CMY1502/101/3/2020

Tutorial letter 101/3/2020

Introduction to Criminology:
Victims and Reduction of Crime
CMY1502

Semesters 1 & 2

Department of Criminology and Security

Science

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.
 CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES 4
2.1 Purpose 4
2.2 Outcomes and assessment criteria 4
3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS 5
3.1 Lecturer(s) 5
3.2 Department 5
3.3 University 5
4 RESOURCES 6
4.1 Prescribed books 6
4.2 Recommended books 6
4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves) 6
4.4 Library services and resources information 6
4.5 E-tutoring services offered to students 6
5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES 7
6 STUDY PLAN 7
7 PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING 7
8 ASSESSMENT 7
8.1 Assessment plan 7
8.2 General assignment numbers 8
8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers 8
8.2.2 Assignment due dates 8
8.3 Submission of assignments 9
8.4 Assignments 11
9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS 31
10 EXAMINATION 31
11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 32
12 IN CLOSING 32

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 CMY1502/101/3/2020

Dear Student

As part of this tutorial letter, we wish to inform you that Unisa has implemented a transformation
charter based on five pillars and eight dimensions. In response to this charter, we have also placed
curriculum transformation high on the agenda. For your information, curriculum transformation
includes the following pillars: student-centred scholarship, the pedagogical renewal of teaching and
assessment practices, the scholarship of teaching and learning, and the infusion of African
epistemologies and philosophies. These pillars and their principles will be integrated at both the
programme and module levels, as a phased-in approach. You will notice the implementation thereof
in your modules, and we encourage you to fully embrace these changes during your studies at Unisa.

1. INTRODUCTION

We are pleased to welcome you to this module and hope that you will find it both interesting and
rewarding. We shall do our best to make your study of this module successful. You will be well on
your way to success if you start studying early in the semester and resolve to do the assignments
properly.

You will receive a number of tutorial letters during the year. A tutorial letter is our way of
communicating with you about teaching, learning and assessment.

The study material for this module consists of the following:

 One study guide

 Tutorial letters 101 and 301 after registration and you will receive a number of additional tutorial
letters during the year

Tutorial letter 101 contains important information about the scheme of work, resources and
assignments for this module. We urge you to read it carefully and to keep it at hand when working
through the study material, preparing the assignments, preparing for the examination and addressing
questions to your lecturers.

Please read Tutorial letter 301 in combination with Tutorial letter 101 as it gives you an idea of
generally important information when studying at a distance and within a particular college. In this
tutorial letter (101), you will find the assignments and assessment criteria as well as instructions on
the preparation and submission of the assignments.

We have also included certain general and administrative information about this module. Please
study this section of the tutorial letter carefully. Right from the start we would like to point out that you
must read all the tutorial letters you receive during the semester immediately and carefully, as
they always contain important and sometimes urgent information.

Please note that students must visit the myUnisa website for CMY1502 on a regular basis to receive
the latest announcements. The postal service has unfortunately become notoriously unreliable of late
and it can therefore occur that a student's hard copy tutorial letter never reaches its destination. All
information relevant to the module is, however, placed on the myUnisa website and students should
therefore never be in a position where they are not aware of any announcements. If you cannot
access myUnisa website from a personal computer please visit an internet café, library or post office
where these facilities are available to the public. It will be students' own responsibility to ensure that
they are up to date with all the relevant announcements regarding CMY1502 placed on the myUnisa
website.

I hope that you will enjoy this module and wish you all the best!

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2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES

2.1 Purpose

The purpose of this module is for students to gain knowledge, problem solving skills and
competencies about victims and reduction of crime.

2.2 Outcomes and assessment criteria

OUTCOMES FOR THEME 1: General Introduction to Victims of Crime

Students should be able to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the victim of crime, the
key concepts that relate to the definition of a crime, the problems experienced by victims of crime and
a general profile of crime.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

After completing this theme, students should be able to:

 Define the concept ‘crime victim’

 Provide an overview of the approaches that relate to the concept of ‘crime victim’, such as the
positivist and radical approaches
 Identify problems experienced by crime victims
 Describe a general profile of crime victims in terms of the social and demographic
characteristics of victims

OUTCOMES FOR THEME 2: Victim Vulnerability, Specific Categories of Victims and Victim
Empowerment

Students must be able to demonstrate a logical understanding and insight of victim vulnerability, the
specific categories of victims who are particularly vulnerable to crime; and be able to unpack the
victim support and empowerment initiatives.

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

 Define the concept ‘victim vulnerability’

 Provide an overview of key concepts related to victim vulnerability with regard to the
precipitating and facilitating factors, the attractiveness of the target, and the lifestyle and the
interaction between the victim and the offender
 Describe specific categories of victims, such as children, youthful victims, women and elderly
victims as who are particularly vulnerable to crime
 Provide the definitions and the aims of victim support and victim empowerment
 Describe the Charter of Victim Rights
 Outline the different victim support models
 Explain the services available to victims of crime
 Sketch a proposed model for victim support in South Africa

OUTCOMES FOR THEME 3: Crime Prevention and Deduction

Students should be able to illustrate systematic knowledge of the prevention and the reduction of
crime in South Africa.

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ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

 Define the various crime prevention or reduction approaches

 Provide an overview of the main premises of the South African Crime Prevention Strategy
 Describe the objectives and proposed programmes of the four crime prevention pillars
 Explain the objectives of punishment
 Outline the penal objectives related to crime prevention or reduction
 Pronounce the specific contributions of rehabilitation, individual and general deterrence and
incapacitation with regards to the prevention or reduction of crime

3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1 Lecturer(s)

Mrs E. Joubert
Brooklyn House 1-47
Veale Street
Brooklyn, Pretoria
E-mail address: joubee@unisa.ac.za
Telephone: 012 433 9490

NB: You are welcome to contact me for all your academic enquiries via-email or telephone.
You may also visit me personally, but make sure that you phone me beforehand in order to make an
appointment or send me an email.

In the event that I am unavailable, you can also contact the secondary lecturer.

Secondary lecturer:
Dr M Barkhuizen
Brooklyn House 1-77
Veale Street
Brooklyn, Pretoria
Email address: barkhm@unisa.ac.za
Telephone: 012 4339483

3.2 Department

Department of Criminology and Security Science

P O Box 392
UNISA
0003

Departmental Secretary: Zanele Skhosana – 012 433 9434 (skhoszp@unisa.ac.za).

Administrative assistant: Mrs Judy Motha – 012 433 9475 (maponjm@unisa.ac.za)

3.3 University

If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module, please
consult the publication Study@Unisa which you received with your study material. This booklet
contains information on how to contact the university, for example to whom you may write, important
telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of times certain facilities are open.

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4 RESOURCES

4.1 Prescribed books

There are no prescribed books for this module. This means that you do not have to buy any
additional books. You need only study your study guide and tutorial letters.

4.2 Recommended books

There are no recommended books

4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

There are no e-Reserves in this module.

4.4 Library services and resources information

The Unisa Library offers a range of information services and resources:

 For brief information go to: https://www.unisa.ac.za/library/libatglance

 For more detailed Library information, go to
http://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Library
 For research support and services (e.g. Personal Librarians and literature search services), go to
http://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Library/Library-services/Research-support

The Library has created numerous Library guides: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za

Recommended guides:

 Request and find library material/download recommended material:

http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/request
 Postgraduate information services: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/postgrad
 Finding and using library resources and tools: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/Research_skills
 Frequently asked questions about the Library: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/ask
 Services to students living with disabilities: http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/disability

Important contact information:

 https://libguides.unisa.ac.za/ask - Ask a Librarian

 Lib-help@unisa.ac.za - technical problems accessing library online services
 Library-enquiries@unisa.ac.za - general library related queries
 Library-fines@unisa.ac.za - for queries related to library fines and payments

4.5 E-tutoring services offered to students

Please be informed that, with effect from 2013, Unisa offers online tutoring (e-tutoring) to students
registered for certain modules at NQF levels 5, 6 and 7 for qualifying first, second and third year
modules. Please communicate with your module leader to find out if any of the modules that you
have registered for falls in this category.

Once you have registered for a qualifying module, you are allocated to a group of students with
whom you will be interacting during the tuition period as well as an e-tutor who will be your tutor
facilitator. Hereafter, you will receive a sms informing you about your group, the name of your e-tutor
and instructions on how to log onto myUnisa in order to receive further information on the e-tutoring
process. Please note not all students will be allocated to an e-tutor, if there is not a sufficient number
of e-tutors available some students will be without an e-tutor.

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Online tutoring services are provided by qualified e-tutors who are appointed by Unisa. These
services are offered to students free of charge. You will, however, need access to a computer and
internet connection to participate in the e-tutoring services. If you live close to a Unisa regional centre
or a Telecentre contracted by Unisa, please visit these facilities to access the internet. All e-tutoring
services occur on myUnisa where you are expected to connect with other students in your allocated
group. It is the role of the e-tutor to guide you through your study material. In order for you to benefit
from the online tutoring, you need to participate in the online discussions that the e-tutor will be
facilitating.

There are modules, which students repeatedly fail and in this regard, face-to-face tutors and tutoring
services are offered (for these modules) at the Unisa regional centres free of charge. However, in
order for you to participate in this, you need to register at your nearest Unisa Regional Centre to
secure attendance of these classes.

5. STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES

Free computer and internet access

Unisa has entered into partnerships with establishments (referred to as Telecentres) in various
locations across South Africa to enable you (as a Unisa student) free access to computers and the
Internet. This access enables you to conduct the following academic related activities: registration;
online submission of assignments; and engaging in e-tutoring activities; signature courses; and in
myUnisa module discussion forums. Please note that any other activity outside of these is for your
own cost such as, printing and photocopying services. For more information on the Telecentre
nearest to you, please visit www.unisa.ac.za/telecentres.

Important information appears in your Study@Unisa brochure.

6 STUDY PLAN

Use Study@Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

7 PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING

There are no practicals for this module.

8 ASSESSMENT

8.1 Assessment plan

All students that submit both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates) will
automatically receive admission to the examination.

Both Assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory, and, therefore, you must submit both
Assignments to qualify for the exam. The year mark comprises of 20 percent of the Assignments’
marks (thus, each Assignment counts 10 percent towards the year mark). This 20 percent (that
comprises of both Assignments’ 10 percent marks) will then be included with the examination mark
(which counts 80 percent) in order to calculate your final mark for this module. No extension will be
granted for submission of the Assignments and you are requested not to apply for extension under
any circumstances. Please make an effort to commence with your Assignments as soon as possible
in order to avoid late submission.

Both Assignments form part of the learning material for this module. When you prepare for the
Assignments, thoroughly peruse through the study guide content and discuss the work with fellow
students or read-up on, or research the topic you are studying – this learning process is known as
‘actively learning’ and it will a sound foundation for your exam preparation.

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The assessment criteria provided above are broad guidelines of the Themes in the study guide and
comments on both the compulsory Assignments will be forwarded to all students registered for this
module in follow-up tutorial letters.

In terms of a decision made by the Senate and by the College of Law, all students must submit two
(compulsory) Assignments per module. One of the reasons for this is that a student is required to
provide evidence that he or she “actively studied” the module material before being allowed to
engage in the examination. The Department of Higher Education requires evidence of registered
students’ active academic participation before a specific date, and consequently no extension of
submission dates for the Assignments is allowed.

Another reason why students will not be permitted to submit Assignments after the due date is that
commentaries on the Assignments will be mailed to the students and will also be available on
myUnisa: official study material, this will enable students to study the Assignment comments and
answer guidelines for examination purposes. We trust that you understand the importance of the
Assignments and the fact that both Assignments must be submitted on time.

8.2 General Assignment numbers

This tutorial letter contains two (2) compulsory Assignments for each semester:

Semester 1: Assignment 01 and 02

Semester 2: Assignment 01 and 02

8.2.1 Unique Assignment numbers

In addition to the general Assignment numbers (01 or 02), a unique Assignment number (e.g.
205207) should also appear on the cover docket of your Assignment.

First semester

Assignment 01: Unique number: 874115

Assignment 02: Unique number: 845208

Second semester

Assignment 01: Unique number: 791005

Assignment 02: Unique number: 758366

8.2.2 Assignment due dates

First semester

Submission date for Assignment 01 is: 4 March 2020

Submission date for Assignment 02 is: 8 April 2020

Second semester

Submission date for Assignment 01 is: 19 August 2020

Submission date for Assignment 02 is: 23 September 2020

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8.3 Submission of Assignments

Students may submit the Assignments with the completed on mark-reading sheets either by post,
through Mobile MCQ submission or electronically via myUnisa. Please note that the Assignments
may not be submitted by fax or e-mail or sent to lecturers. For detailed information on Assignment
submissions, please refer to my Study@Unisa brochure, which you received with your study
package.

To submit an Assignment via myUnisa:

 Go to myUnisa
 Log in with your student number and password
 Select the module
 Click on “Assignments” in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen
 Click on the Assignment number you want to submit
 Follow the instructions

Please ensure that the following information appears on your Assignment cover:

Course code
Semester code
Assignment number
Student number
Unique number
Assignment date

You will receive the correct answers to multiple questions automatically. As noted above, comments
on compulsory Assignments will be forwarded to all students registered for this module in a
follow-up tutorial letter, and not only to those students who submitted the assignments. The tutorial
letter number will be 201. The 201 will also be available on myUnisa: official study material.

As soon as you have received the comments and feedback please check your answers. The
Assignments and the comments constitute an important part of your learning and should assist you to
be better prepared for the next Assignment and for the examination.

How to approach multiple-choice questions

Please read through the following remarks on answering multiple-choice questions and think about
them. Of course, you do not need to learn them, but please make sure that you understand what is
being said.

A multiple-choice question is the type of short question with a number of options from which the
student has to select the one he or she thinks is correct. The following is a simple example of a
multiple-choice question:

Which of the following objectives of punishment does NOT assist in the prevention of crime?

(1) rehabilitation
(2) individual deterrence
(3) incapacitation
(4) passive deterrence

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The components of a multiple-choice question consist of:

Problem statement or question

Which of the following objectives of punishment does NOT assist in the prevention of crime?

(1) rehabilitation
Distracters (2) individual deterrence
(3) incapacitation

Correct answer (4) passive deterrence

The problem statement or question provides the perspective from which, or the context within which
you have to work to find the most correct alternative. It gives an indication of how to approach the
question. Therefore, always read and consider the problem statement carefully. It is thus the function
of the problem statement is to ensure that one alternative is more correct than another.

What is the perspective from which or the context within which you have to work to find the most
correct alternative or answer to the question in the above example?

The key words are objectives of punishment and prevention of crime.

In the example, the key words objectives of punishment are important indicators because the
distractors 1 to 3 can all be classified as objectives of punishment.

You know that all the mentioned objectives of punishment are designed to prevent crime. Therefore,
alternative 4 is incorrect and thus the most correct answer.

It is important to consider all the alternatives from the perspective provided by the problem statement
or question. Sometimes students choose one of the first alternatives without even looking at the next.
That chosen alternative may be correct (1) rehabilitation in the above example), but one of the later
examples may be even more correct in the light of the perspective provided by the problem
statement.

Bear in mind that the distracters in a multiple-choice question are not necessarily wrong. You must
choose the most correct alternative.

Note that an incorrect answer does not mean that a mark or a fraction of a mark will be subtracted
from the number of correct answers, but merely that no mark is awarded for that answer.

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8.4 Assignments

SEMESTER 1

ASSIGNMENT 01 – COMPULSORY (MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS)

UNIQUE NUMBER: 874115

DUE DATE: 4 MARCH 2020

Before you start answering the multiple-choice questions, please ensure that you first read the
instructions which appear in the booklet entitled “Instructions for mark-reading sheet”.

NB: You only have to mark the corresponding number on your mark-reading sheet regarding each
of the twenty five (25) questions. Please make sure that you only mark one (1) correct answer
per question. If you mark two (2) numbers on your mark-reading sheet it will be marked as
wrong. Make sure that you answer all twenty five (25) questions asked below in the manner
explained above. The answers to these questions can be found in your study guide.

ASSIGNMENT 01: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 Tourists are easy targets because …

1. they are unaware of dangerous areas.

2. of their age and lifestyle.
3. they have been victims of repeated victimisation.
4. of ineffective crime prevention programmes.

2 Misinformation with regard to human trafficking is often fuelled by unreported, significant

elements. These are:

1. Grooming, trauma, fraud, manipulation and customary practises.

2. Skewed media representations, deceit, fraud and grooming.
3. Manipulation, trauma bonding, deceit, fraud and grooming.
4. Customary practises, grooming, manipulation and fraud.

3 A criminal event usually involves three (3) main components, namely:

(a) The criminal

(b) The victim
(c) The criminal act
(d) The opportunity

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (c) and (d)
3. (a), (b) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

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4 Indicate the three (3) categories applicable to physical injuries caused by crime.

1. Minor, moderate, major

2. Minor, moderate, severe
3. Mild, moderate, major
4. Mild, moderate, severe

5 For many years the victim was neglected by the…

1. law makers and society.

2. courts and society.
3. government and society.
4. criminal justice system and society.

6 Which one of the following is a contributing factor to children choosing a life on the street?

1. Peer pressure
2. Lack of discipline
3. Overpopulation in the family
4. Criminal parents

7 The Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime (2011) states that victims display four
psychological reactions to crime. Which option below refers to the victim’s third
psychological reaction to crime?

1. Disorganisation that may manifest itself in psychological effects such as distress,

thoughts about the crime event, nightmares, depression, guilt, fear, and a loss of self-
confidence and self-esteem
2. Normalisation or adjustment where the victim does whatever possible to reclaim his or
her life
3. This reaction involves emotions such as shock, fear, anger, helplessness, disbelief and
guilt
4. This reaction involves the victim’s attempt to come to terms with and accept the fact that
he or she has been victimised

8 Siegel (2011) stipulates that age, gender and lifestyle influence the association between
victimisation and marital status because:

(a) Widows and widowers are less prone to victimisation since they are older; interact with
older people; and are more likely to stay home at night and avoid public places.
(b) Young people (adolescents and teens) who are too young to get married reflect the lowest
victimisation risk.
(c) Young people (adolescents and teens) who are too young to get married reflect the highest
victimisation risk.
(d) Young single people visit public places, such as discos, more often than adults and
elderly people. This exposes them to interaction with high-risk peers and increases their
exposure to violence.

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (c) and (d)
3. (a), (b) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

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9 The presence of certain factors exposes some individuals to a greater possibility of being
victimised. This excerpt relates to the definition of:

1. Risk
2. Victim precipitation
3. Vulnerability
4. Victim facilitation

10 Cooper`s research (2008) found that 25% of elderly respondents reported being victims of …

1. pension day pay-outs.

2. living in high crime areas.
3. psychological abuse.
4. public transport.

11 Van der Hoven and Maree (2005) found that repeat victimisation relates to the fact that:

(a) The risk of victimisation increases successive victimisations

(b) Previous crime victimisation is a good predictor for subsequent victimisation
(c) The greater the number of prior victimisation incidents, the lower the likelihood that the
victim will experience future victimisation
(d) Victimisation tends to occur soon after the previous incident

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (c) and (d)
3. (a), (b) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

12 Characteristics of victims of partner violence often include the following:

1. Never absent from work, employed and frequently late

2. Frequently late, employed and not likely to receive help from the public
3. Do not hold a job for long, unproductive and never absent from work
4. Likely to receive help from the public, often absent from work and unproductive

13 Which one of the following is a strategy used for embarking on publicity campaigns as an
attempt to combat crime?

1. Removing opportunities to commit crime

2. Designing better, safer homes
3. Making people more security conscious
4. Targeting reinforcement

14 Which specific group is subjected to the highest rates of criminal victimisation?

1. Men
2. The youth
3. Women
4. The elderly

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15 Which option below is NOT a practical example of victim support?

1. Helping the victim to claim from his/her insurance.

2. Helping the victim to improve security.
3. Accompanying the victim to search for the offender.
4. Accompanying the victim to court.

16 Which factors mentioned below contribute to the ineffective rehabilitation of prisoners in South
Africa?

(a) The violent prison culture

(b) Long-term and life-sentenced offenders
(c) The rigid structure of the correctional service
(d) Overcrowding

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (b) and (d)
3. (a), (c) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

17 Choose the INCORRECT option. According to Delport (2013), abuse of the elderly refers to
intentionally withholding …

1. food
2. medical care
3. emotional support
4. personal care

18 The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) is currently placing emphasis on the notion of
… and effective treatment of inmates in order to institute law-abiding citizens once released.

1. restoration
2. restitution
3. retribution
4. rehabilitation

19 Repeat victimisation can be defined as a person, object or place being victimised more than…
during a limited period.

1. once
2. a couple of times
3. thrice
4. four times

20 Dastile`s (2014) research found that certain groups of women are more vulnerable to
victimisation. These groups include:

1. Minority groups, poor women and women living with disabilities

2. Majority groups, poor women and women living with disabilities
3. Minority groups, rich women and women living with disabilities
4. Majority groups, poor women and women living without disabilities

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21 A system of restitution will only benefit victims when offenders …

1. serve longer prison sentences.

2. make monetary payments.
3. have empathy for their victims
4. form part of prevention programmes.

22 Sexual activities between individuals who are closely related by kinship refers to:

1. Molestation
2. Intercourse
3. Grooming
4. Incest

23 Victims whose lives could expose them to danger are categorised as:

1. Low-risk victims
2. Medium-risk victims
3. Intermediate-risk victims
4. High-risk victims

24 Women are particularly vulnerable to which one of the following forms of victimisation?

1. Robbery
2. Embezzlement
3. Murder
4. Marital violence

25 When parents or caregivers fail to provide children with necessities, it is categorised as:

1. Abuse
2. Maltreatment
3. Neglect
4. Ill-treatment

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 SEMESTER 1

ASSIGNMENT 02 - COMPULSORY

UNIQUE NUMBER: 845208

DUE DATE: 8 APRIL 2020

Before you start answering the multiple-choice questions, please ensure that you first read the
instructions, which appear in the booklet entitled: Instructions for mark-reading sheet.

NB: You only have to mark the corresponding number on your mark-reading sheet regarding
each of the twenty five (25) questions. Please make sure that you only mark one (1) correct answer
per question. If you mark two (2) numbers on your mark-reading sheet it will be marked as wrong.
Make sure that you answer all 25 questions asked below in the manner explained above. The
answers to these questions can be found in your study guide.

ASSIGNMENT 02: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 The main objective of the lex talionis (eye for an eye) principle is to…

1. eradicate crime.
2. rehabilitate criminals.
3. deter criminals
4. protect the public

2 According to the boost explanation, repeat victimisation is dependent on the … of the initial
offence.

1. attempt
2. planning
3. failure
4. success

3 Due to victims being stigmatised, many people prefer the term “…” to the term “victim”.

1. warrior
2. survivor
3. conqueror
4. victor

4 Males, according to Siegel (2011), are much more likely than females to become victims of …

1. non-violent crime.
2. economic crime.
3. commercial crime.
4. violent crime.

5 The ease with which an offender can attain a target refers to:

1. The suitability of the target, physical appearance and distance

2. The suitability of the target, physical appearance and accessibility
3. The suitability of the target, physical visibility and accessibility
4. The suitability of the target, physical visibility and distance

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6 Which one of the following elements represents restitution?

1. The perpetrator always makes a monetary contribution to the victim

2. The perpetrator makes a monetary payment or renders services to the victim
3. The perpetrator always apologises for his or her wrongdoings
4. The perpetrator makes amends by replacing the damaged property

7 Embarking on publicity campaigns as an attempt to combat crime refers to:

1. Removing opportunities to commit crime

2. Designing better homes
3. Making people more security conscious
4. Targeting reinforcement

8 The idea that the victim’s behaviour might have been the spark or the provocation that ignited
the subsequent offence fits the definition of:

1. Risk
2. Victim precipitation
3. Vulnerability
4. Victim facilitation

9 Select the factors that play a role in the victimisation of the elderly.

(a) The elderly are physically stronger and less agile.

(b) Because the pension pay-out dates are widely known it makes the elderly easy targets.
(c) The elderly have a reduced income and economic liability often accompanies
victimisation.
(d) The elderly are more dependent on public transport than the rest of the public and this
increases their exposure to crime.

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (b) and (d)
3. (a), (c) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

10 A system of restitution requires victims to benefit from the process. Offenders should:

1. Serve longer prison sentences

2. Make monetary payments
3. Have empathy for the victims
4. Form part of prevention programmes

11 Child abuse occurs especially in families where one parent (or both) come/s from:

1. An orphanage
2. A high-risk community
3. A broken home
4. A violent family

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12 Indicate the myths surrounding sexual offences against women.

(a) Women want to be raped.

(b) Many women lie about being raped because they regret having sex.
(c) If a woman really wanted to defend herself against a rapist she would do so.
(d) A woman who says ‘no’ actually means ‘no’.

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (b) and (d)
3. (a), (c) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

13 Statistical data reveals that young people face a much greater risk of being victimised than
older people because of ...

1. their age.
2. their level of maturity.
3. their level of growth.
4. their lifestyle.

14 Victimology can be defined as:

a) Measures used by society to respond to victimisation

b) Events leading to victimisation
c) The community’s experience of victimisation
d) The victim’s experience

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (c) and (d)
3. (a), (b) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

15 Which theory attempts to explain and provide an understanding of intimate violence?

1. Social structure
2. Routine activity
3. Learned helplessness
4. Rational choice

16 Utilising CCTVs in banking halls to detect bank robbers is an example of the …

1. social crime prevention model.

2. community-based crime prevention model.
3. limiting opportunities from crime prevention model.
4. biophysical crime prevention model.

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17 People living in rural areas are less victimised because they believe in … living and uphold the
principle of …

1. communal; individualism.
2. communal; Ubuntu.
3. private; individualism.
4. private; Ubuntu.

18 Da Costa, Spies and Coetzee`s (2014) study found that female sex offenders share specific
characteristics:

1. Functional, placid family life

2. Low prevalence of sexual victimisation
3. Target mainly male victims
4. Young, familiar children are victimised

19 Which option below is a practical example of victim support?

1. Searching for better employment opportunities

2. Accompanying the victim to search for the offender
3. Accompanying the victim to court
4. Financial support

20 According to Geldenhuys (2016), two characteristics contribute to the vulnerability of tourists.

Some of them may be…

1. inconspicuous and predictable.

2. conspicuous and predictable.
3. discrete and predictable.
4. different and predictable.

21 Which of the below-mentioned reasons contribute to the ineffective rehabilitation of prisoners

in South Africa?

(a) The violent prison culture

(b) Long-term and life-sentenced offenders
(c) The rigid structure of the correctional service
(d) Overcrowding

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (b) and (d)
3. (a), (c) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

22 Benokraitis (2011) is of the opinion that one of the best predictors of youth abuse and neglect
is …

1. a lack of education.
2. a lack of social skills.
3. poverty.
4. unemployment.

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23 The presence of certain factors exposes some individuals to a greater possibility of being
victimised. This excerpt relates to the definition of:

1. Risk
2. Victim precipitation
3. Vulnerability
4. Victim facilitation

24 Implementing school-based programmes on life skills is a basic premise of … the National

Crime Prevention Strategy.

1. Pillar 1: The integrated criminal justice

2. Pillar 2: Crime prevention through environmental control and design
3. Pillar 3: Promotion of community values and education
4. Pillar 4: Prevention of transnational crimes

25 Which crime is NOT considered by victimologists as a victim precipitated crime?

1. Rape
2. Robbery
3. Murder
4. Fraud

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 CMY1502/101/3/2020

SEMESTER 2

ASSIGNMENT 01 – COMPULSORY

UNIQUE NUMBER: 791005

DUE DATE: 19 AUGUST 2020

Before you start answering the multiple-choice questions, please ensure that you first read the
instructions, which appear in the booklet entitled: Instructions for mark-reading sheet.

NB: You only have to mark the corresponding number on your mark-reading sheet regarding each
of the twenty five (25) questions. Please make sure that you only mark one (1) correct answer
per question. If you mark two (2) numbers on your mark-reading sheet it will be marked as
wrong. Make sure that you answer all 25 questions asked below in the manner explained
above. The answers to these questions can be found in your study guide.

ASSIGNMENT 01: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 Which two (2) theories form part of the social development model?

1. Social learning and social disorganisation

2. Social disorganisation and anomie
3. Social bonding and routine activity
4. Social control and social bonding

2 The focal point of the biophysical prevention model is:

1. The early identification of troubled juveniles

2. The early identification and treatment of criminals
3. The early identification of potential law violators
4. The early identification and treatment of recidivists

3 Deterrence can be best explained as inhibiting criminal behaviour …

1. through personal preferences.

2. by exposure to previous programmes.
3. by state imposed sanctions.
4. by exercising social control.

4 Which one of the following is NOT a benefit of restorative justice?

1. Prevention of re-offending
2. Support of victims of crime
3. Benefitting from criminal justice agencies
4. Dispute resolutions involving the community

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5 The Canadian Resource Centre for Victims of Crime (2011), postulates that victims have four
psychological reactions to crime. Identify the option below that refers to the victim’s second
psychological reaction to crime.

1. Disorganisation coupled with psychological effects such as distress, thoughts about the
crime event, nightmares, depression, guilt, fear, and a loss of self-confidence and self-
esteem
2. Normalisation or adjustment and the victim does whatever is possible to reclaim his or her
life
3. This reaction involves emotions such as shock, fear, anger, helplessness, disbelief and
guilt
4. The victim attempts to come to terms with and accept the fact that he or she has been
victimised

6 The Service Charter for Victims of Crime in South Africa was adopted to…

1. provide victims with knowledge of what they can expect from the SAPS.
2. eliminate secondary victimisation of victims by the criminal justice process.
3. provide resources to offenders when service standards are not met.
4. place victims at the centre of the Department of Correctional Services.

7 …, as an objective of punishment, is often associated with lex talionis, the principle of ‘an
eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth’.

1. Incapacitation
2. Restitution
3. Retribution
4. Deterrence

8 Child sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that the child does not fully …
and is unable to give informed … to.

1. agree to, consent

2. agree to, dissent
3. comprehend, consent
4. comprehend; dissent

9 Which theory explains that victimisation is the result of direct victim-offender contact in
conjunction with the co-presence of time and space, a motivated offender, a suitable target,
and the absence of a capable guardian?

1. Social structure
2. Routine activity
3. Rational choice
4. Social bond

10 Which one of the following professionals is exposed to a higher risk of victimisation due to
his/her occupation?

1. An administrative officer
2. A police officer
3. A teacher
4. A medical doctor

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11 Identify the three (3) categories applicable to physical injuries caused by crime.

1. minor, moderate, major.

2. minor, moderate, severe
3. mild, moderate, major
4. mild, moderate, severe

12 Which phase in the cycle of violence against women refers to the victim who tries to remove or
reduce all irritants from the abuser to keep him calm?

1. Honeymoon
2. Explosion
3. Compassion
4. Tension building

13 The mission of the Victim Empowerment Programme (VEP) focuses on:

1. Ensuring an isolated, holistic and coordinated service delivery to victims of crime in an

enabling environment
2. Ensuring an integrated, holistic approach and coordinated service delivery to victims of
crime in an enabling environment
3. Ensuring an integrated, individualistic approach and coordinated service delivery to
victims of crime in an enabling environment
4. Ensuring an isolated, individualistic approach and wavering service delivery to victims of
crime in an enabling environment

14 Empathetic, person-centred assistance that is rendered by an organisation or individual after an

incident of victimisation refers to:

1. Victim support
2. Victim care
3. Victim empowerment
4. Victim help

15 Low-risk victims are regarded as those victims whose …; … and … lives do not usually expose
them to the likelihood of suffering danger.

1. emotional, professional; social

2. financial, personal; social
3. personal, professional; social
4. psychological, personal; social

16 Which model stipulates that the early identification and treatment of crimes and criminals,
especially in the event of children with problems, may play an important part in preventing
crime?

1. Limiting opportunities for crime

2. Community-based crime prevention
3. Social crime prevention
4. Biophysical crime prevention

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17 Dastile (2014) indicates that certain groups of women are more vulnerable to victimisation.
These groups include:

1. Majority groups, poor women and women living without disabilities

2. Majority groups, poor women and women living with disabilities
3. Minority groups, rich women and women living with disabilities
4. Minority groups, poor women and women living with disabilities

18 Which one of the options below are examples of appropriate services to crime victims in the
criminal justice system?

(a) The right to receive retribution from the offender

(b) Advice on preventive measures
(c) Referral to support agencies
(d) The right to be notified of the outcome of the investigation

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (b) and (d)
3. (a), (c) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

19 Artz and Smyth (2013) state that elements of sexual harassment include:

(a) An implied promise of reward for complying with a sexual request

(b) Unwelcome sexual attention from another person
(c) An implied threat of reprisal for agreeing to comply with a sexual request
(d) Unwelcome explicit or implicit behaviour

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (b) and (d)
3. (a), (c) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

20 In comparison to past statistics, the rate of black victimisation is on a drastic … and as such
the racial victimisation gap is ...

1. increase, widening.
2. increase, narrowing.
3. decrease, widening.
4. decrease, narrowing.

21 Dussich (2006) defines victimology as an academic, … and … discipline that focuses on

studying data describing the cause relationship of victimisation.

1. unscientific; cause-effect
2. practical; cause-effect
3. scientific; cause-effect
4. unempirical; cause-effect

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22 The philosophy of care and assistance and a specific approach by service providers to deliver
the service they pledged to deliver, refers to…

1. victim support.
2. victim care.
3. victim empowerment.
4. victim help.

23 Males, according to Siegel (2011), are much more likely than females to become victims of …

1. violent crime
2. economic crime
3. commercial crime
4. non-violent crime

24 Which option below is NOT a programme recommended by Hoskins (2014) to improve skills
and strengthen relationships between parents and adolescents?

1. Community-based programmes
2. Protecting adolescents against high-risk behaviours
3. Enhancing parenting skills for fathers
4. Enhancing parenting skills for mothers

25 Diversion programmes for petty offenders and youthful offenders aim to divert this specific
category of offenders…

1. to developmental programmes.
2. to psychological testing.
3. out of the criminal justice system.
4. to places of safety.

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 SEMESTER 2

ASSIGNMENT 02 - COMPULSORY

UNIQUE NUMBER: 758366

DUE DATE: 23 SEPTEMBER 2020

Before you start answering the multiple-choice questions, please ensure that you first read the
instructions, which appear in the booklet entitled: Instructions for mark-reading sheet.

NB: You only have to mark the corresponding number on your mark-reading sheet regarding each
of the twenty five (25) questions. Please make sure that you only mark one (1) correct answer
per question. If you mark two (2) numbers on your mark-reading sheet it will be marked as
wrong. Make sure that you answer all 25 questions asked below in the manner explained
above. The answers to these questions can be found in your study guide.

ASSIGNMENT 02: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 A system of restitution requires victims to benefit from the process. Offenders should:

1. Serve longer prison sentences

2. Make monetary payments
3. Empower victims
4. Form part of prevention programmes

2. Crime prevention by means of environmental design will:

1. Decrease the fear of crime

2. Reduce police patrols
3. Decrease repeat victimisation
4. Reduce the opportunity for crime

3. Identify the crucial factors linked to successful crime prevention.

a. State and community involvement

b. Implementation of causation theories
c. Reducing the threat of fear of crime
d. A multidimensional crime prevention approach

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (c) and (d)
3. (a), (b) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

4 Research conducted by Cooper (2008) found that 25% of elderly respondents reported
being victims of …

1. pension day pay-outs.

2. living in high crime areas.
3. psychological abuse.
4. public transport.

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5 What is the link between women’s qualifications and sexual harassment?

1. These women are exposed to men in managerial positions

2. Men believe in the myths surrounding sexual harassment
3. Attractiveness of the target to the criminal prone individual
4. These women portray a crime prone lifestyle

6 Van der Hoven and Maree (2005) are of the opinion that repeat victimisation relates to the fact
that:

(a) Victimisation increases successive victimisations.

(b) Previous crime victimisation is a good predictor for subsequent victimisation.
(c) The greater the number of prior victimisation incidents, the lower the likelihood that the
victim will experience future victimisation.
(d) Victimisation tends to occur soon after the previous incident.

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (c) and (d)
3. (a), (b) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

7 The ease with which the offender can conquer the target without much effort refers to the
suitability of the target`s…

1. physical visibility and accessibility.

2. physical appearance and accessibility.
3. physical visibility and distance.
4. physical appearance and distance.

8 The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) strives to prevent recidivism among youth
offenders by providing … that focuses on education, human development and training.

1. restitution
2. retribution
3. rehabilitation
4. restoration

9 The term … means to enable the victim to regain ownership of the criminal event and its
repercussions; and to give the victim the opportunity to gain control over his/her life or the
situation in which he or she is.

1. support
2. care
3. empowerment
4. help

10 Child sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that the child does not fully …
and is unable to give informed … to.

1. agree, consent
2. agree, dissent
3. comprehend, consent
4. comprehend; dissent

27
11 Victimology can be defined as:

a) Measures used by the society to respond to victimisation

b) Events leading to victimisation
c) The community’s experience of victimisation
d) The victim’s experience

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (c) and (d)
3. (a), (b) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

12 Poor people are most likely to suffer … while rich people are mostly victims of …

1. violent crime; personal theft.

2. non-violent crime; personal theft.
3. economic crime; personal theft.
4. economic crime; violent crime.

13 The goals of victim support include to:

(a) Prevent or reduce secondary victimisation by the criminal justice system by providing
information on matters such as progress with the investigation; the functioning of the
court system; and the rights of victims in the system
(b) Identify symptoms of anxiety disorder and refer victims to counsellors and other
professional services where necessary
(c) Prevent repeat victimisation by advising and guiding individuals to maintain a preventive
lifestyle, and by creating awareness among the public of the risks of crime
(d) Reduce the psychological trauma victims experience by providing emotional support and
practical assistance, either immediately or shortly after the incident

Choose the correct combination:

1. (a), (b) and (c)

2. (a), (b) and (d)
3. (a), (c) and (d)
4. (b), (c) and (d)

14 The flag explanation of repeat victimisation is based on the vulnerability and … of the victim.

1. attractiveness
2. carelessness
3. carefulness
4. weakness

15 The probability of a person becoming a victim of crime relates to:

1. Victim risk
2. Victim precipitation
3. Victim vulnerability
4. Victim facilitation

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16 Extreme emotional and physical outbursts by the abuser represents a specific phase/stage in
the cycle of violence for battered women:

1. Tension building
2. Explosion
3. Compassion
4. Honeymoon

17 In South Africa, and specifically in the Department of Correctional Services, there has been a
shift in the treatment of offenders. This shift intends to give effect to the notion of … and
effective treatment of inmates to help them to become law-abiding citizens.

1. restoration
2. restitution
3. retribution
4. rehabilitation

18 Sexual activities between individuals who are closely related by kinship refers to:

1. Molestation
2. Intercourse
3. Grooming
4. Incest

19 Probable reasons why a large urban area will be more crime-oriented than a rural community is
the greater degree of … and … characteristics of its inhabitants.

1. conspicuousness; weaker social bonding

2. conspicuousness; stronger social bonding
3. anonymity; weaker social bonding
4. anonymity; stronger social bonding

20 When parents or caregivers fail to provide children with necessities, it is categorised as:

1. Abuse
2. Maltreatment
3. Neglect
4. Ill-treatment

21 The … crime prevention model emphasises that the most important units of socialisation,
namely the family, schools, peers and the community, influence behaviour sequentially.

1. limiting opportunities
2. community-based
3. social
4. biophysical

29
22 Da Costa, Spies and Coetzee`s (2014) study found that female sex offenders share specific
characteristics:

1. Functional, placid family life

2. Low prevalence of sexual victimisation
3. Target mainly male victims
4. Young, familiar children are victimised

23 Women are particularly vulnerable to which one of the following forms of victimisation?

1. Robbery
2. Embezzlement
3. Murder
4. Marital violence

24 The main objective of the lex talionis (an eye for an eye) principle is to…

1. eradicate crime.
2. rehabilitate criminals.
3. deter criminals.
4. protect the public.

25 Throughout the years one important component was left out of crime prevention.

1. Public campaigns
2. The community
3. Effective urban developing
4. Behaviour modification therapy

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 CMY1502/101/3/2020

9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS

For students attending e-tutoring sessions, the e-tutors may set additional tasks and give online
feedback.

10 EXAMINATION

For general information and requirements as far as examinations are concerned, see the brochure
Study@Unisa which you received with your study material.

Examination admission

All students who have submitted both Assignments 01 and 02 in time (before or on the closing dates)
will automatically receive admission to the examination.

How will this work in practice?

Both assignments (01 and 02) are compulsory. You must submit both. The year mark is based on
20 per cent of the assignment marks (each assignment counts half – 10 per cent – towards the year
mark) which will be added to the examination mark (which counts 80 per cent) to calculate the final
mark for this module. No extension whatsoever will be granted for submission of the assignments
and you are requested not to apply for extension under any circumstances.

Examination period

This module is offered in a semester period of 15 weeks. This means that if you are registered for
the first semester, you will write the examination in May/June 2020 and the supplementary
examination will be written in October/November 2020. If you are registered for the second semester
you will write the examination in October/November 2020 and the supplementary examination will be
written in May/June 2021.

The Examination Section will provide you with information about the examination in general,
examination venues, examination dates and examination times during the course of the semester in
question.

Examination paper

You will write one two-hour paper on an official examination mark-reading sheet as the exams will
consist only of multiple-choice questions.

The paper counts 50 marks.

Your examination mark out of 50 will be adapted to a mark out of 100.

Your examination mark out of 50 (calculated to represent the 80 percent examination mark) together
with your year mark (based on the 20 percent of your assignment marks) will be added to calculate
your final mark for this module.

Previous examination papers are only available to students on myUnisa. Additionally, you may
accept that the self-evaluation questions and activities in the study guide will help you prepare for the
exams.

31
Suggestions on how to approach the examination

It goes without saying that in order to achieve success in any examination there is no substitute for a
sound knowledge of the subject, which can be attained only by way of a thorough study of the study
guide!

However, our experience has been that students who apparently have a good knowledge of the
subject sometimes fail to obtain a pass mark. It is a good idea first to read carefully through each
question on the paper before you attempt to answer it.

Our endeavour is always to ensure that examination papers are not too long and to set a paper that
will test your knowledge in a fair and proper manner and to maintain sound standards. Therefore,
students who have obtained a degree from this University may take pride in their achievement.

11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Please read through Study@Unisa brochure which contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study
information.

12 IN CLOSING

I hope that you will enjoy this module and I wish you the very best for your studies!

Mrs E. Joubert

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