BS EN 13481-3:2012

BSI Standards Publication

Railway applications — Track —

Performance requirements for
fastening systems
http://qstandard.org/
Part 3: Fastening systems for wood sleepers
BS EN 13481-3:2012 BRITISH STANDARD

National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13481-3:2012.
It supersedes BS EN 13481-3:2002 which is withdrawn.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee RAE/2, Railway Applications - Track.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© The British Standards Institution 2012.
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2012
ISBN 978 0 580 68156 1
ICS 93.100
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 June 2012.
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected

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 BS EN 13481-3:2012

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13481-3

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM May 2012

ICS 93.100 Supersedes EN 13481-3:2002

English Version

Railway applications - Track - Performance requirements for

fastening systems - Part 3: Fastening systems for wood sleepers

Applications ferroviaires - Voie - Exigences de performance Bahnanwendungen - Oberbau - Leistungsanforderungen für

pour les systèmes de fixation - Partie 3: Systèmes de Schienenbefestigungssysteme - Teil 3:
fixation pour traverses en bois Befestigungssysteme für Holzschwellen

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 27 April 2012.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

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Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels

© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13481-3:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
BS EN 13481-3:2012
EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Contents Page

Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1 Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................ 5
3 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................... 6
4 Symbols .................................................................................................................................................. 6
5 Requirements ......................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1 General .................................................................................................................................................... 7
5.2 Longitudinal rail restraint ..................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Torsional resistance .............................................................................................................................. 8
5.4 Pad and assembly stiffness .................................................................................................................. 8
5.5 Effect of repeated loading ..................................................................................................................... 8
5.6 Effect of exposure to severe environmental conditions.................................................................... 9
5.7 Dimensions ............................................................................................................................................. 9
5.8 Effect of the fastening system tolerances on track gauge .............................................................. 10
5.9 Clamping force ..................................................................................................................................... 11
5.10 In-service testing ................................................................................................................................. 11
5.11 Attenuation of noise and vibration .................................................................................................... 11
6
7
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Test specimens .................................................................................................................................... 11
Fitness for purpose ............................................................................................................................. 11
8 Marking, labelling and packaging ...................................................................................................... 11
Annex A (informative) Vibration and noise ..................................................................................................... 12
A.1 General .................................................................................................................................................. 12
A.2 Symbols ................................................................................................................................................ 12
A.3 Parameters for environmental vibration calculations...................................................................... 12
A.4 Calculating the vibration attenuation ................................................................................................ 13
A.5 Environmental noise ........................................................................................................................... 13
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2008/57/EC ........................................................................................ 14
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................... 16

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 BS EN 13481-3:2012
EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Foreword
This document (EN 13481-3:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway
applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2012.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document supersedes EN 13481-3:2002.

The main changes in this revision of EN 13481-3:2002 are as follows:

a) categories of fastening systems have been introduced in 5.4, Table 2 and 5.5, Table 3;

b) advice on attenuation of noise and vibration has been added in a new annex (Annex A).

This European Standard is one of the series EN 13481 "Railway applications – Track – Performance
requirements for fastening systems" which consists of the following parts:


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Part 1: Definitions

Part 2: Fastening systems for concrete sleepers

 Part 3: Fastening systems for wood sleepers

 Part 4: Fastening systems for steel sleepers

 Part 5: Fastening systems for slab track with rail on the surface or rail embedded in a channel

 Part 7: Special fastening systems for switches and crossings and check rails

NOTE Part 6 does not exist in this series.

These European Standards are supported by the test methods in the series EN 13146 "Railway applications –
Track – Test methods for fastening systems".

For relationship with EU Directive 2008/57/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Introduction
A series of tests is used to assess the suitability of fastening systems for use in railway track.

In this European Standard a requirement for longitudinal rail restraint is included to control rail creep and pull
apart in the event of a broken rail. Measurement of torsional resistance is included for use in assessing the
risk of track buckling. Classes for attenuation of dynamic loading are included for use when it it is necessary
to protect sleepers from vehicle induced impacts. The laboratory test for the effect of repeated loading is
specified to assess the potential long term performance of the fastening in track. The test for clamping force
is only suitable for laboratory use.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

1 Scope
This European Standard is applicable to fastening systems, in categories A – C and E as specified in
EN 13481-1:2012, 3.1, for use on wood sleepers in ballasted track with maximum axle loads and minimum
curve radii in accordance with Table 1.

Table 1 — Fastening category criteria

Maximum design axle Minimum curve

Category load radius
kN m

A 130 40
B 180 80
C 260 150
E 350 150
NOTE The maximum axle load for categories A and B does not apply to
maintenance vehicles.

The requirements apply to:

 fastening systems which act on the foot and/or web of the rail including direct fastening systems and

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indirect fastening systems;

 fastening systems for the rail sections in EN 13674-1 (excluding 49E4) and EN 13674-4.

This standard is not applicable to fastening systems for other rail sections, rigid fastening systems or special
fastening systems used at bolted joints or glued joints.

This standard is for type approval of a complete fastening assembly only.

2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 13145, Railway applications – Track – Wood sleepers and bearers

EN 13146-1:2012, Railway applications – Track – Test methods for fastening systems – Part 1: Determination
of longitudinal rail restraint

EN 13146-2:2012, Railway applications – Track – Test methods for fastening systems – Part 2: Determination
of torsional resistance

EN 13146-4:2012, Railway applications – Track – Test methods for fastening systems – Part 4: Effect of
repeated loading

EN 13146-6:2012, Railway applications – Track – Test methods for fastening systems – Part 6: Effect of
severe environmental conditions

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

EN 13146-7:2012, Railway applications – Track – Test methods for fastening systems – Part 7: Determination
of clamping force

EN 13146-8:2012, Railway applications – Track – Test methods for fastening systems – Part 8: In service
testing

EN 13146-9:2009+A1:2011, Railway applications – Track – Test methods for fastening systems – Part 9:
Determination of stiffness

EN 13481-1:2012, Railway applications – Track – Performance requirements for fastening systems – Part 1:
Definitions

EN 13674-1, Railway applications – Track – Rail – Part 1: Vignole railway rails 46 kg/m and above

EN 13674-4, Railway applications – Track – Rail – Part 4: Vignole railway rails from 27 kg/m to, but excluding
46 kg/m

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13481-1:2012 apply.

4 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols apply.

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FHFAmax static preload applied in the measurement of high frequency stiffness of assembly, in kN;

FLFA1 minimum force applied in measurement of dynamic low frequency stiffness of assembly, in kN;

FLFAmax reference force for measurement of dynamic low frequency stiffness of assembly, in kN;

FLFP1 notional fastening clip force assumed for measurement of low frequency stiffness of pad, in
kN;

FLFPmax reference force for measurement of dynamic low frequency stiffness of pad, in kN;

Fmax axial load at which gross slip occurs in the longitudinal rail restraint test (EN 13146-1:2012), in
kN;

FSA1 minimum force applied in measurement of static stiffness of assembly, in kN

FSAmax force applied to assembly in measurement of static stiffness of assembly, in kN;

FSP1 notional fastening clip force assumed for measurement of static stiffness of pad, in kN;

FSPmax force applied to pad in measurement of static stiffness of pad, in kN

kHFAD transfer stiffness in measurement of high frequency stiffness of assembly, in N/m;

kLFA low frequency dynamic stiffness of assembly, in MN/m;

L lateral component of force transmitted by the wheel to the rail head as shown in Figure 1, in kN;

PL component of load parallel to the base of the sleeper, in kN;

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

PV component of load normal to the base of the sleeper, in kN;

V vertical component of force transmitted by the wheel to the rail head as shown in Figure 1,
in kN;

X distance between the line of application of PL and the centre of the gauge corner radius of
the rail head as shown in Figure 1, in mm;

α angle between the load line and a line normal to running surface of the rails as shown in
Figure 1, in °.

L P
NOTE = L = tan α
V PV

V
1
2

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X

Key

1 line of load application

2 centre of gauge corner radius

Figure 1 — Load application position

5 Requirements

5.1 General

The following requirements apply to the fastening system when tested in conjunction with hardwood sleepers,
with no free preservative on the surface, complying with EN 13145. Sleepers used for testing shall have
parallel top and bottom surfaces.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

5.2 Longitudinal rail restraint

The longitudinal rail restraint shall be not less than 7 kN when measured by the procedure in EN 13146-1.

On structures such as long bridges, the longitudinal force transmitted between the track and the structure may
be calculated by the method in EN 1991-2. The value of Fmax measured in accordance with EN 13146-1 may
be used in the calculation. In such cases, and subject to agreement between the purchaser and manufacturer,
the minimum requirement for longitudinal restraint may be reduced.

5.3 Torsional resistance

When required by the purchaser the torsional resistance shall be measured by the procedure in EN 13146-2
and the result reported.

5.4 Pad and assembly stiffness

As required by EN 13146-4, the assembly static stiffness and assembly low frequency dynamic stiffness shall
be measured in accordance with EN 13146-9. Measurement of the rail pad static stiffness is required at the
purchaser’s discretion in accordance with EN 13146-8. If the purchaser requires either of the following, it shall
be measured in accordance with EN 13146-9:

 pad low frequency dynamic stiffness;

 assembly high frequency dynamic stiffness.

Test loads are given in Table 2.

NOTE
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Guidance on the measurement of pad high frequency dynamic stiffness is given in EN 13146-9:2009+A1:2011,
Annex A. For the measurement of assembly properties at acoustic frequency see EN 15461.

Table 2 —Loads for measurement of stiffness

Fastening FSP1 and FLFP1 FSPmax and FLFPmax FSA1 and FLFA1 FSAmax and FLFAmax
category kN kN kN kN
A 16 51 1 32
B 18 64 1 43
C 18 85 1 64
E 20 119 1 95

5.5 Effect of repeated loading

This shall be determined by the procedure in EN 13146-4 using the test loads and positions in Table 3. For
assemblies with no pad the test load and position for assembly stiffness ≥ 200 MN/m shall be used.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Table 3 — Test loads and positions

PV/cos α
a,b
Fastening α X kN
category degrees mm KLFA < 200
c
KLFA ≥ 200
c

MN/m MN/m
d
A 38,6 25 55 55
d
B 38,6 25 62 65
d
C 33 15 75 83
d
E 40 75 100 108
a
The test loads apply only to rail sections included in EN 13674-1 (excluding 49E4) and EN 13674-4.
b
The test loads reflect the typical axle loads and curve radii in EN 13481-1:2012, 3.1.
c
Low frequency dynamic stiffness of assembly measured, at 5 Hz, in accordance with EN 13146-9.
d
For web supported rail the rail section shall be unmodified (i.e. X = 0).

As required by EN 13146-4:2012, the following measurements shall be performed before and after repeated
loading. The change in performance shall not exceed the values shown below. For fastening systems which
support the web of the rail, the change in clamping force does not apply.

 Longitudinal rail restraint change ≤ 20 %;

 Vertical stiffness change ≤ 25 %;


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Clamping force change ≤ 20 %.

Compliance with Category E implies compliance with Categories C and E.

Compliance with Category B implies compliance with Categories A and B.

NOTE The requirement for change in vertical static stiffness is not applicable to fastening systems with a static
stiffness ≥ 300 MN/m.

5.6 Effect of exposure to severe environmental conditions

Following exposure to the salt spray test in accordance with EN 13146-6:2012, the fastening assembly shall
be capable of being dismantled, without failure of any component and re-assembled using manual tools
provided for this purpose.

5.7 Dimensions

The overall dimensions shall be within the envelope shown in Figure 2 to avoid interference with vehicles
including track maintenance vehicles.

This requirement does not apply to web support fastening systems. For such fastening systems, the minimum
flangeway shall comply with national regulations and the envelope of the fastening systems shall be provided
by the supplier.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Dimensions in millimetres

70
1

220

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Key

1 envelope for rail fastening assembly

NOTE 1 This is applicable to all rail sections in EN 13674-1 and EN 13674-4 excluding 49E4.

NOTE 2 Envelope is symmetrical about rail centre line.

NOTE 3 Where an outside conductor rail is used, the width of the envelope is reduced to 180 mm.

Figure 2 — Envelope for rail fastening

5.8 Effect of the fastening system tolerances on track gauge

Calculations shall be provided by the manufacturer to show the maximum variation in static track gauge which
can arise from the fastening system. The calculations shall be based on the design dimensions of the rail
section given in EN 13674-1 or EN 13674-4 and shall include any assumption about the position of the rail
within the fastening assembly and the tolerances on all component parts of the fastening system. It shall not
include tolerances arising from the location of the fastening components in the sleeper or from any baseplate
location. The variation in track gauge, calculated in this way, shall not exceed ± 1 mm.

The manufacturer shall also provide a drawing of the interface between the fastening system and the sleeper.
This drawing shall include:

 the external gauge point of the rail fastening system which defines the track gauge (for example holes or
profiling in sleepers);

 the dimension and the tolerance between internal and external gauge points for the rail section for which
the fastening assembly is designed;

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

 drawings with dimensions and tolerances of components of the fastening system;

 the design inclination of the rail seat.

5.9 Clamping force

This shall be determined by the procedure in EN 13146-7:2012. The result shall be reported.

This requirement is not applicable to web support fastening systems.

5.10 In-service testing

When required by the user, in-service testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 13146-8:2012.

5.11 Attenuation of noise and vibration

Advice on the attenuation of noise and vibration is given in Annex A.

6 Test specimens
When used for type approval testing, the test specimens shall be provided by the organization commissioning
the test. Any change in the materials or design of one or more components, which could affect performance in
relation to the requirements of this European Standard, shall necessitate retesting of the complete fastening
assembly.

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Fitness for purpose
The manufacturer shall ensure that the fastening systems supplied comply with the requirements of this
European Standard. Specifications for individual components shall be provided by the manufacturer at the
time the assembly is presented for testing.

NOTE Users of this European Standard are advised to consider the desirability of quality system assessment and
registration against EN ISO 9001 by an accredited third party.

8 Marking, labelling and packaging

Where there is adequate space for legible marking and no effect on performance, each component shall be
permanently marked with raised or indented symbols or letters which identify the manufacturer and include the
particular component reference. When components are packed in containers, each container shall be labelled
with details of the components and with the production batch number or date of manufacture.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Annex A
(informative)

Vibration and noise

A.1 General
The physical behaviour of the rail fastening system influences vibration transmitted into the track structure,
and noise emitted from the track and the structure. Prediction models for structural and environmental
vibration and noise may require input parameters which relate to this behaviour. In some situations, rail
fastenings may be designed to control vibration transmission: in such cases these parameters are especially
important.

This annex gives advice on the parameters and their use.

A.2 Symbols
For the purposes of this annex the following symbols and those in Clause 4 apply:

Di insertion loss, in dB

kHFAD transfer stiffness in measurement of high frequency stiffness of assembly, in N/m

jω √-1 http://qstandard.org/
k transfer stiffness, in N/m

ZF foundation impedance, in dB

ZO source impedance, in dB

A.3 Parameters for environmental vibration calculations

In order to predict or analyse environmental vibration and secondary noise caused by the passage of trains, it
is necessary to know the stiffness of the rail fastening assembly subjected to vibration at appropriate
amplitudes and frequencies. In general, it is not possible to replicate both the amplitude and the frequency in a
small scale laboratory test.

Tests may be carried out with representative load amplitudes, at frequencies up to 20 Hz. When required,
such tests should be carried out in accordance with EN 13146-9:2009+A1:2011, 7.2. The maximum load,
FLFAmax, is given in Table 2 and any test frequency may be specified in the range 3 Hz to 10 Hz. The result of
this test is the low frequency dynamic stiffness of the fastening assembly, kLFA, for the specified track category
and frequency.

Tests may be carried out at higher frequencies, but only at very small amplitudes of load. When required, such
tests should be carried out in accordance with EN 13146-9:2009+A1:2011, 7.3. The pre-load FHFAmax applied
is 50 % of the maximum load, FLFAmax, given in Table 2. The result of this test is a graph of transfer stiffness,
kHFAD, against frequency for the specified track category.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

A.4 Calculating the vibration attenuation

The attenuation of a fastening system can be expressed in terms of the insertion loss (Di) which describes the
reduction in the level of sound power transmitted to the foundation.

For fastening systems that can be modelled by a single degree of freedom system of transfer stiffness k, the
calculation, using Formula (A.1) involves the foundation impedance (ZF) and the source impedance (ZO).

j ωZF Z O
Di = 20lg 1 + dB (A.1)
kZ F + Z O

The derivation of ZF and ZO cannot be given in general terms as it depends on details of the vehicles and track.
Further information is given in [4].

A.5 Environmental noise

Many models used for prediction of railway noise require input of a value for rail fastening stiffness. This value
is derived from the test procedure given in EN 15461, which requires tests to be carried out on a complete
panel of railway track.

Where such a panel of track is not available, and it is necessary to estimate the stiffness from tests on a single
rail fastening assembly, indicative values of stiffness for noise prediction may be obtained by carrying out the
test in EN 13146-9:2009+A1:2011, 7.3 but with no pre-load (i.e. FHFAmax ≈ 0).

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Annex ZA
(informative)

Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential Requirements of EU

Directive 2008/57/EC

This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN/CENELEC/ETSI by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association to provide a means of conforming to Essential
Requirements of the Directive 2008/57/EC1.

Once this standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union under that Directive and has been
implemented as a national standard in at least one Member State, compliance with the Clauses of this
standard given in Table ZA.1 for CR Infrastructure confers, within the limits of the scope of this standard, a
presumption of conformity with the corresponding Essential Requirements of that Directive and associated
EFTA regulations.

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1 This Directive 2008/57/EC adopted on 17th June 2008 is a recast of the previous Directives 96/48/EC ‘Interoperability of
the trans-European high-speed rail system’ and 2001/16/EC ‘Interoperability of the trans-European conventional rail
system’ and revisions thereof by 2004/50/EC ‘Corrigendum to Directive 2004/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the
th
Council of 29 April 2004 amending Council Directive 96/48/EC on the interoperability of the trans-European high-speed
rail system and Directive 2001/16/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the interoperability of the
trans-European conventional rail system’.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Table ZA.1 - Correspondence between this European Standard, the CR TSI INF published in OJEU
th
dated 14 May 2011, and Directive 2008/57/EC

Clause(s)/ sub- Chapter/§/annexes of the TSI Corresponding text, Comments

clause(s) of this articles/§/annexes
European of the Directive
Standard 2008/57/EC

1.Scope 4. Description of the Annex III, Essential According to the Scope

infrastructure subsystem Requirements, (Clause 1) the standard only
5.2.Longitudinal rail 4.2. Functional and technical 1.General applies to fastening systems
restraint specifications of subsystem requirements for the rail sections in
4.2.5.1 Track parameters - 1.1 Safety EN 13674-1 (excluding
5.5.Effect of Nominal track gauge Clauses 1.1.1, 1.1.3 49E4) and EN 13674-4. The
repeated loading 4.2.7.Track resistance to CR INF TSI requires a
applied loads 1.4. Environmental minimum calculated value of
5.8.Effect of the 4.2.11.2 Health, safety and protection moment of inertia of the rail
fastening system environment - Noise and Clauses 1.4.4, 1.4.5, section about the horizontal
4
tolerances on track vibration limits and mitigation axis of at least 1600 cm ,
gauge measures 1.5 Technical which corresponds to rail
compatibility. sections in EN 13674-1 and
5.10 5 Interoperability constituents not in
In-service testing 5.3.2 Constituents EN 13674-4 (5.3.1.2 of the
performances and CR TSI INF)
5.11. Attenuation of specifications - The rail
noise and vibration fastening systems According to the Scope
(Clause 1) the standard is
6. Assessment of conformity of for type approval of a

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interoperability constituents
and EC verification of the
subsystems
6.1.Interoperability constituents
complete fastening assembly
only. Annex A - Table 20 of
the CR TSI INF requires also
assessment during the
6.1.4. EC declaration of production phase
conformity for interoperability According to 4.2.11 2. of the
constituents CR TSI INF noise and
6.1.4.3. EC declaration of vibration limits remain an
conformity for rail fastening open point
systems.

Annex A Table 20

WARNING — Other requirements and other EU Directives may be applicable to the product(s) falling within
the scope of this standard.

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EN 13481-3:2012 (E)

Bibliography

[1] EN 1991-2, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges

[2] EN 15461, Railway applications – Noise emission – Characterisation of the dynamic properties of track
sections for pass by noise measurements

[3] EN ISO 9001, Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001)

[4] Wettschurek R and Hauck G. Geräusche und Erschütterungen aus dem Schienenverkehr. In Heckl M
and Müller H editors Taschenbuch der Technischen Akustic. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York:
Springer Verlag.

http://qstandard.org/

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