Hellenic Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8 (2011), pp.

289-308

∏ ™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫∏ æÀÃ√§√°π∞
™Δ√ ™Ã√§π∫√ ¶§∞π™π√

ÃÚÈÛÙ›Ó· ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘
∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈÔ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢

¶ÂÚ›ÏË„Ë: ¶ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋˜ Â›‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ
Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ÛËÌÂÚÈÓÒÓ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓˆÓ Î·È ‰˘Û¯ÂÚÒÓ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ, Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÙË ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· ‰ÂÓ
ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ¿ÏψÓ
Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ. ¶ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ë Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ Ù˘
™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋. ΔÔ ·ÚfiÓ ¿ÚıÚÔ Û˘˙ËÙ¿ ÙȘ
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ·
Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, ÂÓÒ
ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÙ·È Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ-Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ
ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ™ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰‡Ô ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜ Ë ·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ›
Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ Û ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·: (·) ÔÈ· ›ӷÈ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·
·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ÛÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, Ù· ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¿ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ
˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Î·È (‚) ÔÈ· Â›Ó·È Ë
ȉȷ›ÙÂÚË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÔ
¿ÚıÚÔ Û˘˙ËÙ¿ ÙÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ô ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜
æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. ¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÙÔ
¿ÚıÚÔ ·ÓÙÏ› ·fi ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·, ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂÈ Ù· fiÔÈ· Û˘ÌÂÚ¿ÛÌ·Ù·
̤۷ ·fi ÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ˘fi„Ë ÙȘ ÂȉÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘
ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ-Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ
˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ.

§¤ÍÂȘ ÎÏÂȉȿ: ∞ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ∂ÏÏËÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ™¯Ô-
ÏÈ΋ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋

¢È‡ı˘ÓÛË: ÃÚÈÛÙ›Ó· ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘, ΔÌ‹Ì· æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, ºÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ ™¯ÔÏ‹, ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏÂÈÔ

¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔӛ΢, 54 124 £ÂÛÛ·ÏÔÓ›ÎË. ΔËÏ.: 2310-997992. E-mail: cathan@psy.auth.gr
290 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

∂π™∞°ø°∏

™ÙËÓ ÂÔ¯‹ Ì·˜, Ù· ·È‰È¿ Î·È ÔÈ ¤ÊË‚ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Û‡ÓıÂÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ηÈ
Ó¤Ô˘˜ Ù‡Ô˘˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ‡ÛÂˆÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ¢ڇÙÂÚ˜ ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈΤ˜ ·Ï-
Ï·Á¤˜, fiˆ˜ ÔÈ ‰È·ÚÎÒ˜ ÌÂÙ·‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓ˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜, Ë ¯·-
Ï¿ÚˆÛË ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰ÂÛÌÒÓ, Ë ·ÏÏ·Á‹ ÙˆÓ ËıÒÓ, Ë Ú·Á‰·›· ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘
Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ë ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·, Ë ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ¢ÛË, Ë ‚›·, Ë ·˘ÍË̤ÓË
ÂÁÎÏËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î.¿. (Thompson, Rudolph, & Henderson, 2004). Δ·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ÔÈ
·Ú·¿Óˆ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ‹ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂÈÎÈÓ‰˘ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÌÔ‰›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋
‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÙȘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚Τ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ
Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. °È’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È ÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÔÈ·‰‹ÔÙ ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ· ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ Î·È ·Ó·‚¿ıÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Ú¿Í˘ ¤Ú¯ÂÙ·È Û‹ÌÂÚ·
·ÓÙÈ̤وË Ì ӤԢ ›‰Ô˘˜ “ÓÔÛËÚfiÙËÙ˜” (Walsh & Galassi, 2002), fiÙ·Ó ÁÈ· ·-
Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· ÔÏÏÔ› Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ ˙Ô˘Ó ÛÙ· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ÊÙÒ¯ÂÈ·˜, ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Â·Ú΋ È·-
ÙÚÔÊ·Ú̷΢ÙÈ΋ ÂÚ›ı·Ï„Ë, οÓÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË Ó·ÚΈÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ÛÈÒÓ, ηÎÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È
ÛÙÔ Û›ÙÈ ÙÔ˘˜, ÛÙË ÁÂÈÙÔÓÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ‹ ·ÎfiÌË Î·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó
·ÓÂÈı‡ÌËÙË ÂÁ΢ÌÔÛ‡ÓË Î·È ˘ÛÙÂÚÔ‡Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Û ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ‹ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈΤ˜
‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜.
√È Walsh Î·È Galassi (2002) ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋˜ Â›-
‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÛÎÏËÚÒÓ, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ˘·ÚÎÙÒÓ,
Û˘ÓıËÎÒÓ Â›Ó·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓıÂÙË ‰ÈÂÚÁ·Û›·, ÛÙËÓ ÔÔ›· Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›· ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó·
·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓ· ÙÔ˘˜, ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏˆÓ Â·Á-
ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ. ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÏfiÁÔ˜ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· “‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi”
Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ˘ÈÔıÂÙ› ÌÈ·Ó ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ÙˆÓ Û‡Á¯ÚÔ-
ÓˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ› ¤Ó· ¢-
Ú‡ÙÂÚÔ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈÎfi ‰›ÎÙ˘Ô ÊÚÔÓÙ›‰·˜ ÁÈ· Ù· ·È‰È¿ Ì ÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂȉÈÎÒÓ
·fi ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘˜ (÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, §·ÌÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, & §˘ÎÈÙÛ¿ÎÔ˘,
2004). ™ÙË ª. μÚÂÙ·Ó›·, ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜ ÌÈ·
ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ‚Ô‡ÏËÛË ÁÈ· ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤Ó˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜
ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ· Â›‰·, ÂÓÒ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÛÙfi¯Ô ›Ûˆ
·fi Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÚˆÙÔ‚Ô˘Ï›Â˜, ÂÎÙfi˜ Ê˘ÛÈο ·fi ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë, ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÔÈ
·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙÔ˘ οı ·È‰ÈÔ‡ ͯˆÚÈÛÙ¿ (Fox & Butler, 2007. Lee, Tiley, & White,
2009). ¶·ÚÔÌÔ›ˆ˜, Û ÔÏÏ¿ Û¯ÔÏ›· Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ‹‰Ë ÛÙ·ıÌÔ› ÔÈ
ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÏÈÛÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ˘Á›·˜ („˘¯È΋˜ Î·È ÛˆÌ·ÙÈ΋˜) Û ·È‰È¿
Î·È ÂÊ‹‚Ô˘˜ Ì Ôχ ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· (Brown, 2006), ÂÓÒ Ë ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙˆÓ
Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Ì¤Û· Î·È ¤Íˆ ·fi ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (Ë ÔÔ›· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ¢ηÈڛ˜ ÚÔ-
ÛˆÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘, ·˘ÙÔÂÎÏ‹ÚˆÛ˘ Î·È ·˘ÙÔÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘) ·ÔÙÂÏ› ϤÔÓ Î·›ÚÈÔ
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ˙‹ÙËÌ· (Lapan, Gysbers, & Petroski, 2001). ™ÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ,
 ∏ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ 291

Â›Û˘, ÏÔ‡ÛÈ· ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ-ÔÈ-

ÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Î·È ÁÔÓ›˜ Ó· Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚÈ-
ıÔ‡Ó ÂÁη›Úˆ˜ ‹ Ì ÙÔÓ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ‰˘Ó·Ùfi ÙÚfiÔ ÛÙȘ ÔÈΛϘ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ
Î·È ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ (ª›ÌÔ˘-¡¿ÎÔ˘, 2003. ª›ÌÔ˘-¡¿ÎÔ˘ & ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘,
2006·).
™ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏfi ÙÔ˘˜, ÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó Î·ÈÓÔÙfi̘ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚ-
Á·Û›Â˜ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ÔÈ ÔÔ›-
˜ ¢ÂÏÈÛÙÔ‡Ó fiÙÈ ı· ÁÂÊ˘ÚÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÂÓÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ı· ÂÈÎÂ-
ÓÙÚˆıÔ‡Ó Û Â›Â‰Ô Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi Â›‰Ô, Î·È ı· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ-
›ÛÔ˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÙfiÛÔ ÙȘ ÂÏÏ›„ÂȘ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙȘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘-
ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜. ™Ùfi¯Ô˜ fiÏˆÓ fiÛˆÓ ÂÌϤÎÔÓÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙˆÓ
Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È Ë ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘
ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ Â›‰ÔÛ˘
Î·È ÂͤÏÈ͢. ¶ÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ÙËÓ Î·Ù‡ı˘ÓÛË Ë Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢-
ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· Â›Ó·È Î·ıÔÚÈÛÙÈ΋, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÔÚÁ¿Óˆ-
Û˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ηıÔÏÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÛÙȘ „˘¯Ô-
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ
ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Û ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜
Î·È ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ (ª·ÏÈÎÈÒÛË-§Ô˚˙Ô˘, 2001. McLaughlin, 1999. ªÚÔ‡˙Ô˜, 2009.
Walsh & Galassi, 2002. ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, §·ÌÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ et al., 2004).
ΔÔ ·ÚfiÓ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔ ¯Ò-
ÚÔ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ. ™ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÈ· Û‡ÓÙÔÌË ·Ó·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘
Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Ì ÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, ÂÓÒ ÛÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË ÂÓfiÙËÙ· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂ-
Ù·È Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏ›Ô. ™ÙȘ
ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰‡Ô ÂÓfiÙËÙ˜, Ô˘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó Î·È ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ Ì¤ÚÔ˜ ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ¿ÚıÚÔ˘, Ë
·Ó·ÛÎfiËÛË Ù˘ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·˜ ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ··ÓÙ‹ÛÂÈ Û ‰‡Ô ‚·ÛÈο ÂÚˆÙ‹Ì·Ù·:
(·) ÔÈ· ›ӷÈ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙȘ ̤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁ‹ÛÂȘ, Ù· ÂÈı˘ÌËÙ¿ ¯·Ú·-
ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ηÈ
(‚) ÔÈ· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ Â›Ó·È Ë È‰È·›ÙÂÚË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔ-
Á›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. ªÂ ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ÙÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Ô
ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ̤۷ ·fi ÙȘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ ‰Ú¿ÛÂȘ
ÙÔ˘ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·.

™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫∏ ∫∞π ™Ã√§π∫∏ æÀÃ√§√°π∞

√ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ô˘ ηÙÂÍÔ¯‹Ó ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Â›Ó·È Ô ÎÏ¿-

‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ™¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∏ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ·Úfi-
292 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

ÏÔ Ô˘ ÈÛÙÔÚÈο ¤¯ÂÈ ÙȘ Ú›˙˜ Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË – ηıÒ˜ ·Ó·Ù‡¯ıËΠ̤۷ ·fi
ÙÔ Î›ÓËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ Î·È Ù˘ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıË-
ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ (Pelling, 2004. Stalikas, 2003) – ÛÙ·‰È·Î¿ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓıËΠ·fi ÙË Û¯Ô-
ÏÈ΋ Ú¿ÍË Î·È ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÙfiÛÔ Û Â›Â‰Ô ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È Û ÂÚ¢-
ÓËÙÈÎfi Â›‰Ô. øÛÙfiÛÔ, fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÌÂÚÈοÓÈÎË ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‚È‚ÏÈÔ-
ÁÚ·Ê›·, Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ· Ë Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ·Ó·ı¤ÚÌ·Ó ÙÔ ÂӉȷ-
ʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ Î·È ÙË Û¯¤ÛË Ù˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË (Hoffman & Carter, 2004. Romano
& Kachgal, 2004. Walsh & Galassi, 2002). º·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÔÈ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÔ› ‰ÂÛÌÔ› Ù˘ Û˘Ì-
‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ì ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË, ÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì-
‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÙËÓ ÔÏ˘ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙËÓ
ÚfiÏË„Ë, ÙËÓ Î·ıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ì›· ·fi ÙȘ ηٷÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ˜ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜
ÁÈ· Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏËı› Î·È Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË ª·ÏÈÎÈÒÛË-§Ô˝˙Ô˘ (1999), Ë Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ (ˆ˜ ˘Ô-
ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜) ·Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ù·È Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÙËÓ
ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. °È’ ·˘-
Ùfi Î·È ÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ1 ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ˙ˆÙÈο ̤ÏË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘
Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÂÓ¿ Ì ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ÁÔÓ›˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ó
ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ÂÓfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋˜ Â›-
‰ÔÛ˘, Ù˘ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘. ΔfiÛÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Â˘-
Úˆ·˚ÎÒÓ ¯ˆÚÒÓ, fiÛÔ Î·È ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ∂˘ÚÒ˘ Î·È Ù˘ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÛË-
Ì·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·,
ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙÒÓÙ·È ·fi ÙË ÓÔÌÔıÂÛ›· Ù˘ οı ¯ÒÚ·˜, ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÔÏÈ-
ÙÈ΋, ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒÛˆÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛË
ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛfiÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ „˘-
¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ (Richards, Cooper, & Tatar, 2009). ∂Ó‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÂÎÙfi˜ ·fi
ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜, Â˘Úˆ·˚Τ˜ ¯ÒÚ˜ ÙÔ˘ ‚ÔÚÚ¿ fiˆ˜ Ë ª. μÚÂÙ·Ó›·
Î·È Ë ºÈÏ·Ó‰›· (ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÔÈ ∏ӈ̤Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Î·È Ô ∫·Ó·‰¿˜),
¤¯Ô˘Ó ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙ‹ÛÂÈ Â‰Ò Î·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯Ô-
ÏÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ (Cooper, 2009. Gysbers, 2004. Lairio & Nissila, 2002.
McLaughlin, 1999. Pattison, Rowland, Richards, Cromarty, Jenkins, & Polat, 2009).
øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÂÓÒ ÛÙË ª. μÚÂÙ·Ó›· ÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ıÂÚ·-

1√ fiÚÔ˜ "Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ", fiˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Î›ÌÂÓÔ, ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÁÁÏÈ-
ÎÔ‡ fiÚÔ˘ school counselors, ÔÈ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÔÓÙ·È ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈο Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙË
‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ΢ڛˆ˜ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·. √È Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ Ù˘ ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ Î·È ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ÂÎ-
·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÙÂÏ›ˆ˜ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ·ÊÔÚ¿: (·) ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙË-
ÌÔÓÈ΋ Î·È ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Î·È ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, (‚) ÙËÓ ÂÓı¿ÚÚ˘ÓÛË Ù˘
ÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ (Á) ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ-
ÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÚÈÔ¯‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (º∂∫ 1340/16-10-02).
 ∏ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ 293

¢ÙÈο Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ „˘¯Ô-Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ÛÙËÓ

∞ÌÂÚÈ΋ ÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ¤Ó·Ó ÈÔ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú˘Ì¤ÓÔ, ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Îfi Î·È Î˘-
Ú›ˆ˜ ÚÔÏËÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ, Ô˘ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ „˘¯Ô-ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ‰Â-
ÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‹ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÙÔÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ (Richards et al., 2009. Romano & Kachgal, 2004).
¶·Ú¿ ÙȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¤˜, ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ (Forrest, 2004. Gysbers, 2004. Romano &
Kachgal, 2004) ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿-
˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Û‹ÌÂÚ· (›Ù ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ›Ù ÁÈ· Û˘Ì-
‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ›Ù ÁÈ· Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘˜) ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó ·Ú¿ Ó· Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·-
ÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ Ù· ÎÔÈÓ¿ ÛÙÔȯ›· ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘˜ (.¯.,
ÛÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Ù˘ ıˆڛ·˜, Ù˘ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Î·È Ù˘ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜), ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÂÓÈ-
Û¯˘ıÔ‡Ó ·ÎfiÌË ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ Î·È Ó· ÚÔÛ·ÚÙËıÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÙËÓ Â·Á-
ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂͤÏÈÍË ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ.
∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ë Ã·Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘ (2003·, 2003‚) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ ‰ÈÂıÓÒ˜ Á›ÓÔÓÙ·È ÚÔ-
Û¿ıÂȘ ·Ó·ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Ù˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ Ú·ÎÙÈ΋˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ,
ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÍÂʇÁÔ˘Ó ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi ÚfiÏÔ Ù˘ „˘¯Ô‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋˜ ·ÍÈÔ-
ÏfiÁËÛ˘ Î·È Ó· ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó ÛÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙËÓ ¤ÌÌÂÛË ·ÚÔ¯‹ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘-
Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÔÏÈÛÙÈο ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÚˆÙÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜ ‹ ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔÁÂÓÔ‡˜
ÚfiÏ˄˘ – ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ˜ Ô˘ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ó Ôχ ηϿ ÔÈ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ› „˘¯Ô-
ÏfiÁÔÈ. ™Â οı ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË, ·ÒÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ ÌÈ·˜ Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÂÓ-
‰˘Ó¿ÌˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁ¤ÏÌ·ÙÔ˜ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ̤-
Û· ·fi ÙË Û˘Ó‰˘·Ṳ̂ÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÌÂÈÚÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ
ÂȉÈÎÔًوÓ, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Ù· ÔÈΛϷ ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·,
Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯˘ı› Ë Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È ›Ûˆ˜ Ó· ÚÔˆıËı› ÌÈ·
Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ÌÂÙ·ÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛË.
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ÌÈ· ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔÈ¯Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÎÏ¿‰ˆÓ Ù˘ ™¯Ô-
ÏÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜, ÂӉ¯Ô̤ӈ˜ Ó· ÂÈʤÚÂÈ
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Î·È ÂÏȉÔÊfiÚ˜ ÚÔÔÙÈΤ˜ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿: (·) ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ „˘-
¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂÓÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿-
‰ˆÓ, (‚) ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÚÙÈÛË ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ Ô˘ ··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È ‹‰Ë ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ-
·›‰Â˘Û˘, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ›Ù ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˆ˜ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ Â·Á-
ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ›Ù ·ÛÎÔ‡Ó ¤Ó· ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ
Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, (Á) ÙË ‰È‡ڢÓÛË
ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘, Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘-
Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ηÈ, Ù¤ÏÔ˜, (‰)
ÙËÓ Â›Ù¢ÍË ÙˆÓ ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, Ô˘ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ·fi ÙËÓ
ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋, Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ.
294 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

¶∞ƒ√Ã∏ æÀÃ√§√°π∫ø¡-™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫ø¡ À¶∏ƒ∂™πø¡

™Δ√ ∂§§∏¡π∫√ ™Ã√§∂π√

¶·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· (·ÚfiÌÔÈ· Ì ¿ÏϘ ¯ÒÚ˜) ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ ·È-
‰ÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î˘Ì·›ÓÂÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ 10-20%
(÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2003‚. ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, §·ÌÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘ et al., 2004), ÙÔ ˙‹ÙËÌ· Ù˘
ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÚfiÏÔ˘ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ÂÎ-
ÎÚÂÌfiÙËÙ· (¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜, 2007, 2008). ∂¿Ó ÂÍ·ÈÚ¤ÛÔ˘Ì ٷ ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· ÂȉÈο Û¯Ô-
Ï›· Î·È ÔÏÏ¿ ȉȈÙÈο Û¯ÔÏ›· ÛÙ· ÔÔ›· ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔÈ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÂȉÈ-
ÎÔًوÓ, „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜-Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·È Â-
ÚÈÊÂÚÂȷο ΢ڛˆ˜, (·) ›Ù ·fi ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ô˘ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿-
‰ˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ∫¤ÓÙÚ· ¢È·-
ÊÔÚԉȿÁÓˆÛ˘, ¢È¿ÁÓˆÛ˘ Î·È ÀÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ ∂ȉÈÎÒÓ ∂Î·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ∞Ó·ÁÎÒÓ
(∫∂.¢.¢.À.) Î·È ÔÈ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ› ™Ù·ıÌÔ› ¡¤ˆÓ, (‚) ›Ù ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈΤ˜ ˘Ë-
ÚÂۛ˜, Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÂÎÙfi˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ Û˘ÛÙ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜, fiˆ˜ Ù· È·ÙÚÔ·È‰·-
ÁˆÁÈο ΤÓÙÚ· ÓÔÛÔÎÔÌ›ˆÓ, Ù· ΤÓÙÚ· „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜ Î·È ÔÚÈṲ̂ӷ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢-
ÙÈο ΤÓÙÚ· Û ·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌÈ·Îfi Â›Â‰Ô (÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2003‚, 2004).
™ÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ‚·ÛÈΤ˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈfiÙËÙ˜ ÙˆÓ ∫∂.¢.¢.À. Â›Ó·È Ë „˘-
¯Ô‰È·ÁÓˆÛÙÈ΋ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Î·È Ë „˘¯Ô·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·-
ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Ì ÂȉÈΤ˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈΤ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È
Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ ÁÔÓ¤ˆÓ, ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ÙÔÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈ-
ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ (÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, ¢ËÌËÙÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, §·ÌÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘, & §˘ÎÈÙÛ¿ÎÔ˘, 2004).
øÛÙfiÛÔ, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔÓ ¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ (2008), ÛÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙÔ˘˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ
¤¯ÂÈ Î˘ÚÈ·Ú¯‹ÛÂÈ Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ Î·È Ë ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ
Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Ì ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· – Ì ¿ÏÏ· ÏfiÁÈ·, ‰ÂÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÂÙ·È Î·-
Ì›· Ú·ÎÙÈ΋ ÚfiÏ˄˘ ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ÙËÓ Â˘Ú‡ÙÂÚË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·, ‰ËÏ·-
‰‹ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜, ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Î·È ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Â͈ÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ‹ ˘ËÚÂ-
ۛ˜. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, ·ÚÈÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙˆÓ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ™Ù·ıÌÒÓ ¡¤ˆÓ (ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Û Â›Â‰Ô ÓÔÌÒÓ) Â›Ó·È Ë ÚÔ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ˘Á›-
·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, Ë „˘¯Ô-ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÌÔ-
Ó¿‰ˆÓ Î·È Ë Â˘·ÈÛıËÙÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ ¢ڇÙÂÚ˘ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· ·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘
˘Á›·˜ (™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘, 2006). H ª·ÏÈÎÈÒÛË-§Ô˝˙Ô˘ (Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ
fiÙÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ÌfiÓÔÓ 15 ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÔ› ™Ù·ıÌÔ› ¡¤ˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ 60
Ô˘ ÚԂϤÔÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÔÏfiÎÏËÚË ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙÂÈ·, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙÂϯˆı› ΢ڛˆ˜
Ì ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, Ì ÛÔ˘‰¤˜ ÛÙËÓ ·È‰Ô„˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋, ÙËÓ ·È-
‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋, ÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›·.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË Ã·Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘ (2004), Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙË ÏÂÈ-
ÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó: (·) ÙÔ
 ∏ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ 295

ÂÙÂÚÔÁÂÓ¤˜ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi ˘fi‚·ıÚÔ ÙˆÓ ÂÚÁ·˙ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˘˜ ÙÔÌ›˜ Î·È Î·-

Ù¢ı‡ÓÛÂȘ Ù˘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, (‚) ÙËÓ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ È·ÙÚÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÛÙË ‰È¿-
ÁÓˆÛË Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÍ·ÙÔÌÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓË ıÂÚ·¢ÙÈ΋ ·Ú¤Ì‚·ÛË, Î·È (Á) ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Û˘-
ÓÙÔÓÈÛÌÔ‡, ÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ÌÈ·˜ ÂÓÈ·›·˜ ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋˜ Î·È Û¯Â‰È·ÛÌÔ‡ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹
·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔ-Î¿Ï˘„Ë ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔًوÓ
ÙˆÓ Î¤ÓÙÚˆÓ. ™Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÛÙ›ıÂÙ·È Ë ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘ ηÈ
ÌfiÓÈÌÔ˘ ÚÔÛˆÈÎÔ‡, ηıÒ˜ Ë ÛÙÂϤ¯ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Î¤ÓÙÚˆÓ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Ì ·ÔÛ·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘˜
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰Â ‰È¢ÎÔχÓÂÈ ÙÔ Ì·ÎÚÔÚfiıÂÛÌÔ Î·È ÛÙ·ıÂ-
Úfi ۯ‰ȷÛÌfi ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ.
∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ë ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·
ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ıËΠ΢ڛˆ˜ Ì ÙËÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛË Î·È ÙÔÓ Â·Á-
ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi (ª·ÏÈÎÈÒÛË-§Ô˝˙Ô˘, 2008). ŒÙÛÈ, ÛÙË ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·
ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜, Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÙȘ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚-
Τ˜ Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÏÔÁ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·È Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈο
·fi ÙÔ 1997 ÛÙ· ∫¤ÓÙÚ· ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È ¶ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ (∫∂.™À.¶.), ÛÂ
Â›Â‰Ô ÓÔÌÒÓ, Î·È ÛÙ· °Ú·Ê›· ™.∂.¶. (°ƒ∞.™.∂.¶.) Û Â›Â‰Ô Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿-
‰·˜ (∫·ÛÛˆÙ¿Î˘ & ºˆÙÈ¿‰Ô˘-∑·¯·Ú›Ô˘, 2002. ™È‰ËÚÔÔ‡ÏÔ˘-¢Ë̷οÎÔ˘, 2006).
√È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ‰Ô̤˜ ÛÙÂϯÒıËÎ·Ó ·fi ‰ÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ
ÂȉÈÎÔًوÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈο – ÏfiÁˆ ¤ÏÏÂȄ˘ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢Û˘ –
Û ÔÈΛϷ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÈÌfiÚʈÛ˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÙÔÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ-
Îfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi. Δ· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ ÔÚÁ·ÓÒıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙÔ ÀÔ˘ÚÁÂ›Ô ¶·È-
‰Â›·˜ ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ·ÓÒٷٷ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈο ȉڇ̷ٷ Ù˘ ¯ÒÚ·˜, ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ‰ÂÓ
˘‹ÚÍ·Ó ÔÙ¤ Â·Ú΋ ÁÈ· Ó· ηχ„Ô˘Ó ÙȘ Û˘Ó¯›˜ Î·È ·˘Í·ÓfiÌÂÓ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ-Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡ (∫·ÛÛˆÙ¿Î˘ &
ª¿ÓÔ˜, 2002).
√È ·Ú·¿Óˆ Û˘Áί˘Ì¤Ó˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ-„˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ
˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÎÚÈ-
ÙËÚ›ˆÓ ÈÛÙÔÔ›ËÛ˘ ÔÔÈ·Û‰‹ÔÙ ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙȘ Â-
ÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢Û˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋, ‰˘Û¯ÂÚ·›ÓÔ˘Ó ÙË Û˘-
ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ÔÏÈÛÙÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘. øÛÙfi-
ÛÔ, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ÁÈ· ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ‰È¿ÊÔÚÔÈ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈÎÔ› ΢-
Ú›ˆ˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÂÌfi‰ÈÛ·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜
(Theodore, Bray, Thomas, & Dioguardi, 2002), Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜
ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÏÏ¿ÍÂÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ-
·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ηıÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Û¯Â‰fiÓ
ÂÈÙ·ÎÙÈ΋ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· (ª›ÌÔ˘-¡¿ÎÔ˘ & ™ÙÔÁÈ·Ó-
Ó›‰Ô˘, 2006‚. ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2004). °È’ ·˘Ùfi Î·È ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ··-
Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ϤÔÓ ¤Ó· ۷ʤ˜ ıÂÛÌÈÎfi Î·È ÓÔÌÔıÂÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ô˘ ı· ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ›‰Ú˘-
296 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

ÛË, ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û fiÏ· Ù· Û¯ÔÏ›·

(ηÓÔÓÈο Î·È ÂȉÈο), ÛÙË ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ È‰ÈˆÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË (¡ÈÎÔÏfiÔ˘ÏÔ˜,
2007. ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2003‚, 2004).
Δ·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ·, ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÙ·È Ë ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· ÛÙÂϤ¯ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ˘Ë-
ÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ì „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ì¤ÓÔ˘˜ ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ‹ ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ „˘¯Ô-
ÏÔÁ›·, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ı· ÚÔ¿ÁÔ˘Ó ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi-ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈÎfi ÌÔÓÙ¤ÏÔ ·ÚÔ¯‹˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ,
‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë, ÙȘ ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈΤ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜, ÙȘ ‰È·-ÔÏÈÙÈ-
ÛÌÈΤ˜ ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜, ÙË ‰ÂÔÓÙÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›· Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈ-
ÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· (™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘, 2006). ∂ÎÙfi˜ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ‹‰Ë
ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Î·È Û ‰È¿ÊÔÚ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘, ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi˜ Â›Ó·È Î·È Ô
ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÔÏÏÒÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, ÔÈ ÔÔ›ÔÈ ÂÓÒ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈο ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ
Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ, ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÈۋ̈˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È Â·Á-
ÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌÔ‡, ˘ÔÏ›ÔÓÙ·È ‚·ÛÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰ÂÍÈÔًوÓ.
ªÈ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ· ηٿÚÙÈÛË ÂȉÈο ۯ‰ȷṲ̂ÓË ÁÈ· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ
ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÈÌÔÚÊÒÛÂÈ Û ı¤Ì·Ù· „˘¯Ô-ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹-
‚ˆÓ, ‰È·¯Â›ÚÈÛ˘ ÎÚ›ÛˆÓ, Ï‹„˘ ·ÔÊ¿ÛˆÓ, ÈÛÔÙÈÌ›·˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯¤ÛˆÓ, ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈ-
ÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ηÈ, ‚¤‚·È·, ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ‹ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ì ÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·,
ÙȘ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ÙÔÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·.
¶¤Ú· ·fi Ù· ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, Ù· ÔÔ›·
·¢ı‡ÓÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Û Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ·Î·‰ËÌ·˚΋ ¯ÚÔÓÈ¿ 2009-
10 ÏÂÈÙÔ‡ÚÁËÛ·Ó ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‰‡Ô ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Î¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÂÎ-
·›‰Â˘Û˘ ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·, ·fi ÙÔ ΔÌ‹Ì· ∂È-
‰È΋˜ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ £ÂÛÛ·Ï›·˜ Î·È ÙÔ ΔÌ‹Ì· ¶ÚÔÛ¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ∞ÁˆÁ‹˜
ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ, ÛÂ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ ΔÌ‹Ì· ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋˜ ¢ÈÔ›ÎËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘
¢ËÌÔÎÚ›ÙÂÈÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ £Ú¿Î˘ (‚Ï. ª·ÏÈÎÈÒÛË-§Ô˝˙Ô˘, Û ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Ù‡¯Ô˜).
Δ· ·Ú·¿Óˆ, ÛÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Ù˘¯È·Îfi ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋
Î·È ÙÔÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi, Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ Â‰Ò Î·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ÙÔ
ΔÌ‹Ì· ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜, ¶·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ Î·È æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ ∞ıËÓÒÓ,
ÊÈÏÔ‰ÔÍÔ‡Ó Ó· ηχ„Ô˘Ó ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÎÂÓfi ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË-ÂÍÂȉ›Î¢ÛË fi¯È Ìfi-
ÓÔÓ ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Ô˘ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ó Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈο
(›Ù Â›ÛËÌ· ›Ù ·ÓÂ›ÛËÌ·) ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘.

∞•π√§√°∏™∏ À¶∏ƒ∂™πø¡ ™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫∏™ ™Δ∞ ™Ã√§∂π∞

Ÿˆ˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËΠ‹‰Ë, ÔÏÏÔ› ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÓÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰È-

ηۛ· ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ Î·È Û˘Ó·ÈÛıËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¢ËÌÂÚ›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ,
ÌÈ· ·ÛÊ·Ï‹ ˘ÔÛÙËÚÈÎÙÈ΋ ·ÙÌfiÛÊ·ÈÚ· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È Î·Ï¤˜ ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ Û¯¤-
 ∏ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ 297

ÛÂȘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ (Lapan et al., 2001. ª·ÏÈÎÈÒÛË-

§Ô˝˙Ô˘, 2001. McLaughlin, 1999). ∞˘Ùfi ÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÚˆÙ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ̤ÏËÌ· ÙÔ˘ Û¯Ô-
Ï›Ԣ ı· ¤ÚÂ ӷ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙˆÓ „˘-
¯Ô-ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ, ÂȉÈο fiÙ·Ó ÔÏÏÔ› ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÛÔ‚·Ú¿ „˘¯Èο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ¤¯Ô˘Ó
ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂Ó˜ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ÚfiÛ‚·Û˘ Û ٤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ (Brown, 2006.
Fox & Butler, 2007. ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2003‚). øÛÙfiÛÔ, Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÚÔ-
ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ˘Á›· ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó¿ÁÎË ÂÌÂÈ-
ÚÈ΋˜ ÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ fiÏÔÈ ÔÈ ÂÌÏÂÎfiÌÂÓÔÈ, ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· Ó· ηٷÓÔ‹ÛÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ
·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Ó· ·Ó·Î·Ï‡„Ô˘Ó Î·Ù·ÏÏËÏfiÙÂÚÔ˘˜ ÙÚfiÔ˘˜
ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛ˘, ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜.
™Â ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·È ·ÚÂÌ-
‚¿ÛÂˆÓ ‰›ÓÂÈ ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜. °È· ·-
Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ¤Ú¢ӷ˜2 Û ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ¢ÙÈÎfi ‰Â›ÁÌ· Á˘-
ÌÓ·Û›ˆÓ Ù˘ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÈÛÔ‡ÚÈ ÙˆÓ ∏.¶.∞., Ì ÛÙfi¯Ô ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-
ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘ Î·È Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Ô˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌfi˙ÔÓÙ·È
ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· ·˘Ù¿ Â‰Ò Î·È ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯Ë̤ÓË ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹
ÂÓfi˜ ÔÏÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó‰¤ÂÙ·È ıÂÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ
·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ (Lapan et al., 2001). ¢Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙË-
Ù˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Â›¯·Ó ıÂÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Û ̷-
ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ ÂÚÈÏ¿Ì‚·Ó·Ó Ù· ÂÍ‹˜: (·) ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙË
Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ Ù¿ÍË, (‚) ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ÚÔÛˆÈο, ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘ÙÈο Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ Û¯¤‰È·, (Á) ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Ì ÙÔ˘˜
ÁÔÓ›˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, (‰) ·ÚÔ¯‹ ·ÙÔÌÈ΋˜ Î·È ÔÌ·‰È΋˜ Û˘Ì-
‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜, (Â) ηٿÏÏËϘ ·Ú·ÔÌ¤˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Û „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ˘Ë-
ÚÂۛ˜ ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È (ÛÙ) ÂÓË̤ڈÛË fiÏˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÂӉȷÊÂÚÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÂÓÙfi˜ ηÈ
ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘ Î·È Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢-
ÙÈ΋˜. ™˘ÓÔÙÈο, ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó: (·)
ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ·›ÛıËÌ· ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· ÙÔ˘˜, (‚) ηχÙÂÚ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜, (Á) ÈηÓÔÔ›ËÛË ·fi ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÙËÓ ÔÔ›·
ıÂÒÚËÛ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· ÙÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘˜, (‰) ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ì ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿Ï-
ÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ ÙÔ˘˜ (Ê˘ÛÈÎfi Î·È ‰È·ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi), Î·È (ÛÙ) ˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚ˜ ·Î·‰Ë-
Ì·˚Τ˜ ÂȉfiÛÂȘ (Lapan et al., 2001).
∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, Û ÌÈ· ÌÂÙ·-·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ, Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ıÂÚ·-
¢ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Û ۯÔÏ›· ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Ù˘ ª. μÚÂÙ·-

2 ™ÙËÓ
¤Ú¢ӷ, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË Û 184 Á˘ÌÓ¿ÛÈ· Ù˘ ÔÏÈÙ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ªÈÛÔ‡ÚÈ, Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó 22.601
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜-ÙÚȘ Ù˘ ÚÒÙ˘ Á˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘ Î·È 4.868 ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ›.
298 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

Ó›·˜ Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ‰¤Î· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο
¢ÂÚÁÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ (Cooper, 2009). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂ-
Ú·, ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ Ô˘ οÓÔ˘Ó ¯Ú‹ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ Â›Ó·È Î·-
Ù¿ ̤ÛÔ fiÚÔ 14 ÂÙÒÓ (΢ڛˆ˜ ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·), ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ¿
ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÛÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜, Î·È ÂÈÛΤÙÔÓÙ·È ÙÔÓ/ÙË Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ ·ÙÔÌÈο ÂÚ›Ô˘ Ù¤Û-
ÛÂÚȘ Ì ¤ÓÙ ÊÔÚ¤˜ (Û˘Ó‰ڛ˜). ¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ·, Ë ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜
Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Û ۯÔÏ›· ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Ù˘ ∞ÁÁÏ›·˜
Î·È Ù˘ ™ÎˆÙ›·˜ ›¯Â ÂÍ›ÛÔ˘ ıÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·, ηıÒ˜ ÙfiÛÔ ÔÈ ÁÔÓ›˜ fiÛÔ Î·È ÔÈ
‰¿ÛηÏÔÈ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ì›ˆÛË ÛÙËÓ ¤ÎÙ·ÛË ÙˆÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ó·È-
ÛıËÌ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ·‡ÍËÛË ÙˆÓ ıÂÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚÒÓ
(Lee et al., 2009).
√È ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜
Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜, ·Ú¿ ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÁÓÔËı› ÁÈ· ·ÚÎÂÙ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ıˆ-
ÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛË Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜
·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ (Howieson & Semple, 2000). ™Â ÁÂÓÈΤ˜ ÁÚ·Ì̤˜, ÔÈ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ
Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ÙË ıÂÛÌÔı¤ÙËÛË ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙˆÓ
Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ οو ·fi Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤Ó˜ ˆÛÙfiÛÔ ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÛÂȘ (Fox & Butler,
2007. Howieson & Semple, 2000. Quinn & Chan, 2009). °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ì·ıË-
Ù¤˜ Î·È Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ Û ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ù˘ ™ÎˆÙ›·˜ Ù¿¯ıËÎ·Ó ˘¤Ú ÙˆÓ ÚÔ-
ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹ÁËÛ˘ Î·È Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ÔÈ Û‡Ì-
‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ Â›Ó·È ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔÈ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ¯ÚfiÓÔ ÁÈ· fiÏÔ˘˜/˜ ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/‹ÙÚȘ,
Î·È fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ÁÈ· fiÛÔ˘˜/˜ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂȉÈο Ì·ıËÛȷο ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù·, Î·È ‚¤-
‚·È· ÂÊfiÛÔÓ ·ÍÈÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÓÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó (Howieson &
Semple, 2000). ™Â ¿ÏÏË, ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙË ¤Ú¢ӷ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÁÁÏ›· (Fox & Butler, 2007),
Ë ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ ˆ˜ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÙËÓ ˘ËÚÂÛ›·
Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜, ıˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ ‚·ÛÈÎfi ÏÂÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ· ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ
˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ ¤ÌÈÛÙÔ˜ Î·È ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·Ù›·˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÛÙÔÓ
ÔÔ›Ô Î·Ó›˜ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·ÔÙ·ı› Î·È Ó· ÌÈÏ‹ÛÂÈ ÁÈ· Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÙÔÓ/ÙËÓ
··Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ó. ™Ù· ÌÂÈÔÓÂÎÙ‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÔÈ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ Û˘ÌÂ-
ÚȤϷ‚·Ó ÙÔ ÛÙ›ÁÌ· Ô˘ ÌÔÚ› Ó· ÚÔ·„ÂÈ ÁÈ· fiÔÈÔÓ/· Ì·ıËÙ‹/‹ÙÚÈ· ÂÈÛΤ-
ÙÂÙ·È ÙÔÓ/ÙË Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô/Ë Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜ ›ӷÈ
«¿ÁÓˆÛÙÔ˜/Ë» ‹ «Í¤ÓÔ˜/Ë» ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙȘ Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ (Fox & Butler, 2007).
¶¿ÓÙˆ˜, Û ¤Ú¢ӷ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË ·ÏÈfiÙÂÚ· Û ÂÚÈÔ¯‹ Ù˘ ‚ÔÚÂÈÔ‰˘ÙÈ΋˜
∞ÁÁÏ›·˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÔÚÁ·ÓˆıÔ‡Ó ÎÔÈÓÔÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜, ‚Ú¤-
ıËΠfiÙÈ ÔÈ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂÓı·ÚÚ‡ÓÔ˘Ó ÁÂÓÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ Ó· ·Ó·˙ËÙ‹ÛÔ˘Ó
Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ¤¯Ô˘Ó Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂ Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈο Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢-
ÙÈ΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘ (fiˆ˜ Ë Â¯Â̇ıÂÈ· Î·È Ë ÈÛÔÙÈÌ›·), Ì ÙË ‰È·ÎÚÈÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÙËÓ Â˘Â-
ÏÈÍ›· ÛÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÙËÓ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË
 ∏ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ 299

‰È·Ê‹ÌÈÛË Î·È ÚÔÒıËÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfi (Le Surf & Lynch, 1999). ∞ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·, ÔÈ
·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ·ÔÙÚ¤Ô˘Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ó¤Ô˘˜ ·fi ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
Ó· οÓÔ˘Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ì ÙȘ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ó¤ˆÓ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù¿
ÙÔ˘˜, ÙË ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· ·Ó·˙‹ÙËÛ˘ ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ·˜ ‹ ÙËÓ ¤ÏÏÂÈ„Ë ÂÌÈÛÙÔÛ‡Ó˘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÂ
ÙÚ›ÙÔ˘˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Ì ÌÈ· Û‡Á¯˘ÛË fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· Î·È ÙË Ê‡ÛË Ù˘ Û˘Ì-
‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ (Le Surf & Lynch, 1999). Δ¤ÏÔ˜, Û ¤Ú¢Ó˜ Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıËÛ·Ó Û ‰Â˘-
ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ù˘ ™ÎˆÙ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ μ. πÚÏ·Ó‰›·˜ (Chan & Quinn, 2009.
Cooper, 2006. Quinn & Chan, 2009) Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó
ÙËÓ ÂÈı˘Ì›· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Ó· ÂÈÛÎÂÊıÔ‡Ó ÌÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜,
ÚԤ΢„·Ó Ù· ÂÍ‹˜ Ôχ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓÙ· ÛÙÔȯ›·: (·) ÙÔ 68,2% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ
ı· ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡ÛÂ Ë ˘ËÚÂÛ›· Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Ó· ‰ڿ˙ÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘, (‚) ¿-
Óˆ ·fi ÙÔ 80% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ı· ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Û ӷ ÂÈÛÎÂÊı› ÙÔÓ/ÙË Û‡Ì‚Ô˘-
ÏÔ ·ÙÔÌÈο Î·È fi¯È ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÌ¿‰·˜, (Á) ÙÔ 52,4% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ΢-
Ú›ˆ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÚÈÙÛÈÒÓ, ‰‹ÏˆÛ ˆ˜ ı· ÚÔÙÈÌÔ‡Û Á˘Ó·›Î· Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ, ÂÓÒ (‰) ÙÔ
53,1% ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ‰‹ÏˆÛ ˆ˜ ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ë ÂıÓÔ-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋ ÚÔ-
¤Ï¢ÛË ÙÔ˘/Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘.
∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ÏÂ˘Ú¿, ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ Ì¤Û· ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ
ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ·fi ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ÔÈ ›‰ÈÔÈ ÔÈ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì-
‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙÔÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·fi ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó
ÛÙË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙfiÛÔ ·fi ÙÔ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi, fiÛÔ Î·È ·fi ÙË
‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ (Cromarty & Richards, 2009. Harris, 2009).
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ-
΋˜ Û ۯÔÏ›· Ù˘ ºÈÏ·Ó‰›·˜, ÚԤ΢„ fiÙÈ Ô ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ ¤¯ÂÈ
‰È¢ڢÓı› ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ù· ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÂÓÒ ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂȈı› Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ·ÔÎÏÂÈ-
ÛÙÈο ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ (Lairio & Nissila, 2002).
√È ›‰ÈÔÈ ÔÈ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ ·Ó¤ÊÂÚ·Ó fiÙÈ ÛÙË ¯ÒÚ· ÙÔ˘˜ ‰fiıËΠ¤ÌÊ·ÛË Û ÌÈ· ÔÏÈÛÙÈ-
΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋, Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÂÈ ÙË Û˘ÓÔÏÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ Ì·-
ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ÂÓÒ ÂÂÛ‹Ì·Ó·Ó fiÙÈ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›· ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Ó··Ú¿-
ÁÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÂÚÂfiÙ˘· ʇÏÔ˘ Î·È Ó· ·Ó·‰ÂÈÎÓ‡ÔÓÙ·È ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏ˘-ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈ΋˜
ϤÔÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘. √È ºÈÏ·Ó‰Ô› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ ÈÛ¯˘Ú›ÛÙËÎ·Ó fiÙÈ ÚÔÛ·ıÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÓÙ·-
ÔÎÚÈıÔ‡Ó ÛÙȘ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÎÏ‹ÛÂȘ, ·fi ÙË ÌÈ· ÂÂÓ‰‡ÔÓÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛˆÈ΋
ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË Î·È ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ·fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË ‰ÈÎÙ˘ÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜
Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ηıÒ˜ ıˆÚÔ‡Ó ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ϤÔÓ ÙË
‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË ÛÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/
ÙÚÈÒÓ (Lairio & Nissila, 2002).
¶·ÚfiÌÔÈ·, Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÔÙÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË Ì ۯÔÏÈÎÔ‡˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘˜ ÛÙË ª. μÚÂÙ·Ó›·
ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô Û˘ÓÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏ̷ٛ˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ Î·È ÂÎÙfi˜
Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ÚԤ΢„ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó
300 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

¿ÌÂÛ· ÙËÓ ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙË Û¯ÔÏÈ΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·
(Cromarty & Richards, 2009). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÔÈ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿ÁÎË
ÂÓ›Û¯˘Û˘ ÙÔ˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚfiÏÔ˘ Î·È ·ÔÛ·Ê‹ÓÈÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔًوÓ
ÙÔ˘˜ ̤۷ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙ·Ó ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌÂ
ˆÚ¿ÚÈÔ ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ ··Û¯fiÏËÛ˘, ÛÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÚÔ-
ÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Î·È ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó ÏfiÁˆ Ù˘ ¯Â̇ıÂÈ·˜
Ô˘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÂÈ ÙȘ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘˜ Ì ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ. ¶¿ÓÙˆ˜, fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ Û‡Ì‚Ô˘-
ÏÔÈ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÂÚÈıˆÚÈÔÔÈË̤ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi Î·È ·ÔÎÔÌ̤-
ÓÔÈ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜, ‰›¯ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙË ˘Ô-
ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ·fi ÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ·˘Ùfi ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙoÓ ÙÚfi-
Ô Ì ÙÔÓ ÔÔ›Ô ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·È ÙËÓ Ù·˘ÙfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ηÈ, Ê˘ÛÈο ÛÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ
ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ (Harris, 2009).
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ Á›ÓÂÙ·È Û·Ê¤˜ fiÙÈ Ë ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÂÓfi˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ Û¯Ô-
ÏÈ΋˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÍ·ÚÙ¿Ù·È Û ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ‚·ıÌfi ·fi ÙËÓ ·Ô‰Ô¯‹ ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ηÈ
ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ·fi ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ÂÈ-
‰ÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ·fi ÙȘ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÙȘ ·ÓÙÈÏ‹„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ¤Ú¢-
Ó· Ô˘ ‰ÈÂÍ‹¯ıË Û ۯÔÏ›· ‰Â˘ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ·˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ Ù˘ ™ÎˆÙ›·˜, ÛÙËÓ ÏÂÈ-
ÔÓfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ›¯·Ó ıÂÙÈΤ˜ ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Ê¿ÓËΠӷ ÂÎÙÈÌÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ
·ÚÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÂÍÂȉÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ ÙÔ˘
Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ (Cooper, Hough, & Loynd, 2005). øÛÙfiÛÔ, ¤Ó· ÌÈÎÚfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÂͤÊÚ·Û ·ÚÓËÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ, ıˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ ˆ˜ ÌÈ·
«·ÓÔ‡ÛÈ·» ˘ËÚÂÛ›· Ô˘ ηÎÔÌ·ı·›ÓÂÈ ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ. ∂›Û˘, ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ·Ó·Ê¤ÚıËÎ·Ó Û Èı·Ó‹ «ÂÎÌÂÙ¿ÏÏ¢ÛË» ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘Ë-
ÚÂÛÈÒÓ ÂΠ̤ÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Û ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ·Ó¿-
ÌÂÛ· ÛÂ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘˜ Î·È ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. Δ¤ÏÔ˜, ¤Ó· ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ó¤‰ÂÛ ÙË Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Ì ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘ÏÒÓ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ıÔ‰‹-
ÁËÛË, ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ fiÏË ‰È·‰Èηۛ· ˆ˜ ¤Ó· «Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘» ÙˆÓ Ì·ıË-
ÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ı· ÂÍ·ÛÊ·Ï›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÍË Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈı·Ú¯›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô.
√È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ηٷϋÁÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ¤Ó·˜ ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ
›Ûˆ˜ ·ÈÛı¿ÓÂÙ·È «·ÂÈÏ‹» ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ Î·È ÂÔ-
̤ӈ˜ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó· Â›Ó·È ·ÌÊ›ı˘ÌÔ˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ Û ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜
ÂÓÙ·Á̤Ó˜ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ (Cooper et al., 2005). ™Â οı Â-
Ú›ÙˆÛË, Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ‰Â›¯ÓÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ Ë Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ Î·È Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ Â›-
Ó·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Î·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, fiˆ˜ Â›Û˘ Î·È Ë ˘ÈÔı¤ÙËÛË ÌÈ·˜ ÔÏÈÛÙÈ΋˜ ÚÔ-
Û¤ÁÁÈÛ˘ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ÂÛÙÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È
·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ˘fi„Ë ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ Ô˘
ÂÓÈÛ¯‡Ô˘Ó ·˘Ù¿ Ù· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· (Tatar & Bekerman, 2009).
¶¿ÓÙˆ˜, Ë ÏÂÈÔÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· fiˆ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔ Â͈ÙÂ-
 ∏ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ 301

ÚÈÎfi Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÂÈı˘ÌÔ‡Ó ϤÔÓ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ „˘¯È΋˜ ˘Á›·˜
ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, ηıÒ˜ ·‰˘Ó·ÙÔ‡Ó Ó· ·ÓÙ·ÂͤÏıÔ˘Ó Û ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÈÏ›· ÚÔ‚ÏËÌ¿ÙˆÓ
Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó Û‹ÌÂÚ· ÔÈ ¤ÊË‚ÔÈ-˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Û ¿ÏÏ· ÎÚ›ÛÈÌ· ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙ· Ô˘
ÌÔÚ› Ó· ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙÒÛÔ˘Ó ÙË ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô (ª·‡ÚÔ˘, ª·‡-
ÚÔ˘, & æ¿ÏÙË, 2007. ª›ÌÔ˘-¡¿ÎÔ˘ & ™ÙÔÁÈ·ÓÓ›‰Ô˘, 2006‚. ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘,
2004). ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, Û fi,ÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÎÚ›ÛÈÌˆÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯Ô-
ÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ‚Ú¤ıËΠfiÙÈ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› Î·È Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ˆ˜
ÚÔ˜ ÙË ‚·Ú‡ÙËÙ· Ô˘ ‰›ÓÔ˘Ó ÛÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È-
‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ Ó· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÂÓÙÔÓfiÙÂÚ· ÙÔ ıÂÛÌfi Î·È ÙȘ ÔÌ·‰ÈΤ˜ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ÛÂȘ (ª·‡-
ÚÔ˘ et al., 2007). √È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ˘Ôı¤ÙÔ˘Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÔÊ›ÏÂ-
Ù·È Û ¿ÁÓÔÈ· ÙˆÓ ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÚfiÏÔ ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·
Î·È ÙÔ Â›‰Ô˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Ô˘ ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ÚÔÛʤÚÔ˘Ó. ∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ù· ·Ô-
ÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÌÈ·˜ ÚfiÛÊ·Ù˘ ‰ÈÂÚ‡ÓËÛ˘ Û ‰Â›ÁÌ· Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Á˘ÌÓ·Û›Ô˘, ÂÓfi˜
‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˘ Î·È ÂÓfi˜ ȉȈÙÈÎÔ‡ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ, ¤‰ÂÈÍ·Ó fiÙÈ Ë ÏÂÈÔ„ËÊ›· ÙˆÓ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ¯fi-
ÓÙˆÓ ÁÓÒÚÈ˙·Ó ÁÈ· ÙÔ ıÂÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘ Î·È ı· ‹ıÂÏ·Ó Ó· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ÛÙÔ
Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô ÙÔ˘˜, ıˆÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ (ª¿ÛÙÔÚ· & ª·Î¿ÏË,
2008). ∂ÈϤÔÓ, Ù· ÎÔÚ›ÙÛÈ·, Û ۯ¤ÛË Ì ٷ ·ÁfiÚÈ·, ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ·Ó ıÂÙÈÎfiÙÂÚ· ÙËÓ
·ÚÔ˘Û›· Î·È ÙË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ‡ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘, ÂÓÒ ‰ÂÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠη-
Ì›· Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·Ó¿ÌÂÛ· Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜ Î·È Ì·ı‹ÙÚȘ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ
Ù‡ˆÓ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ.
∂Ó Î·Ù·ÎÏ›‰È, Ù· ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Û˘ÓËÁÔÚÔ‡Ó Ì ÙËÓ ¿Ô-
„Ë fiÙÈ Û¯ÔÏ›· Ù· ÔÔ›· ·Ú¤¯Ô˘Ó „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜-Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈΤ˜ ˘ËÚÂۛ˜ ˘„ËÏ‹˜
ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Â›Ó·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Ṳ̂ӷ Ó· ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· Ú·Á‰·›· ÌÂÙ·-
‚·ÏÏfiÌÂÓÔ Î·È ·‚¤‚·ÈÔ Ì¤ÏÏÔÓ (Lairio & Nissila, 2002). øÛÙfiÛÔ, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ Ù¤-
ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ··Ú·›ÙËÙË Ë ‰¤ÛÌ¢ÛË ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜
ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ·¤Ó·ÓÙÈ ÛÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ ηıÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜,
ÂÓÛˆÌ·ÙˆÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ·, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ٷ ÔÔ›· ı· ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ ¤Ó·˜ Û·-
Ê‹˜ ηٷÌÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ ·ÚÌÔ‰ÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Î·È Â˘ı˘ÓÒÓ, ·Ó¿ÏÔÁÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÓÒÛÂˆÓ Î·È Ù˘
ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÌÏÂÎÔ̤ӈÓ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, Ì ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ̤-
¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Û ÚˆÙÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Î·È ‰Â˘-
ÙÂÚÔ‚¿ıÌÈ· Û¯ÔÏ›· Ù˘ ª. μÚÂÙ·Ó›·˜, ÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘Ó ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏÏˆÓ ÙȘ
·ÎfiÏÔ˘ı˜ «Î·Ï¤˜ Ú·ÎÙÈΤ˜» (Pattison et al., 2009): (·) ÙËÓ ··Û¯fiÏËÛË ÂȉÈο ÂÎ-
·È‰Â˘Ì¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ¤ÌÂÈÚˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ, (‚) ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Û˘Ì-
‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·, (Á) ÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ ·ÍÈÔÏfi-
ÁËÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ, (‰) ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ‚·ÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ Î·-
ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÓÙ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÛÙȘ ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ Ù˘ ÙÔÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜, Î·È (‰) ÙË
Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ÊÔÚ›˜ ÂÎÙfi˜ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ.
302 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

∏ π¢π∞πΔ∂ƒ∏ ™À¡∂π™º√ƒ∞
Δ∏™ ™Àªμ√À§∂ÀΔπ∫∏™ æÀÃ√§√°π∞™

ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË Û˘ÓÂÈÛÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜
ÛÙËÓ ˘Ô¯ÚˆÙÈ΋ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË, ·˘Ù‹ Û˘˙ËÙ‹ıËΠÂÎÙÂÓÒ˜ Û ¤Ó· ÂȉÈÎfi Ù‡¯Ô˜ ÙÔ˘
·ÌÂÚÈοÓÈÎÔ˘ ÂÚÈÔ‰ÈÎÔ‡ The Counseling Psychologist (2002, 30, 5). ™‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙÔ˘˜
Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ Ô˘ Û˘ÌÌÂÙ›¯·Ó ÛÙÔ ÂȉÈÎfi Ù‡¯Ô˜, ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‰‡Ô ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ‰˘Ó·Ù¿
ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÛÙÔ‡Ó
ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË Î·È Ó· ÂÓÈÛ¯‡ÛÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Û¯ÔÏ›Ԣ Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔ-
È΋ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. ∞˘Ù¿ ›ӷÈ: (·) Ô ÔÏÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ Î·È ·Ó·Ù˘ÍÈ·Îfi˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘
Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜, Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ÙÔ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÔ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Î·È ÂÓ-
ÓÔÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ ÁÈ· ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Û ̷ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȘ Î·È ÁÔÓ›˜
(Vondracek & Porfeli, 2002. Walsh, Galassi, Murphy, & Park-Taylor, 2002), Î·È (‚) ÔÈ
ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È Ù· ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÂÈ Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ· Ô ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ì-
‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ÛÙÔÓ ÙÔ̤· Ù˘ ÚfiÏ˄˘ (Kenny, Waldo, & Warter, 2002)
Î·È Ù˘ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ (Solberg, Howard, Blustein, & Close, 2002).
√È ·Ú·¿Óˆ Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê›˜ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÂȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ· Û ÌÈ· ÓÂfiÙÂÚË Î·È ·Ó·ıÂ-
ˆÚË̤ÓË ·Ó·Ù˘Íȷ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË, Ë ÔÔ›· ÍÂÂÚÓ¿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÚÈÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ·ÏÈfiÙÂ-
ÚˆÓ ÎÏ·ÛÈÎÒÓ ıˆÚÈÒÓ (.¯., ÙËÓ ¤ÌÊ·ÛË ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ, ÛÙËÓ ·È‰È΋ ËÏÈΛ· Î·È ÛÙËÓ
„˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·), Â›Ó·È Û˘Ì‚·Ù‹ Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜
Î·È ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ê·Ó› ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· ¯Ú‹ÛÈÌË ÁÈ· fiÛÔ˘˜/˜ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔ˘˜-Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏÔ˘˜ ÂÚ-
Á¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·. ∞˘Ù‹ Ë Ó¤· ıÂÒÚËÛË ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë ·ÓıÚÒÈÓË ·Ó¿Ù˘-
ÍË: (·) ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÙ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÂοÛÙÔÙ Ï·›ÛÈÔ-ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ, (‚) ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÔÈΛÏÔ˘˜ ÙÔ-
Ì›˜, fiˆ˜ Ô ‚ÈÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜, Ô „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ Î·È Ô ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ÙÔ̤·˜, (Á) ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›-
˙ÂÙ·È Û fiÏÔ ÙÔ Ê¿ÛÌ· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜, Î·È (‰) ÂÓۈ̷ÙÒÓÂÈ ÙfiÛÔ ÙȘ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ˜ ‰˘Ó·-
ÙfiÙËÙ˜ fiÛÔ Î·È Ù· ÂÏ·ÙÙÒÌ·Ù· (Vondracek & Porfeli, 2002. Walsh et al., 2002).
√È ·Ú·¿Óˆ ·Ú¯¤˜ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÔÓÙ·È ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· Ôχ ¯Ú‹ÛÈ̘ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ηÈ
ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ. °È· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·: (·) Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÚÚÔ‹˜
ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ ·È‰ÈÒÓ Û˘ÓÂ¿ÁÂÙ·È ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌÈο ÂÓËÌÂ-
ڈ̤Ó˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Î·È Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›Â˜ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· Î·È ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜
(¤Ú· ·fi ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ), fiˆ˜ ÙÔ Û¯ÔÏ›Ô, Ë ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ· Î·È Ë ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·. (‚) ∏ ·Ó·-
ÁÓÒÚÈÛË Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂÍ¿ÚÙËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ‰È¿ÊÔÚˆÓ ÙÔ̤ˆÓ Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ÙËÓ
·Ó¿ÁÎË Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÒÓ (.¯., ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ, „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ,
ÁÈ·ÙÚÒÓ) ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÙÔÓÈṲ̂ÓË ·ÚÔ¯‹ ηıÔÏÈÎÒÓ Î·È ‰ÈÂÈÛÙËÌÔÓÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ
ÚfiÏ˄˘ Î·È ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·. (Á) ∏ ¿Ô„Ë ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó¿Ù˘-
͢ Û fiϘ ÙȘ ËÏÈ˘ Î·È Ù· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ ˙ˆ‹˜ ÚÔÛʤÚÂÈ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
Ì ÙÔ˘˜ ÁÔÓ›˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È Â˘Î·Èڛ˜ ÚÔÂÙÔÈÌ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÓË-
ÏÈΛˆÛË ‹ ÙËÓ ÔÌ·Ï‹ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜, Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ (‰) Ë ¤ÌÊ·ÛË
 ∏ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›· ÛÙÔ Û¯ÔÏÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ 303

ÛÙȘ ·Ó·Ù˘ÍȷΤ˜ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÛÙȘ ·‰˘Ó·Ì›Â˜ ÚÔʤÚÂÈ ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· ÔÏÈ-
ÛÙÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛˆÓ, ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ó ˘fi„Ë ÙfiÛÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·-
Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜, fiÛÔ Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜ ÎÈÓ‰‡ÓÔ˘ Ô˘ ÂËÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓıÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·
ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÔÈÎÔÁÂÓÂÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ (Walsh et al., 2002).
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ıˆÚËÙÈÎfi Ï·›ÛÈÔ, ÂÎÚfiÛˆÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ™˘Ì-
‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ۯ‰ȿÛÂÈ Î·È ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÂÈ Ì ÂÈÙ˘¯›· ÛÙȘ ∏ӈ̤-
Ó˜ ¶ÔÏÈÙ›˜ ∞ÌÂÚÈ΋˜ Û¯ÔÏÈΤ˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù·, Ù· ÔÔ›· ·ÊÔ-
ÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛË ÙˆÓ „˘¯Ô-ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎÒÓ ·Ó·ÁÎÒÓ, ÙËÓ ÂÓ›Û¯˘ÛË Ù˘ ·Î·‰Ë-
Ì·˚΋˜ Â›‰ÔÛ˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË Ù˘ ÌÂÙ¿‚·Û˘ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÓ‹-
ÏÈÎË ˙ˆ‹ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÁÔÚ¿ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ (ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÏÂÙÔÌÂÚ‹ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÁÚ·Ì-
Ì¿ÙˆÓ ·˘ÙÒÓ, ÙˆÓ ÛÙfi¯ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ú·ÎÙÈÎÒÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ‚Ï. Kenny et al., 2002.
Solberg et al., 2002). √È ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ Û˘˙ËÙÔ‡Ó, Â›Û˘, ÙȘ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ-
Á‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ „˘¯Ô-
ÏfiÁˆÓ, Ë ÔÔ›· ı· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ Â·ÚΛ˜ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÙˆÓ
·È‰ÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ÂÊ‹‚ˆÓ, ÁÈ· ÙÔ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· Î·È ÙÔ˘˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜
ÚfiÏÔ˘˜ fiÏˆÓ fiÛˆÓ ÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È Û ·˘Ùfi, ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹ Û˘ÛÙËÌÈÎÒÓ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿-
ÛÂˆÓ Ô˘ ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ ÚfiÏË„Ë, ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Û˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ Ì ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·-
ٛ˜, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ˘ ›‰Ô˘˜ ·ÚÂÌ‚¿ÛÂˆÓ Î·È ÚÔ-
ÁÚ·ÌÌ¿ÙˆÓ (Kenny et al., 2002. Solberg et al., 2002).
™ÙËÓ È‰È·›ÙÂÚË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎÏ¿‰Ô˘ Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ı· ÌÔ-
ÚÔ‡Û·Ó Ó· ÚÔÛÙÂıÔ‡Ó ‰‡Ô ·ÎfiÌË ÛÙÔȯ›·: (·) ÔÈ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ ¢ηÈڛ˜ Î·È ‰˘-
Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛʤÚÔÓÙ·È Ì¤Ûˆ Ù˘ ‰È·-
‰Èηۛ·˜ Ù˘ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Î·È (‚) Ë Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì-
‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ‡˜. ∂ȉÈÎfiÙÂÚ·, ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÏfiÁˆÓ fiÛÔ
Î·È ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô‡ÏˆÓ ÛÙÔ Ï·›ÛÈÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘ ı· ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ̤-
Û· ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ‰È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· η-
Ï˘ÊıÔ‡Ó ÔÈ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ ÌÔÓ¿‰ˆÓ Î·È Ó· Â͢ËÚÂÙËı› ¤Ó·˜ Û˘Ó¯Ҙ ·˘-
Í·ÓfiÌÂÓÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙Ô˘Ó ÔÏÔ¤Ó· Î·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜
‹ ÈÔ ÔχÏÔΘ ÚÔÛˆÈΤ˜ ‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ (Gysbers, 2002. ÷Ù˙˯ڋÛÙÔ˘, 2003·).
∞fi ÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË, Ô Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎfi˜ ÚfiÏÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÛÙËÚȯı› ÂÎÙÂ-
ÓÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (ª·ÏÈÎÈÒÛË-§Ô˝˙Ô˘, 2001.
ªÚÔ‡˙Ô˜, 2009). ∏ ª·ÏÈÎÈÒÛË-§Ô˝˙Ô˘ (2001), ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·, ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ
ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÔ› ÔÊ›ÏÔ˘Ó Ó· ‰È·ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ‰ÂÍÈfiÙËÙ˜ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜, η-
ıÒ˜ Â›Ó·È Û ı¤ÛË Ó· ·Ó·Ù‡ÍÔ˘Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈΤ˜ Î·È Ô˘ÛÈ·ÛÙÈΤ˜ Û¯¤ÛÂȘ Ì ÙÔ˘˜/ÙȘ
Ì·ıËÙ¤˜/ÙÚȤ˜ ÙÔ˘˜, ÂÓÒ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· ÌÔÚÔ‡Ó Ó· ·Û΋ÛÔ˘Ó ¤Ó· ‰È·ÌÂÛÔÏ·‚ËÙÈÎfi
ÚfiÏÔ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ.
™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο, Ô ÎÏ¿‰Ô˜ Ù˘ ™˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ æ˘¯ÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Û‹ÌÂÚ·
ÌÈ· ÔÏ˘‰È¿ÛÙ·ÙË ÂȉÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ì ÔÈΛϘ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ¤˜ Û ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο Ï·›ÛÈ· ηÈ
304 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

ÏËı˘ÛÌÔ‡˜, ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Î·È Ô ¯ÒÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘. ÕÏψÛÙÂ,
ÔÏϤ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Í›Â˜ Ù˘ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ Û˘Ó¿‰Ô˘Ó Ì ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÔ‡˜ ·È‰·ÁˆÁÈÎÔ‡˜
ÛÙfi¯Ô˘˜, fiˆ˜ ÁÈ· ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ô Û‚·ÛÌfi˜ ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· Î·È Ë ÈÛfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ
¢ηÈÚÈÒÓ fiÏˆÓ fiÛˆÓ Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÓÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ Ù˘ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘. ªÂ ‚¿ÛË ÙȘ ·-
Ú·¿Óˆ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂȘ, Î·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÙȘ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ ›‰ÈˆÓ ÙˆÓ Ì·ıËÙÒÓ/ÙÚÈÒÓ, ÔÈ Â-
ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó fi¯È ÌfiÓÔÓ ÙËÓ ÂÓۈ̿وÛË ÙˆÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ
Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋˜ ÛÙ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÙËÓ Î·ÏÏȤÚÁÂÈ· ‰ÂÍÈÔÙ‹ÙˆÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ-
΋˜ ÛÙËÓ ÔÌ¿‰· ÙˆÓ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎÒÓ. º·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÌfiÓÔÓ fiÙ·Ó ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ÂÓÙfi˜ Û¯Ô-
ÏÈ΋˜ ÌÔÓ¿‰·˜ Î·È ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ·Ó·fiÛ·ÛÙÔ ÙÌ‹Ì· Ù˘ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜,
ÔÈ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÔ› Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔÈ-„˘¯ÔÏfiÁÔÈ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÛÙË ‰È¿ıÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÓ ··Ú·›ÙËÙÔ ¯ÒÚÔ, ÙÔ
¯ÚfiÓÔ Î·È Ù· ̤۷ ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÔ˘Ó ·ÔÙÂÏÂÛÌ·ÙÈο ÙȘ ÁÓÒÛÂȘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÍÂÈ-
‰›ÎÂ˘Û‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÔ˜ fiÊÂÏÔ˜ ÔÏfiÎÏËÚ˘ Ù˘ Û¯ÔÏÈ΋˜ ÎÔÈÓfiÙËÙ·˜.
¶·ÚfiÙÈ ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ ·ÓÙÏ› ·fi ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ, ÂȯÂÈÚ› Ó· ÂÓÙ¿ÍÂÈ
ÙȘ fiÔȘ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛÂȘ ÛÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈ΋ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔÓÙ·˜
˘fi„Ë ÙȘ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·ÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ÂÏÏËÓÈÎfi Û¯ÔÏÂ›Ô fiÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ-
¯‹ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ-Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ. ∂ȉÈο Û‹ÌÂÚ·, Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó·Ù·Ú·¯‹
Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ·Ù› ÛÙ· ‰ËÌfiÛÈ· Û¯ÔÏ›·, ÔÏÏ¿ Â›Ó·È ·˘Ù¿ Ô˘ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÎÂÚ‰›ÛÔ˘ÌÂ
·fi ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·, Î·È ·fi ¯ÒÚ˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ Ë ·ÚÔ¯‹ Û¯ÔÏÈÎÒÓ Û˘Ì‚Ô˘-
Ï¢ÙÈÎÒÓ ˘ËÚÂÛÈÒÓ ¤¯ÂÈ ıÂÛÌÔıÂÙËı› Â‰Ò Î·È ÔÏÏ¿ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ˘Ô-
ÛÙËÚ›ÍÔ˘Ì ÙÔ ÌÂÙ·Û¯ËÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË Ù˘ ÂÁ¯ÒÚÈ·˜ ÂÎ·›‰Â˘Û˘.

μπμ§π√°ƒ∞ºπ∞

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‚Ô˘Ï¢ÙÈ΋ Î·È Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÚÔÛ·Ó·ÙÔÏÈÛÌfi˜. £ÂˆÚ›· Î·È Ú¿ÍË (Û. 393-409). ∞ı‹-
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308 ÃÚ. ∞ı·Ó·ÛÈ¿‰Ô˘

COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOL

CONTEXT
Christina Athanasiades
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Abstract: Many researchers claim that improving students’ academic achievement, within the
present ever changing and difficult sociocultural conditions, is a complex process that schools
cannot accomplish all alone, without certain collaborations with community agencies and other
professionals. Towards this end, the contribution of the division of Counselling Psychology can
be critical. The present article discusses Counselling Psychology’s applications within school.
In the first section, there is a short reference to the relationship between counselling and school
psychology, while in the second section there is a description of psychological and counselling
services within the Greek school. In the last two sections, the literature review deals with two
issues: (a) the school community’s preferences for counselling and psychological services,
according to relevant evaluations and evidence-based practice, and (b) the special contribution
of Counselling Psychology in the school context. In other words, the article discusses what
Counselling Psychology could bring into school practice through programs and services to the
school community. Even though the article draws on international research evidence, there is
an effort to discuss whatever conclusions within the Greek educational system and to bear in
mind the specific conditions of psychological-counselling services within Greek schools.

Key words: Evaluation of counselling services in schools, Greek school, School counselling

Address: Christina Athanasiades, School of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle

University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece. Phone: +30-2310-997992. E-mail:
cathan@psy.auth.gr