Scribd
Upload
565 views

Mutations NOTES

Mutations are changes to genetic material and can be either gene mutations or chromosomal mutations. Gene mutations include point mutations, such as substitutions, insertions, or deletions of nucleotides, and frameshift mutations which alter the entire amino acid sequence. While most mutations are neutral, some can disrupt protein structure or gene activity, causing diseases. However, beneficial mutations provide genetic variation that can be advantageous for populations in changing environments. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in chromosome number or structure.

Uploaded by

Baikuntha Sabar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
565 views

Mutations NOTES

Mutations are changes to genetic material and can be either gene mutations or chromosomal mutations. Gene mutations include point mutations, such as substitutions, insertions, or deletions of nucleotides, and frameshift mutations which alter the entire amino acid sequence. While most mutations are neutral, some can disrupt protein structure or gene activity, causing diseases. However, beneficial mutations provide genetic variation that can be advantageous for populations in changing environments. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in chromosome number or structure.

Uploaded by

Baikuntha Sabar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Mutation Notes

Mutations- changes to genetic material.


Two types: Gene Mutations and Chromosomal Mutations
Gene Mutations (a.k.a. point mutations)- changes to a single gene
Point mutations- changes in one or a few nucleotides
at a single point in the DNA sequence.
ex. substitutions, insertions, deletions.
Insertions and deletions are Frameshift Mutations and tend to be
more problematic than substitutions. Substitutions tend to result
in one wrong amino acid in the chain. Frameshift Mutations alter
the codons read from that point on, therefore the entire sequence of
amino acids is incorrect. This results in an altered protein that is
unable to perform its normal function.
Mutations: good or bad?
Many, if not most, mutations are neutral to gene expression.

Mutations that cause dramatic changes in protein structure or gene


activity often disrupt normal biological activities.
ex. sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis.

Beneficial mutations produce genetic variation which can be beneficial


to populations. New proteins or altered activity can be useful in a
changing environment. ex. HIV resistance
Chromosomal Mutations
involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy