UNIT-II

CONSTITUENTS
OF
TECHNICAL WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

CONTENTS

 Words and Phrases: Word formation.

 Synonyms and Antonyms

 Homophones

 Select vocabulary of about 500-1000 New words

 Requisites of Sentence Construction

 Paragraph Development: Techniques and Methods -Inductive, Deductive, Spatial,

Linear, Chronological etc

 The Art of Condensation- various steps

1
WORD CONSTRUCTION

We have four methods of coining new words from the basic/ root words which are as follows:

1. Primary Derivational Method

2. Secondary Derivational Method
3. Compounding
4. Conversion

1. Primary Derivational Method

Under this method, we coin new words by changing internal structure of the basic words. We use no
prefixes or no suffixes to make the foresaid change. For example,
Man Men; Die Death
Speak Speech; Mouse Mice
Blood Bleed; Sing Song
(i) Forming nouns from verbs by changing the vowel sound-

rise raise; think thought

sing song; bind bond
do deed; abide abode

(ii) Forming noun from verb by changing the last consonant-

live life; advise advice

strive strife; speak speech
prove proof; grieve grief

(iii) Forming nouns from adjectives by changing vowel/ vowel sound or in some case the last
consonant-

proud pride; hot heat

grave grief; deep depth
true truth; gay gaiety

(iv). Forming adjectives from nouns and verbs by the change in the last consonant or in the
inside vowel/ vowel sound,

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 meet moot; lie low
milk milky; water wet
wit wise; heart hearty

(v) Forming verbs from nouns by changing the last consonant into a softer sound-

thief thieve; wreath wreathe

half halve; belief believe
sooth soothe; calf calve
shelf shelve; sheath sheathe

(vi) Forming verbs from nouns by changing only vowel/ vowel sound,

tale tell; blood bleed

knot knit; sale sell
food feed; drop drip

(vii) Forming verbs from nouns by simultaneously softening the sound of the last consonant
and the inside vowel sound,

cloth clothe; breath breathe

bath bathe; grass graze
brass braze; song sing

(viii) Forming verbs from adjectives by the change in the inside vowel-

full fill; hale heal

hot heat; cold cool

2. Secondary Derivational Method

When the words are formed by adding a syllable or letters to a basic word, either in the
beginning or at the end, or both, we obtain secondary derivatives. When so called syllable or
letters are fixed to the front of the root word, these are called prefixes. When the foresaid
syllable or letters are fixed to the back of the root word, they are called suffixes. Thus the
secondary derivational method employs two tools to coin new words which are given below-

1. Prefixes
2. Suffixes

3
PREFIX

1-Note: These prefixes are added to indicate the attitude of the object or person represented by
the basic word-
Prefix Meaning Examples
( of attitude)
anti- against, opposed to anti-social, anti-septic, anti-biotic, anti-national,
anti-climax, anti-civic, anti-body, anti-war, anti-
biotic, anti-social, anti-terrorism, anti-septic

pro-marriage, pro-moral education, pro-you, pro-

pro- in favour of, for.
abortion, pro-active, pro-band, pro-bate, pro-
biotic, pro-cathedral, pro-war, pro-education,
pro-global peace

counter- against, opposite,

opposing, in reverse counter-sign, counter-attack, counter-force,
counter-accuse, counter-act, counter-advertise,
counter-agent, counter-argue, counter-assault,
counter-attack, counter-balance, counter-bid
,counter-change, counter-check, counter-claim,
counter-complaint, counter-demand, counter-
flow, counter-plan

co- with, together,

co-exist, co-worker, co-author, co-operate, co-
jointly, joint act, co-administrate, co-anchor, co-author, co-
chairman, co-conspire, co-conspirator, co-create,
co-develop, co-director, co-editor, co-driver, co-
pilot, co-worker, co-exist, co-operator, co-
founder, co-habitants, co-incidence, co-
insure

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ambi- both, on both sides, ambi-guity, ambi-version, ambi-vert, ambi-
around, akin to concern, ambi-dexterity, ambi-sexual, ambi-
valence, ambi-version, ambi-vert, ambi-gender
,ambi-tive

2-Note: these prefixes negate or reverse the meaning of the words-

Prefix Meaning Examples
( negative or
reversative)
a- on: in: at ; a-bed
(adv, ……) a-fire, a-back, a-base,
in(such) a state or
condition,
in (such) manner,
a-loud,
in the process of a-writing
un- not, opposite of, un-natural, un-lock, un-true, undo, untie, uncover
(adj, n, v, adv)
contrary to, do the
opposite of
non- not, other than, non- cooperation, non-vegetarian, non-sense,
(n……) non-payment
reverse of, absence of
de- do the opposite of, de-pollute , de-form, de-grade, de-compose, de-
(v, n, value, de-hydrate, dethrone, derail, detrain,
remove from.
get off , take away
dis- do the opposite of, dis-allow, dis-like, dis-connect, dis-honest, dis-
(v, n, adj, adv..) trust, dis-please, dis-obey, dis-parity, dis-miss,
deprive of,
dis-pel, dis-cord
exclude/expel, not
in- not, opposite of, do in-efficient, in-different, in-effective
im- (before ‘b, m, p’ im-moral, im-mortal, im-mature, im-pure, im-
the opposite of
il- ( before ‘l’) proper, im-balance,
ir- ( before ‘r’ ) non-, un-, il-legible, il-legal,

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 in: take within: take ir-regular, ir-religious, ir-rational
(adj, n, adv,…)
into: get/take toward
im-bed, im-bibe (drink, take into mind), im-
bosom,

3-Note: these prefixes modify the degree or the size of person or thing or quality or action
denoted by the basic word-
Prefix Meaning Examples
(of degree and size)
arch- chief, primitive, arch-angel, arch-bishop, arch-demon, arch-
(n, adj,…) duchesses, arch-rival,
original, primary,
biggest
super- over and above: super-man, super-natural, super-human, super-
(n, adj, v, adv) market, super-able, super-abound, super-
higher in quality,
abundance, super-cautious, super-charge, super-
quantity, or degree; bank, super-track
extra, surpassing all
ultra- beyond the limits of , ultra-thin, ultra-fat, ultra-violet, ultra-sonic,
(adj, adv, prep…) ultra-bright, ultra-casual, ultra-clean, ultra-cold,
beyond what is
ultra-competitive, ultra-conservative, ultra-high,
ordinary, proper, or ultra-talkative, ultra-wise, ultra-modern,
moderate.
extremely,
extra- outside, beyond, extra-curricular, extra-ordinary, extra-marital,
(n, adj, …adv, v ..) extra-academic, extra-legal, extra-logical, extra-
except,
net, extra-polar, extra-sunset, extra-sunrise, extra-
desire,
hyper- above: beyond: hyper-sensitive, hyper-tension, hyper-space,
(n, adj, adv, v, …) hyper-active, hyper-acute, hyper-alert, hyper-
super-, excessively,
aware, hyper-conscious, hyper-critical, hyper-
be/live in more than efficient, hyper-excited, hyper-esthetic, hyper-
manic, hyper-crazy,
3 dimensions,

out- exceeding, beyond out-act, out-bid, out-brag, out-do, out-break, out-

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(n, adj, v, adv..) limits of, surpassing, burst, out-buy, out-cast, out-caste, out-catch, out-
climb, out-come, out-compete, out-crop, out-cry,
doing faster, doing
out-date, out-dazzle, out-debate
better
under- below, or beneath, under-value, under-estimate, under-stand, under-
(n, v, adj, adv,…) perform, under-statement, under-act, under-
mean, too little, not
achieve, under-age, under-arm, under-bid, under-
enough cloths, under-dog, under-think, under-cover,
sub- under: beneath: sub-editor, sub-inspector, sub-agent, sub-divide,
(n, adj, v, adv..) sub-branch, sub-caste, sub-categorize, sub-direct,
below; secondary,
sub-centre, sub-chapter, sub-chaser, sub-class,
next lower than, sub-classify, sub-climax, sub-college,
junior to/ inferior to;
less in quality,
quantity, degree.
semi- half : partly: semi-abstract, semi-annual, semi-aquatic, semi-
(n, adj, adv, v..) automatic, semi-circle, semi-circular, semi-
incompletely: demi-,
civilized, semi-classical, semi-conductor, semi-
hemi- , quasi-: conscious, semi-conservative, semi-dome, semi-
dry, semi-final, semi-literate, semi-lunar,
partial:
mini- smaller or briefer mini-bus, mini-skirt, mini-mini-bar, mini-bike,
(n, mini-car, mini-computer, mini-dress, minimize,
than usual, normal,
mini-state, mini-van, mini-cam, mini-marts
or standard

4-Note: these prefixes add the dimension of time and order to the basic word-
Prefix Meaning Examples
(of time and order)
pre- before: earlier than: pre-admission, pre-marital, pre-war, pre-
(n, adj, adv, v,…) occupied, pre-decided, pre-election, pre-adult,
prior to: in advance,
pre-announce, pre-approve, pre-arranged, pre-
( at least for two) beforehand: breakfast, pre-cancel, pre-cancellation, pre-
actions caution, pre-cede, pre-clinical, pre-colonial,
fore- before: earlier than: fore-cast, fore-see, fore-tell, fore-arm, fore-close,
(n, adv, prep, adj, ..) fore-court, fore-father, forego, fore-gather, fore-
of an earlier period:
goer, fore-know, fore-judge, fore-man, fore-

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 beforehand: in front woman, fore-noon, fore-night, fore-ordain, fore-
play, fore-run, fore-said, fore-sight, fore-time,
of: front part of: in
advance: advance:
chief:
post- after: subsequent: post-war, post-graduate, post-mortem, post-
abortion, post-atomic, post-arrest, post-date, post-
subsequent to: later;
(n, adv, v, adj, debate, post-deliver, post-delivery, post-divorce,
prep..) later than : behind: post-doctoral, post-midnight, post-modern, post-
operative, post-paid, post-position, post-riot,
following after:
post-romantic, post-script, post-test, post-exam,
post-treatment
re- again: back: Re-tell, re-speak, re-exam, re-marry, re-cover, re-
settle, re-write, re-build, re-direct, re-think, re-
abuse, re-start, re-starter, re-re-absorb, re-accept,
re-act, re-acquire, re-actor, re-action, re-address
ex- former: out of : exclude, ex-man, ex-president, ex-director, ex-
(n, adj, adv, v, ex-actor, ex-act, ex-cavate, ex-clave, ex-
outside: out from: do
prep..) communicate,
out of/ from
vice- one that takes the vice-president, vice-principle, vice-admiral, vice-
(n…) presidency, vice-regent, vice-consul
place of: deputy in
place of
ante- before: earlier: earlier ante-room, ante-date, ante-dated, ante-mortem,
(n, adj, adv, ….) ante-natal,
than: prior: prior to:
preceding: forward

5-Note: these prefixes are added to convey the idea of number of the things denoted by a basic
word-
Prefix Meaning Examples
(of number)
uni- one: single: alone uni-lateral, uni-sex, uni-color, uni-corn, uni-
(n, adj, adv, v, …) cycle, uni-direct, uni-form, uni-formly, uni-
forming, uni-linear,

8
mono- one: single: alone: mono-logue, mono-syllabic, mono-gram, mono-
lingual, mono-log, mono-mania, mono-phony,
mono-pole, mono-polize, mono-theist, mono-
tone, mono-tonus, mono-tonic,
bi- two: of two: into two bi-cycle, bi-lingual, bi-polar, bi-focal, bi-
(n, adj, adv, v, …) monthly, bi-weekly, bi-sect, bi-cut, bi-annual, bi-
parts: twice, doubly,
annually, bicolor, bi-component, bi-convex,bi-
on both sides, cultural, bi-fold, bi-furcated,
coming/ occurring
two times,
tri- three: of three : into tri-cycle, tri-color, tri-angle, tri-syllabic, tri-
(n, adj, adv, v, ..) angular, tri-angularly, tri-angulate, tri-archy, tri-
three: thrice: three
athlete, tri-corn, tri-cot, tri-dimensional, tri-gonal,
times in a period. tri-graph,
tetra- four: of four: into tetra-gonal, tetra-pod, tetra-arch, tetra-archy,
tetra-divide, tetra-weekly, tetra-annual, tetra-
four: four times in a
monthly, tetra-legged, tetra-eyed, tetra-headed,
period
penta- five: of five: into penta-angle, penta-angular, penta-annual,
pentagon, pentagonal, pentagonally, penta-archy,
five: five times in a
penta-athlete, penta-athlon, penta-tonic, penta-
period, polis, penta-teuch
hexa-, hex- six , of six : into six:hexa-chord, hexa-angle, hexa-angula, hexa-
angularly, hexagon, hexagonal, hexagonally,
six times in a period,
hexa-athlete, hexa-athol, hexa-polis, hexa-
hedron, heha-hedrons, hexa-hydrate, hexa-meter,
hexa-meteric, hexa-pod, hexa-teuch,
octa-, octo-, oct- eight, of eight: into octa-chord, octa-angle, octa-angula, octa-
angularly, octagon, octagonal, octagonally, octa-
eight: eight times in a
athlete, octa-athol, octa-polis, octa-hedron, heha-
period hedrons, octa-hydrate, octa-meter, octa-meteric,
octa-pod, octa-teuch,

multi-, poli- many, of many: into multi-chord, multi-angle, multi-angular, multi-

angularly, multigon, multigonal, multigonally,
many: many times in
multi-athlete, multi-athol, multi-polis, multi-
a period hedron, heha-hedrons, multi-hydrate, multi-
meter, multi-meteric, multi-pod, multi-teuch,

poli-chord, poli-angle, poli-angular, poli-

9
 angularly, poligon, poligonal, poligonally, poli-
athlete, poli-athol, poli-polis, poli-hedron, heha-
hedrons, poli-hydrate, poli-meter, poli-meteric,
poli-pod, poli-teuch,

6-Note: these prefixes are added to indicate the position or direction of a thing-
Prefix (of place) Meaning Examples
trans- across, from one trans-plant, trans-locate, trans-act, ( carry on,
(n, adj, adv, v, …) carry from one side to other), trans-atlantic,
place to another:
trans-border, transcribe, transect, transsexual(
on or to the other trans+ sexual), trans-figure, trans-fix, trans-form,
trans-fuse, trans-gender, transship ( trans+ship),
side of: across:
trans-migrate, trans-migration, trans-migrant
through: beyond
inter- between/ of two: inter-act, inter-active, inter-action, inter-actively,
(n, adj, adv, v,….) inter-activity, inter-agency, inter-bank, inter-bed,
among/ of many: in
inter-believe, inter-faith, inter-faithful, inter-
the middle of: caste, inter-change,
reciprocal:
reciprocally: within:
sub- beneath: under: sub-adult, sub-agent, sub-aquatic, sub-hot, sub-
(n, adj, adv, v, …) cold, sub-artic, sub-audible, sub-base, sub-edit,
below; subordinate:
sub-editor, sub-contract, sub-divide, sub-branch,
secondary; sub-way, sub-side, sub-marine, sub-merge, sub-
path, sub-target,
subdivision of :
somewhat: some:
almost: nearly

7-Note: these prefixes add an uncomplimentary and derogatory aspect to the meaning of the
root word-

Prefix Meaning Examples

(of depriving,
degrading,
derogating )

10
mis- wrong: wrongly; bad: mis-guide, mis-lead, mis-place, mis-judge, mis-
take, mis-act, mis-address, mis-advise, mis-aim,
badly; unfavorable:
mis-target, mis-allocate, mis-anthrope, mis-
unfavorably; anthropic, mis-anthropically, mis-anthropy, mis-
apply, mis-apprehend, mis-attribute, mis-behave,
opposite of; lack of;
mis-belief, mis-calculate, mis-call, mis-chance,
not mis-conceive,
mal- bad: badly; mal-administer, mal-administrative, mal-content,
mal-edict, mal-function, mal-treat, mal-treatment,
abnormal:
mal-
abnormally;
inadequate:
inadequately
pseudo- false; temporary, pseudo-name, pseudo-classical, pseudo- morph,
pseudo-pod; pseudo-scorpion,
substitute, spurious:
outwardly similar,
not genuine, deceitful
, illegitimate

8-Note: some more prefixes

Prefix Meaning Examples

( of multi-faces)
an- without, anonymous, anemic, an-arch, an-archy, an-
archical,
circum- around: about circum-ambient, circum-ambiently, circum-
center, circumcise, circumference, circum-fuse,
circum-navigate, circum-vent, circumstance,
com- ( b, p, m) with, together, jointly commingle, com-passion, comminute,
col- (l,..) commission, commix, communicate,
con-( all other
sounds)

dia- through: across dia-base, dia-chronic, dia-chronically, diachrony,

dia-critic, dia-meter, dia-pause,
meta- beyond, occurring meta-physics, meta-physical, meta-physically,
meta-phosis, metabolic, metabolize, meta-fiction,

11
 later than: after; more meta-galaxy, meta-mathematics, meta-analysis,
meta-phase, meta-phrase, meta-physics, meta-
comprehensive:
thesis,, meta-sciences,
transcending; change
: transformation
peri- all around: about; peri-cycle, derider, peri-dot, peri-helion, peri-
lymph, peri-neurium, peri-phery, peri-pheral, per-
near; enclosing:
pherally, per-plast, per-plasm, per-que, per-scope,
surrounding peri-scopic, peri-winkle, per-clean,
retro- backward: back; retro-grade, retro-action, retro-active, retro-
actively, retrocede, retro-fire, retro-fit, retro-flex,
situated behind
retro-pack, retro-reflective, retrospect, retro-
rocket,
tele- distant: at a distance: tele-vision, tele-visit, tele-visitors, tele-talk, tele-
phone, tele-pathy, tele-cast, tele-com, tele-
over a distance
communication, tele-commuter, tele-conference,
tele-fax, tele-flim, tele-graph, tele-mart, tele-
market, tele-meter, tele-path,
with- against: in opposition with-draw, with-hold, with-drawal, with-holder,
with-holding, with-stand,
to ; away
auto- self: same one; self- auto-rickshaw, auto-cycle, auto-biography, auto-
biographer, auto-suggestion, auto-catalysis, auto-
acting: automatic;
correct, auto-correct, autocrat, auto-cross, auto-
self made, graph, automata, automate, auto-make, auto-
maker, automation, auto-mobile, autonomy

SUFFIX

It can change the word class and meaning of a word. Suffix may be used to form -

 Noun From Verb

 Adjective From Noun
 Adjective From Verb
 Noun From Adjective
1-Noun from Verb
Suffix Examples
(Noun from Verb)
-ment appoint-ment, creat-ion, selec-tion, arrange-ment, agree-ment,

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 amend-ment, amuse-ment, amaze-ment, conceal-ment, commit-
ment, judg-ment, move-ment, appease-ment, argu-ment,
announce-ment ,

-ion/-tion associat-ion, creat-ion, combina-tion, selec-tion, rejec-

tion,cultiva-tion, elec-tion, inven-tion, dicta-tion ,revela-tion,
collec-tion, narra-tion,

2-Noun from Adjective

Suffix Examples
(Noun from Adjective)
-ity abil-ity, abund-ance, busi-ness, activ-ity ,civil-ity, equal-ity,
human-ity, local-ity, inferior-ity, mortal-ity,real-ity, rigid-
ity,stupid-ity, timid-ity

-ance abund-ance, brilli-ance, dist-ance, ignor-ance,

-ness busi-ness, bold-ness, good-ness, happi-ness, red-ness, rude-

ness, weak-ness, one-ness

3-Adjective from Noun

Suffix Examples
(Adjective from Noun )
-y air-y, mother-ly, classic-al,bush-y, cloud-y, dust-y, grass-y, leaf-
y, rain-y, ros-y, thorn-y, wind-y, worth-y, oil-y

-ly father-ly, brother-ly, mother-ly, hour-ly, man-ly, year-ly

-al accident-al, ceremoni-al, classic-al, faci-al, logic-al, prejudici-al,

practic-al

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4-Adjective from Verb
Suffix Examples
(Adjective from Verb )
-able admir-able, thank-ful, worth-less, agree-able, attain-able, avoid-
abl, believ-able, compar-able, consider-able, lov-able, mov-able,
read-able

-ful thank-ful, boast-ful, help-ful, use-ful, house-ful, beauti-ful, pain-

ful, power-ful
-less worth-less, help-less, thank-less, use-less, pain-less

3. Compounding Method

Compound words are formed by compounding two or more bases. The words formed by compounding
i.e. combining basic words, are treated as a unit. For example,

table + cloth = tablecloth

water + man = waterman
chair + man = chairman

Compound words can be put into three groups:

1. Noun Compounds
2. Adjective Compounds
3. Verb Compounds
1-Noun Compounds:
Noun+ Noun hand-loom, story-book, maid-servant, milk-man, window-pane, rice-mill,
atom-bomb, lunch-box, lunch-time, flower-vase, rose-bud, bed-room, bar-
boy, bar-woman, bus-driver, mine-worker, computer-table, head-phone,
hand-cloth,
Noun+ (Verb+ er) store-keep+er, pain-killer, neck-twister, bus-diver, school-teacher,
Noun+ Verb Water-fall, snow-drift, night-fall, heart-beat, day-break, day-dream, cream-
bite,

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Verb+ Noun Tell-tale, break-fast, pick-pocket, turn-coat, view-point, cut-throat, make-
shift, spend-thrift,
Adjective + Noun Short-hand, white-paper, black-list, black-board, gentle-man, young-lady
Adverb + Noun Early-bird, fore-sight, after-life, up-land, inmate,
Noun/Verb+ Adverb Lock-up, stand-still, break-down, make-up, cut-out, draw-back
Gerund + Noun Walking-stick, playing-card, dressing-room. Drinking-water, revolving-
chair, sleeping-room,
Noun + Gerund Horse-riding, hand-gliding, bull-fighting, sight-seeing, snow-fighting,
Pronoun + noun He-man, she-goat, self-interest, he-boy,
Possessive Noun + Noun Fool’s paradise, doomsday, sportsman, bull’s eye

2-Adjective Compounds
Noun + Adjectives Pitch-dark, snow-white, air-tight, life-long, parrot-green, sky-blue, blood-red,
world-wide, skin-deep, water-proof, sun-hot, ice-cold, water-tight,
Noun + Past Participle Home-made, care-worn, heart-felt, hen-pecked, air-borne, bed-ridden, book-
crammed,
Noun + Present Life-saving, mind-blowing, mind-bogging, heart-touching, time-saving, path-
Participle breaking, plot-making, story-telling
Adjective + Adjective Red-hot, fool-hardy, Indo-German, Anglo-Indian,
Adjective + Noun One-way, one-day, ten-rupee,
Adjective + Past Ill-tempered, hot-tempered, short-tempered, sweet-tongued, soft-hearted,
Participle narrow-minded, high-born, large-hearted,
Adverb + Past Participle well-planned, ill-executed, short-sighted,

3-Verb Compounds

Noun + Verb Day-dream, brow-beat, hood-wink, back-bite, hand-wash, water-mark

Adverb + Verb Under-estimate, under-mine, over-take, fore-tell, up-hold,
Adjective + Verb White-wash, cold-shoulder, safe-guard, fulfill, dark-beat

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Conversion Method

By adding some prefixes, we do not change the meaning or number of a basic word; we
only change its part of speech. These are the conversion prefixes-

Prefix Meaning Examples

(of conversion )
be- on: around: over: off, be-head, be-side, be-witch, be-smear, be-moan,
be-friend, be-loved, be-calm, be-chance, be-
through: thoroughly:
cloud, be-daub, be-dazzle, be-dazzling, be-deck,
completely, be-devil, be-dew, be-dim, be-fall, be-fit, be-fog,
be-fool, be-foul, be-fuddle, be-get, be-girt
excessive:
excessively; about:
to: at: upon: against:
across; to make: to
cause to be: treat as
en- ( all other put into/ onto : cover en-danger, en-shrine, en-dear, em-bitter, em-
sounds) power, en-list, en-large, em-bed, en-joy, em-boss,
with; cause to be ;
em- ( b, m, p, ) en-able, en-abler, en-act, enactment, enamour,
provide with, en-cage, en-camp, en-campus, en-case,
emancipate, emancipator, em-balm, em-bank,
em-bark, embarrass, embattle, embellishem-
bezzle, em-blaze, em-body, em-bolden,

CONFUSING WORDS

advice to give advice

inform tell

all ready completely prepared

before hand already

allusion an indirect reference to something or somebody

illusion a mistake assumption

between involving two persons

among involving more than two persons

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complement something that completes
compliment an expression of praise

continuous constantly
continual on a regular basis

discrete separate
discreet tactful

imply mean
infer come to a conclusion

principle theory
principal chief

stationary stable
stationery writing materials

Q 1: Write opposite of the words underlined in the following sentences-

Answer:

Electricity has an important place in the modern society. Un-important

Your actions show that you are not practical. Im-practical

Please be comfortable, Un-comfortable

The mobile phone is very expensive In-expensive

Man is social animal. Anti-social

She is very efficient. In-efficient

Your argument is not convincing. Un-convincing

This is very relevant information. Ir-relevant

You should be sensitive to cultural differences. In-sensitive

17
SYNONYMS

These are those words which give similar meaning; not exact meaning, but are different in
spelling and pronunciation.
In order to use words effectively in speech and writing, the writer should have the ability to
differ one word from another with small change in meaning. Words may have similar meaning
but a slight difference in the meaning of a word, might make it appropriate in one context but in
appropriate in another.

Words Synonyms
Abandon Give up
Adequate Sufficient
Adept Expert
Admire Praise
Amaze Surprise
Audacious Brave
Alluring Charming
Antagonism Opposition
Adieu Good bye
Asunder Apart
Austere Moral
Agile Weak
Abjure Give up
Adjourn Break up

Bold Brave
Blithe joyous
Banish Exile
Bestial Brutish
Barren Infertile
Bane Curse

Crazy Mad
Commence Start
Candid Frank
Cumbersome Burdensome
Censure Rebuke
Convict Captive

18
Cajole Coax

Deliberate Intentional
Deadly Fatal
Deviate Divert
Defer Postpone
Diminish Decrease
Debase Degrade
Devoid Empty
Distinguish Differentiate
Docile Humble
Diversity Variety
Dissociate Separate
Deplete Exhaust

Evidence Proof
Efficient Effective
Eliminate Remove
Endowment Salary
Endure Tolerate
Ecstasy Joy
Entice Persuade
Exasperate Irritate
Esteem Honour
Exorcise Expel
Emit Send out
Entreat Request

Fabricate Forge
Fluctuate Change
Fable Story
Famish Starve
Felony Treachery
Forgery Duplicity
Facsimile Duplicate
Feud Quarrel
Firmament Sky
Fragile Weak
Forlorn Deserted

19
Generate Kind
Genuine Pure
Gusto Zest
Grievance Complaint
Gruesome Hideous
Gaudy Showy
Ghastly Terrible
Gothic Barbaric
Gloom Grief

Hamper Block
Habituate Accustom
Harass Torment
Hoary Gray
Hazard Danger
Harbinger Precursor
Hilarious Joyful
Humane Kind
Hypocrisy Deception
Havoc Destruction
Homogeneous Similar
Hallow Sanctify

Ignorant Unaware
Illegal Unlawful
Invent Create
Inhuman Brutal
Indicate Hint, Show
Initiate Start
Intricate Complex
Illicit Unlawful
Immense Vast
Indolent Lazy
Imbibe Absorb
Impediment Hindrance
Inculcate Infuse
Immaculate Stainless
Indecent Improper
Irate Angry
Infer Praiseworthy

20
Jocund Joyful
Jubilant Delightful
Just Upright
Jealous Envious
Jam Squeeze
Jovial Jocular

Kin Relative
Kindred Alive
Knuckle Submit
Knave Dishonest

Laudable Commendable
Languish Weaken
Lament Mourn
Liberal Generous

Majestic Dignifies
Magnify Enlarge
Melancholy Sad
Mutiny Revolt
Marvel Wonder
Muster Gather
Medley Riot
Mandate Order
Mediocre Ordinary
Mitigate Moderate
Multifarious Manifold
Monotony Sameness

Negotiate Bargain
Nausea Sickness
Novel New
Nefarious Wicked
Nonplus Puzzled
Nab Seize
Nurture Bring up

Opulent Wealthy
Obscure Dim

21
Offence Crime
Opaque Obscure
Oblivious Forgetful
Ordeal Trial
Ostracize Banish
Opulence Wealth
Omen Presage
Obsolete Out of date
Obdurate Stubborn

Paltry Small
Parsimony Economy
Pedagogue Schoolmaster
Penury Poverty
Peril Danger
Precursor Forerunner
Proxy Substitute
Paradigm Model
Piquant Biting
Perdition Loss
Placid Quiet
Potent Powerful
Putrid Decompose
Palpitate Pulsate
Pensive Gloomy
Prowess Valour
Preamble Introduction
Parity Equality
Panacea Universal remedy

Quaint Strange
Quell Suppress
Quench Extinguish
Quiver Shiver
Quash Crush
Quip Taunt

Remuneration Emolument
Rabble Mob
Rebut Report
Reek Smock

22
Refuge Shelter
Replica Copy
Rogue Rascal
Rebuff Rebuke
Rage Anger
Rescue Save
Rustic Rural
Rude Rough
Refute Disprove
Renounce Reject
Reprehend Rebuke
Reciprocal Mutual
Rectitude Honesty
Ruthless Pitiless

Sacred Holy
Sanguine Red
Sedate Serious
Spontaneous Natural
Shirk Avoid
Snare Trap
Solace Comfort
Sterile Barren
Stupendous Amazing
Sneak Creep
Sham Feign
Stroll Roam

Taboo Prohibition
Tantalize Tease
Tedious Boring
Totter Stagger
Triumph Victory
Taint Corrupt
Tardy Slow
Thrift Success
Theft Steal
Tariff Charge
Tenacity Firmness
Terse Concise
Transpire Evaporate
Traitor Betrayer

23
Urge Plead
Uncouth Old
Uproar Hubbub
Usher Introduce
Usurp Seize unlawfully
Upbraid Chide
Unanimous Common/agreed

Vigour Vitality
Vacuum Empty
Venom Poison
Vigilant Watchful
Vandal barbaric
Verbose Talkative
Vivacious Lively
Veteran Old
Vigil Watch
Vilify Defame
Vogue Fashion
Vital Essential

Wisdom Prudence
Wag Shake
Wary Careful
Wrangle Dispute
Wry Twisted
Whirlpool Eddy
Wane Decrease

Xanthous Fair complexioned

Xerox Photocopy

Yield Surrender
Yearn Surprise
Yelp Cry
Yawn Gape

Zeal Passion
Zenith Top

24
 Zig Zag Curved
Zephyr West wind
Zealous Eager

ANTONYM

Absent Present
Arrogant Polite
Abundance Scarcity
Abandon Retain
Abbreviate Expand
Abstain Indulge
Accidental Intentional
Acquit Convict
Amateur Professional
Ancient Modern
Appropriate inappropriate
Abridge Enlarge

Backward Forward
Belief Disbelief
Barbaric Civilized
Bland Spicy

Careful Careless
Cheep Expensive
Chaste Promiscuous
Current Out of date
Creation Destruction
Conceal Disclose
Conquer Surrender
Chronic Acute
Contaminate Purify
Courteous Rude
Converge Diverge

Defence Offence
Diligent Lazy
Deficit Surplus

25
Distress Comfort
Dismay Encourage
Docile Obstinate
Dull Active
Delight Sadness
Danger Safety

Endanger Defend
Emerge Disappear
Extrovert Introvert
Expel Detain
Ebb Flow
Eligible Ineligible
Exclude Include
Economy Prodigality
Entrance Exit
Elastic Rigid
Establish Destroy
Emit Absorb

Flexible Hard
Fierce Gentle
Frugal Extravagant
Flexible Rigid
Fatal Harmless
Feeble Strong
Fresh Stale
Foreign Native
Famous Obscure
Fickle Constant

Guilt Innocence
Glory Shame
Grand Ordinary
Gay Sad
Garrulous Reserved
Genuine Fake
Gradual Sudden

26
Humility Insolence
Heredity Environment
Humble Proud
Haphazard Systematic
Harmony Dispute
Haste Delay
Haughty Humble
Hypocrisy sincerity

Interpret Misinterpret
Initial Final
Inhale Exhale
Invest Divest
Indolence Diligence
Install Remove
Innocent Guilty
Iniquity Virtue
Ignorant Learned
Imitation Real
Incompatible Compatible
Inhibited Uninhibited

Joy Sorrow
Just Unjust
Jovial Gloomy
Juvenile Old
Join Leave

Kernel Rind
Kill Revive
Kindle Extinguish
Kind Cruel

Lighten Darken
Lasting Ephemeral
Logical Illogical
Lack Abundance
Legitimate Illegitimate
Laud Condemn
Levity Gravity
Latent Apparent

27
Lenient Severe
Meek Assertive

Mysterious Obvious
Masculine Feminine
Miser Spendthrift
Mourn Rejoice
Manly Effeminate
Monk Nun
Mare Horse
Malady Remedy
Melody roughness
Merger Split
Maudlin Rational
Material Spiritual

Negligent Careful
Nadir Zenith
Nasty Pleasant
Novel Old
Noble Ignoble
Nervous Confident
Nucleus Periphery
Neglect Concern
Notorious Famous

Overt Covert
Obesity Leanness
Oblivious Mindful
Oblique Straight
Opaque Transparent
Omission Addition
Organize Disorganize

Pacify Provoke
Prolong Shorting
Partial Whole
Pleasant Unpleasant
Progressive Orthodox
Prohibit Permit

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Plentiful Scarce
Perilous Safe
Profuse Inadequate
Parsimony Prodigality
Pathos Humour
Prologue Epilogue
Pragmatic Impractical
Paradise Purgatory
Paltry Important
Persuade Dissuade
Pauper Rich
Prior Later

Reverence Insult
Rebuke Solace
Remarkable Simple
Repress Liberate
Rogue Gentleman
Recommend Reject
Relevant Irrelevant
Rude Polite
Reveal Conceal
Rational Irrational

Skilful Unskillful
Timidity Bravery
Sacred Profane
Sympathy Antipathy
Stern Mild
Sensible Foolish
Stealthy Aboveboard
Stubborn Compliant
Stupendous Ordinary
Succeed Precede
Sinecure Honorary
Sober Tipsy
Schism Unity

Tangle untangle
Tacit Express
Transitory Permanent

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 Tragedy Comedy

Uniform Varied
Unity Diversity
Urban Rural
Unanimity Dissent

Vague transparent
Verbal Written
Vulgar Refined
Voluntary Compulsory
Violent Gentle
Valour Cowardice
Vivacious Languid
Vile Pleasant
Vigorous Frail
Verity Falsity
Vital Superfluous

Whet Blunt
With Without
Wicked Virtuous
Wild Domestic

Zeal Indifference
Zig-zag Straight
Zenith Nadir

HOMOPHONES

Those words which are equal/same in sound & pronunciation but different in meaning are called
homophones.

Accede (v-agree): I can’t accede with you.

Exceed (v-surpass): None can surpass me.

Affect (v-to make effect): anger affects wisdom

30
Effect (n- positive impact): She is under my effect.

Adapt to (v-adjust to): It takes time to adapt to new environment.

Adept (adj-skilled) He is adept in politics.

Allusion (n- reference): This allusion is from Chetan Bhagat’s Two States.
Illusion (n-deception): This world is full of illusions.

Amiable (adj-sociable): Amiable people are liked by all.

Amicable (adj-friendly): My mother is very amicable to me.

Apposite (adj-suitable): The urban life is not apposite to my grandpa.

Opposite (adj/prep-contrary): Black is opposite white.

Affectation (n-speech or conduct not natural): Your affectation can’t ever last
Affection (n-love): Mother has unselfish affection for her children.

Bale (n-bundle): What is inside this bale?

Bail (n-security): The accused was released on bail.

Barron (n-landlord): Our barron is very gentle.

Barren (n-infertile): The world is turning into a barren land.

Bare ( v/adj- make nude/nude): Don’t go barefoot outdoor.

Bear (v-tolerate): Please bear with me.

Beside (prep-by the side of ): Please don’t sit beside me.

Besides(prep-other than, except): All were invited besides me.

Borne (v- move while holding up): The dead body was borne away to the graveyard.
Born (v-given birth to): I was born on 10 January, 1985.

Council (n-assembly): The chairman called the council of all HODs.

Counsel (n-advice): Thanks for good counsel.

Confidant (adj-faithful): I am ever confidant to you.

Confident (adj-sure): I am confident enough to win this game.

Coarse (adj-rough): Coarse is ever harmful

Course (n-way): Everyone has his course of living.

Comma (n-punctuation): Use comma to separate two same parts of speech

31
Coma (n-deep sleep): The patient is in coma.

Canvas (n-rough fabric): Canvas is used for painting.

Canvass (v-support): I will canvass you in forthcoming election.

Compliment (n-praise): Thanks for this compliment.

Complement (n-something that completes): Wisdom is complement of power.

Current (n-running stream): The current of patriotism unified all religions during
the freedom fight.
Currant (n-raisin): Currant is good for stomach.

Duel (n-a fight between two): Bhima killed Duryodhana in the last duel.
Dual (adj-double): A good politician is adept in dual policy.

Desert (n-infertile land): The Sahara is the biggest desert of the world.
Dessert (n-sweets after meal): Dessert is a complement of meal.

Disease (n-illness): Cancer is still an incurable disease.

Decease (n-death): None can escape from decease.

Esteem (n-respect): Swami Ramdev is worth high esteem.

Steam (n-water vapor): Steam engines first came into existence.

Elusive (adj-intangible): Bacon’ allusions are very elusive.

Illusive (n-deceptive): Your polite behaviour is actually illusive.

Extant (adj- still existing/ not destroyed): Superstition is extant in our society.
Extent (n-limit): Let me see to which extent she can go.

Formerly (adv-previously): Previously I would like to inform you.

Formally (adv-officially): Officially this is wrong.

Foul (adj-unfair): This is unfair to favour a wrong person.

Fowl (n-bird): Fowl is a kind of bird.

Flour (n- grinded corn): Flour is used for making chapatti.

Floor (n-level base of a room): We live on 2nd floor.

Fate (n-destiny): Destiny favours a brave man.

Fete (n-festival): It is a lavish often outdoor entertainment.

Gage (n-challenge): Life is a gage.

32
Gaze (v-stare): Please don’t stare at me.

Gait (n-manner of working): It is a manner of working.

Gate (n-big door): I have visited India Gate.

Goal (n-aim): What is your goal?

Gaol (n-prison): Lord Krishna was born in gaol.

Haven (n-harbor): This is a place where ships are loaded or unloaded.

Heaven (n-paradise): Kashmir was once regarded the paradise on the earth.

Hoard (v-gather): Now-days everyone is in haste to hoard money.

Horde (n-group) It is a group specifically of animals.

Hail (n- frozen drop of water): The fall of hail destroyed the whole crop.
Hale (adj-healthy): May God keep you hale & hearty for ever.

Humane (adj-kind): Please humane enough for the needy.

Human (adj-having human form or qualities): A human being is taken after God.

Idle (adj-lazy): Python is a lazy reptile.

Idol (n-statue): A few people believe in idol worship.

Indict (v-to accuse): Nobody can dare to indict me.

Indite (v- compose): You have indited a very beautiful article.

Incite (v-provoke): Nobody can incite me.

Insight (n-common sense): He lacks insight.

Kettle (n-pot/vessel): It is a kind of cooking pot.

Cattle (n-animals): Stop cattle from spoiling my crop.

Jealous (adj-envious): You are jealous of my success.

Zealous (adj-enthusiastic): Be ever zealous in life.

Kneed (n-press into mass): Please kneed the flour.

Need (n-requirement): You need not talk to me.

Knotty (adj-difficult): Every work is knotty until it is done.

Naughty (adj-mischievous): He is very naughty.

Lather (n-foam): It is a kind of foam.

Leather (n-animal skin): Leather is derived from animals.

33
Lain (v-past form of lay): It is a past form of ‘lay’.
Lane (n-narrow Street). It is a narrow street.

Loose (adj-not tight): I don’t like loose outfits.

Lose (v- be unable to find): He lost his watch.

Later (adv- afterward, soon after, in a while): I’ll see you later.
Latter (adj-second in position of two): Of milk and tea, I prefer tea.
Letter (n- piece of communication): It is a channel of communication.

Maul (n-wooden hammer): It is a wooden hammer.

Mall (n-public walk place): It is a public walk place.

Medal (n-reward of merit): It is a reward of merit.

Meddle (v-interfere): Please don’t meddle with my work.

Marital (adj-war like): He has martial nature.

Marshal (n-an officer of military): His uncle is a marshal.

Monetary (adj-relating to money): He is an expert of monetary matter.

Monitory (adj- warning): Monitory letters were dispatched to the parents.
Marry (v-to wed): Would you like to marry me?
Merry (adj-happy): Wish you merry Christmas.

Maize (n-corn): It is a kind of corn.

Maze (n-labyrinth): Life is like a maze.

Ordnance (n-war materials): He works in an ordnance factory.

Ordinance (n-law): An ordinance is a kind of law.

Pour (v-flow out): Please don’t pour oil into the mug.
Pore (n-small opening): It is a small opening.

Principal (n-head of the institution): Principal is the head of the institution.

Principle (n- theory/standards): I follow the principles set by my grandpa.

Patrol (v- walk the beat): The police patrols the city whole night.
Petrol (n- fuel): My motor bike runs by petrol.

Physics (n- a science): It is a science that deals with matter and energy and their
interactions.
Physic (n- an art of healing disease): It is an art of healing disease.

34
Physique (n- bodily makeup): Your physique is very good.

Prescribe (v- lay down ‘rules’): Don’t prescribe tough rules for the students.
Proscribe (v-to prohibit/ forbid): Smoking is proscribed here.

Precede (v- lead/head/pave the way): Marlow preceded Shakespeare.

Proceed (v-go on/carry on /continue): Let us proceed.

Rain (n-water from clouds): This year the rain was not adequate for the crop.
Rein (v-curb): It is necessary to curb desires.
Reign (v/n-rule): The English reined India around 400 years.

Route (n- path/way/road): This route leads to Aligarh.

Rout (n- utter defeat): Only the brave can bear routs happily.

Storey (n-floor of building): We live in 2nd storey.

Story (n-tale): Tell me an interesting story.

Specious (adj-showy): Specious promise can’t grow any fruit.

Spacious (adj-full of space): This flat is very spacious.

Sole (adj-only): Aryan is my sole son.

Soul (n-spirit): We are the souls of the supreme soul.

Sooth (n-truth): In sooth, I love you.

Soothe (v- console/appease/calm): It is very tough to soothe a crying baby.

Stationary (adj- fixed/motionless): The stars are stationary.

Stationery (n-writing material): My brother runs a stationery shop.

Tamper (n-meddle): Please don’t try to tamper with my records.

Temper (n-nature): Don’t lose your temper.

Team (n-a group of players): Indian cricket team is No1 in world rank.
Teem (v- be full of/ abound/be loaded): Man is teemed with infinite desires.

Umpire (n- a referee): Umpire gave wrong out to Sachin Tendulkar.

Empire (n- kingdom/territory): Bhagat Singh shook the roots of British Empire.

Urban (adj- of city): Urban life is totally artificial.

Urbane (adj-civil/refined): Everyone is appreciated for his urbane nature.

Vein (n-blood vessel): Veins carry blood from one organ to another in the body.

35
 Vain (adj-futile): Hard work never goes vain.

Vane (n-weather cock): It is a weather cock.

Wane (v-decrease): The moon is waning.
Van (n-motor vehicle): I commune up/down by van.

Vassal (n-a slave): Now, nobody is a vassal to anyone.

Vessel (n- a container/boat/ship): I wish to enjoy a voyage on a vessel.

Vale (n-valley): The vale of Kashmir was known as the heaven on the earth.
Wail (v- moan/weep): Don’t wail for what is lost.

Whether (adv-which one of two): It means which one of the two.

Weather (n-climate condition): Today the weather is fair.

Weak (adj-feeble): A weak man can’t face hard times.

Week (n-7 day’s period): There are 7 days in a week.

Q1: What are the requisites of sentence construction?

Answer:
A sentence is a group of words which has a complete meaning e.g. Ram lives in Kanpur.
Effectiveness of the sentence depends on how the sentence is written. Below are listed some
techniques or guidelines which can help in good sentence construction.

1. Avoid Long Sentence: simplified writing is always preferred because it easily conveys
the meaning. It can be achieved by writing short sentences. Unnecessary words should
not be used, e.g. the sentence below has several unnecessary words.
Faulty Sentence: when it is night, a hunter is so helpless that he cannot hunt.
Revised Sentence: A hunter is too helpless to hunt at night.

2. Avoid Absurd Sentence Structure: sometimes a sentence is constructed in such a way

that it makes the reader laugh or changes desired meaning. Such absurd sentences should
be avoided. It generally happens on account of lack of knowledge. See the example:
Faulty Sentence: trying to copy, the teacher caught him.
Revised Sentence: trying to copy, he was caught by the teacher.

36
 3. Don not Cram Different Points into one Sentence: each sentence should convey one
point. Two different points should not be conveyed by a single sentence. See the
example:
Faulty Sentence: he completed the work to the satisfaction of his boss and a cat mewed.
Revised Sentence: he completed the work to the satisfaction of his boss. A cat mewed.

4. Accuracy in the use of words: the words we use should convey the exact meaning-
neither more nor less than intended. Hence the selection of the word should be careful it
is the word and the order of the word which makes the meaning.
Faulty Sentence: cats live s in dens.
Revised Sentence: cats lives in houses.

5. Place the Main Points near the beginning: remember that reader wants to read the most
important information first. Hence the most important information should be placed first.
Faulty Sentence: after considering the demand of the employees for the special bonus,
the management decided that the special bonus should be given to the employees.
Revised Sentence: the management decided to give the special bonus to the employees
after considering the demand of the employees for the same.

6. Use Active Voice: one should try to write in the active voice in lieu of passive voice. The
use of active voice in technical writing is considered to be better than passive voice to
write more vigorously. In the active voice the sentence begins with the doer. But in
passive voice the doer can be hidden. It sometimes does not give complete information.

7. Sentence Fragment: avoid sentence fragments. The term fragment refers to a group of
words beginning with a capital letter and ending with a full stop. Although written as if it
were a sentence, a fragment is only a part of a sentence-such as a phrase or a subordinate
clause.
Faulty Sentence: Mahesh always doing his work in time.
Revised Sentence: Mahesh always does his work in time.

8. Shifts: avoid needless shifts in person and number. One should be very careful about the
use of pronouns. The pronoun should be used according to the noun.
Faulty Sentence: if a man works hard, we can succeed.
Revised Sentence: if a man works hard, he can succeed.

9. Gender Reference: avoid his/her and he/she gender construction as much as possible. It
looks awkward. However, this gender construction is always not possible to e avoided.
Faulty Sentence: the student is the best judge of his or her teacher.
Revised Sentence: the students are the best judge of their teachers.

10. Agreement of the verb with its subject: make a verb agree in number wit its subject. A
singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb.

37
 Ex: five thousand rupees is not a big amount.
Every boy knows what to do.

11. Take same structural and grammatical form: the similar ideas that are expressed in a
sentence should take the same structural and grammatical form e.g. noun should be used
with the noun, gerund with gerund and infinitive with infinitive.
Faulty Sentence: helping the poor is to serve God.
Revised Sentence: helping the poor is serving God.

12. Make positive sentence: we should avoid making negative statements. The same
statement can be said in both positive and negative without changing its meaning.
Faulty Sentence: he failed.
Revised Sentence: he could not succeed.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. What is synonym of ‘candid’?
a. silly b. childish, c frank and outspoken, d adjusting
2. Make noun of the word ‘tell’
a say b. state c. tale d. describe
3. Which of the following is true for momentous?
a. momentary b. short lived c. trivial d. short timed
4. Basic requirements of a good paragraph are:
a. emotion b. logic c. style, d. unity, coherence and emphasis
5. Inductive method of writing follows following pattern:
a. general statements to particular statements
b. particular statements to general statements
c. ambiguous statements to clear statements
d. none of the above
6. The repetition of structure in a sentence is the technique called:
a. inductive order
b. deductive order
c. chronological order
d. parallel construction
7. To achieve coherence in a paragraph which parts of speech is used:
a. noun b. Pronoun c. verb d. adverb
8. The logical relationship between the elements and the construction is:
a. brevity b. clarity c. precision d. coherence
9. Which one of these is not a feature of paragraph?
a. clarity b. coherence c. lengthy d. result-oriented

10. A representation of a single idea , explained in a group of sentence is called:

a. paragraph b. homophones c. synonyms d. antonyms

38
11. While writing the letters, memos or e-mail which kinds of sentence are used?
a. simple sentence
b. complex sentence
c. compound sentence
d. conditional sentence
12. A sentence with one main clause and one or more sub-ordinate clauses is called:
a. simple sentence
b. complex sentence
c. compound sentence
d. compound complex sentence

13. Being a linking device, which techniques are not included in convert devices?
a. indirect devices b. direct devices c. repletion of words d. use of article pronominal forms
and synonyms]

14. Which one of theses is not a property of a fragmented sentence?

a. it does not convey the complete meaning.
b. is confusing for the reader.
c. is used to introduce independent clause
d. start with linking words.
15. Sentences that expound and explain ideas are called.
a. descriptive sentences
b. narrative sentences
c. expository sentences
d. argumentative sentence
16. make verb of the word ‘blood’.
a. bloody
b. blooding
c. bleed
d. none of the above
17.make noun of the word ‘tell’.
a. say b. stare c. reveal d. describe
18. make noun of the word ‘revive’.
a. revival b. rely c. reveal d. real
19. make adjective of the noun ‘atom’.
a. atomy b. atom bomb c. atomic d. atone
20. make new words as directed:
a. abide (noun)
b. homely (adj)
c. young (noun)
d. bliss (verb)
21. which of the following is true:
‘momentous’ means
a. momentary b. short lived c. of great importance d. trivial
22. which of the following is false :
‘negligent’ means

39
 a. careless b. ignoring c. insincere d. careful
23. what is the meaning of ‘adeptness’?
a. cunningness b. cleverness c. dexterity d. adjustment

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1 The ……often pay attention to linear method.

2 Writing any….. message involves writing paragraphs.
3 The linear method also contributes to the ………of a paragraph.
4 A careful ……should be adopted to ensure proper length, unity and coherence of ideas.
5 Any writing that does not have……….directs the reader.
6 Unity is the ……..of unite ness.
7 ……..and……..should be avoided in a paragraph.
8 We should avoid ……….expressions in a paragraph.
9 A……………….can be defined as a distinct section of a piece of writing.
10 In an inductive method, an author moves from a ………statement to …….statement.
11 A dialogue is a …….between two parties.
12 A pronoun is used as a ……………for a noun.
13 ……..is a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit.
14 A paragraph is constructed around a ……idea.
15 The inductive method and the deductive method can be described as the ….. of each other.
16 The line of order often ……. matter into separate units.
17 The……is better known as brain storming.
18 A topic sentence is the part of the paragraph which sates its main idea…..and …..
19 ……..is required to impart prominence to the most important part of an argument.
20 ……means expressing the meaning of a passage in our own words.
21 Repetition of certain words gives ……. To a paragraph.

TRUE OR FALSE

.
1 The dead body of an animal is known as carcass.
2 Teetotaler is one who does not drink wine.
3 To come to a country to settle there is called immigration
4 A play with happy ending is called a tragedy.
5 One who loves others is called altruist.
6 One who studies things of past is called drover.
7 Iconoclast is one who breaks images.
8 One who hates woman is known as misogynist.

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 9 A child born after the death of his father is called posthumous.
10 The practice of marrying one person at a time is known as chronicle.
11 A person who eats too much is called glutton.
12 Sot is used for habitual drunkard.
13 Somnambulist is one who walks in sleep.
14 A person who looks at the bright side of life is called optimist.
15 A list of books is known a vocabulary.
16 Eclipse of the sun is called as lunar.
17 ‘Ultra-‘means above and over, higher in degree.
18 A disease which spreads by contact is known as infectious.
19 A word similar in meaning is called antonym.
20 The word ‘coherence’ literally means ‘consistency’ especially of speech, though, ideas and
reasoning.

Direction: give the meaning of the following homophones and use them in the sentences of
your own:

1. plain plane
2. elicit illicit
3. descent dissent
4. cession session
5. continuation continuance (2008-2009)

Direction: give the meaning of the following homophones and use them in the sentences of
your own:

1. stationery stationary
2. president precedent
3. emigrant immigrant
4. refuse refuge
5. diverse divers (MCA 2008-2009)

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