paralelogram such that 48 = p and BC:
Find these vectors in terms of p and a)
@B wad ac
(8) Ait where Ms the midpoint of AB
{@) ANvwhere N isthe midpoint of AC
(©) Ab where P isthe point along AC which is twice
a5 fa fom A as trom C(Pis between A and C.
ABCD |s 2 paralleloaram (labeled anticlockwise) with
B= pand AD = g.M & the midpoint of AD, Nisthe
midpoint of AB and Rs one-quarter ofthe way along AC
from a.
(@) Find the following in ters of p and q
(inthe form pq)
OAM (Aw
«iy AC (iy AR
) MR (vi RN
(b) Hence show that M, Nand Rll ie ona swaight
line (by showing that AAs parallel o AN}.
{© Find the ratio Mah: MN.
rite these as column vector: 4. ABCs triangle labeled anticlockwise) with AB = p
and AC = q.% Yand Z are the midpoint of AB, BC
and CA respectively
(@) Find the following in terme at p and q,
Ain the forn_p +a)
Be wa
Gio XB (io) XY
wre ow
(an Az (iy 2
() Hence show that XZs parallel to BC.
(4) Find the ratio 2: BC.
ABCD isa patalelogram (labeled anticlocise) with
7b ~ wand AD = s, Xis woth ofthe way
along 8D from # and ¥ isonet of the wea along
AD Irom A,
{@) Find the following in terms of rand in the form
tts):
2B i) ae
i) BX Ww) AX
w ar w)
(bo) Hence show that ¥X is parallel to AC
(© Find the ratio ¥: AC. a
35 Matrices
3.columns
shomatina = [2 23h a os as 2 one a3 cole so tia 2x 3 at
2% 3 isthe order othe matrix.
‘Avhas 6 elemers and the element isin the first row and the third column.
Adding matrices
Example
wa=(2 2 Tanda=(6 5 anda +e.
meee iG ss
=e 235 248
S49 143 441
-(8& %)
mas
mating mares
2 ynaa-(2 %
wAaz(2 SJenda-(? 2!) mic apicsedinepadutot Aan
order 2x2 2x3
‘Anas 2 columns and B has 2 101s,
To find AB you multiply the elements inthe first ow of A by the corresponding elements
inthe fist column of B.
(oR
Following this pattern to find the other entries gives:
fete 2)
a-(? 4(P ay (ere ag + bs zee)
calles UF \cpt dr cg tds t+ du,
‘You can only multiply matrices if they are compatible, that is ifthe number of columns in
‘he lefthand matrix is the same as the number of rows in the righthand matrix,
‘Write the order under each mati f the two inside numbers are equal you can multiply
‘the matrices. The order of the final matrix comes from the outside numbers.
Example
34
as[33}anae=(2883) en maas
ts 2149
a axa
Insle numbers are equal
34) gges) PXTZ4K2 BXBTAKT IX6r4KE 3x54Ex9
ne [25 Apxptsed akarsn1 2kessxe 2xstsxe
16/2149) Wix7+6x2 1x8t+6x1 1xX6+EX4 1X546X9
2 20 4 51
a ee
18 th 30
Sua
‘Order of AB comes from outside numbers
Orderis RC
rows x columns
‘You can only add matrices
that have the same order
Ais2 x3 and Bis2 x 3 Batended
waves @
Example
= (2 Flan 4 5) then fin ane
ta=[? 3jand8=( 4 5]thentnd aBand a.
2x2 2x2
(2 3)(405 =(4 52 3
ae-(7 N(5 2) sa-(5 Il) >)
_ (2X44 ax-3 2x543x2 L[AX245x1 4x345x7
ONIx447«-3 1x5+7%2 O\Bx24+2K1 -3x342x7)
(8 “(3%
In genera, AB isnot the same as BA
Example
Find AB HA =(3 Tana =(5).
aa-0 7 (%)-0x5+70)-09
ander 12.2% x1
The identity matrix
19)
The matric = (1 ©isthe identity matix.
fo: 9) ete
IA = AL= A for all2 x2 maces A
“The matrix eaves all 2 x 2 matices unchanged
le 2 Wang(-2 1/1 0) _ (7
reroxame() TCE ICE Dee(S Yb )-
The determinant
=(2 2) then the determinant of Ais = ad — be. ttis also denotec or? |
WA=(2 °]iertedeemhntsiAsdeA=a1— te tusbodmatedby Alo? 2
A matrix is ssid 20 be singular ifthe determinant i zero,
+ Amatixis said to be non-singular ifthe determinant isnot 2er0
d+
lc 3)
Yeu annie nase of Ahn inane
Inverses
‘The inverse ofthe matix A is given by A! =
“The transformation represented by A’, the inverse ate, is the inverse of the
‘tansformation represented by A.
sota=(2 3}menat=s (7 3)-4( 7, 3)
1 oy_pt 0
2 nlnlo $I
a (5
manned (2 3)[ 7 3
(2-5)
4s
ier B= hen BY = 2 4
simiayite=(_ 4 3)tnene! = als 3
nse" = a)=(1 9
la 23} lo 1 H[eferja) Revision guide: Mathematics
Tholdectymatict = (7 ssh na AL =A 1A oral 2 mais A
Eatended
It follows from this that A“?
aa
Example
P 3
Find he wean fhe matin = (2
dianayea-2x(-1) 14
ur 3)
Exam question CIE 0580 November '06 Paper 2 Q19
SoA
(@) Finds 4) (3).
© (2) y= (2 2). nd te value andy.
© Explain why (1% 7} | does not have an inverse.
@ 6 4 ()-29
1x22K11x1
©) @ r=
2x11x2 2x2
ssing 2 2=(2 )amex= aay
ae ay) (2 8
15.20
© ost 120-1200.
@ alee
ed
so( 15 2) ea sinuraticand doe thn an nee
Tea(l Ne(-2 2)a S}tneuranes
yal leo
2 a= 3}.
Find xand yt
2 4 10
Ge 0 os
( Mjowe=( 4)areme
es 5. a=(> Sjanae- (2 §) mtn
@) A+B (0) A-28 oa oe
(© sc-2a @ AB inane roan
a Wiss (as) © (ay
6) 6 m6 9
(a) Find the value of x for which A does not have an
(b) Find A~! whan x = 6.
(: YareaB= nines 36 Transformations
A transformation moves a shape from one position to another
Yu can tanctorm a shape by reflecting (25 in 3 miro), rotating (turning), translating
(moving) or enlarging it
‘The shape youstart with is called the object and the shape you end withis called the
image.
In reflection, rotation or translation the object and image are congruent, that is, they are
~=
Enlargement
‘the same shape and size,
Reflection
Reflections
You describe a reflection by narning the mitra line.
“Fiangle Bis a reflection of triangle A in the line
“Fiangle Ais the object.
“Tiangle 8 is the image.
‘Notice that the distance from triangle Ato the mir line is
‘the same as the distance from wriangle Bt the micor line.
Example
Draw axes labelled from -3t0.3.
The triangle ARChas vertices at A (1, D, 8(0, and €(1,3)
The transformation M is a reflection in the line y =
Draw M (ABO), the image of tangle ABC under Mi
Notice that the lines jining each vertex ta its image is
perpendicular to the mirror line y= x.
When (p, gis reflected in the line y= xits image's (gp)
Rotations
‘You describe a retation by naming the centre, the angle and the direction (clockwise or
anticlockwise) ofthe rotation,
‘The diagram shows an L-shape rotated through angles of 90°, 120° and 270° about a fixed
point
Original 210°
position anticlockwise 180° anticlockwise Revision guide: Mathematics
Example
Find the image of the triangle with vertices A (2,2),8
(4, 5) and €(6, 3) when it is rotated by 90°anticlockwise
about x (0,4).
The simplest wey to do thi sto imagine shapes joining
(0,4) to the thee vertices and then rotate these Ls as
shown inthe clagrams,
AQ, 2) gets mapped t0(2,6) aa, 5) getz mapped to(1,8) C16, 3) gets mappedto(t, 10),
Translations
Yeu dsatbe rast th veer
Toga browbtedw range aby tevece (2
+The tp ner inte eres oth hoe moet
(ost gh eget
« Theta nar nthe vecor yuh vera
invert Gate i gave so
Enlargements
You descibe an enlargement by naring the eantre and the sale factor.
\When ashage is enlarge, the image is mathematical similar to the object.
«i the scale factors grater than 1 then the obec gets lage
4 fthe scale factor is bemton @ and I thn the objac got malar
«the scale factor is then the objet remains the same
11s the cen of the enlargement and k's the scale factor then A gets mapped to-A
here A les onthe ine XA (extended if necessary) and XA = kx XA
© ‘Transformations (era
Example
Enlarge th triangle ABC with vertices A (2,4). 6 (4,0) and C(2,2)
by seale factor 3 with centre of enlargement X(t, 2).
To ind A’ draw te line A ertended through A
Mat the point’ on thi ine such that a! = 334,
So’ fshe point, 2)
Repeat for 8” and C
The tangle a'8'C fan enlargement of tangle ABC.
You use the sme principle when ks a racton
Example
Enlarge the quaciilateral ABCD with vertices 4 (~1, 1), B (1,3). (3)
and D (3. ~1} by scale factor } with centre of enlargement X (—3, ~3).
To find 4’ draw the line XA. Mark the point A’ on this line such that x4" = 1x x.
Repeat for 8", Cand D’
Join 4'B'CD"
The quadtilateral A'9°C'D' with A‘
cenlargement of quadriisteral ABCD.
=1), 8(-1,0), C10, 0) and D4, ~2) isan
Negative scale factor
‘When the scale factor of enlargement is negative the image is on the other side of the
centre of enlargement from the object.
Example
Enlarge the quadrilateral ABCD with vertices A (2, 1), B(4, 2), C(4, 1)
and D (3, ~1) by scale factor ~2 with centre of enlargement X (1, 0).
To find A" draw the line AX and extend past X.
Matk the point A’ on thisline such that XA" = 2 x XA,
Repeat for 8", C and 0’
The quadrilateral A'8’C"D! with A(—1, ~2), (5, ~4), C(-S, 2),
D(-3, 2)is an enlargement of quadriateral ABCD.
Using matrices
You can use a matric to desrbe a transformation
Ifa transformation can be represented by a matrix, then the transformation must map the
origin to itself
Se:
® the centre af a rotation er enlargement that can be represerted by a matrix must be the
origin
* the miror line of a reflection that can be represented by a matrix must passthrough the
origin
Example
Find the image of the rangle ABC with A, 2) 8 (2,2) and C(2, 5) under the
transformation represent by thematic 2 8} what tnsfommation does
mropresentt Revision guide: Mathematics
put the postion vecorsin a 2 x 3 mat
133)
la sf
Then tiny hs matrix by M
pap 23)
lo alle 2 sl
2x2 2x3
The image of tangle ABC is triangle A'2’C where A” is (2,4), 8 (6, 4) and Cis 6, 10)
Mtepresents an enlargement, scale factor 2, centre (0,0)
Example
Find the image of triangle ABC, with A (1,1), B(3, 1)and (3,2) under the
‘anton represent bythe matin 2. ~!). wha ransormatin does
reresent?
muh poston vctsin a x3 ti
fey
ial
Then iy te tb Me
nee RBC
af 354 a Sy
aha aly 33
\ 1
2,8 and C ae the images ofA B and ©
MM epresens a otton of 90° antlockwse, centre (0,0)
Finding the matrix of a transformation
‘You can find the matrix that represents a ransfermation by looking at the unit square and
Its image,
For example, fora rotation of 90° anticlockwise, centre (0,0)
Combine these two poston vectors OA’ and OB" na 2 x 2
jo -1
matic? 1)
The matric|° ~'| represents a rotation of 90° anticlockwise, as was s2en in the example
10
above
Example
Find the matrix that represents a reflection in the x-axis.
DDraw the unit square and its image.
‘Combine these two position vectors GA” and OB" in a
(19
2x2mauix() _?)
fo
The marrx| _©|represent a reflection inthe x-as
fo —1)
Example
Find the matrix which represents a reflection in the line y = x.
i jo) Ertended
‘Transformations (era
ae el
n} O% = (a)
The matinx[? {represents aretection in y=
Finding the transformation that a matrix represents
Example
Deseo the ransfrmaton withivatix(? 2)
2
The fst column tls you thar A= (2)
The second cole tlk you that 22°= 2}
2
2 of
represents an enlargement, scale factor 2, centre (0,0)
(2 Q)reoresens an enlarger, or 2, entre 0, 0)
Example
1
ha tnsormaion rapeseed by he mate| 2
The fist column tells you that the image of OA is{ ©)
}
The second column tells you thatthe image of OB is).
fo
1
1c tone 90" cc, crt 0)
Inverse matrix
ifthe matrix M maps A o B then M-", which scaled the inverse of M, maps B 10 A
SoM undoes the effect of M.
‘Yu can "undo" a clackwise rotation by an anticlockwise rotation
Yu can "undo" a reflection by another identical reflection.
Yeu can undo" anelagement cf cl factor by an enrgemnt of eal fac
Notation
‘The follwing letters are used:
IM to represent a reflection (M for mirror) Rito represent a rotation
to represent a translation Eta represent an enlargement
IM(A)'s the image of A under the rotation M.
RM(AYis the image of A under () the reflection M followed by (i) the rotation R
‘So RM(A) represents M followed by R. This is easy to
remember because M is next to A and so acts on A first,
Exam question ‘CIE 0580 June ‘07 Paper 4Q2 band f
(a) Draw triangle ABC with A (2, 1), 8 (3, 3) and C(5, 1).
() Atranstormaton is epresented by the matric 9
(). Draw the image of triangle ABC under this transformation, Label
this A,8,C,
(ii) Find the matrix which represents the transformation
‘that maps triangle A,8,C, onto triangle ABC.
a sp23 8
a ina obo a)
Asis (2, ~1),Bsis @, 0) and C, is, ~4).
(2) and(o)
(Continued)
bs) Tip) Revision guide: Mathematics
Exam question (Continued)
{ 10)
4) The determinant of{_} ©)
{ 10\_/1 0
{a lh al
‘The matrix wich represents the transformstion that
(9
Ma
1x 1)- 0x -
so the inverse of
maps triangle A.8.C, onto triangle ABC
Exam question IE 0580 June 06 Faper 4 Q7
Tansfomatin Tiss tans bythe vector 2}
Transformation M Is a reflection in the line y = x.
(2) The point A has coordinates (2, 1).
Find the coordinates of
@ 1).
ai) mT).
(b) Find the 2 by 2 matrix M, which represents the transformation M.
(© Show that, for any value of k, the point Q (k ~ 2, k — 3) maps ontoa
point on the line y = x following the transformation TM(Q).
(@) Find M7, the inverse of the matrix M.
(@) Nis the matrix such that N +( 3 =( 4
(Write down the matrix N.
i) Describe completely the single transformation represented by N.
(@)_ (i) Tisthe translation by the vector soit moves
ints 310 the vight and 2 up.
SOTA, 3) o
@ MIW=M63= 6.5)
1140/2) (0
&) M maps") ta °|so the frstcolumn of Mic
© P54] to [;] so the first 1
v4 mape(t the scond column of
©
twa) = 1k 3
So TM(Q) 6 2 point on the line y
(@)_ IAM represents @ reflection ina line then M * represents a reflection in the same
line.So Mis te same as M, So M
@ a une (23)
Under the transformation N the image of
(1, 0)is(0, 1) and the image of (, 1) s(t, 0}
Nrepresenis 2 rotation of 90" clockwise, centre (0, 0) Describe the transformation which maps:
(@ Aontos
(b) Aontoc
(© Bento d
@) Aomoe
(@) Draw apalrof axeswithxandytrom 8108 2 4
and 1 cm per unit on both
Draw and lel the triangle F which has vertices
2,2) (5,2)and(5, 4)
4) Draw and label the tangle 7 which i
the image of Funders rotation of 30°
ariclockwis, centre, 2)
(1) Draw and label the tangle F whichis the
image of 7, under efletion inthe line
y= 4
Draw and label the tianale 7, which is 5.
the image of 7, under a retation of 30°
clockwise, centre (4,2,
Draw and label the triangle T, whichis
the image of T, under a reflection in the
yeas
Draw and label the triangle T which s
the image of T, under 3 rotation of 80°
anticlockwise, centre (~2, 0.
She tate esse} oe Tes
Find the vector which translates T, onto T,.
Bre
©
© @
i)
‘id
@
©
‘Transformations (era
(0) Draw a poirot axes wih x andy trom —8 108
anc 1 cm perunton both.
Draw and label the parallelogram P, which has
vertices (2, 2), (5, 2), (3, 4) and (6, 4).
4). Draw and abel te paraleloaram P, which
isthe mage of, under a rotation of 1802,
centre the gin.
Draw and abel the parallelogram P, which s
the mage of P, under reflection inthe ine
x=t
Draw andi label the parallooram , which isthe
image oP, under refection nthe eas
Find the vector which vandates , onto P
To what points @, 2) mapped under the
‘transformation described in (b) (i) followed by the
transformation described in () i followed by the
transformation described in (7
Towhat point i (2, 2/mapped under the
transformation described in (<)?
©
(iy
©
@
©
©
(@) Draw a pair of axes with x and y tram ~8 108
‘with 1 cm per unit on both,
Draw and label the trigngle with vertices A(1, 1),
812, 5) and C(4, 3)
Draw the rotation of triangle ABC by 90"
anticlockwise centre (~1, 2), Label the image
‘viangle 4.8,C..
Draw the reflection af triangle ABCin the line
y= -% Label the image triangle A,B,C..
©
©
Find the transformations represented by the following
oh) mej w(t
|!
at E
Find the matices representing these Waneformations:
(2) rotation of 180° about the origin
(&) enlargement cae factor 2, cen the ogin. Answers
1 Numbers
17
2 2) 84 b) a3ora9 q 85
3 a7 b2
4 2) 1,3,7and21 b) 1,247,
7
a
14and28 7
a Vib) VIZ
VR ovis d) VIS
2K 3x5 bd) 2x3
2xP dex
93K5x7 12
a6 4 03
2) 960 b) 840) 252
2 Sequences
1
a
6
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2) 34750-42500 b) 12
2 08+0.2n 6) £240
21d) 99p
94,9, 1s. b) 0,38,
9136 4 2228
2) 160,320 6) 216, 343
1315
072,98 4 31S
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4 Calculations
1 3.68cm
2 2) 64 b) 13381 0) S04
4.12 @&) ~464 1 19
3 7m
ben
2) 06) a5 06 VOE VO
bv vee so
6 a 44+15=6-2Dx5=29
b)3+@'x3)=15
O543xQ+7)=32
7 2) 6.10 b) 0246 624
oe
5 Directed numbers
1 The average termperaturein
Montreal is shown below:
ents [on fe [or [ocr [ty in
lwatere [-uif-s [3 |s_ fs fs
wat [au [sep [oer [woe [oe
» fe fs fe fb
a) 32° b) -12"
2 214 8 od -6 a) 19
26 4
3 £30520
4 Sem atove flood level
Fractions and decimals
120
20
ag 01
182 14g,
oll d) 1
at 21
os ai% 40 21 ons
6 axx-y
Oks
a) the smallest is 3—
7 a) thesmalestis 3,
by the largest is 37%
©) the two that are equal are
(0.037 and 3.7%
pounce
2 61
sag og
7 Standard form
13.46 x 10°km
21.225 x 10'km
3 8s781x10°m
289800000 ms
5 2) 0.000640. 6) o.co00000143
@ 0.00000171 ) acc000549
6 3) 1.07 x 10" b) 3.49 x 10°
@) 186 x 10-% ¢) 3:70 x 107
8) 7.07 x10) 825 x 107
) 122% 10" 4) 837 x10"
0) 5.63 x 102
7 a) 1.43 x10" b) 609 x 10"
9936 x 10? d) 1.65 x 102
9) 399x109" 4 9.76 x 10"
8 2) 54x 10%to2s9) b) 5.8%
4 13x 1040 25h
9 3) 3x 10%kg b) 5x 10%m*
1x 18cm d 1x 10g
2) Igcn? 1) 1809
10 7.9) x 10" people pes
41441 x 10m
2 §258% 10"
8 Estimation and limits of
accuracy
14 10 10 Ww?
p34 i100
ipo 731
2) 300m? b) 312 cm?
2) 20,000 b) 20900 to (3sf)
17050 ft
2) 73.425 and 73.435,
by 7315 and 7325
) 7319.5 and 73205
) 147.0365 and 147.0375
2} 90.95 and 1005
4) 95 and 150
6 2) 670kin b) 680km <) 65OKM
7 The lower bound is 2,935,000 and
the upper bound is 2,985,000
8 9.6ms'and 9.8 me!
9 2) 6545 mand 6985?
b) 94.5m and 95.5m
©) 72.7m and 73.6m
10 490 and 508
1 Mzemand 11.4em
RO WVss<29
9 Ratio, proportion and rate
1511299
2 2) $120 $200 $240
b 2:5
3 54 Heel
5350
53) 5022.Chinese Yuan
) 17947 euros Revision guide: Mathematics
6 s-38 sour 9 4 3) tminuteb) 6k bac
d) 5 increases by a factor of 4 © Gradually decreasing d) 7.Skrn. 40)
7 a) m=BP b) 274g 2) An underestimate
) 10.5em_ . 4
has increased by 10% 13 Graphs of functions 4
8 a) f= 8820 yy = 2205 at
Qd=14 @) ddoubles
“12 orx
@) x= 22 01%
—Satx
4 an-6 D1
b) i) -3.2, -03 and2
i) -3,-0,7 and 2.2
9 6c ka 2
A) x>tandx<-2
10 Percentages
1 2)£2205. b) 10.25%
2 $204.05
3 a)EI210 b)10%
©) 10.5%
63.15
15%
20
240 imerest
£60
9 James, 85.1 + 1.15 = 74
10 £18
11 tecmby 256m
32 27000
43 14m bis |e [es [-12)-17]-20|-21
14 a 2[3|[4[s[e[7
45 51250
16 00 2 y=e-2
47 a) = 0) 1125000 2 50,5 9721 92
18 $1540 payee
4 @O)and (0,6)
evous
11 Time and speed
171.8 kmh!
680 kmh!
3) 8h50mn
b) 8h30 min
©) 20 minuies
@) 71kmb- and 802kmh-? 5 15 Algebraic formulae
@ =a) Bhours b) 2300 © jd [4] a 1 a) 0.5ms* b) 0.04ms?
©) €1093.50 y [-aa[-6o] -@ we] 0.3ms
5 216 tes 2m _
335m?» YEO 363mm
as
7500000000
12 Graphs in practical auofraalaal ¢ [asl a [aa
situations
12) $50.6) 5130
©) thous a) 2 hous
2-8) Thishappened ater fehed
travelled 200k,
b) trend for 30 minus.
©) ie traveled a further 90km
df Ie spend 3 hours a the gam.
«) ft tbok 3 hours to gor home
1) Average speeds 290 + 3
B.67kmbh! (to 35f) 33)
3) Sminutes. by Speed was
increasing ¢) 66kan-h
d) 16 minutes e) 76.4krvh re Bh basse els [et 9
10
a
a OF
2
+6
2) Tp+ 21g b) 30m —42n
9 39+24b
2 ot + Ik +2
15? +26x+8
©) tat — 208+ 3,
o Gf -257 +9
©) az + 197-3
#) 272 + 120-4
g) 140? — 150-11
hy 40g? - 199-3
i) Op 1 jp 4074
20 +743
D 10 3-1
DetSK+E B+ Or+ 20
OP +342 d) GyP—g-1
©) 10y ~My 6 A) 25m
4-1 hops t2p>4
i) agt—4q-+1
10d? — 11de — 66
1) 20p? + 17 pq + 34?
14s? — 13st + 3?
DPF E+I bP + toy +25
a P8416 dP 122+ 36
© aw? — 120+9
1) 25" 200+ 4
9) 63! + Sab +B
1) 15m? — 13m + 2n?
i) 15p* ~ 14 pq — 8g?
) 10¢ — 191 + 67°
1 9C + 12ed + 4
) 25p? — 30pq + 9q?
D+ DO BK He +4)
4-2) Der 8Ie-S)
Qe DE+D DHEA)
DEFOR 4) Hota ix-4)
x43) P&H S)—5)
1
6 AK-AKH DADE
HFN) de - 2K 3)
Oe 10) ix +8)
H+ 4)
aK) K-93)
hos no=0
D412) 6-1) p+ 3P
WO-5F 1 & + 16-10
T AKI DFE +A
OHHH DO -DHE-3)
OK 3K +4)
9 Gx+2)K+3)
e+ 1)2x+5)
HGx+OR+1
8B a) alat56) b) rr+2)
OHO 9 A +IG+9
2Qp+9Qp+1)
9 q+ 209-2)
9 6+ e+)
by -3y+3) od 242)
dn 3042)
2p - 2p +1)
9 q- 29-2)
10) x-Ax-5)
BG 4210-5)
Ox = 3) = 2)
AGK+)AX-5)
(Bx — 5)ix=1)
Gxt HQx+5)
17 Algebraic fractions
be 8
5
iets
oe dq)
3 a9
ra »)
2411
14
MM 4 ISH 15
12 30
oe
a5
WBE+1 gy 23x42
2 a etl py Diet
3x
a
2Ix-+ 14
2
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4
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+17
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tae?
wer
tS
9 eer
+9
B+ Ie-1
» een
ot eas)
°
Qo
°
Answers
4 aes bet?
att dx-3
)x-5 e-1
g) xt 1h) Se
18 Functions
137 54 00
3 3)9 but IP o 30r-5
a3
4-1
6 o) y—2P
19 Indices
1 DEY det gat
ay Hz! gat hw
DF ps we dwt
2 )a=4 ba=1 da=o
@) a=20 @a=16 Na=7
g)a=4 hha=3 dans
32) Bt b) 2 122 Ad da?
©) Be 12h
43) Babé b) 1Smint o) are
®) gn
5 9) BY boy
ol Gael
€) 125%
aay 9) oulty
9) 432x727 hy 200%!
6 2) 64 bal 125
glint
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pt pt
pi ni od pt
4 825 my an) 2S
6 4 0B mam B
7
tyt ogi
sadokeg 5
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as
20 Solving linear equations
43) 3a=135 ba 45
2antine2
Dntatisns2= 14
n= 47; 47, 48, 49
3ax-5 b) 1
dx=4 a x=-2 x=6
433 3.0443 91
1
o Revision guide: Mathematics
22 Solving inequalities
1
ae
Dxery=12
7 a) 5x4 2y = 266
2x4 3y= 149
b) x= €40,y =€23
Ba) p+ 2 yai2-3
po yox-2
b) p=58,q=37 yext6
9 2) 35459 ye 2-128
75 +38 2
bix=-2y
Ox=2y=5 dx=-3y=
@x=5y
21 Solving quadratic
equations
1 axa-3e
by=-2y
om=-1,
2a
“22-6
ve
2
-22 V0
4 a) -4 be +2Pea
x +2=Owhenx=
5 ants
i) Snakes Alive 200;
00.
Edible Reptiles S70-
by 25
6 x23
by xt + +237 = 65?
933
23 Linear programming
1 2)
oO 12345678910
b19 97
aeeS youl yex
bao
3 70 15
@) Set ay
©) i) $45 i $99
a) e+ ys20
yee x+y28
98
24 Angles and polygons
2) Recangle 6) Square
© Faraelegram
@ horus
©) Pentagon
4 Heragon
9) Fapedium
1) octagon
i) Kite
a) x= 875 b= 30
a) »
°
®
8
fo 7
b o
6
4 Quadrilateral 6) Tapezium
©) Parallelagram 4) Rhombus
©) Rectangle 1) kite
5 2) 360" b) 360" o) 360°
@) 360°) 540° 1) 720"
@) 360" h) 1080") 360°
6 2 triangle b) pentagon
) quadrilateral”) hexagon
25 Circles
1 x= 440 angle at contre
2 x= 152" (angle at centre)
3 x =32° m2 a ism © 157m 1S70M
w2 wt 42 2) 0.6517?) 264
vi 1 i ©) Volume 47.5 md) 120m
2 94
be 1 Trigonometry
3 4. 365mm
Greveries | UnesoFammety 2 8.6m
= 3 1803m
me =u 4 693cm
w[oqnaes [rae ys 5 er
aie eek: b) 62.0 m* ) 312cm?
4 Ga Ta 4 aap) 6b 26
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wfcamean [rane 8 2) 869k) 14min
earwer 9 2) 53cm b) 16derF
aon © 18.1%, 889°.) 350
a 40 3) 106em «) 460°
32 Statistics
1 Festive conlation
a 2
2) Mean ode NMedin 3
fange 12
Mean 223 Mode22—Meian22
<) 190m" 6) 383m Range 23
errr 5 9 Aquartercicle,radus 1m, «) Mean 1.1. Medan 1.06. Range 0.38
tshosecertie is He corner ofthe |g) Mean 8 Mode 13. Mean 3
wall and the too, Range 12
29 Locus s e) eon? dest Madan
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for Cambridge IGCSE®
‘Complete Mathematics for Cambridge IGCSE: Extended directly matches the latest Cambridge
IGCSE Mathematics syllabus, with worked examples and plenty of practice exercises to develop
thorough understanding of key concepts. A stretching, skills-based approach progressively
strengthens student ability, enabling confident exam performance.
This Revision Guide directly supports learners in building exam confidence.
+ Fully prepare for exams — comprehensive coverage of the course
+ Develop advanced skills — rigorous practice extends performance
+ Progress to the next stage - differentiated extension material eases the transition to 16-18 study
Y Complete Cambridge syllabus match
Y Comprehensive exam preparation
Reviewed by subject specialists
V Embedded critical thinking sis
V Progression to the next educational stage
Also avallable:
978.0 19537235 6 9780 19 537838 5
How to get in contact: isan gre oupssresc6
2 anne iii
NeCnartoress trg reripcrao ner eran tras
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