Annotated Bibliography of the History and Culture of

Eastern Turkistan, Jungharia/Zungaria/Dzungaria,

Chinese Central Asia, and Sinkiang/Xinjiang (for the
16th-20th centuries CE, excluding most travel narratives)
Nathan Light
Miami University
Oxford, Ohio
Introduction and steppe continue to sustain remaining difficult to access:
its role as a region through which items such as publications by
The study of Eastern Turkistan or travelers and traders link East, Pantusov from 1880-1910 are
Xinjiang has long been Central and South Asian spiritual, only slightly more available in
hampered by geographic, cultural literary and material cultures. research library collections than
and linguistic complexity and Before the name Xinjiang was more recent publications from
difficult access to publications, applied in 1884, the Chinese Xinjiang. Useful material exists in
but over the past 500 years, an described it as Xiyu (“Western dissertations, obscure serial
enormous range of documentary Regions”) or Huijiang (“Muslim publications or unpublished
materials have accumulated. territories”) while Central Asians conference papers. Not very
Many Europeans have explored called it Kashgaria, Altishahr or different from the latter are the
and studied the region since Yettishahr (6 or 7 cities) or many rare manuscripts held in
1850 but their publications are Eastern Turkistan. All of these collections around the world,
often appear only in major names have acquired political which fortunately are now slowly
research libraries and special meanings in the present, with the being edited and published,
collections, and even the travel Chinese government strongly although with less fanfare than
accounts rarely reach a wider attacking the term Eastern the Dunhuang and Tarim region
audience. Eastern Turkistan’s Turkistan as a sign of separatist texts from earlier periods. As
scholarly and strategic and even terrorist leanings. The these become more accessible
importance has resulted in widespread Chinese concern these materials will considerably
extensive publications in about this term can be seen from deepen our understanding of the
European and East Asian a search at Google.com: using history and culture of Eastern
languages, particularly Russian, Chinese characters for Dongtu Turkistan: similar results can be
German, French, English, (“Eastern Turkistan”) gives over seen arising from recent use of
Chinese and Japanese. In one million hits, more than for Manchu language sources for the
addition, authors from the region either of the Chinese terms used study of Qing China and Turkic
and from other parts of the for the Silk Road (Sizhouzhilu or and Persian sources for Central
Islamic world have written Silu) and not far behind the 1.7 Asia. This bibliography should
literary, historiographic and million hits for the name Xinjiang improve access and help guide
religious works in Arabic, Persian itself. future library cataloging of items
and Turki, while Chinese travelers My goal in this bibliography is in Central Asian languages.
and colonial officials have also to introduce the study of the
left extensive descriptions, region through a classified list of
particularly since the Manchu- the basic materials for study of Outline of Contents
Qing conquest in 1758 CE. culture and history over the past
As a part of the “Silk Road,” 500 years. The “Silk Road” is I) Online Databases and
this region has been the conduit often described as in decline Information Sources (all
for people, culture and commerce during this period, but in fact periods)
since before recorded history. more recent Islamic and Mongol II) Selected Historical Back-
Much of the region’s fame has history is every bit as culturally ground to 1500 CE and
arisen from the extensive rich and diverse as the preceding Regional Reference Works
archeological and documentary period, although the sources
III) Collected Works
finds in the arid southern and have not been as widely
eastern Xinjiang regions as well accessible to Western scholars. IV) Serial publications
as nearby Dunhuang in Gansu, In compiling the present V) Bibliographies and Manu-
but Xinjiang’s populated oases bibliography I found works script Descriptions

28
 VI) Historical and Hagio- and Turkic languages. Most of these Bartold, V. V. Turkestan Down to the
graphical Primary Sources entries have also been entered into Mongol Invasion. 3rd ed. H.A.R. Gibb
the ODIAS database.) <http:// and Tatiana Minorsky, trans. C.E.
VII) Studies of History Bosworth, ed. London, Luzac & co.,
homepages.utoledo.edu/nlight/
VIII) World History, Interna- uygarticles.htm>. 1968. [Online at the ACLS history
tional Relations and Manchu- e-book project: <http://name.umdl.
Junghar Interactions Digital Archive of Tôyô Bunko Rare umich.edu/HEB00858.>]
IX) Western Explorers, Books (35 books, 9062 pages from
art historical and research Beckwith, Christopher. The Tibetan
Missionaries, and Consuls Empire in Central Asia: A history of
publications from the past 150
(excluding travel accounts not years; high quality photos) <http:// the struggle for great power among
related to formal expeditions) dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/>. Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese
X) Basic Sources for during the Early Middle Ages.
Linguistics and Language Study IDP: International Dunhuang Project Princeton: Princeton University
Database (Search from collections Press, 1987.
XI) Studies of Literature of texts and artifacts from sites
and Literary History throughout Chinese Central Asia by Bregel, Yuri. An Historical Atlas of
XII) Performing Arts, Ethno- Manuscript, Photograph, Artifact, Central Asia. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 2003.
musicology, Folklore, Folk Art, Catalogue, Painting, and geo-
Architecture and Material graphically by Map.) <http:// Chavannes, Édouard. Documents sur
idp.bl.uk/ManuscriptSearch>. Les Tou-Kiue (Turcs) occidentaux,
Culture
recueillis et commentés, suivi de
XIII) Anthropology, Cultural ODIAS (Online Databases for Inner notes additionnelles. Paris: Librarie
Analysis, Ethnography, Ethnicity, Asia Studies, with citations for d’Amerique et d’Orient, 1903.
Ethnogenesis articles, books and manuscripts)
XIV) Religion: Islam, Khwâja <http://www.gicas.jp/orias/ Clark, Larry. “Introduction to the
odias.htm>. Uyghur Civil Documents of East
Rule, Sufism, Shamanism
Turkestan (13 th -14 th Centuries).”
XV) Ecology, Economics, ORIAS Digitized books (Kashgar Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation.
Geography, Pastoralism imprints from the Swedish Mission Indiana University, 1975.
XVI) Analyses of Social Press and Publications of China
Inland Mission) <http://www. Di Cosmo, Nicola, ed. Warfare in
Policies, Politics, Strategic
gicas.jp/orias/digibooks.htm>. Inner Asian History: 500-1800.
Issues and Current Events
Leiden: Brill, 2002.
RIFIAS: Research Institute for Inner
Asian Studies Online Library Catalog —. Ancient China and its Enemies:
I) Online Databases and (A searchable library catalog of The Rise of Nomadic Power in East
Information Sources (all roughly 10,000 items available in the Asian History. New York: Cambridge
periods) RIFIAS collection at Indiana University Press, 2002.
University, Bloomington, along with
The following are the most a catalog of 400 RIFIAS pub- Eberhard, Wolfram. China und seine
comprehensive online sources for lications.)<http://www.indiana.edu/ westlichen Nachbarn: Beitrag zur
material on Xinjiang. My own ~rifias/Library _Catalog.htm>. mittelalterlichen und neueren
bibliography is simply a list of the Geschichte Zentralasiens. Darm-
Silk Road Seattle (research stadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesell-
contents of the first 12 years of resources maintained under
two important scholarly series in schaft, 1978.
direction of Daniel C. Waugh)
Xinjiang. The ODIAS and RIFIAS <http://depts.washington.edu/
Elverskog, Johan. Uygur Buddhist
are likewise bibliographic uwch/silkroad/>.
literature. Turnhout: Brepols, 1997.
sources. The Tôyô Bunko archive,
IDP, ORIAS and Silk Road Seattle The Silk Road and Central Asia On
Golden, Peter. An Introduction to the
sites provide a wide ranger of the World Wide Web (links
History of the Turkic Peoples .
maintained by Daniel C. Waugh)
important and hard-to-find Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasowitz, 1992.
<http://depts.washington.edu/
materials directly online. reecas/outreach/silklink.htm>.
Güzel, Hasan Celal, et al, eds. The
Bibliography of Uyghur language Turks. 6 vols. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye,
articles on history and literature by 2002. [Chronological collection of
II) Selected Historical Back- articles of varying scholarly depth
Nathan Light (lists contents of the
ground and Reference for and accuracy. First 3 volumes include
series Shinjang Tarikh Materiyalliri
(volumes 1-33, 1980-1992) and the
Central Eurasia and Prior to articles on Central Asian Turkic
journal Bulaq; Uyghur kilassik 1500 CE peoples.]
ädibiyati mäjmua’äsi (issues 1-41,
1980-1992). Bulaq consists of
These are the most important Hamilton, James Russell. Les
editions and analyses of works of works for an overview under- Ouïghours à l’époque des Cinq
Eastern Turki (Uyghur) literature and standing the region and for Dynasties d’après les documents
translations of works from Persian guiding further research. chinois. Paris, 1955.

29
History of Civilizations of Central n. Chr., 2 vols. Asiatische For- Paul, 1985-. [Also online at: <http:/
Asia. Paris: Unesco, 1992-. 5 vols. schungen, 27. Wiesbaden: Otto /www.iranica.com/articlenavigation/
[An extensive publishing project Harrassowitz, 1969. index.html>.]
including over 100 articles on
culture, history, religions, society and Liu Weixin, ed. Xibei minzu cidian. Zieme, Peter. Die Stabreimtexte der
technology of the region. Some of Ürümchi: Xinjiang renmin chuban- Uiguren von Turfan und Dunhuang.
this material is online at <http:// she, 1998. [Dictionary of N.W. Studien zur alttürkischen Dichtung.
www.unesco.org/culture/asia/ nationalities.] Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica, 33.
html_eng/ouvrages.htm>.] Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1991.
Mackerras, Colin P. The Uighur
Empire according to the T’ang
Han, Xiang. Qiuci shi ku. Ürümchi:
Dynastic Histories: A Study in Sino-
Xinjiang Daxue chubanshe, 1990. III) Collected Works
Uighur Relations 744-840. Can-
[Extensive discussion of the Qiuci
berra: Australian National University
caves near Kucha, with many color The collections below represent
Press, 1972. [Online publication of
plates.] significant research compilations.
one of the two primary source texts
in this book, at: <http:// A number of volumes of articles
Hung, Chin-Fu. “China and The
Nomads: Misconceptions in Western
depts.washington.edu/uwch/ in Russian and many in Chinese
silkroad/texts/tangshu/ are also valuable but less
Historiography on Inner Asia.”
tangshu.html>.] accessible. The Starr and CEMOTI
Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,
41/2 (1981): 597-628. [Critical Mair, Victor, ed. The Bronze Age and volumes are both primarily
review of Luc Kwanten’s history Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern oriented towards analysis of
Imperial Nomads.] Central Asia. 2 vols. Philadelphia: international relations, develop-
Institute for the Study of Man, 1998. ment, politics and statistics rather
Ji Dachun, ed. Xinjiang lishi cidian.
than ethnographic study. The
Ürümchi: Xinjiang renmin chuban- Mallory, J. P. and Victor H. Mair. The
she, 1993. [Dictionary of Xinjiang Tarim Mummies, Ancient China and Benson and Svanberg volume is
history.] the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples somewhat more concerned with
from the West. London: Thames & cultural analysis.
Kamberi, Dolkun. “A survey of Hudson, 2000.
Uyghur documents from Turpan and Benson, Linda, and Ingvar
their importance for Asian and Mei Jianjun. Copper and Bronze Svanberg, eds. The Kazaks of China:
central Eurasian history.” Central Metallurgy in Late Prehistoric essays on an ethnic minority .
Asian Survey, 18/3 (1999): 281-301. Xinjiang: Its Cultural Context and Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell,
Relationship with Neighboring 1988. Contents:
Komaroff, Linda and Stefano Regions. BAR International Series L. Benson and I. Svanberg.
Carboni. The legacy of Genghis 865. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2000. “The Kazakhs in Xinjiang.”
Khan: courtly art and culture in
Ingvar Svanberg. “The
western Asia, 1256-1353. New York: Rhie, Marylin M. Early Buddhist Art
Nomadism of Orta •üz Kazaks in
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002. of China and Central Asia. 2 vols. in
Xinjiang, 1911-1949.”
[Online selections in nicely-designed 3. Handbuch der Orientalistik.
L. Benson. “Osman Batur:
exhibit at: <http://www.lacma.org/ Leiden: Brill, 1999.
The Kazak’s Golden Legend.”
khan/index_flash.htm>.]
Rossabi, Morris, ed. China among Mark Kirchner. “The Language
Laut, Jens Peter. Der frühe türkische Equals: The Middle Kingdom and its of the Kazaks from Xinjiang: A
Buddhismus und seine literarischen Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries. Text Sample.”
Denkmäler. (Veröffentlichungen der Berkeley: University of California Thomas Hoppe. “Kazak
Societas Uralo-Altaica, vol. 21). Press, 1983. Pastoralism in the Bogda Range.”
Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz,
1986. Roxburgh, David J. Turks: A Journey Cahiers d’études sur la Méditerranée
of a Thousand Years, 600-1600. orientale et le monde turco-iranien
Lieu, Samuel N. C. Manichaeism in London: Royal Academy Books, (CEMOTI) 2 5 : Les Ouïgours au
Central Asia and China. Leiden: Brill, 2005. vingtième siècle (1998).
1998. Françoise Aubin. “L’arrière-
Thomas, Frederick William. Tibetan plan historique du nationalisme
Lin Enxian. Tujue yanjiu . [Turk literary texts and documents ouïgour. Le Turkestan oriental des
studies.] Taibei: Taiwan shangwu concerning Chinese Turkestan. 4 origines au XXème siècle.”
yingshuguan, 77 [1988]. vols. London: The Royal Asiatic
Dru C. Gladney. “Internal
Society, 1935-1965
Colonialism and the Uyghur
Liu, Mau-Ts’ai. Die chinesischen
Nationality: Chinese Nationalism
Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost- Whitfield, Susan and Ursula Sims-
and Its Subaltern Subjects.”
Türken (T’u-Küe). 2 vols. Asiatische Williams, eds. The Silk Road: trade,
Forschungen, 10. Wiesbaden: Otto travel, war and faith. London: British Michel Jan. “L’intégration du
Harrassowitz, 1958. Library, 2004. Xinjiang dans l’ensemble chinois:
vulnérabilité et sécurité.”
—. Kutscha und seine Beziehungen Yarshater, Ehsan, ed. Encyclopædia Artoush Kumul. “Témoignage
zu China von 2. Jh. v. bis zum 6. Jh. Iranica. London: Routledge & Kegan - Le “séparatisme” ouïgour au

30
 XXème siècle: histoire et Graham E. Fuller, Jonathan N. of which also appear in Chinese
actualité.” Lipman. “Islam in Xinjiang.” versions in the series Xinjiang
Ildiko Beller-Hann. “Work and Gardner Bovingdon, Nabijan wenshi ziliao xuanji.]
Gender among Uighur Villagers Tursun. “Contested Histories.” Shinjang täzkirisi [Xinjiang annals].
in Southern Xinjiang.” Dru C. Gladney. “Responses 1983-. [Local histories are now also
Gülzade Tanridagli. “Le roman to Chinese Rule: Patterns of published in the multi-volume
historique, véhicule du Cooperation and Opposition.” Shinjang omumii täzkirisi, beginning
nationalisme ouïgour.” 16-page “Bibliographic Guide in 1996.]
Cheripjan Nadirov. “La to Xinjiang.”
structure économique de la Shinjang Tibbii Instituti ilmii zhurnili
région autonome du Xinjiang = Xinjiang yixueyuan xuebao = Acta
IV) Serial publications Academiae Medicinae Xinjiang.
ouïgour et sa place dans le
système des relations sino- Ürümchi, 1985-.
The following are the more
kazakhes.” Tängritagh; qosh ayliq ädibiy
important serials and periodicals
Hamide Khamraev. “La zhurnal [Tangritagh; bi-monthly
devoted to the history and
géopolitique du pétrole.” literary journal.] 1980s-. [Popular
culture of Xinjiang published in
Hegel Ishakov et Khadia literary magazine published in
China and suggest the immense Ürümchi.]
Akhmedova. “Les migrations des
Ouïgours vers l’Asie centrale ex- range of new publishing that
began in the 1980s. I have not Tarim; ayliq ädäbiy zhurnal. [Tarim;
soviétique.”
monthly literary journal.] 1950-.
Frédérique-Jeanne Besson. listed most popularly-oriented
[Contemporary literary composi-
“Les Ouïgours hors du Turkestan publications, nor those that tions, translations and commentary.]
oriental: de l’exil à la formation primarily express Chinese
d’une diaspora.” government or local and émigré Uyghur khälq chöchäkliri. Ürümchi,
dissident political perspectives. 1979-. [At least 11 irregular volumes
of folk tales.]
Starr, S. Frederick, ed. Xinjiang: Bulaq; Uyghur kilassik ädibiyati Uyghur khälq dastanliri. Ürümchi,
China’s Muslim Borderland. Armonk, mäjmu’äsi. [Bulaq: Journal of 1981-. [At least 4 volumes of dastan
N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2004. Uyghur classical literature.] Ürümchi, prose and poetry narratives.]
James A. Millward, Peter C. 1980-. [Has published around 20,000 Uyghur khälq nakhshiliri. Ürümchi,
Perdue. “Political and Cultural pages of articles and literary editions 1980-. At least 6 volumes of folk
History of the Xinjiang Region since inception.] songs with musical transcriptions.]
through the Late Nineteenth Miras; päsillik zhornal. [Heritage;
Century.” Uyghur khälq qoshaqliri. Ürümchi,
quarterly journal. Published by the 1979-. [Folk quatrains with musical
James A. Millward, Nabijan Junggo khälq eghiz ädibiyat-sän’ät
Tursun. “Political History and transcriptions.]
tätqiqat jämiyiti Shinjang Uyghur
Strategies of Control, 1884- aptonom rayonluq shöbisi; Uyghur Xibei minzu yanjiu = Research in
1978.” tätqiqat ishkhanisi.] Ürümchi, 1983- N.W. national minorities. [Academic
Dru C. Gladney. “The Chinese . [Popularly-oriented journal about journal published in Lanzhou.]
Program of Development and Uyghur literature, folklore, and folk Xiyu yanjiu = The Western Regions
Control, 1978-2001.” art.] Studies. Ürümchi, 1991-.
Yitzhak Shichor. “The Great
Shinjang Dashösi ilmiy zhurnili. Zhongguo bianjiang shidi yanjiu;
Wall of Steel: Military and
Pälsäpä-ijtima’i pän qismi. [Xinjiang China’s borderland history and
Strategy in Xinjiang.”
University Scientific Journal. geography studies. Beijing, 1991-.
Calla Wiemer. “The Economy Philosophy and Social Science
of Xinjiang.” [Another recently established
Section.] Ürümchi, 1980-. journal.]
Linda Benson. “Education and
Social Mobility among Minority Shinjang ijtima’i panlar tatqiqati.
Populations in Xinjiang.” Xinjiang shehui kexueyuan xuebao. V) Bibliographies and Manu-
[Journal of the Xinjiang Academy of script Descriptions
Sean R. Roberts. “A ‘Land of
Social Sciences.] Ürümchi, 1981-.
Borderlands’: Implications of
Xinjiang’s Trans-border Inter- Shinjang mädäniyät; qosh ayliq
The most important primary
actions.” universal ädäbiy zhurnal. [Xinjiang sources for study of the past 500
Stanley W. Toops. “The civilization; bi-monthly journal of years are Persian, Turkic, Manchu
Demography of Xinjiang” and universal literature. Popular journal and Chinese manuscript and
“The Ecology of Xinjiang: A Focus with articles and literature by archival documents. The
on Water.” Uyghurs, apparently began extensive Chinese sources have
Jay Dautcher. “Public Health publishing in Ürümchi in 1951.] appeared in a number of facsimile
and Social Pathologies in Shinjang Qirghiz adabiyati = Xinjiang editions and I list only a few of
Xinjiang.” Kirghiz literature. Ürümchi, 1981-. the research guides to them
Justin Rudelson, William here. The other sources are only
Jankowiak. “Acculturation and Shinjang tarikh materiyalliri.
[Xinjiang historical materials.] 1980- beginning to be systematically
Resistance: Xinjiang Identities in
Flux.” . [Irregular volumes of articles most studied and published and

31
access remains a problem. Gebiet Xinjiang der Uiguren, China Toplash, Rätläsh, Näshir Qilishni
Although most have some (Naturbedingungen, Geschichte, Pilanlash Rähbärlik Guruppa
deficiencies, the sources below Ethnien, Landnutzung); Xinjiang Ishkhanisi. Uyghur, Özbek, Tatar
provisional bibliography II: Xinjiang Qädimki äsärlär tizimliki. Qäshqär:
are the best descriptions of the
Uigur Autonomous Region, China Qäshqär Uyghur Näshriyati, 1988.
available primary and secondary (natural conditions, history, ethnic [A catalogue of approximately 1500
source materials. groups, land use). Wiesbaden: O. Turkic, Persian and Arabic
Harrassowitz, 1987. [Roughly 2000 manuscripts and lithographs held in
Abdurahman, Amina and Jin Yu-Ping. items primarily in English, German, the Xinjiang libraries. All from the
“Une vue d’ensemble des manuscrits Russian, Chinese and Uyghur.] Islamic period and in Arabic script.]
tchagatay du Xinjiang.” In: La
Kaidarov, A. Uigurskii iazyk i Stary, Giovanni. Manchu Studies. An
Mémoire et ses supports en Asie
literatura. Annotirovannyi biblio- International Bibliography. 3 vols.
Centrale. Les Cahiers d’Asie centrale
graficheskii ukazatel’. [Uyghur Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1990.
N°8. Vincent Fourniau, ed. Aix-en-
Provence: Institut Français d’Etude Language and Literature. Biblio- Umemura Hiroshi. Japanese studies
sur l’Asie Centrale, 2000, pp. 35-62. graphic Index.] Tom 1. Alma-Ata: AN on Inner Asian history, 1973-1983.
Kazakhskoi SSR, 1962. Tokyo: Centre for East Asian
Bregel, Yuri. Bibliography of Islamic Cultural Studies, 1987. [Bibliography
Central Asia. 3 vols. Bloomington, Lin Enxian. Jindai Zhongguo in Japanese and English;
Indiana: Research Institute for Inner bianjiang yanjiu lunzhu mulu. Taibei: introductory article in English.]
Asian Studies, Indiana University, National Chengchi University,
1995. [Classified bibliography of Institute of China Border Area Yuan Tongli. Shinkyô kenkyû bunken
30,500 books and articles on the Studies, 75 [1986]. mokuroku, 1886-1962: Nichibunbon
history and culture of Central Asia = Classified bibliography of
Liu Ge and Huang Xianyang. Xiyu
(including Chinese Central Asia) Japanese books and articles
shidi lunwen cailiao suoyin. Ürümchi:
published from the 17 th century concerning Sinkiang, 1886-1962.
Xinjiang renmin chubanshe, 1988.
through 1988. All languages except Tokyo: Shoei-Insatsu Co., 1962.
[Classified bibliography of 8032
East Asian.]
articles in Chinese about history,
Zhongguo weiwuer lishi wenhua
minorities, economy, culture,
Chen Yanqi and Sasha. Xiyu yanjiu yanjiuhui. Weiwuer lishi wenhua
literature, language, geography and
shumu. Ürümchi: Xinjiang renmin yanjiu wenxian tilu. Beijing: Minzu
archeology of the “Western
chubanshe, 1990. [Classified chubanshe, 2000. [Geng Shimin
Regions.”]
bibliography of 6734 Chinese, (<http://www.eurasianhistoryf.com/
European, Russian and Japanese Matsuura, S. “A bibliography of e n / e n _ l u n w e n /
books on Central Asia and Xinjiang works on the Manchu and Sibo 20041210063002.htm>) cites this as
(known in Chinese as Xiyu or the languages.” Memoirs of the Research a bibliography of 6980 entries on
Western Regions).] Department of the Tôyô Bunko 38 Uyghur history and culture but I find
(1980), p. 95-179. [Sibo or Xibe is no other citation for this item.]
Hamada Masami. “Research Trends the only form of Manchu that
in Xinjiang Studies.” In Research continues to be spoken and written VI) Historical and Hagio-
Trends in Modern Central Eurasian in China.] graphical Primary Sources
Studies (18th-20th Centuries ): A
Selective and Critical Bibliography of Muginov, Abdulladzhan Muginovich. The following are the few editions
Works Published between 1985 and Opisanie uigurskikh rukopisei
and translations that have made
2000. Part 1. Stéphane A. Dudoignon Instituta Narodov Azii. [Description
and Komatsu Hisao, eds. Tokyo: The of Uyghur Manuscripts in the Institute
local primary source documents
Toyo Bunko, 2003. of the Peoples of Asia.] Moscow: and compositions available.
1962. [Classifies a group of These editions are of widely
Hartmann, Martin. “Die osttürk- traditional manuscripts as “Uyghur” varying quality. I again avoid
ischen Handschriften der Sammlung based on linguistic features, and time most of the Chinese local
Hartmann.” Mitteilungen des and place of composition, while histories and gazeteers although
Seminars für Orientalische ignoring other popular Turkic and these have been heavily used by
Sprachen, 7 (1904): 1-21. Persian works found in Eastern
Enoki, Fletcher, Hamada, Kim,
Turkistan.]
Hofman, H. F. Turkish literature. A Millward, and Saguchi. Kim’s
bio-bibliographical survey. Section Sawut, Torsunmuhämmät. Uyghur endnotes are a comprehensive
III. Moslim Central Asian Turkish ädäbiyati tarikhi materiyallar discussion on the different
literature. 6 volumes bound as 2. katalogi. Ürümchi: Shinjang Dashö sources for 19th century history.
Utrecht: Royal Asiatic Society of Därslik Bölümi, 1991. [A typescript
Alptekin, Isa Yusuf and M. Ali Tasçi.
Great Britain and Ireland, 1969. volume listing 3541 books and
Esir Dogu Türkistan için: Isa Yusuf
[Erudite, chatty and often obscure articles about Uyghur literary history,
Alptekin’in mücadele hatiralari .
annotations on the authors and organized by period and subject,
Istanbul: Dogu Türkistan Nesriyat
works of Central Asian Turkic and 665 manuscript titles held in
Merkezi, 1985. [Edited memoirs of
manuscript literature.] eight collections in Ürümchi.]
an important East Turkistani leader.]
Hoppe, Thomas. Xinjiang- Shinjang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Baldick, Julian. Imaginary Muslims.
Arbeitsbibliographie II: Autonomes Az Sanliq Millät Qädimki Äsärlirini London: Routledge, 1993. [A

32
translation and epitome of a key Haidar, Dughlat. Edited, with Ross, E. Denison, ed. and tr. Three
hagiographic source for Eastern commentary, notes, and map by N. Turki manuscripts from Kashghar.
Turkistan. For details about the work Elias, translated by E. Denison Ross. Lahore: Mufid-i-am Press, 1908.
and problems with this translation, London: Curzon, 1898. [Excerpts [Contents: “Detailed contents of the
see DeWeese, “The Tadhkira-i are available online at: <http:// three manuscripts.” Two extracts:
Bughra-khan…”.] depts.washington.edu/uwch/ Qasida on the revolt of Vali Khan Tora
silkroad/texts/rash1.html>.] (1857 CE) with English translation;
Chinggiznamä. Haji Nurhaji, ed. Ghazat-i-Muslimin on the rebellion of
Kashgar: Qäshqär Uyghur Näsh- —. Mirza Haydar Dughlat’s Tarikh- Ya‘qûb Beg.]
riyati, 1985. [Edited from a i-Rashidi: a history of the khans of
manuscript now held at the Xinjiang Moghulistan. English translation & Sayrami, Mulla Musa. Tarikhiy
Academy of Social Sciences, annotation by W.M. Thackston äminiyä. Muhämmät Zunun, ed.
#00679. Matches the anonymous Cambridge: Harvard University, Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati,
Târîkh-i Kâshgar (see below) but Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and 1991. [Early twentieth-century
here ascribed to Molla Mersalih Civilizations, 1996. historian whose manuscript work
Kashqäri.] was first published as a lithograph
—. Târîkh-i Rashîdî: târîkh-i by Pantusov in 1905 in Tashkent.]
Churâs, Shâh Mahmûd ibn Mirza khavân în-i Mughûlistân; matn-i
Fazil. Khronika. Text, translation, Fârs î. Cambridge: Dâ nishgâ h-i —. Tarikhi Hämidi. Änvär Baytur,
notes, indices by O. F. Akimushkin. Hârvârd, 1996. [Text of the original ed. Beijing: Millätlär Näshriyati,
Moscow: Nauka, 1976. [Churâs Persian version of the Târîkh-i 1986. [Edited from a 1911 autograph
wrote this Persian history, simply Rashîdî.] manuscript of this work which
called Târîkh, in Kashgar in the extends and elaborates Sayrami’s
seventeenth century, describing the Molla Haji. Boghrakhanlar täzkirisi. Tarikhiy äminiyä. Lund collection of
cultural life and history of the court Abdurehim Sabit, ed. Qäshqär: Gunnar Jarring contains another
and its military encounters. It is Qäshqär Uyghur Näshriyati, 1988. copy.]
composed as a continuation of the [Prepared from a 19th century
work of Mîrzâ Haydar.] manuscript in the complex body of Târîkh-i Kâshgar: anonimnaia
hagiographical histories around tiurkskaia khronika vladetelei
DeWeese, Devin. “The Tadhkira-i Satuq Boghra Khan. See Baldick Vostochnogo Turkestana po konets
Bughra-khan and the ‘Uvaysi’ Sufis Imaginary Muslims and DeWeese, XVII veka. [Târîkh-i Kâshgar: An
of Central Asia: Notes in Review of “The Tadhkira-i Bughra-khan…” for Anonymous Turkic Chronicle of the
Imaginary Muslims.” Central Asiatic more information.] Rulers of East Turkistan through the
Journal 40:1 (1996): 87-127. End of the 17th Century.] Facsimile,
Molla Ismätulla binni Molla Nemätulla translation and notes by O.F.
Di Cosmo, Nicola and Dalizhabu Mojiz. Tävarikhi musiqiyyun. Änvär Akimushkin. Sankt-Peterburg:
Bao. Manchu-Mongol relations on the Baytur, Khämit Tomur, eds. Beijing: Tsentr “Peterburgskoe vostoko -
eve of the Qing conquest: a Millätlär Näshriyati, 1982. [Facsimile, vedenie,” 2001.
documentary history. Leiden: Brill, transcription, translation into modern
2003. Uyghur, and commentary of a 20 VII) Studies of History
folio manuscript history of
Gürsoy-Naskali, Emine, transl. and musicians, poets and singers, The more important historical
ed. Ashâbu’l-Kahf; A treatise in composed in 1854.]
studies, using Chinese, Turkic,
Eastern Turki. Helsinki: Suomalais-
and Persian sources as well as
ugrilainen seura, 1985. [Valuable Muhammad A’lam. Tadhkira-i Hajji
study of a tomb and pilgrimage site Padishah Habib Allah va Rashidin
the archival documents of the
near Turfan where the story of the Khan va Ya’qub Beg. Translation in British, Ottoman, Russian and
Seven Sleepers of Ephesus has “L’histoire de Hotan de Muhammad Qing Empires. Some Soviet-era
become locally attached. Qurbân‘ali A’lam,” parts I-III. Hamada Masami, studies exhibit anti-Chinese
Khâ lidî (see below) describes ed. Zinbun: memoirs of the Research biases, although B.A. Akhmedov
traveling to this site in his Târîkh-i Institute for Humanistic Studies, and Iu. G. Baranova are free of
jarîda-yi jadîda.] Kyoto University, 15(1979), these. The works of Benson,
16(1980), 18 (1982).
Forbes, Kim, Saguchi, and Wang
Imbault-Huart, Camille. Recueil de
documents sur l’Asie centrale. Paris: are generally excellent, although
Qurbâ n‘ali Khâ lidî. An Islamic
Leroux, 1881. [Translations from Biographical Dictionary of the Baranova already put forth Kim’s
Chinese sources on 19 th century Eastern Kazakh Steppe, 1770-1912. argument about Ya‘qûb Beg’s
rebellions in Eastern Turkistan.] Text, translation and notes by Allen international balancing act. The
J. Frank and Mirkasyim A. Usmanov. works of Bughra, Kurban, Saray,
—. Le pays de Hami ou Khamil; Leiden: Brill, 2005. Turfani, Aitchen Wu and Sheng
description, histoire d’apres les Shi-tsai (with Whiting) exhibit the
auteurs chinois, Paris, E. Leroux, —. Târîkh-i jarîda-yi jadîda. Qazan,
biases of political participants
1892. 1889. [Author lived in the
Tarbaghatay town known as and their allies.
Mîrzâ Haydar. A history of the Chöchäk, Chuguchak or Tacheng and
Moghuls of central Asia; being the has important connections to Eastern Akhmedov, B.A. ed. Iz istorii Srednei
Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Turkistan and its Islamic history.] Azii i Vostochnogo Turkestana XV-XIX

33
vv. [From the History of Central Asia —, and Ingvar Svanberg. China’s —. “British Consuls in Kashgar.”
and Eastern Turkistan 15 th -19 th Last Nomads: the History and Asian Affairs, 22/1 (1991): 20-34.
Centuries.] Tashkent: Fan, 1987. Culture of China’s Kazaks. Armonk,
N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. Forbes, Andrew. Warlords and
Almas, Turghun. Uyghurlar. Ürümchi: Muslims in Chinese Central Asia.
Shinjang Yashlar-ösmürlär näsh- Cambridge: Cambridge University
—, Justin Rudelson and Stanley W.
riyati, 1989. [Comprehensive but Press, 1986.
Toops. Xinjiang in the Twentieth
speculative history of the medieval
Century: historical, anthropological, —. “Role of the Hui Muslims
Uyghurs was banned and destroyed
and geographical perspectives. (Tungans) in Republican Sinkiang.”
because it suggests that Uyghurs
Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson In: Cultural Change and Continuity
have conquered China at various
International Center for Scholars, in Central Asia. London: Kegan Paul,
times during period from Huns to
1994. 1991, pp. 361-372.
Mongol Empire.]
Baranova, Iu. G. “Svedeniia Uigurskoi Borei, Dorothy V. “Ethnic conflict and Galiev, V. V. Kazakhstan v sisteme
khroniki Ta’rikh-i Amniya o Qing land policy in southern Xinjiang, rossiisko-kitaiskikh torgovo-
vosstanovlenii Tsinskogo gospodstva 1760-1840.” In Dragons, tigers, and ekonomicheskikh otnoshenii v
v Sin’tsziane v 1875-1878 gg.” dogs: Qing crisis management and Sin’tsziane (konets XIX-nachalo XX
[Information in the Uyghur Chronicle the boundaries of state power in late vv.). [Kazakhstan in the System of
Ta’rikh-i Amniya Concerning the imperial China. Robert J. Antony and Russo-Chinese Commercial and
Restoration of Qing Rule in Xinjiang Jane K. Leonard, eds. Ithaca, N.Y.: Economic Relations in Xinjiang (End
in 1875-1878.] In Materialy po istorii East Asia Program, Cornell of the 19 th -Beginning of the 20 th
i kul’ture Uigurskogo Naroda, G. S. University, 2002. Centuries).] Almaty: Institut istorii i
Sadvakasov et al., eds. Alma-Ata: etnologii im. Ch. Ch. Valikhanova,
1978, pp. 73-133. Boulger, Demetrius Charles de 2003. [Valuable study based
Kavanagh. The life of Yakoob Beg; extensively on Russian consular
Athalik ghazi, and Badaulet; Ameer reports and some Russian archival
Baytur, Änvär and Khäyrinisa Sidiq.
of Kashgar. London, W.H. Allen, material.]
Shinjangdiki millätlärning tarikhi.
Beijing: Millätlär Näshriyati, 1991. 1878. Hamada, Masami. “La transmission
du mouvement nationaliste au
Benson, Linda. “Chinese Style, Bughra, Mehmet Emin. Sharqi Turkestan oriental (Xinjiang).”
Turkic Content: A Discussion of Turkistan tarikhi. Srinagar: Bruka Central Asian Survey, 9/1 (1990):
Chinese Transliteration of Turkic Parlis Basmakhanesi, 1946. 29-48.
Names.” Central Asian Survey, 7/1
Chou, Nailene Josephine. “Frontier —. Jihad, hijra et ‘devoir du sel’
(1988): 85-96.
studies and changing frontier dans l’histoire du Turkestan oriental.
—. The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem administration in late Ch’ing China: Turcica [Belgium], 33 (2001): 35-61.
Challenge to Chinese Authority in the case of Sinkiang, 1759-1911.” [Sharia and the concept of jihad
Xinjiang, 1944-1949. New York: M.E. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. played a continuing role under
Sharpe, 1990. University of Washington, 1976. Muslim elites, but the imperial salt
tax was seen as a legitimate duty to
—. “Uygur Politicians of the 1940s: the Manchu emperors. Originally
Duman. L. I. Agrarnaia politika
Mehmet Emin Bugra, Isa Yusuf published as “‘Shio no gimu’ to
tsinskogo (manchzhurskogo)
Alptekin And Mesut Sabri.” Central ‘Seisen’ tono aida de.” Tô yôshi
pravitel’stva v Sin’tsziane v kontse
Asian Survey, 10/4 (1991): 87-113. Kenkyû 52(2): 122-148.]
XVIII veka. [The Agricultural Policy
—. “Ahmetjan Kasimi: A Chinese of the Qing (Manchu) Administration
in Xinjiang at the End of the 18 th Hartmann, Martin. Chinesisch-
Paradigm for a Uygur Cultural Hero.”
Century.] Moscow: Izd-vo AN SSSR, Turkestan: Geschichte, Verwaltung,
Central Asian Survey, 11/3 (1992):
1936. Geistesleben und Wirtschaft. Halle a.
23-49.
S.: Gebauer-Schwetschke, 1908.
—. “A Much-Married Woman: Enoki Kazuo. “Researches in
Marriage and Divorce in Xinjiang Chinese Turkestan during the Hidaiatov, Ärshidin. Ili Uyghurlirining
1850-1950.” Muslim World, 83/3-4 Ch’ien-lung period, with special milliy-azatliq härikätliri (XIX äsir).
(1993): 227-247. reference to the Hzi-yü-t’ung-wen- Alma-Ata: Qazaqstan “Nauka” 1978.
chih .” Memoirs of the Research
—. “Contested History: Issues in Department of the Tôyô Bunko, 14 Hôri, Sunao. “Shincho no Kaikyo
the Historiography of Inner Asia’s (1955): 1-46. tochi no nisan no mondai: Yarukando
Uighurs.” In Culture Contact, History no ichishiryo no kento o tsujite”
and Ethnicity in Inner Asia. Michael [Some problems on the Ch’ing rule
Gervers and Wayne Schlepp, eds. Everest-Phillips, Max. “The over Hui-Chiang...]. Shigaku Zasshi,
Toronto: Joint Center for Asia Pacific Suburban King Of Tartary.” Asian 88/3 (1979): 1-36. [A study of a tax
Studies, 1996, pp. 115-131. Affairs, 21/3 (1990): 324-335. ledger suggesting that native
[Claiming he represented the Muslim officials were not cooperating with
—, and Ingvar Svanberg. The community of Chinese Turkistan as the conquerors in compiling figures
Russians in Xinjiang: From king, Dr. Bertram William Sheldrake for the poll tax.]
Immigrants to National Minority. traveled widely and gave lectures as
Central Asian Survey, 8/2 (1989): a new monarch. Press attention —. “Uiguru no rekishi to bungaku
97-129. faded quickly.] no kenkyu jokyo-Urumchi de no

34
kenbun kara.” [Present State of Dynasty policies for segregating Han empire.” Acta Asiatica 41 (1981), pp.
Studies on Uyghur History and and Muslims in Xinjiang.] Taibei: 76-94.
Literature in Ürümchi.] Seinan Ajia Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1988.
—. “Kazak Pastoralists on the
kenkyu [Bulletin for the Society for
Morris, L. P. “British Secret Missions Tarbaghatai Frontier under the
West and South Asia Studies, Kyoto
in Turkestan, 1918-19.” Journal of Ch’ing.” In: Proceedings of the
University], 30 (Mar 1989).
Contemporary History, 12/2 (1977): International Conference on China
—. “Kaikyo gyokubei ko” [The 363-79. Border Area Studies. Lin En-hsien
introduction of maize into Eastern [Lin Enxian], ed. Taipei: National
Turkestan]. Tôyôshi Kenkyû, 52/2 Moseley, George. A Sino-Soviet Chengchi University, 1985, pp. 953-
(1993): 102-121. Cultural Frontier: The Ili Kazakh 996.
Autonomous Chou. East Asian
Isiev, Daut Abdulimovich. Uigurskoe —. Shinkyô Minzokushi Kenkyû.
Research Center. Cambridge:
gosudarstvo Iettishar: 1864-1877. Tokyo: Yoshikawa, 1986.
Harvard University Press, 1966.
[The Uyghur State of Yettishahr,
[Attempt at cultural and historical Samuels, Marwyn S. “Kung Tzu-
1864-1877.] Moscow: “Nauka,” 1981.
description using mostly published Chen’s New Sinkiang.” Annals of the
Kabirov, Malik Niiazovich. sources.] Association of American Geo-
Pereselenie iliiskikh Uigur v graphers, 66/3 (1976): 416-427.
Semirech’e. [The Resettlement of Newby, L. J. “The begs of Xinjiang:
the Ili Uyghurs in Semirech’e.] Alma- between two worlds.” Bulletin, Saray, Mehmet. Doghu Türkistan
Ata: Izd-vo AN Kazakhskoi SSR, School of Oriental and African tarihi. Caghaloghlu, Istanbul:
1951. Studies, 61/2 (1998): 278-297. Kitabevi, 1997.
—. Ocherki istorii uigurov —. “The Chinese Literary
Skrine, C. P. and Pamela Night-
Sovetskogo Kazakhstana. [Essays Conquest Of Xinjiang.” Modern
ingale. Macartney at Kashgar: new
on the History of the Uyghurs of China, 25/4 (1999): 451-474.
light on British, Chinese and Russian
Soviet Kazakhstan.] Alma-Ata: Izd-
activities in Sinkiang, 1890-1918.
vo “Nauka,” 1975. Norins, Martin R. Gateway to Asia:
London: Methuen, 1973. [Based on
Sinkiang, Frontier of the Chinese Far
British India and Foreign Office
Katanov, N. F. Pis’ma N. F. Katanova West. New York: The John Day
records; about the first British consul
iz Sibiri i Vostochnago Turkestana. Company, 1944.
in Kashgar.]
[Letters of N. F. Katanov from Siberia
and East Turkistan.] St. Petersburg, Nyman, Lars-Erik. Great Britain and
Tsing Yuan. “Yakub Beg (1820-77)
1893. Chinese, Russian and Japanese
and the Moslem Rebellion in Chinese
interests in Sinkiang, 1918-1934.
Turkestan.” Central Asiatic Journal,
Kiernan, V. G. “Kashghar and the Stockholm: Esselte studium, 1977.
6/1 (1961): 134-67.
Politics of Central Asia, 1868-1878.” [One of the more balanced
Cambridge Historical Journal, 11/3 treatments of the “Great Game,”
Turfani, Hamid Allah ibn Muhammad.
(1955): 317-342. based on Western sources.]
Turkistan 1331-1337 inqilab tarikhi.
—. “Sinkiang 1934-1943: Dark Istanbul: Basturun Taranquji
Kim, Hodong. Holy War in China: the Muhammad Qasim Amin, 1983.
Decade for a Pivotal Puppet.”
Muslim rebellion and state in Chinese
Cahiers du Monde Russe et
Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford: Tyler, Christian. Wild West China: the
Sovietique, 32/1 (1991): 97-105.
Stanford University Press, 2004. taming of Xinjiang. London: John
Pantusov, Nikolai Nikolaevich. Murray, 2003.
Kurban, Iklil. ªarki Türkistan
Svedeniia o Kul’dzinskom raione za
Cumhuriyeti, 1944-1949. Türk Tarih 1871-1877 gody.... [Information Wang, David D. “The USSR and the
Kurumu yayïnlarï. VII. dizi; sa. 132. about the Kulja Region in 1871-1877.] Establishment of the Eastern
Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Kazan: v Universitetskoi tipografii, Turkestan Republic in Xinjiang.”
Basïmevi, 1992. 1881. Bulletin of the Institute of Modern
History, Academia Sinica [Taiwan],
Lias, Godfrey. Kazak Exodus. Rossabi, Morris. “Muslim and Central 25 (1996): 337-378.
London: Evans Brothers, 1956. Asian Revolts.” In: From Ming to —. “Xinjiang of the 20th Century
[Using reports of Qazaq refugees in Ch’ing, Jonathan D. Spence and John in Historiography.” Central Asian
Turkey, Lias describes the events E. Wills Jr., eds. New Haven: Yale Survey, 14/2 (1995): 265-283.
leading up to their departure from University Press, 1979.
China.] —. “An Oasis For Peace: Zhang
Ruziev, Mashur. Vozrozhdennyi Zhizhong’s Policy In Xinjiang, 1945-
Light, Nathan. Qazaqs of China: The uigurskii narod. [The Reborn Uyghur 1947.” Central Asian Survey, 15/3-4
Local Processes of History. People.] 2nd ed. Alma-Ata: “Kazakh- (1996): 413-429.
Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana stan,” 1982.
Center on Global Change and World —. “Soviet Citizenship in Xinjiang.”
Peace, Occasional Paper No. 22, Saguchi Tôru. “Kashgaria.” Acta Asian Studies Review, 19/3 (1996) :
1994. Asiatica, 34 (1978): 61-78. 87-97.

Lin, Enxian. Qingchao zai Xinjiang de —. “The formation of the Turfan —. “The Xinjiang Question of the
Han Hui geli zhengce. [The Qing principality under the Ch‘ing 1940s: The Story behind the Sino-

35
Soviet Treaty of August 1945.” Asian are the political interactions of —. “Ch’ing Inner Asia c. 1800.”
Studies Review, 21/1 (1997): 83- Mongol states with their Cambridge History of China, vol. 10,
105. neighbors. Among these the pt. 1. John K. Fairbank, ed.
Moghuls and Oyirad/Junghar/ Cambridge: Cambridge University
—. The East Turkestan movement Press, 1978, pp. 35-106.
in Xinjiang: a Chinese potential Kalmyk Mongols were among the
source of instability? Singapore: last to maintain Chingizid —. “The heyday of the Ch’ing
East Asia Institute, National principles of legitimation. Another order in Mongolia, Sinkiang, and
University of Singapore, 1998. important and heavily studied Tibet.” Cambridge History of China,
vol. 10, pt. 1. John K. Fairbank, ed.
—. “Han Migration and Social international dimension involves
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Changes in Xinjiang.” Issues & Ya‘qûb Beg’s struggles to Press, 1978, pp. 351-408.
Studies [Taiwan], 34/7 (1998): 33- maintain power through alliances
61. with the Qing, Russian, British —. Studies on Chinese and Islamic
Inner Asia. Beatrice Forbes Manz,
and even Ottoman empires. The
—. Under the Soviet Shadow: The ed. Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1995.
scholars making the best use of Contents:
Yining Incident; Ethnic Conflicts and
International Rivalry in Xinjiang, available archives and materials
I. A source of the Erdeni-yin
1944-1949. Hong Kong: Chinese include Di Cosmo, Fletcher, erike.
University Press, 1999. [In-depth Millward, Miyawaki, Moiseev, II. China and Central Asia,
archival study of this period.] Pelliot, Perdue, and Zlatkin. 1368-1884.
—. Clouds over Tianshan: essays III. An Oyirod letter in the
on social disturbance in Xinjiang in Bergholz, Fred W. The partition of British Museum.
the 1940s. Copenhagen: NIAS, 1999. the steppe: the struggle of the IV. Central Asian Sufism and
Russians, Manchus, and the Zunghar Ma Ming-hsin’s New Teaching.
Wang, Dongping. Qingdai Hui Jiang Mongols for empire in Central Asia, V. Confrontations between
falu zhidu yanjiu (1759-1884 nian) 1619-1758: a study in power politics. Muslim missionaries and nomad
[On the legal system in Huijiang New York: Peter Lang, 1993. [Relies unbelievers in the late sixteenth
between 1759 and 1884.]. Harbin: heavily on others’ research.] century: notes on four passages
Heilongjiang jiaoyu chubanshe, from the ‘Diya’ al-qulub’.
Chen Songkun, Bai Cuiqin. X i
2003. Menggu shi yanjiu. [Research on the VI. The Naqshbandiyya and
history of the Western Mongols.] the dhikr-i arra.
Whiting, Allen S. and Sheng Shih- Ürümchi: Xinjiang renmin V I I . Tu r c o - M o n g o l i a n
ts’ai. Sinkiang: pawn or pivot? East chubanshe, 1986. monarchic tradition in the
Lansing: Michigan State University Ottoman Empire.
Press, 1958. Chernyshev, A.I. Obshchestvennoe VIII. The biography of
i gosudarstvennoe razvitie oiratov v Khwush Kipak Beg (d. 1781) in
Wu, Aitchen. Turkistan Tumult. Hong XVIII v. [The Social and State the Wai-fan Meng-ku Hui-pu wang
Kong: Oxford University Press, 1940. Development of the Oirats in the kung piao chuan.
18th Century.] Moscow: “Nauka,” IX. The Mongols: ecological
Zhu, Wenzhang [Wen-djang Chu]. Glav. red. vostochnoi lit-ry, 1990. and social perspectives.
The Moslem rebellion in northwest
China, 1862-1878: a study of X. Integrative history:
Courant, Maurice. L’Asie centrale
government minority policy. The parallels and interconnections in
aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: empire
Hague: Mouton, 1966. the early modern period, 1500-
kalmouk ou empire mantchou?
1800.
Lyon: A. Rey, 1912.
Ziemann, Han-jung. Die Beziehungen XI. The Naqshbandiyya in
Sinkiangs (Ostturkestan) zu China Di Cosmo, Nicola. “Qing Colonial northwest China.
und der UdSSR, 1917-1945. Administration In Inner Asia.” Gurevich, B. P. Mezhdunarodnye
Bochum: Studienverlag N. Brock- International History Review, 20/2 otnosheniia v Tsentral’noi Azii. 2 nd
meyer, 1984. (1998): 287-309. edition. Moscow: “Nauka,” 1983.

Dubrovskaia, Dinara Viktorovna. — and G. F. Kim, eds. Mezhdu-

“Iliiskii krizis v russko-kitaiskikh narodnye otnosheniia v Tsentral’noi
VIII) World History, Interna-
otnosheniiakh.” [The Ili Crisis in Azii, XVII-XVIII vv.: dokumenty i
tional Relations and Manchu- Russo-Chinese Relations.] Vostok, materialy.[International Relations in
Junghar Interactions 1994: 51-63. Central Asia, 18th-19th Centuries.
Documents.] 2 vols. Moscow:
Originating in the work of Paul —. Sud’ba Sin’tsziana: obretenie “Nauka,” 1989.
Pelliot, Owen Lattimore and Kitaem ‘Novoi granitsy’ v kontse XIX
v. Moscow: IV RAN, 1998. Hasiotis, Arthur C. Soviet political,
especially Joseph Fletcher,
economic, and military involvement
interest in world historical Fletcher, Joseph. “China and Central in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949. New
approaches to the study of Asia, 1368-1884.” In: The Chinese York: Garland, 1987.
Chinese Central Asia and World Order. John K. Fairbank, ed.
adjoining regions has been Cambridge: Harvard University Hsü, Immanuel C. Y. The Ili Crisis:
expanding. Obviously relevant Press, 1968, pp. 207-222. A Study of Sino-Russian Diplomacy,

36
1878-1881. Oxford: Clarendon World-Historical Time. Lynn A. —. “Boundaries, maps, and
Press, 1965. Struve, ed. Cambridge: Harvard movement: Chinese, Russian, and
University Press, 2004, pp. 92-120. Mongolian empires in early modern
Khodzhaev, Ablat. Tsinskaia central Eurasia.” International
imperiia, Dzhungariia i Vostochnyi Mitirov, A. G. Oiraty-kalmyki: veka History Review, 20/2 (1998): 263-
Turkestan. [The Qing Empire, i pokoleniia. [The Oirat-Kalmyks: 286.
Jungharia and East Turkistan.] Centuries and Generations.] Elista:
Moscow: “Nauka,” 1979. [On Qing Kalmytskoe knizhnoe izd-vo, 1998. —. “The Qing Empire in Eurasian
China’s colonial policies.] Time and Space: Lessons from the
Miyawaki, Junko. “The Qalqa Galdan Campaigns.” In: The Qing
—, and B. A. Akhmedov. Tsinskaia Formation in World-Historical Time.
Mongols and the Oyirad in the
imperiia i Vostochnyi Turkestan v Lynn A. Struve, ed. Cambridge:
Seventeenth Century.” Journal of
XVIII v.: iz istorii mezhdunarodnykh Harvard University Press, 2004, pp.
Asian History, 18/2 (1984): 136-173.
otnoshenii v Tsentral’noi Azii. [The 57-90.
Qing Empire and East Turkistan in —. Saigo no yûboku teikoku:
the 18th Century: On the History of Jûngarubu no kôbô [The last —. China Marches West: The Qing
International Relations in Central nomadic empire: the decline of the Conquest of Central Eurasia .
Asia.] Tashkent: Izd-vo Fan Jungghar.] Tokyo: Kodansha, 1995. Cambridge: Harvard University
Uzbekskoi SSR, 1991. Press, 2005.
—. “The birth of the Oyirad
Kuznetsov, Viacheslav Semenovich. Khanship.” Central Asiatic Journal, Rossabi, Morris. China And Inner
Tsinskaia imperiia na rubezhakh 41/1 (1997): 38-75. Asia: From 1368 To The Present Day.
Tsentral’noi Azii: vtoraia polovina London: Thames and Hudson, 1975.
XVIII-pervaia polovina XIX v. [The —. “The Legitimacy of Khanship
Qing Empire on the Borders of among the Oyirad (Kalmyk) Tribes Sanchirov, Vladimir Petrovich.
Central Asia: the Second Half of the in Relation to the Chinggisid “Iletkhel shastir” kak istochnik po
18th-First Half of the 19th Centuries.] Principle.” In: The Mongol empire istorii oiratov. Moscow: “Nauka,”
Novosibirsk: “Nauka,” Sibirskoe otd., and its legacy. Reuven Amitai-Preiss Glav. red. vostochnoi lit-ry, 1990.
1983. and David O. Morgan, eds. Leiden:
Brill, 1999, pp. 319-331.
Saray, Mehmet. The Russian, British,
Lattimore, Owen. Pivot of Asia:
Chinese, and Ottoman rivalry in
Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Moiseev, V. A. Dzhungarskoe Turkestan: four studies on the
Frontiers of China and Russia. khanstvo i kazakhi: XVII-XVIII history of central Asia. Ankara:
Boston: Little, Brown, 1950. [Most vv.[The Junghar Khanate and the Turkish Historical Society Printing
relevant of his many valuable studies Kazakhs: 18th-19th Centuries.] Alma- House, 2003. [Uses and translates
on Inner Asia.] Ata: “Gylym,” 1991. some Ottoman archival material.]
Millward, James A. “A Uyghur Muslim —. Rossiia i Dzhungarskoe
khanstvo v XVIII veke: ocherk Schorkowitz, Dittmar. Die soziale und
in Qianlong’s Court: The Meanings
v n e s h n e p o l i t i c h e s k i k h politische Organisation bei den
of the Fragrant Concubine.” Journal
otnoshenii.[Russia and the Junghar Kalmücken (Oiraten) und Prozesse
of Asian Studies, 53/2 (1994): 427-
Khanate in the 18 th Century: An der Akkulturation vom 17.
458.
Outline of Foreign Relations.] Jahrhundert bis zur Mitte des 19.
—. “New Perspectives on the Qing Barnaul: Altaiskii gos. universitet, Jahrhunderts. Frankfurt am Main: P.
Frontier.” In: Remapping China. Gail 1998. Lang, 1992.
Hershatter et al, eds. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1996, pp. —. Rossiia i Kitai v Tsentral’noi Azii Syroezhkin, Konstantin L’vovich.
113-129. (vtoraia polovina XIX v.-1917 g.) Sovremennyi Sin’tszian i ego mesto
[Russia and China in Central Asia v kazakhstansko-kitaiskikh otno-
—. Beyond the pass: economy, (Second Half of the 19 th Century- sheniiakh. [Contemporary Xinjiang
ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central 1917).] Barnaul: Azbuka, 2003. and Its Place in Sino-Kazakh
Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford: Stanford Relations.] Almaty: Fond Evrazii,
University Press, 1998. Pelliot, Paul. Notes critiques 1997.
d’histoire kalmouke. Paris, Librairie
—. “Coming onto the Map:
d’Amérique et d’Orient, 1960. Waley-Cohen, Joanna. Exile in Mid-
‘Western Regions’ Geography and
[Detailed annotations of John F. Qing China: Banishment to
Cartographic Nomenclature in the
Baddeley’s Russia, Mongolia, China Xinjiang,1758-1820. New Haven:
Making of Chinese Empire in
with Chinese sources about the Yale University Press, 1991.
Xinjiang.” Late Imperial China, 20/2
Kalmyks.]
(1999): 61-98.
Zlatkin, Ilia Iakovlevich. Istoriia
—. “Historical perspectives on Perdue, Peter C. “Military Mobil- Dzhungarskogo khanstva,1635-
contemporary Xinjiang.” Inner Asia, ization in Seventeenth and 1758. [History of the Junghar
2/2 (2000): 121-35. Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, Khanate, 1635-1758.] Moscow:
and Mongolia.” Modern Asian Nauka, 1964; rev. ed., Moscow,
—. “The Qing Formation, the Studies, 30/4 (1996): 757-793. 1983.
Mongol Legacy, and the ‘End of [Important discussion of Inner Asian
History’ in Early Modern Central interactions in world-historical Zotov, O. Kitai i Vostochnyi Turkestan
Eurasia.” In: The Qing Formation in terms.] v XV-XVIII vekakh; mezhgosu-

37
darstvennye otnosheniia. [China and 146 for Kuldja and 89 for Kulja; traditions was completed by Grenard
East Turkistan in the 15 th -18 th 49 for Korla; 52 for Chuguchak, 53 after the death of Dutreuil de Rhins.]
Centuries: Interstate Relations.] for Tarbagatai and 23 for Tacheng;
Moscow: Nauka, 1991. Hedin, Sven. Through Asia. J. T.
etc.
Bealby, trans. 2 vols. London:
Methuen, 1899. [Account of
IX) Western Explorers, Mission- Ambolt, Nils. Karavan: Travels in expedition 1893-97.]
aries, and Consuls (excluding Eastern Turkestan. Foreword by
travel accounts not related to Sven Hedin. Translated from the —. Central Asia and Tibet. J. T.
formal expeditions) Swedish by Joan Bulman. London & Bealby, trans. 2 vols. London: Hurst
Glasgow: Blackie and Son Limited, and Blackett, 1903. [1899-1902
The works listed below are the 1939. expedition to Chinese Turkistan and
more important accounts of Tibet.]
Baud, A., Ph. Forêt and S.
ethnographic and archaeological —, et al. Scientific Results of a
Gorshenina. La Haute-Asie telle
expeditions in Eastern Turkistan qu’ils l’ont vue. Explorateurs et Journey in Central Asia 1899-1902.
since the mid-1800s. Most of scientifiques de 1820-1940. Geneva: 6 vols. Stockholm: Lithographic
these expeditions also result in Editions Olizane, 2003. Institute of the General staff of the
extensive publications about Swedish army, 1904-1907.
archaeological and manuscript Cable, Mildred and Francesca French.
—. Riddles of the Gobi desert.
materials. I have left out many George Hunter, Apostle of Turk-
Elizabeth Sprigge and Claude Napier,
publications by Japanese and estan. London: China Inland Mission,
trans. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1933.
1948.
Russian explorers because these
are readily found through the —. The Flight of “Big Horse”; the
Clark, Milton J. “How the Kazakhs Fled trail of war in Central Asia. F. H. Lyon,
secondary sources listed here. to Freedom.” National Geographic trans. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1936.
There are also at least 400 travel Magazine, 106/5 (1954): 621-644.
narratives in Western languages —. The Silk Road. F. H. Lyon, trans.
and many more in Chinese and —. “Leadership and Political New York: E. P. Dutton, 1938.
Japanese. Daniel Waugh and Allocation in Sinkiang Kazak Society.”
Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. —. The Wandering Lake. F. H. Lyon,
Adela Lee’s compilation of trans. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1940.
Harvard University, 1955. [Unfor-
bibliographies on early travelers tunately Harvard libraries make the [Hedin’s discovery of why the
on the Silk Road has made an unique copy of this work based on location of Lake Lop-Nor changed
excellent beginning for the first-hand experience impossible to over the centuries.]
ancient and medieval periods borrow.]
[For an introduction to Hedin’s
(<http://www.silk-road.com/artl/
Dabbs, Jack Autrey. History of the voluminous bibliography, see Daniel
srtravelmain.shtml>) and will be C. Waugh’s “A Sven Hedin
supplemented soon. Discovery and Exploration of Chinese
Turkestan. The Hague, Mouton, Bibliography” <http://www.
1963. silkroadfoundation.org/bibliography/
Many briefer accounts from hedinb3.html>.]
travelers and explorers appear in
journals. Most of the English- de Filippi, Filippo, Giotto Dainelli and Hopkirk, Peter. Foreign devils on the
language journals are available John Alfred Spranger. The Italian silk road: the search for the lost
expedition to the Himalaya, cities and treasures of Chinese
in the JSTOR database of journal Karakoram and Eastern Turkestan Central Asia. Amherst: University of
page images beginning in the late (1913-1914). London: E. Arnold & Massachusetts Press, 1980.
1800s. The breadth of coverage Co., 1932.
(and variety of spellings and Jarring, Gunnar. Return to Kashgar:
names) in the journals at Forsyth, Thomas Douglas, et al. Central Asian memoirs in the
JSTOR.org can be seen from the Report of a mission to Yarkund in present. Durham: Duke University
following statistics on searches 1873. Calcutta: Foreign Dept. Press, Press, 1986.
using geographic terms: 1583 for 1875.
Kliashtornyi, S. G, et al. Vostochnyi
Sinkiang, 873 for Xinjiang and 51
Gorshenina, Svetlana. Explorateurs Turkestan glazami Russkikh
for Hsin-chiang; 942 for Chinese puteshestvennikov. [East Turkistan
en Asie Centrale: Voyageurs et
Turkestan and 366 for Eastern aventuriers de Marco Polo à Ella through the Eyes of Russian
Turkestan (using Turkistan in Maillart. Genève: Éditions Olizane, Travelers.] Alma-Ata: “Nauka”
each phrase gives 400 more); 2003. [Annotated bibliography of Kazakhskoi SSR, 1988.
736 for Khotan and 38 for Hotan; travel accounts.]
612 for Yarkand; 852 for Kashgar Lattimore , Owen. High Tartary.
and 72 for Kashghar; 862 for Grenard, Fernand. J.-L. Dutreuil de Boston: Little, Brown, 1930. [Travels
Rhins; Mission scientifique dans la through Northern Xinjiang in 1927.]
Turfan and 18 for Turpan; 425 for
haute Asie, 1890-1895. 2 vols. Paris:
Hami and 23 for Qomul; 174 for E. Leroux, 1897-1898. [This Le Coq, Albert von. Buried treasures
Dzungaria and 28 for Zungaria; important description of exploration, of Chinese Turkestan: an account of
258 for Urumchi and 33 for Tihwa; history, folklore and religious the activities and adventures of the

38
second and third German Turfan valuable descriptive account based Yaqub, et al, provides examples
expeditions. Anna Barwell, trans. on his travels in Western Xinjiang of usage. Schwarz and Jarring
London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1928. while British Consul in Kashgar, both include information about
1922-1924.]
—. Von Land und Leuten in etymology and Schwarz provides
Ostturkistan: Berichte und Abenteuer classified word lists and
Stein, M. Aurel. Sand-buried ruins of illustrations. A comprehensive
der 4. deutschen Turfanexpedition.
Khotan; personal narrative of a
Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1928.
journey of archaeological &
dialect dictionary has yet to be
geographical exploration in Chinese produced, but Ghopuri, Jarring,
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil. Across Malov, Osmanov, Sadvaqasov,
Turkestan. London: T.F. Unwin, 1903.
Asia from West to East in 1906-1908.
and Tenishev have gathered
2 vols. Helsinki, 1940. —. Ancient Khotan, detailed report important materials. Many of the
of archaeological explorations in collections of oral texts listed
Michell, John. The Russians in Central Chinese Turkestan. 2 vols. Oxford:
Asia ... descriptions of Chinese Clarendon Press, 1907. [Online at
below consist are folklore
Turkestan and Dzungaria by Capt. <http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/ materials.
Valikhanof, M. Veniukof, etc. VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/>.]
London: E. Stanford, 1865. Abikänuli, Nurbäk. Qazaqsha-
—. Ruins of desert Cathay; khanzusha sözdik [Qazaq-Chinese
Mirsky, Jeannette. Sir Aurel Stein, personal narrative of explorations in Dictionary.] Beijing: Minzu
archaeological explorer. Chicago: Central Asia and westernmost China. chubanshe, 1989. [Extensive and
University of Chicago Press, 1977. London: Macmillan and Co., 1912. accurate bilingual dictionary.]
[Largely a summary/precis of his
—. Serindia: detailed report of Duval, Jean-R. “Modern Uyghur, A
writings.]
explorations in Central Asia and Historical Perspective.” In: Culture
westernmost China. 5 vols. Oxford: Contact, History and Ethnicity in
Obzor russkikh puteshestvii i
Clarendon Press, 1921. Inner Asia. Michael Gervers and
ekspeditsii v Sredniuiu Aziiu.
Wayne Schlepp, eds. Toronto: Joint
Materialy k istorii izucheniia Srednei
Walker, Annabel, Aurel Stein: Center for Asia Pacific Studies, 1996,
Azii, 4 pts. O. V. Maslova, comp.
Pioneer of the Silk Road. London: pp. 132-67.
Tashkent: Izd-vo “FAN” Uzbekskoi
John Muray, 1995. [Serious
SSR, 1955-1971. [Valuable
biography based on Stein archive.] Dwyer, Arienne. “Language Contact
annotated bibliography of Russian
in Qumul.” Journal of Central Asian
travelers and expeditions in Central Waugh, Daniel C. “The ‘mysterious Studies, 3/1 (Fall-Winter 1998): 30-
Asia from 1715-1886.] and terrible Karatash gorges’: notes 41.
and documents on the explorations
Paxton, John Hall. Papers. Yale by Stein and Skrine.” Geographical Ghopuri, Ghulam. Uyghur shiviliri
University Library, Manuscripts and Journal, 165/3 (1999): 306-20. sözlügi. Beijing: Millätlär Näshriyati,
Archives, Manuscript Group Number
1986.
629. [U.S. consul in Xinjiang 1945- Whitfield, Susan. Aurel Stein on the
1949. Author of “Escape over the Silk Road. Serindia Publications, —, Muhämmät Tursun Ibrahimi,
Roof of the World” in the Saturday 2004. [Excellent, illustrated Khoja Äkhmät Yünüs, compilers.
Evening Post and U.S. Camera photo introduction to Stein for the general Uyghur kilassik ädäbiyatidin qisqichä
essay on the escape (June 1951).] reader.] sözlük. Beijing: Millätlär Näshriyati,
1986.
Pevtsov, M. V. Puteshestvie po
Vostochnomu Turkestanu, Kun- Hahn, Reinhard and Ablahat Ibrahim.
X) Basic Sources for Linguistics
Luniu, severnoi okraine tibetskago Spoken Uyghur. Seattle: University
and Language Study of Washington Press, 1991. [An
nagor’ia i Chzhungarii v 1889-m i
1890-m godakh. [Journey through introductory text book.]
East Turkestan, the Kun-Lun and the Turkic, Manchu, and Mongol
Northern Fringes of the Tibetan linguistics are vast fields and Iliev, A., et al. Russko-uigurskii
Plateau and Jungharia in 1889 and many works have been published slovar’. Moscow: Gos. Izd-vo
1890.] St. Petersburg: M. on these and other historical and inostrannykh slovarei, 1956.
Stasiulevich, 1895. [Partial translation modern languages of Eastern [30,000 word Russian-Uyghur
as “An Ethnographic Sketch of Turkistan. The list below primarily dictionary.]
Kashgaria.” Journal of Steward
references works useful for Jarring, Gunnar. An Eastern Turki-
Anthropological Society, 12 (1982).]
studying modern Uyghur since it English Dialect Dictionary. Lunds
is the dominant language of the universitets årsskrift. N.F. Avd. 1, bd.
Przheval’skii, Nikolai Mikhailovich.
region and has only a limited 56, nr. 4. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup,
From Kulja, across the Tian Shan to 1964. [Roughly 15,000 entries.]
Lob-Nor. E. Delmar Morgan, tr.; T.
number of speakers elsewhere.
D. Forsyth, intro. London: S. Low, The most comprehensive —. “The Toponym Takla-Makan.”
Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1879. bilingual dictionaries are those Turkic Studies, 1/2 (1997): 227-41.
produced by Nadzhip, Iliev and
Skrine, C. P. Chinese Central Asia. Schwarz, while the multivolume Qawuz, Qadir. Han-Ying-Wei
London,: Methuen, 1926. [Still dictionary produced by Abliz chengyu cidian= A Chinese-English-

39
Uighur dictionary of idioms = Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati, collections and dastans have
Khänzuchä-Inglizchä-Uyghurchä 1992. been published in Alma-Ata,
turaqliq ibarilär lughiti. Ürümchi: Tashkent, Kashgar, Ürümchi and
Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati, 1990. Song, Zhengchun. “Multilingual
families of the Tuvinian people in Beijing, as well as in the journal
[Provides translations and
explanations for roughly 10,600 Xinjiang (Mongolia).” International Bulaq.
proverbs and sayings.] Journal of the Sociology of
Language, 97 (1992): 23-35. Ärshidinov, Batur. Uyghur klassikliri
Malov, S. E. Lobnorskii iazyk. [The ijadiyitigä dastan zhanri (XIX
Lobnor Language.] Frunze: Izd-vo Tenishev, Edgem R. Uigurskie teksty. äsirning birinchi yerimi). Alma-Ata:
AN Kirgizskoi SSR, 1956. [Uyghur Texts.] Moscow: Nauka, Nauka, 1988. [A study of the written
1984. dastan genre of Uyghur poetry
—. Uigurskie narechiia Sin’tsziana: —. Uigurskii dialektnyi slovar. during the first half of the nineteenth
teksty, perevody, slovar’. [The [Uyghur Dialect Dictionary.] century, when popular rebellions
Uyghur Dialects of Xinjiang: Texts, Moscow: “Nauka”, 1990. became an important sources for
Translations, Dictionary.] Moscow: dastan narratives.]
Izd-vo vostochnoi lit-ry, 1961. Yaqub, Abliz, et al. Shinjang Uighur
Aptonom Rayonluq Millatlar Til-Yeziq Friederich, Michael. Die ujghurische
—. Uigurskii iazyk: khamiiskoe
Khizmiti Komiteti Lughat Bölümi. Literatur in Xinjiang 1956-1966.
narechie: teksty, perevody i slovar’.
Uighur tilining izahliq lughiti. 6 vols. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997.
[The Uyghur Language: The Hami
Beijing: Millätlär Näshriyati, 1990-
Dialect. Texts, Translations and
1999. Ghochur, Vahtijan and Äsqär
Dictionary.] Moscow: Izd-vo AN
SSSR, 1954. Husäyin. Uyghur klassik ädibiyati
Zhao Xiangru and Reinhard F. Hahn. tezisiliri. Beijing, 1987. [A wide-
—. “Materialy po uigurskim “The Ili Turk people and their ranging history of the authors and
narechiiam Sin’tsziana.” [Materials language.” Central Asiatic Journal, works that are now considered part
on the Uyghur Dialects of Xinjiang.] 33/3-4 (1989): 260-289. of the Uyghur literary tradition, from
In: Sergeiu Fedorovichu Ol’den- the Uyghur Qaghanate through the
burgu: k piatidesiatiletiiu nauchno- Idiqut kingdom and the Qara-
obshchestvennoi deiatel’nosti, 1882- XI) Studies of Literature and khanids, including Abu Nasr
1932. Leningrad, 1934, pp. 307-322. Literary History Muhammad Farabi and many
Chaghatay authors, but excluding
M awkanuli, Talant. “The Jungar popular poets such as Mashrab and
The study of medieval Turkic
Tuvas: Language and National Huwaydâ who have been assigned
Identity in the PRC.” Central Asian literary history and Turkic
to the Uzbeks.]
Survey, 20/4 (2001): 497-517. linguistics are fairly advanced but
authors from the last 500 years
Nadzhip, Emir N. Uigursko-russkii Jarring, Gunnar. Some notes on
have attracted less international eastern Turki (New Uighur) munazara
slovar. Moscow: “Sov. entsiklo- interest and are assigned to one
pediia,” 1968. [Uyghur-Russian literature. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup,
or another national literature. 1981.
dictionary, with very detailed entries
for roughly 33,000 words.] This results in tendentious
literary histories that attempt to —. ‘The Thiefless City’ and ‘The
Osmanov, Mirsultan, Ansardin Musa, Contest between Food and Throat.’
strengthen or at least adjudicate
and Osman Nadir. Hazirqi zaman Scripta Minora 1989-1990:1. Lund:
the validity of, for example, C. W. K. Gleerup, 1989.
uyghur tili dialektliri. Ürümchi: Uyghur or Uzbek claims to
Shinjang Yashlar-ösmürlär näsh-
particular authors. Only a few —. Prints from Kashghar; the
riyati, 1990.
studies such as those of printing-office of the Swedish mission
Päyzulla, Änwär. Inglizchä- Ärshidinov and Friederich have in eastern Turkestan. Stockholm:
Uyghurchä lughät; English-Uighur Almqvist & Wiksell, 1991.
begun to move beyond the
Dictionary. Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq cataloging, categorizing and
Näshriyati, 1988. Kaidarov, A. T. Razvitie sovre-
historicizing modes of literary mennogo Uigurskogo literaturnogo
analysis to understand literature iazyka. [The Development of the
Sadvaqasov [Sadvakasov], G. Iazyk
uigurov Ferganskoi doliny. [The in its social contexts, and local Contemporary Uyghur Literary
Language of the Ferghana Valley scholars have also been reluctant Language.] Alma-Ata: 1969. [Soviet
Uyghurs.] 2 vols. Alma-Ata: “Nauka” to accept religious materials such Uyghur version of the development
Kazakhskoi SSR, 1970-1976. as hagiographies within the of Uyghur literary poetry and prose.]
nationalized literary traditions.
Schwarz, Henry G. An Uyghur- The simple model of an evolving Khamraev, M. K. Osnovy tiurskogo
English dictionary. Bellingham, “national” literature has over- stikhoslozheniia; na materiale
Wash.: Western Washington uigurskoi klassicheskoi i sovremennoi
whelmed the possibility of
University Press, 1992. poezii. [The Foundations of Turkic
describing literature in use. But Versification; Based on the Materials
Sinjon, Danyel [St. John, Daniel]. A the materials for more detailed of Uyghur Classical and Contem-
Uighur-English Dictionary; study are rich: many relevant porary Poetry.] Alma-Ata: Izd-vo AN
Uyghurchä-Inglizchä lughät. editions of manuscript ghazal Kazakhskoi SSR, 1963.

40
Light, Nathan. “Kazakhs of the XII) Performing Arts, epic traditions, such as the famous
Tarbaghatai: Ethno-History Through Ethnomusicology, Folklore, Folk Manas epic of Jusup Mamay which
a Novel.” The Turkish Studies Art, Architecture and Material may be as long as 500,000 lines
Association Bulletin, 17/2 ( 1993):
Culture in its full extent. Other performing
91-102. [Analysis of a novel about
nomadic life from an ethnographic arts and material culture are being
The study of Turkic, Mongol and studied in some detail, with the
perspective.]
Manchu folk traditions in Eastern best ethnographic work done by
Mollaudov, Savut. Bilal Nazimning Turkistan has a long history, and Dautcher and Harris.
haiati va ijadi. Alma-Ata: Qazaqstan oral literature and music in
SSR “Nauka” nashriiati, 1976. [The particular have remained pro- Alakhunov, A. Uighur Khaliq Qoshaqliri.
life and works of the author Bilal ductive topics for research and Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1977.
Nazim who worked with N. publishing while religion has been
Pantusov.] Alibakieva, Tamara. Uigurskie
more sensitive in China and the
istoricheskie pesni. [Uyghur
—, and Gh. Sadvaqasov. Uighur Soviet Union. Folk qoshaq and Historical Songs.] Moscow: Sovetskii
adabiiatining qisqicha tarikhi. Alma- dastan songs have been published kompozitor, 1986. [Songs and
Ata: Qazaqstan SSR “Nauka” and analyzed in Russian and musical transcriptions.]
nashriiati, 1983. Uyghur, but there has been little
comparative investigation of the Alieva, Makhinur M. Uighur khaliq
—. XVIII äsir uighur poeziiasi chöchäkliri. Alma-Ata: Zhazushy
widely circulated materials such as
(tätqiqat va tekstlar). Alma-Ata: nashriiati, 1969.
“Nauka” nashriiati, 1990. the romantic dastans and Nasirdin
Äpändi (Hoca Nasreddin) tales. M. —. Uigurskaia skazka. [The Uyghur
Naby, Eden. “Uighur literature: the Alieva has written on the Tale.] Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1975.
antecedents.” In: Cultural Change characteristics of oral folklore
and Continuity in Central Asia. Shirin genres: nakhsha, bäyt and qoshaq —. Zhanry uigurskogo fol’klora.
Akiner, ed. London: Kegan Paul, [Genres of Uyghur Folklore.] Alma-
(songs), läpär (humorous song and
1991, pp. 14-28. Ata: Nauka, 1989.
dance performances), tepishmaq
(riddles), maqal-tämsil (proverbs,
Narynbaev, Aziz I. Progressivnaya Aratan, Ekrem Ural. Kâshgar
obshchestvenno-filosofskaya mysl’ sayings), chöchäk (tale), rivayät agzindan derlemeler. Ankara:
Uigurov vtoroi poloviny XIX v. Frunze: (legend), äpsanä (myth), lätipä Ankara Üniversitesi Basïmevi, 1965.
Ilim, 1988. [Social philosophies of late (humorous anecdotes), but [Oral materials from Kashgar.]
19th-century Uyghur authors in order despite the excellent work of
to reclaim ancestors as progressive Radlov, Pantusov, Katanov, Malov Baqi, Tokhti. Uyghur tamaqliri .
thinkers.] (see under linguistics), Jarring, Le Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati, 1984.
Coq, and Reichl there has been [Traditional Uyghur foods.]
Shahrani, M. Nazif. “Local Knowledge little comparative or ethnographic
of Islam and Social Discourse in Chao Gejin. Qiannian juechang
work on narrative and song forms.
Afghanistan and Turkistan in the yingxiongge: Weilate Menggu
Modern Period.” In: Turko-Persia in In addition to items listed here
shishichuan tongtian yesanji = The
Historical-Perspective, Robert L. many others Uyghur song and tale
heroic songs of the past: fieldnotes
Canfield, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge collections have been published in on the Oirat Mongolian epic
University Press, pp. 161-188. [Good Xinjiang and Kazakstan, making tradition. Nanning: Guangxi renmin
description of literature in use by the available material very rich. chubanshe, 2004.
nomads from Eastern Turkistan.]
International interest over the
Çubukçu, Bayhan and Söhret A.
Sherip, Islamjan and Abdukerim past 20 years has focused on the Oghuzoghlu. “Geleneksel Uygur
Rakhman, eds. Uyghur pälsäpä Uyghur muqam song tradition Tibbinda Kullanilan Bitkisel Ilac
tarikhighä a’it mäsililär. Kashgar: because of its importance as a Hammaddeleri.” Türk halk kültürü
Qäshqär Uyghur Näshriyati, 1981.
symbol of Uyghur cultural identity arastirmalari 1994. Ankara: Kültür
[Articles about the philosophical
tradition expressed by Uyghur and history and its relationship to Bakanligi, 1996, p. 43-60. [Methods
maqamat traditions in other parts of Uyghur healing.]
authors.]
of Eurasia, with the work of Light,
Thwaites, Dilber. “Zunun Kadir’s Trebinjac, Tsai and Zhou being the Dautcher, Jay. “Folklore and Identity
ambiguity; the dilemma of a Uyghur most important. Since the 1950s in a Uighur Community in Xinjiang,
writer under Chinese rule.” expanding and standardizing the China.” Unpublished Ph.D. dis-
Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. sertation. University of California,
muqam repertoire has been
Australian National University, 2001. Berkeley, 1999.
heavily supported in Xinjiang and
Kazakstan in order to present
Wei Cuiyi. “An Historical Survey of Du Yaxiong and Zhou Ji. Sichou zhi
Modern Uighur Writing since the
muqams as the centerpieces of lu de yinyue wenhua. Beijing: Minzu
1950s in Xinjiang, China.” Central Uyghur traditional culture. Similarly, chubanshe, 1997. [A study of Silk
Asiatic Journal, 37/3-4 (1993): 249- interest in Qirghiz, Mongol and Road musical culture by two
322. Manchu/Sibe has focused on the excellent ethnomusicologists.]

41
During, Jean and Sabine Trebinjac. aus Jarkend.” Mitteilungen des uigurskom i russkom iazykakh i s
Introduction au Muqam Ouïgour. Seminars für Orientalische russkimi paralleliami. [Uyghur
Bloomington, Indiana: RIFIAS, Sprachen, 8 (1905): 25-38. Aphorisms and Sayings in Uyghur and
1991. Russian and with Russian Parallels.]
Ha ªim, Ehet. Uygur halk masallarï. Moscow: Glav. red. vostochnoi lit-ry,
Hali, Awelkhan, Zengxiang Li, and Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi, 1989. 1981.
Karl W. Luckert. Kazakh traditions
of China. Lanham, Md.: University Hu Djen-Hua and Rémy Dor. “Manas Katanov, N. F. and Karl Menges.
Press of America, 1998. [A collection chez les Kirghiz du Xinjiang.” Turcica, Volkskundliche Texte aus Ost-
of cultural material presented 14/4 (1984): 29-50. Türkistan. 3 vol. Berlin and Mainz:
according to Luckert’s evolutionary Verlag der Akademie der Wis-
scheme.] Jamaldinov, Oktyabr’. Uyghur khälq senschaften, 1933-1954.
qoshaqliri. Alma-Ata: Zhazushy,
Harris, Rachel. “Music, Identity and 1988. Le Coq, Albert von. Sprichwörter
Persuasion: ethnic minority music in und Lieder aus der Gegend von
Xinjiang, China.” Unublished Ph.D. Jarring, Gunnar. Materials to the Turfan. Baessler-Archiv, beiheft 1.
dissertation. University of London, knowledge of Eastern Turki; tales, Berlin: B.G. Teubner, 1911.
1998. poetry, proverbs, riddles, ethnological
and historical texts from the southern —, and Otto von Falke.
—. “Cassettes, Bazaars and parts of Eastern Turkestan, with Volkskundliches aus Ost-Turkistan.
Saving the Nation: the Uyghur Music translation and notes. 4 vols. Lunds Berlin: D. Reimer, 1916.
Industry in Xinjiang, China.” In: universitets årsskrift, N.F, 43/4, 44/
Global Goes Local: Popular Culture —. “Ost-Türkisshe gedichte und
7, and 47/3-4. Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup,
in Asia. T. Craig & R. King, eds. erzählungen.” Keleti Szemle (Revue
1946-1951. [1. Texts from Khotan and
Vancouver: University of British orientale), 18 (1918-19): 50-118.
Yarkand. 2. Texts from Kashghar,
Columbia Press, 2001, pp. 265-83. Tashmalig und Kucha. 3. Folk-lore from
Lebedeva, E.P. and L.M. Gorelova,
Guma. 4. Ethnological and historical
—. “Wang Luobin: ‘Folksong King eds. Sidi kur: sibinskaia versiia
texts from Guma.]
of the Northwest’ or Song Thief ? “Volshebnogo mertvetsa.” [Sidi Kur:
Copyright, representation and —. Matters of Ethnological Interest A Sibe-Manchu Version of
Chinese ‘folksongs’.” In: Consuming in Swedish Missionary Reports from the”Bewitched Corpse” Cycle.]
China: approaches to cultural Southern Sinkiang. Lund: C. W. K. Transcribed by V.V. Radlov.
change in contemporary China. Gleerup, 1979. Transliterated and introduced by
Kevin Latham and Stuart Thompson, Giovanni Stary. Wiesbaden:
eds. Curzon Press, forthcoming. —. The Moen Collection of Eastern
Harrassowitz, 1994.
[Appears to be planned for late Turki (New Uighur) Proverbs and
2005.] Popular Sayings. Scripta Minora
Mackerras, Colin. “Uygur performing
1984-1985:1, Lund 1984.
art in contemporary China.” China
—, and Rahile Dawut. “Mazar —. Garments from Top to Toe; Quarterly, 101 (March 1985): 58-77.
Festivals of the Uyghurs: Music, Eastern Turki texts relating to articles
Islam and the Chinese State.” of clothing. Stockholm: Almqvist & —. “Traditional Uygur Performing
Ethnomusicology Forum, 1 1 / 1 Wiksell, 1992. Arts.” Asian Music, 16/1 (Fall-Winter
(2002): 101-18. 1985): 29-58.
—. Stimulants among the Turks of
—. “Snapshot: Uighur Popular Eastern Turkestan: an Eastern Turki Mamay, Jüsüp. Manas; Qirghiz elinin
Music,” in The Garland encyclopedia text edited with translation, notes tarikhiy eposu. Ürümchi: Shinjang
of world music. Vol 7: East Asia: and glossary. Stockholm: Almqvist Khälq Näshriyati, 1989-. [Extensive
China, Japan and Korea. Robert & Wiksell, 1993. version of the Manas epic planned
Provine, Yosihiko Tokumaru, and J. to include at least 8 volumes.]
Lawrence Witzleben, eds. New York: —, and Sigfrid Moen. The Moen
Routledge, 2002, pp. 467-71. collection of eastern Turki (New Mehrulla, Himit and Lätipä Qorban.
Uighur) popular poetry. Scripta Uyghur ussul sän’iti toghirisida.
—. Singing the village: music, Minora 1996-1997:1. Stockholm: Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati,
memory and ritual among the Sibe Almqvist & Wiksell, 1996. 1991.
of Xinjiang. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2005. Kabirov, M.N. Uigurskie skazki.
Omär, Uchqunjan, ed. Uyghur khälq
[Uyghur Tales.] Alma-Ata, 1963.
Hartmann, Martin. “Ein Türkischer tarikhiy qoshaqliri. Qäshqär:
text aus Kašgar.” Keleti Szemle —, and V.F. Shakhmatov. Uigurskie Qäshqär Uyghur Näshriyati, 1981.
(Revue orientale), 5 (1904): 21-35, narodnye skazki. [Uyghur Folk
161-84, 330-43; 6 (1905): 25-65. Tales.] Moscow: Gos. izd-vo Öztopçu, Kurtuluš. Uygur atasözleri
[“Shingiltak and 7 dongiltak” a folktale khudozh. lit-ry, 1951. ve deyimleri. I s t a n b u l : D o g h u
similar to Andersen’s “Der kleine Türkistan Vakfï, 1992. [Collection of
Clause und der grosse Claus” and to Kadyrov, A. N. Uigurskii sovetskii Uyghur proverbs.]
a tale in Radlov’s collection. Text and teatr. [Uyghur Soviet Theater.] Alma-
analysis.] Ata : Oner, 1984. Pantusov, N. N. Materialy k
izucheniiu nariechiia Taranchei
—. “Die Geschichte von den Vierzig Khamraev, M. K. and Iu. I. Levin. Iliiskago okruga. [Materials for the
Leibern (Èilten). I. Ein türkischer Text Uigurskie poslovitsy i pogovorki: na Study of the Taranchi Dialect of the

42
Ili District.] 9 issues [vyp.]. Kazan: Sadvakasov, G. Uighur fol’klorining Zhang Hengde. Xinjiang Weiwuer
Tip. Imperatorskago universiteta, antologiiasi. [Anthology of Uyghur minjian huamao tu’anji; A Collection
1897-1907. Folklore.] Alma-Ata: “Nauka,” 1988. of the Xinjiang Uighur Folk Cap
Designs. Ürümchi: Xinjiang renmin
—. Obraztsy taranchinskoi —, and Sh. Kibirov. Uighur maqal
chubanshe, 1983.
narodnoi literatury: teksty i va tamsilliri = Uigurskie poslovitsy i
perevody. [Examples of Taranchi pogovorki. [Uyghur Aphorisms and
Zhongguo jianzhu jishu fazhan
Popular Literature: Texts and Sayings.] Alma-Ata: “Nauka”
zhongxin. Xinjiang Weiwuer jianzhu
Translations.] Kazan: Tip. Impera- Kazakhskoi SSR, 1978.
zhuangshi. [Xinjiang Uyghur
torskago universiteta, 1909.
Svanberg, Ingvar. “A Collection of Architectural Decoration.] Ürümchi:
—. Taranchinskiia pesni. [Taranchi Kazak Riddles from Chinese Xinjiang renmin chubanshe, 1985.
Songs.] St. Petersburg: Tip. Impera- Turkistan and Mongolia.” Arv: [Brief text of 12 pages followed by
torskoi akademii nauk, 1890. Scandinavian Yearbook of Folklore, 342 black and white photos of
38 (1982): 163–73. architectural elements.]
—, and Bilal Nazym. Voina
musul’man protiv Kitaitsev: tekst Tömür, Khewir. Molla Zäydin häqqidä Zhou Ji. Zhongguo Xinjiang Weiwuer
nariechiia Taranchi. [The Muslim War qissä. 2 vols. Ürümchi: Shinjang zu Yisilanjiao liyi yinyue. Taibei:
against the Chinese: A Text in the Khälq Näshriyati, 1981-91. [Stories Xinwenfeng chuban gongsi, 1999.
Taranchi Dialect.] 2 vols. Kazan: v about a famous trickster figure who
univ. tip., 1880-1881. [v. 1. Kitabi- lived in the Turfan region during the
gazat der mul’ki Chin (Religioznaia
XIII) Anthropology, Cultural
19th century.]
voina v Kitaiskom gosudarstve) Analysis, Ethnography, Ethnicity,
(Kitabi-gazat der mul’ki Chin Trebinjac, Sabine. “Musique Ethnogenesis
[ Religious War in the Chinese Ouïgoure et collectes musicales en
State]); v. 2. Pesni Taranchei. O Chine.” Unpublished dissertation. Ethnic identity and ethnogenesis
vspomogatel’nykh glagolakh. Université Paris X, Nanterre, 1994. in Xinjiang have been a central
Primechaniia (Taranchi Songs. On focus of study for many scholars.
—. Le Pouvoir en Chantant: l’art
the Auxiliary Verbs. Notes).]
de fabriquer une musique chinoise.
Cesaro, Clark, Gladney, Hoppe,
Nanterre: Société d’ethnologie, Roberts, Rudelson, Smith, and
Radlov, V. V. Obraztsy narodnoi 2000. Svanberg offer nuanced insights
literatury severnykh Tiurkskikh into the complexities of ethnicity,
—. “Quand les Ouïgours jouent et
plemen’. [Examples of Popular but Gladney’s point that ethnic
s’amusent.” Etudes mongoles et
Literature of the Northern Turkic distinctions are not very im-
sibériennes, 30-31 (1999-2000):
Tribes.] Vol. 6. Narechie Taranchei. portant when Uyghurs move to
125-135. [also in English in Garland
[The Taranchi Dialect.] St.
Encyclopedia of Music, vol. 7.] Turkey should be extended to the
Petersburg: Tip. Imperatorskoi
akademii nauk, 1886. situation in Xinjiang as well:
Tsai, Tsung-te. “The Music and ethnic identity is only contingently
Tradition of Qumul Muqam in
salient and much is missed by an
Rakhman, Abdukerim. Folklor vä Chinese Turkistan.” Unpublished
yazma ädäbiyat. Qäshqär: Qäshqär Ph.D. dissertation. University of exclusive focus on it. As with
Uyghur Näshriyati, 1989. Maryland-Baltimore County, 1998. many of the literary studies
above, ethnographers tend
—. Uyghur folklori häqqidä bayan. Tursun, Abduväli. Khotän towards too much attention to
Ürümchi: Xinjiang University Press, gilämchiliki. Ürümchi: Shinjang
ethnic differences. Ethnic
1990. [Describes traditional daily life. Khälq Näshriyati, 1986. [Detailed
discussion of carpet making in identities are important modes of
rituals, farming, trade, food, healing,
and material culture.] Khotan.] negotiating political and social
organization and activities both
Raquette, Gustaf Richard and
Wei, Cuiyi and Karl W. Luckert. on the interpersonal and on the
Uighur stories from along the Silk level of state bureaucracy and
Gunnar Jarring. Gustaf Raquette and
Road. Lanham, Md.: University Press public performances, but they
Qasim Akhun’s letters to Kamil
of America, 1998. [A collection of offer only a partial perspective on
efendi: ethnological and folkloristic
literary and oral stories arranged
materials from southern Sinkiang. social life. Life in Xinjiang involves
and annotated according to a theory
Lund: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1975. more than deciphering the
of survivals and cultural evolution:
each story is supposed to reflect a changing ways politics, culture,
Reichl, Karl. Märchen aus Sinkiang: particular stage of socio-economic history, and rights are linked to
Überlieferungen der Turkvölker development.] ethnicity. Practices more strongly
Chinas. Köln: E. Diederichs Verlag,
associated with gender, class,
1986. Zakharova, I. V. “Material’naia and religion—although these are
kultura uigurov Sovetskogo soiuza.” also changing—are equally
Rincindorji. “Uber den ‘Jangyar’ in [Material Culture of the Uyghurs of
Sinkiang und die Jangyarsanger.” important, and here the works of
the Soviet Union.] Sredneaziatskii
Joerg Becker, trans. Fragen der etnograficheskii sbornik. Trudy Bellér-Hann and Hann are
mongolischen Heldendichtung, III. instituta etnografii imeni Miklukho- particularly valuable. Historical
Walther Heissig, ed. Wiesbaden: Maklaia. Moscow, 1959, pp. 215- accounts of cultural practices can
Harrassowitz, 1985, pp. 273-300. 298. be found in the works on Chvyr,

43
Iskhakov, Le Coq, Pelliot and —. “Locked in Conflict. Parameters C hvyr, Liudmilla Anatol’evna.
Pevtsov. of Uyghur Identity, in China and in “European reports about the Uighurs
the Diaspora.” In: Cultural in the late 19th and early 20th century
Abramzon, S. M. “Kirgizskoe Persistence and Globalisation. [sic].” Information Bulletin,
naselenie Sin’tszian-uigurskoi Orientwissenschaftliche Hefte 2. International Association for the
avtonomnoi oblasti Kitaiskoi Orientwissenschaftliches Zentrum: Study of the Cultures of Central Asia
narodnoi respubliki.” In: Trudy Halle, 2001, pp. 53-66. [Moscow], 15 (1989): 103-123.
Kirgizskoi arkheologo-etnografi-
—. “Solidarity and contest among —. Uigury Vostochnogo Turkestana
cheskoi ekspeditsii, Vol. 2. Moscow:
U yghur healers in Kazakhstan.” i sosednie narody v kontse XIX-
Izd-vo AN SSSR, 1959, pp. 332-369.
Inner Asia, 3 (2001): 73-98. nachale XX v.: ocherki istoriko-
[ Translated as: “Ethnographical
kul’turnykh sviazei. [The Uyghurs of
Information on the Kirgiz Population
—. “‘Making the oil fragrant.’ East Turkistan and Neighboring
in the Sinkiang-Uighur Autonomous
Dealings with the supernatural Peoples at the End of the 19 th -
Oblast of the Chinese People’s
among the Uighur in Xinjiang.” Asian Beginning of the 20 th Centuries:
Republic, JPRS 24,572/1964: 1-54.
Ethnicity, 2/1 (2001): 9-23. Essays on Historical-Cultural Ties.]
One of the few studies of the Kyrgyz
Moscow: “Nauka,” 1990.
in Xinjiang; based mainly on emigré —. “The hairbraiding ritual.” In:
interviews.] Aktual’nye problemy sovremennogo —. “Notes on the ethnic self-
Uigurovedeniia. Ablet Kamalov, ed. awareness of the Uighur.” Anthro-
Bellér-Hann, Ildikó. “Script changes pology and Archeology of Eurasia, 34/
Almaty: Gylym Press, 2002, pp. 180-
in Xinjiang”. In: Cultural change and 3 (1995/6): 48-67. [Originally in
192.
continuity in Central Asia. Shirin Russian as “Zametki ob etnicheskom
Akiner, ed. London: Kegan Paul, —. “Temperamental Neighbours: samosoznanii uigurov,” Etno-
1991, pp. 71-83. Constructing Boundaries in Xinjiang, graficheskoe obozrenie, 3 (1994):
Northwest China.” In: Imagined 31-40.]
—. “Narratives and values: source
Difference: hatred and the
materials for the study of popular Clark, William. “Convergence or
construction of identity. Günther
culture in Xinjiang.” Inner Asia, 1/1 divergence: Uighur family change in
Schlee, ed. Münster-Hamburg-
(1996): 89-100. Urumqi.” Unpublished Ph.D.
London: LIT Verlag, 2002, pp. 57-
81. dissertation. University of Wash-
—. “The peasant condition in ington, 1999.
Xinjiang.” Journal of Peasant Studies, —. “Geschlechtsspezifische
25/1 (1997): 87-112 Arbeitsteilung bei den Uiguren im —. “Childbearing Strategies
Nordwesten Chinas.” In: Die among the Uighur Urban Educated
—. “Crafts, Entrepreneurship and geschlechtsspezifische Einbettung Elite in Urumqi.” Asian Ethnicity, 2/2
Gendered Economic Relations in der Ökonomie. Empirische Unter- (2001): 225-237.
Southern Xinjiang in the Era of suchungen über Entwicklungs- und —, and Kamalov, Ablet. “Uighur
Socialist Commodity Economy.” Transformationsprozesse (Market, migration across Central Asian
Central Asian Survey, 17/4 (1998): Culture and Society 12). Gudrun frontiers.” Central Asian Survey, 23/
701-718. Lachenmann and Petra Danecker, 2 (2004): 167-183.
eds. Münster: LIT, 2002, pp. 321-346.
—. “Work and gender among
Geng Shimin, “On the Fusion of
Uighur villagers in southern —. “Law and custom among the
Nationalities in the Tarim Basin and
Xinjiang.” In: Les Ouïgours au Uyghur in Xinjiang.” In: Central
the Formation of the Modern Uighur
XXème siècle. Cahiers d’Études sur Asian Law: An Historical Overview.
Nationality.” Central Asian Survey, 3/
la Méditerranée Orientale et le A Festschrift for the Ninetieth
4 (1984): 1-14
Monde Turco-Iranien, F. Aubin and Birthday of Herbert Franke. Wallace
J.-F. Besson, eds. 25 (1998) pp. 93- Johnson and Irina F. Popova, eds.
Gladney, Dru C. “The Ethnogenesis
114. Topeka, Kansas: Society for Asian
of the Uighur.” Central Asian Survey,
Legal History, 2004, pp. 173-194.
—. “Women, Work and Procreation 9 (1990): 1-28.
Beliefs in Two Muslim Communities.” —. “Hair-Raising Stories: The —. “Representing Nationality in
In: Conceiving Persons: Ethno- Trickster in Uyghur Oral Tradition.” China: Refiguring Majority/Minority
graphies of Procreation, Substance Asian Anthropology, 3 (2004): 13- Identities.” Journal of Asian Studies,
and Personhood. P. Loizos and P. 38. 53/1 (1994): 92-123.
Heady, eds. London: Athlone, 1999,
pp. 113-137. Cesàro, M. Cristina. “Consuming —. “Relational Alterity: Con-
Identities: Food and resistance structing Dungan (Hui), Uygur, and
—. The Written and the Spoken. among the Uyghur in contemporary Kazakh Identities Across China,
Literacy and Oral Transmission Xinjiang.” Inner Asia, 2/2 (2000): Central Asia, and Turkey.” History
among the Uyghur. ANOR 8. Berlin: 225-238. and Anthropology, 9/2 (1996): 445-
Das Arabische Buch, 2000. 477.
—. “Consuming identities: the
—, and Chris Hann. “Peasants and culture and politics of food among —. Dislocating China. Chicago:
officials in Southern Xinjiang: the Uyghur in contemporary University of Chicago Press, 2005.
subsistence, supervision and Xinjiang.” Unpublished Ph.D.
subversion.” Zeitschrift für Ethno- dissertation. University of Kent at Hann, Chris M. “Ethnic games in
logie, 124 (2000): 1-32. Canterbury, 2002. Xinjiang: anthropological approach-

44
es.” In: Cultural Change and and ed. Journal of the Steward —. “Xinjiang Kazak Adoption
Continuity in Central Asia. Shirin Anthropological Society, 12/2 (1981): Practices.” Central Asiatic Journal,
Akiner, ed. London: Kegan Paul 365-440. 38/2 (1994): 235-243.
International, pp. 218-36.
Roberts, Sean R. “Negotiating —. “Ethnic Categorizations and
—. “Peasants in an era of freedom: locality, Islam, and national culture Cultural Diversity in Xinjiang: The
property and market economy in in a changing borderlands: the Dolans along the Yarkand River.”
southern Xinjiang.” Inner Asia, 1/2 revival of the Mäshräp ritual among Central Asiatic Journal, 40/2 (1996):
(1999): 195-219. young Uighur men in the Ili valley.” 260-282.
Central Asian survey, 17/4 (1998):
Häbibulla, Abdurähim. Uyghur
673-99. XIV) Religion: Islam, Khwâja
Etnografiyisi. Ürümchi, 1993.
—. “The Uighurs of the Kazakstan Rule, Sufism, Shamanism
Hoppe, Thomas. Die ethnischen
Borderlands: Migration and the
Gruppen Xinjiangs: Kulturunter- Religious practices and the
Nation.” Nationalities Papers, 26/3
schiede und interethnische Bezieh- history and politics of religion in
(1998): 511-530.
ungen. Hamburg, Institut für the region now called Xinjiang
Asienkunde, 1995. —. “Uyghur neighborhoods and offer many aspects and sources
—. “An Essay on Reproduction: nationalisms in the former Sino- for study. Studies of religious
The Example of Xinjiang Uighur Soviet borderland: an historical practices were limited by PRC
Autonomous Region.” In: Learning ethnography of a stateless nation on
government policies until
from China?: Environment and the margins of modernity.”
Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. recently, but many earlier officials,
Development in Third World
University of Southern California, ethnographers and explorers
Countries. Bernhard Glaeser, ed.
London: Allen and Unwin, 1987, pp. 2003. made detailed reports about
56-84. religion. Most of the historical
—. “Toasting Uyghurstan: and ethnographic items included
Iskhakov, Gegel’ M. [Wedding Negotiating Stateless Nationalism in
above mention religion, and the
ceremonies of the Uyghurs of east Transnational Ritual Space.” In:
Contesting rituals: Islam and Islamic primary sources are
Turkestan ….]. Trudy Instituta istorii,
practices of identity-making. particularly important for these
arkheologii i etnografii (Alma-Ata), 18
(1963): 87-102. Pamela J. Stewart and Andrew topics as Islam became in-
Strathern, eds. Durham, N.C.: creasingly important in the social
—. Ethnograficheskoe izuchenie Carolina Academic Press, 2005. and political lives of Turkic
uigurov Vostochnogo Turkestana
speakers over the past 500
russkimi puteshestvennikami vtoroi
Rudelson, Justin Jon. Oasis years. In addition to items listed
poloviny XIX veka. [The Ethnographic
Identities: Uyghur Nationalism along below, the works of Bellér-Hann
Study of the Uyghurs of East Turkistan
China’s Silk Road. New York: on healing practices, the
by Russian Travelers in the Second
Columbia University Press, 1997.
Half of the 19th Century.] Alma-Ata: historical studies by Fletcher and
Nauka, 1975. —. “Uighur Historiography and Hartmann, and the collections of
Uighur Ethnic Nationalism.” In: folklore by Katanov, Pantusov,
Le Coq, Albert von. “Die Abdal.” Ethnicity, Minorities and Cultural and Radlov are particularly rich
Bässler-Archiv, 2/5-6 (1912): 221- Encounters. Ingvar Svanberg, ed.
sources for religious ideas and
234. Uppsala Multiethnic Papers 25.
Uppsala: Centre for Multiethnic practices.
Li, Sheng and Anwar Ablimit. Research, 1991, pp. 63-82.
Arik, Kagan. “A native taxonomy of
“Summary of Research on the Racial
Smith, Joanne. “Changing Uyghur healing among the Xinjiang Kazaks.”
and Ethnic Origins of China’s Xinjiang
identities in Xinjiang in the 1990s.” Anthropology of Consciousness, 10/4
Uighur Ethnic Group.” In: Racial
Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. (1999): 8-23.
identities in East Asia, Barry
Sautman, ed. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University of Leeds, 1999. —. “Shamanism, culture and the
University of Science and —. “Four generations of Uyghurs: Xinjiang Kazak: a native narrative
Technology, 1995, pp. 601-636. the shift towards ethno-political of identity. ” Unpublished Ph.D.
ideologies among Xinjiang’s youth.” dissertation. University of Wash-
Light, Nathan. “Slippery Paths: The Inner Asia, 2/2 (2000): 195-224. ington, 1999.
Performance and Canonization of
Turkic Literature and Uyghur Muqam —. “Making Culture Matter: Basilov, Vladimir N. Shamanstvo u
Song in Islam and Modernity.” Symbolic, Spatial, and Social narodov Srednei Azii i Kazakhstana.
Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Boundaries Between Uyghurs and [Shamanism among the Peoples of
Indiana University, 1998. Han Chinese.” Asian Ethnicity, 3/2 Central Asia and Kazakhstan.]
(2002): 153-74. Moscow: “Nauka,” 1992.
Pelliot, Paul. “Les Âbdâl de Païnâp.”
Journal Asiatique, 9 (1907): 115- Svanberg, Ingvar. “The Loplyks: A Dawut, Rahilä. Uyghur Mazarläri.
139. Vanishing Fishing and Gathering Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati,
Culture in Xinjiang.” Svenska 2001. [A study of mazar tombs and
Pevtsov, M. V. “An ethnographic sketch Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul. religious practices linked to them.
of Kashgariya.” E. M. Shimkin, trans. Meddelanden, 12 (1987): 57–81. Also published in Chinese as: Reyila

45
Dawuti. Weiwuerzu mazha wenhua —. Culture Clash in Central Asia: [Important Turkic collection of
yanjiu. Xinjiang daxue chubanshe, Islamic views on Chinese theatre: legends tales by 14 th century CE
2001.] Eastern Turki texts edited with author. Based on a lithographed
translations, notes and vocabulary. edition published in Tashkent in
DeWeese, Devin. “Islam and the Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1895.]
Legacy of Sovietology: A Review 1991.
Essay on Yaacov Ro’i’s Islam in the Schwarz, Henry G. “The Khwâjas of
Soviet Union.” Journal of Islamic Kim, Hodong. “The Cult of Saints in Eastern Turkestan.” Central Asiatic
Studies, 13/3 (2002): 298-330. Eastern Turkestan — The Case of Alp Journal, 20 (1976): 266-96.
[Good review of the political and Ata in Turfan.” Proceedings of the
ethnocentric biases introduced into 35th Permanent International Shaw, Robert Barkley. “The History
Islamic studies.] Altaistic Conference. Taipei: 1992, of the Khôjas of Eastern Turkestan,
pp. 199-226. summarized from the Tazkira-i
Du Shaoyuan. “Pratiques cham- Khwâjagân of Muhammad Sadiq
Lovadina, Michela. Manchu Shamanic
aniques des Ouïgours du Xinjiang.” Kashgari.” Ed. N. Elias. Journal of the
Material Rediscovered; A Photo-
Etudes mongoles et sibériennes, 26 Asiatic Society of Bengal;
graphic Documentation from the
(1995): 41-62. Supplement, LXVI/1 (1897).
1932 Sven Hedin Expedition.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998.
Shinmen, Yasushi. “Shinkyo
Grenard, F. “Spécimens de la
Malov, Sergei Efimovich. “Shamanskii musulimu hanran (1931-34) to
littérature moderne du Turkestan
kamen’ i ad u tiurkov Zapadnogo himitsu soshiki” [The Xinjiang
chinois.” Journal Asiatique, 9/13
Kitaia.” [The Shaman’s Stone and Hell Muslim rebellion (1931-34) and
(1899): 304-46. [Works on Ya‘qûb
among the Turks of Western China.] secret societies]. Shigaku Zasshi,
Beg.]
Sovetskaia etnografiia, 1947, No. 1: 99/12 (1990): 1-42.
—. “La légende de Satok Boghra 151-160.
Khan et l’histoire.” Journal Asiatique, Stary, Giovanni. Das „Schaman-
—. “Shamanstvo u sartov enbuch” der Sibe-Mandschuren.
9/15 (1900): 5-79.
Vostochnago Turkestana.” [Shaman- Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1992.
ism among the Sarts of East
Hamada Masami. “Islamic Saints and
Turkistan.] Sbornik Muzeia antro- Togan, Isenbike. “Islam in a
their Mausoleums.” Acta Asiatica, 34
pologii i etnografii (Leningrad), 5/1 Changing Society: The Khojas of
(1978): 79-105.
(1917-25): 1-16. Eastern Turkistan.” In: Muslims in
—. “De l’autorité religieuse au Central Asia: Expressions of Identity
pouvoir politique: la révolte de Kûca Pang, Tatjana A. „Der Scham- and Change . Jo-Ann Gross, ed.
et Khwâja Râshidîn.” In: anenhof:” Die sibemandschurische Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
Naqshbandis: cheminements et Handschrift ‘Saman kuwaran-i bithe’ 1992, pp. 134-148.
situation actuelle d’un ordre mystique aus der Sammlung N. Krotkov.
musulman . Marc Gaborieau, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1992. —. “The Khafi, Jahri Controversy
Alexandre Popovic and Thierry in Central Asia Revisited.” In
Zarcone, eds. Istanbul-Paris: Pantusov, N. N. “Taranchinskie bakshi; Naqshbandis in western and central
Editions Isis, 1990, pp. 455-490. peri uinatmak [oynatmaq].” [The Asia: change and continuity.
Taranchi bakshi; peri uinatmak Elisabeth Özdalga, ed. Istanbul:
Hartmann, Martin. Der Islamische (oynatmaq).] Izvestiia Turke- Svenska forskningsinstitutet
Orient. Vols. VI-X: Ein Heiligenstaat stanskago Otdela Imperatorskago Istanbul, 1999, pp. 17-46.
im Islam: Das Ende der Caghataiden russkago geograficheskago ob-
und die Herrschaft der Chojas in shchestva, 6 (1907): 37-91. Saguchi Tôru. “The Revival of the
K a š g a r i e n . Berlin: Wolf Peiser White Mountain Khojas, 1760-1820
Verlag, 1905, pp. 195-374. Penkala-Gawecka, Danuta. [Chosen (from Sarimsaq to Jihangir).” Acta
by spirits or how to become a Asiatica, 14 (1968): 7-20.
shaman: the example of a Uighur
Jarring, Gunnar. “The Ordam-
shaman woman from Kazakhstan.] Wang, Jianxin. Uyghur education
padishah-system of Eastern
Lud; organ Polskiego Towarzystwa and social order: the role of Islamic
Turkistan Shrines.” Geografiska
Ludoznawczego, 85 (2001): 153-91. leadership in the Turpan basin.
Annaler. Vol. 17, Supplement:
[In Polish with English summary. This Tokyo: Institute for the Study of
Hyllningsskrift Tillagnad Sven Hedin
reference from RLG’s Eureka Languages and Cultures of Asia and
(1935), pp. 348-354.
Anthropology Plus did not give Africa, 2004. [Extensive and detaild
—. Literary texts from Kashghar. original title.] fieldwork account of religious
Acta Regiae Societatis Humaniorum practices.]
Litterarum Lundensis 74. Lund: C. W. Qi Cheshan. “Contemporary
K. Gleerup, 1980. [Contents: Qisas Shamans and the ‘Shaman’s Wei Liangtao. “An illusion in the
ul-anbiya; Rahat ul-qulub; The Handbook’ of the Sibe.” Shaman. history of the Western Region. The
Tazkirah of Abu Nasr Samani; Gharip Journal of the International Society ‘Holy State of Islam’ or the ‘Khoja
Sannam Shah.] for Shamanistic Research, 5 / 1 period.’” Social Sciences in China, 14/
(1997). [Rachel Harris, trans.] 3 (1993): 126-140. [Carelessly
—. Dervish and Qalandar: Texts edited translation of a useful
from Kashgar. Stockholm: Almqvist Rabghuzi. Qissäsul änbiya. Kashgar: discussion of the sources and issues
& Wiksell, 1987. Qäshqär Uyghur Näshriyati, 1988. of Khwâja history.]

46
Zarcone, Thierry. “Quand le saint fascinated scholars of Eurasia, Inner Asia, 2/2 (2000): 137-154.
légitime le politique: le mausolée de and motivated analysis of the
Afaq Khwaja à Kashgar.” Central Kazak, Fuad. Osttürkistan zwischen
ecological basis of political and den grossmächten; ein Beitrag zur
Asian Survey, 18/2 (1999), 225-241.
military expansion, as in Owen Wirtschaftskunde Ostturkistans.
—, A. Buehler and E. Isin, eds. Sufi Lattimore’s Inner Asian Frontiers Königsberg (Pr.); Berlin: Ost-Europa
Saints and Heroes on the Silk Road. of China (N.Y., 1940). Many of the Verlag, 1937.
Special issue of Journal of the historical works listed above
History of Sufism, 3 (2001-2002). Mei Zhang. “Effect of privatisation
follow up these issues in more
Paris: Jean Maisonneuve, Librairie policies on rural women’s labour and
detail, as well as the studies on property rights in Inner Mongolia and
d’Amérique et d’Orient, 2003.
Qazaqs [Kazakhs] by Benson, Xinjiang.” In: Society and Culture.
Contents:
Svanberg, Hoppe and Light. Culture and Environment in Inner
Hamada Masami. “Introduc-
tion. Les Mausolées du bassin du Eastern Turkistan’s trade ties Asia, Vol. 2. Cambridge: White Horse
Tarim: deux millénaires with nearby regions and its Press, 1996, pp. 61-96.
d’histoire.” participation in “Silk Road” trade Millward, James A. “The Qing Silk-
Karl Reichl. “Hero and Saint: more generally have been Horse Trade with the Qazaqs in Yili
Islamic Elements in Uighur Oral another focus of scholarly and Tarbaghatai, 1758-1853.”
Epics.” attention. Millward’s article on Central and Inner Asian Studies, 7
Isenbike Togan. “Differences the silk-horse trade and Beyond (1993): 1-41.
in Ideology and Practice: the the Pass (listed in “world history”
Case of the Black and White Saguchi Tôru. “The Eastern Trade of
above) and Saguchi’s article on the Khoqand Khanate.” Memoirs of
Mountains Faction.”
Kokand trade provide excellent the Research Department of the
Sawada Minoru. “Fieldworks
at Muslim Mausoleum in the
introductions. Fletcher’s article in Tôyô Bunko, 24 (1965): 47-114.
Tarim Basin.” Cambridge History of China also
Toops, Stanley. “Tourism and
Hamada Masami. “Le discusses trade ties. The
Turpan: the power of place in Inner
Mausolée de Satuq Bughra Khan expedition reports and articles by Asia/Outer China.” Central Asian
à Artush.” Roberts, Toops and Wiemer in the Survey, 18/3 (1999): 303-318.
Sawada Minoru. “The System volume edited by Starr listed
of Ordam-Padishâh (Oase of above are also important —. “Tourism in Xinjiang, China,”
Yangi Hisar).” discussions of trade and Journal of Cultural Geography, 12/2
Jean-Paul Loubes. “The (1992): 19-34.
economics.
‘Rectification’ of Documents of
Banks, Tony J. “Pastoral land tenure —. “Xinjiang’s Handicraft Industry,”
Architecture: The Case of the
reform and resource management Annals of Tourism Research, 20
Aba Khoja Sufi Complex in
in northern Xinjiang: a new (1993): 88-106.
Kashghar.”
Thierry Zarcone. “Le Culte institutional economics perspective.” —. “The population landscape of
des saints au Xinjiang (de 1911 Nomadic Peoples, 1/2 (1997): 55- Xinjiang/East Turkestan.” Inner Asia,
à nos jours).” 76. 2/2 (2000): 155-170.
N. Pantusov. “Le Mazâr de —. “State, Community and
M avlânâ Yusuf Sakakî (ou Common Property in Xinjiang: Tsui Yenhu. “Development of social
Shakakî).” Synergy or Strife?” Development organisations in the pastoral areas
N. Pantusov. “Les Mausolées Policy Review, 17/3 (1999): 293- of north Xinjiang and their
musulmans de la ville de Uch- 313. relationship with the environment.”
Turfan et de ses environs en In Society and Culture. Culture and
—. “Property Rights And The
territoire chinois.” Environment in Inner Asia. Vol. 2.
Environment In Pastoral China:
Cambridge: White Horse Press,
Evidence From The Field.”
1996, pp. 205-230.
Development and Change [Great
XV) Ecology, Economics, Geo- Britain], 32/4 (2001): 717-740.
Warikoo, K. B. “Chinese Turkestan
graphy, Pastoralism [Describes and explains pastoral
During the Nineteenth Century: A
tenure arrangements and notes
Socio-Economic Study.” Central
Economics and geography have continuing collective action and yet
Asian Survey, 4/3 (1985): 75-114.
been topics of interest to imperial finds no clear “tragedy of the
powers involved Eastern commons.” Rather institutional
Weggel, Oskar. Xinjiang, Sinkiang:
Turkistan since the Manchu arrangements appear suited to
das zentralasiatische China; eine
cultural ecology.]
conquest in 1758, or even before Landeskunde. Hamburg: Institut für
if Miyawaki Junko is correct in Chaudhuri, Debasish. “A Survey of Asienkunde, 1987.
seeing Junghar history as driven the Economic Situation in Xinjiang
in part by a quest for economic and its Role in the Twenty-first Wiens, Herold J. “The Historical and
Century.” China Report, 41/1 (2005): Geographical Role of Urumchi,
control over the Tarim
1-28. Capital of Chinese Central Asia.”
agricultural regions. The study of Annals of the Association of
the cultural and ecological bases Dreyer, June Teufel. “Ethnicity and American Geographers, 53/4 (1963):
of pastoral nomadism has long economic development in Xinjiang.” 441-464.

47
 —. “Change in the Ethnography spectives (Hong Kong), 15 (Jan.-Feb. Christoffersen, Gaye. “Xinjiang and
and Land Use of the Ili Valley and 1998): 10-21. the Great Islamic Circle: The Impact
Region, Chinese Turkestan.” Annals of Transnational Forces on Chinese
of the Association of American —. “Xinjiang In The Nineties.” Regional Economic Planning.” China
Geographers, 59/4 (1969): 753-775. China Journal [Australia], 44 (2000): Quarterly, 133 (Mar. 1993): 130-
65-91. [Discusses causes of local 151.
—. “Cultivation Development and political protests.]
Expansion in China’s Colonial Realm Dillon, Michael. Xinjiang: ethnicity,
in Central Asia.” The Journal of Asian —. “Staged development in
Xinjiang.” China Quarterly, 178 (June separatism and control in Chinese
Studies, 26/1 (1966): 67-88. Central Asia. Durham: East Asian
2004): 358-378. [Analyzes the
changes in government efforts to Studies, University of Durham, 1995.
Yung, Peter [Weng Weiquan].
Bazaars of Chinese Turkestan: life integrate Xinjiang into the heartland,
—. Xinjiang — China’s Muslim Far
and trade along the old Silk Road. and the strategies for placating
Northwest . London: Routledge-
Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, ethno-nationalism.]
Curzon, 2004. [Analysis of supposed
1997. [Photographs of bazaar life.] Islamicist movements relying on
B ovingdon, Gardner. “From
Chinese sources by Xu Yuqi, Yang
Qumulluq to Uyghur: The Role of
Faren et al, and Zhang Yuxi.]
XVI) Analyses of Social Policies, Education in the Development of a
Politics, Strategic Issues and Pan-Uyghur Identity.” Journal of
Central Asian Studies, 3/1 (Fall- Dreyer, June Teufel. “The Xinjiang
Current Events Uygur Autonomous Region at Thirty:
Winter 1998): 19-29.
A Report Card.” Asian Survey, 26/7
Recent political analyses have (1986): 721-744.
—. “Strangers in their own land:
moved somewhat beyond the the politics of Uyghur identity in
collation and analysis of press Chinese Central Asia.” Unpublished Dwyer, Arienne. The Xinjiang
reports that was the dominant Ph.D. dissertation. Cornell Univer- Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language
mode for the study of Communist sity, 2002. Policy and Political Discourse. Policy
China from the 1950s through Studies 15. Washington: East-West
—. Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han
the 1980s. Now that fieldwork Center, 2005.
Nationalist Imperatives and Uyghur
and archival research are more Discontent. Washington, D.C.: East-
feasible, more sophisticated West Center, 2004. Fu Jen-kun. Sin’tszian-Uigurskii
studies are being published, vopros i ego razvitie. [The Xinjiang-
although analysis of news and —. “Heteronomy and Its Uyghur Question and Its
Discontents: ‘Minzu Regional Development.] Almaty: Tsentr
propaganda reports continues.
Autonomy’ in Xinjiang.” In: sravnitel’nogo izucheniia regionov g.
Becquelin, Bovingdon, Dwyer and Almaty, 2001.
Governing China’s Multiethnic
Millward offer the best insights Frontiers. Morris Rossabi, ed.
into present conditions. Most of Seattle: University of Washington Harris, Lillian Craig. “Xinjiang,
the articles in the 1998 CEMOTI Press, 2004. Central Asia and the Implications for
issue and in Xinjiang: China’s China’s Policy in the Islamic World.”
Muslim Borderland (Starr, ed.) are —. “The Not-So-Silent Majority: China Quarterly, 133 (Mar., 1993):
Uyghur Resistance to Han Rule in 111-129.
also relevant here. Dillon’s
Xinjiang”. Modern China, 28/1
volume is a useful but uncritical (2002): 39-78
analysis of Chinese studies on Helly, Denise. “Le Parti communiste
Islamic political movements. Chang Wei-penn, trans. “L’économie chinois et la question ethnique: le
domaniale du canton de Xiaheleke, cas du Xinjiang, 1920-1959.”
zone d’habitat uygur au Xinjiang, Récherches sur l’Asie de l’est. 2
Bachman, David. “Making Xinjiang (April 1981). La Chine: la question
avant les reformes démocratiques.”
Safe for the Han? Contradictions and des minorités en Chine: orientations
Récherches sur l’Asie de l’est. 2
Ironies of Chinese Governance in générales. Charles Le Blanc and
(April 1981). La Chine: la question
China’s Northwest.” In: Governing Denise Helly, eds. Montreal: Centre
des minorités en Chine: orientations
China’s Multiethnic Frontiers. Morris d’études de l’Asie de l’Est, pp. 129-
générales. Charles Le Blanc and
Rossabi, ed. Seattle: University of 235.
Denise Helly, eds. Montreal: Centre
Washington Press, 2004.
d’études de l’Asie de l’Est, pp. 30-
61. [Translation of a study of —. “Le Parti communiste chinois et
Baranovitch, Nimrod. “From the la question ethnique: le cas des
“feudalism” in Xiahekele: Zhongguo
Margins to the Centre: The Uyghur Uygurs du Xinjiang, 1949-1960.”
ke xue yuan. Xinjiang Weiwuer
Challenge in Beijing.” China Études chinoises (Paris), 2 (1983):
Zizhiqu Moyu xian Xiaheleke xiang
Quarterly, 175 (Sept. 2003): 726- 3-35.
de fengjian zhuangyuan. Beijing,
751.
1964.]
Mackerras, Colin. “Han-Muslim and
Becquelin, Nicolas. “China’s —, and Lucien Drivod. “L’économie Intra-Muslim Social Relations in
domestic and foreign policy in the domaniale chez les Uygurs avant Northwestern China.” In: Nation-
region since the break-up of the 1949 et la transformation socialiste alism and Ethnoregional Identities in
Soviet Union: a new Xinjiang for a des années 1950.” Loc. cit., pp. 62- China. William Safran, ed. London:
new Central Asia”. China Per- 75. [Analysis of the study.] Frank Cass, 1998: 28-46.

48
—. “Xinjiang at the turn of the
century: the causes of separatism.”
Central Asian Survey, 20/3 (2001):
Bactrian Camels and Bactrian-
289-303.
Dromedary Hybrids
McMillen, Donald H. Chinese policy
and power in Xinjiang, 1949-1977. Daniel Potts1
Boulder: Westview Press, 1979.
University of Sydney
Millward, James A. Violent
Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical
Assessment. Policy Studies, No. 6.
Washington, DC: East-West Center If the Silk Road may be described mental adaptations of C.
Washington, 2004. as “the bridge between Eastern bactrianus (see below).
and Western culures,” then the
Sautman, Barry. “Is Xinjiang an Bactrian camel should rightfully The survival of C. ferus in Inner
internal colony?” Inner Asia, 2/2 be considered the principal Asia was long suspected but no
(2000): 239-71.
means of locomotion across that firm evidence was available until
bridge. Yet there is a great deal N.M. Przewalski killed and
Seymour, James D. “Xinjiang’s described several specimens in
production and construction corps, of misinformation concerning the
Bactrian camel and its relatives, 1873 (Camelus ferus Przewalski
and the sinification of Eastern
Turkestan.” Inner Asia, 2/2 (2000): particularly in the ancient Near 1878 [?]). C. ferus has been
171-193. Eastern literature. This paper described as “relatively small,
explores some of the problems lithe, and slender-legged, with
Toops, Stanley. “Recent Uygur surrounding Camelus bactrianus very narrow feet and a body that
Leaders In Xinjiang.” Central Asian
and the little-known hybrids of looks laterally compressed”
Survey, 11/2 (1992): 77-99. (Schaller 1998: 152).2 C. ferus
the Bactrian with the Arabian
dromedary (Camelus drome- has “low, pointed, cone-shaped
White, Lynn T., III. “The Road to
darius). humps - usually about half the
Urumchi: Approved Institutions in
Search of Attainable Goals during size of those of the domestic
Zoologists nowadays tends to camel in fair condition” (Bannikov
Pre-1968 Rustication from favor the idea that Camelus
Shanghai.” China Quarterly, 79 1976: 398). Representations of
(1979): 481-511.
bactrianus and dromedarius are camels in the rock art of
descendants of two different sub- Palaeolithic caves in eastern
Zhao, Yueyao. “Pivot or Periphery? species of Camelus ferus (Peters Mongolia, such as Chojt-Zenker
Xinjiang’s Regional Development.” and von den Driesch 1997: 652), Cave, show what are believed to
Asian Ethnicity, 2/2 (2001): 197- and modern research suggests be C. ferus (Peters and von den
224. that the original habitat of the Driesch 1997: 653, 661).3 (Fig. 1)
wild, two-humped camel ex- C. ferus were still hunted in the
About the Author tended from the great bend of medieval era in the Khotan,
From 2003-2005 Nathan Light the Yellow River in northwestern Turfan, Tarim, Lob and Katak
was Visting Assistant Professor China through Mongolia to regions of Inner Asia, and in
in the Department of Sociology central Kazakhstan (Schaller Mongolia (Roux 1959-60: 50-51),
and Anthropology at the 1998: 154; Nowak 1999: 1078; while 18th-century Chinese
University of Toledo (Ohio, USA). Bannikov 1976: 399) generally at
His Indiana University Ph.D. elevations of 1500-2000 m.
dissertation, “Slippery Paths: The above sea-level. Although some
Performance and Canonization of scholars have suggested the
original habitat of C. ferus may
Copyright © Daniel C. Waugh 2004

Turkic Literature and Uyghur

Muqam Song in Islam and have extended as far west as the
Modernity,” is available online at Caspian Sea, this is unlikely. If
his extensive website focussing this were true, we should expect
on Uyghurs and Kazakhs <http:/ to find C. ferus faunal remains at
/www.utoledo. edu/homepages/ prehistoric and early historic sites
nlight/mainpage.htm>. He is around the Caspian, but this is
currently working on a book, not the case. Moreover, to
tentatively titled From Stone suggest that the natural
Inscriptions to Sufi Classicism: An distribution areas of the wild
Interpretive History of Eastern two-humped camel extended so
Turkic Literature. He may be far to the west flies in the face of Fig. 1. Pre-historic cave image of
contacted at nlight@UTNet. everything that is known about camel. Display in National Museum
UToledo.Edu. the physiology and environ- of Mongolian History, Ulaan Baatar.

49