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L1 Orientation PDF

This document provides a historical overview of fluid machines from ancient times to modern developments. It discusses early machines from Archimedes and the Romans. Key developments during the Renaissance included Leonardo da Vinci's work and the first centrifugal pump. The 19th century saw important innovations like Fourneyron's turbine and Pelton's impulse wheel. Theoretical work by Euler, Bernoulli, and others established the foundations of turbomachinery analysis through equations like Euler's turbomachinery equation.

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74 views

L1 Orientation PDF

This document provides a historical overview of fluid machines from ancient times to modern developments. It discusses early machines from Archimedes and the Romans. Key developments during the Renaissance included Leonardo da Vinci's work and the first centrifugal pump. The 19th century saw important innovations like Fourneyron's turbine and Pelton's impulse wheel. Theoretical work by Euler, Bernoulli, and others established the foundations of turbomachinery analysis through equations like Euler's turbomachinery equation.

Uploaded by

Rohan Gupta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MI 304 FLUID MACHINES

LECTURE 1

B. K. Gandhi
S. Contents Contact
No. Hours
1. Introduction: Classification, velocity diagrams, Euler’s 8
turbomachinery equation, similarity laws and specific
speed, aerofoil and cascade theory, impulse and
reaction principle, degree of reaction.

2. Hydraulic Turbines: Types, Pelton, Francis, Kaplan, 8


propeller and bulb turbines, power and efficiency
calculations, draft tube, cavitation, Thoma’s cavitation
factor, governing of impulse and reaction turbines,
water hammer, surge control

3. Rotodynamic Pumps, Fans and Compressors: 8


Classification, centrifugal, mixed and axial flow pumps,
head, power and efficiency calculations, system losses
and system head, impeller slip and slip factors, fans
and compressors, internal and stage efficiency, stalling.
4 Performance Characteristics of Fluid Machines: Head, 6
capacity and power measurement, performance and
operating characteristics, Muschal or constant efficiency
curves, model testing.

5 Hydro-Static Machines: Principle of positive displacement 7


machines, working principle of reciprocating pumps and
compressors, indicator diagram, volumetric efficiency, slip,
effect of friction and acceleration, air vessels, two throw and
three throw pumps, constant and variable delivery, rotary
pumps and compressors.

6 Hydraulic Power Transmission Devices: Fluid coupling 5


and torque converter, hydraulic jack, press, crane, pressure
accumulator and intensifier.
Reference Books:
S. no Name of Authors /Books /Publisher Year

1 Donglas, J.M., Gasiorek, J.M, and Swaffield, J.A., “Fluid 2006


Mechanics”, 5th Ed., Prentice-Hall
2 Gopalkrishnan, G., and Prithviraj, D., “A Treatise on 2002
Turbomachinery”, Scitech Publications

3 Dixon, S.L., “Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics of 2005


Turbomachinery”, 5th Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann

4 Logan, E., “Turbomachinery: Basic Theory and Applications”, 2002


2nd Ed., CRC Press

5 R.L. Daugherty, Hydraulic Turbines, “ Mc Graw Hill Company 1998


Ltd.
6 Jagdish Lal, “Hydraulic Machines”, Metropolitan Book 1997
Company Pvt. Ltd.
Load and marks Distribution
Lecture  3 hrs/week
Tutorial 1 hr/week
Practical  2 hrs/ fortnight
CW 20 marks
SW  20 marks
MTE 20 marks
ETE 40 marks
Class performance
Tutorial 10 marks
Quizs 10 marks
Practical  10 marks
Lab quiz 10 marks
Fluid machine
• Fluid
– Fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the
action of shear force, howsoever small it may be.

• Machine
– A device which transform one form of energy to another form.

• Fluid machine
– It is a device which converts the energy stored by a fluid into
mechanical energy or vice versa.

• Forms of Energy stored in a fluid


– Pressure energy
– Kinetic energy
– Potential energy
1.1 Historical Development
Historical background and present state of development
Turbomachines notably the Archimedean screw and the
Hero “engine” have come down to us in various modified
forms from the earliest times to the present day.

The invention of the Archimedean screw is usually


attributed to Archimedes of Alexandria (287‐212 B.C.),
and it is thought that the idea came to him on a visit to
Egypt.
The Romans’ principal concern with regard to hydraulic
machines was with moving water from one location to
another‐water supply systems.
1.2 Historical Development

Typical Archimedean screws for raising water 
from mines by the ancient Romans
1.2 Historical Development

Schematic diagram of an Egyptian screw or 
Cocleon – a device for raising water for irrigation
1.2 Historical Development

Hero engine or Aeoliphile
1.2 Historical Development
The middle Ages
The fall of the western part of the Roman Empire in about
400 A.D. was followed by a transmission period of about
one thousand years – a period frequently called the Dark
Ages.

At the beginning of the 14th century Europe had furnaces


with large air‐bellows driven by waterwheels.

However, progress in hydraulics and hydraulic machines


was still painful slow because of the fallacious beliefs and
arguments that originated from the reigning philosophy
of science.
1.2 Historical 
Development

Overshot waterwheel 
for raising water from 
mines
1.2 Historical Development
The Renaissance
The second half of the 15th century was marked by a
number of events that created the atmosphere for
rethinking philosophical science and the birth of the
experimental method.
One individual was preeminent in the Renaissance years
– Leonardo da Vinci (1452‐1519)
The principle of continuity might justifiably be credited to
Leonardo, together with the idea of using centrifugal
force for lifting liquids.
His treatise on hydraulics was itself a monumental work.
Leonardo had also thought about hydraulic motors and
deduced correctly that overshot waterwheels intrinsically
more efficient than undershot wheels
1.2 Historical Development
The Post Renaissance
The first centrifugal pump was built more than 15 centuries
ago; it was made of wood, and the impeller had double
curvature.

Although Leonardo first suggested using centrifugal force for


lifting water, the invention of the predecessor of the modern
centrifugal pump has been attributed to Denis Papin (1647‐
1714).
The rotor of this pump had two flat radial blades rotating in a
closed cylindrical casing.

Jean‐Charles made the first analysis and design of horizontal


waterwheels in 1767.
Jean Victor Poncelet designed and built another very
successful waterwheel in the early nineteenth century.
An adjust
1.2 Historical Development

Poncelet waterwheel

Horizontal waterwheel of Borda
1.2 Historical Development
The 19th century to the present
The first hydraulic machine, having recognizable elements
in modern‐day turbines, was devised by Claude Burdin
(1790‐1873)
Problems of Burdin design:
Unfortunately, Burdin never built a prototype or even a
working model.
The design also lacked a casing, the clearances were not
sufficiently small, and the runner blades were not well
shaped in the aerodynamic or hydrodynamic sense.

The problems of the Burdin design were eliminated in the


turbine design of Benoit Fourneyron (1802‐1867).
(Fourneyron was a student of Burdin)
1.2 Historical Development

Six‐blade efflux‐type radial turbine designed by Burdin
1.2 Historical Development
A short time after the success of the Fourneyron machine, 
in 1844, a company in United States acquired the rights to 
a turbine designed by Uriah Boyden.
The chief engineer, James Francis (1815‐1892), was given a 
task of improving its performance.
Present day Francis turbine of the inward radial flow type 
are due to his pioneering work. 
During the 19th century, a number of impulse turbines were 
also invented. 
Only one has survived to the present day – the Pelton wheel 
‐ named in honor Lester A. Pelton (1829‐1908)
1.2 Historical Development

Pelton Patent of 1889
Leonhard Euler 

• Leonhard Euler (1707‐1783) was


arguably the greatest mathematician of
the eighteenth century.
•One of the most prolific of all time; his
publication list of 886 papers and books
fill about 90 volumes.
•Remarkably, much of this output dates
from the last two decades of his life,
when he was totally blind.
•Euler's prolific output caused a
tremendous problem of backlog: the St.
Petersburg Academy continued
publishing his work posthumously for
more than 30 years.
Theoretical and Rigorous Work of French

• Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler.
• 1750:Euler offered a memoir containing analysis and 
equations for hydraulic turbines.
• 1754: An idealized theoretical application of Newton’s Law to 
centrifugal impellers.
• Known as Euler Equation.
• Did much to help the development of hydraulic machinery.
• 1767: Relation between Torque and Change in moment of 
momentum of the fluid as it passed through the machine.
Applications of Euler’s Equation

• Euler equation applies to all kinds of turbomachines.
• Wind turbines ‐‐‐‐ Pumps ‐‐‐ Gas turbines.
• Axial flow machines to Radial flow to Mixed flow.
• Energy extraction machines – Energy consuming 
machines.
• For a turbine the value of Equation is negative.
• For pumps, fans, blowers and compressors, it is positive.

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