Well Logging Tools

Osama Mohammed Hamouda, SPE, Petroleum Engineer

Abstract
Well logging, also known as borehole logging is the practice of making a detailed record (a well
log) of the geologic formations penetrated by a borehole. The log may be based either on visual
inspection of samples brought to the surface (geological logs) or on physical measurements made
by instruments lowered into the hole (geophysical logs). Well logging can be done during any
phase of a well's history; drilling, completing, producing and abandoning. There are a lot of tools
to measure the formation’s properties, such like Gamma ray tool, Neutron log, Caliper …etc.
Every tool works by unique mechanism, here the author review some of well logging tools and its
working mechanism.
Wire log tools:
Wireline tools are cylindrical in shape, usually from
1.5 to 5 inches in diameter. "Open hole" tool
combinations can extend to over 100 feet long;
"cased hole" tool combinations are often limited in
length by the height restrictions imposed by
constraints of "lubricator" pipe section required to
contain the well pressure while deploying cased hole
tools. There are many types of logging tools, ranging
from common measurements (pressure and
temperature) to advanced rock properties and fracture
analysis, fluid properties in the wellbore, or
formation properties extending several meters into
the rock formation. Types of logging tools could be divided into:
1. With sensors and without excitation
There are units to measure spontaneous potential (SP), which is a voltage difference between a
surface electrode and another electrode located in the downhole instrument, other instruments that
measure the natural radiation from natural isotopes of potassium, thorium, etc., to measure
pressure and temperature, etc.
2. With sources of excitation and sensors
There are sensor systems consistent with a source of excitation and a sensor. In this type we find
acoustic (also called sonic), electric, inductive, magnetic resonance, sensing systems, just to name
a few.

3. Instruments that produce some mechanical work, or

retrieve a sample of fluid or rock to the surface.
Devices to collect samples of rock, samples of fluid
extracted from the rock, and some other mechanical
devices.
It is necessary to know how logging tools work
Gamma ray logging:
Gamma ray logs measure natural radioactivity of
formations. They can be used for identifying lithologies
and correlating zones. Shale-free sandstones and
carbonates have low concentrations of radioactive material
and give low gamma ray readings. As shale content
increases, the gamma ray log response increases because
of the concentration of the radioactive material in shale.
 The GR log is a measurement of the natural
radioactivity of the formations. In sedimentary
formations the log normally reflects the shale content
of the formations. This is because the radioactive
elements tend to concentrate in clays and shales. Clean formations usually have a very low
level of radioactivity unless radioactive contaminant such as volcanic ash or granite wash is
present or the formation waters contain dissolved radioactive salts.
 The GR log can be recorded in cased wells that makes it very useful as a correlation curve in
completion and work-over operations. It is frequently used to complement the SP log and as
a substitute for the SP curve in wells drilled with salt mud, air, or oil-based mud. In each
case, it is useful for delineating shale and non shaly beds. It is also important for general
correlation.
 Gamma rays are bursts of high energy electromagnetic waves that are emitted spontaneously
by some radioactive elements. Nearly all the gamma radiation encountered in the earth is
emitted by the radioactive potassium isotope of atomic weight 40 (K40) and by the radioactive
elements of the uranium and thorium series.
How gamma ray working:
 When gamma rays passing through a matter, it experience successive Compton scattering
collisions with atoms of the formation material losing energy with each collision. After the
gamma ray has lost enough energy, it is absorbed by means of the photoelectric effect via an
atom of the formation. Thus, natural gamma rays are gradually absorbed and their energies
degraded as they pass through the formation. The rate of absorption varies with formation
density. Two formations having the same amount of radioactive material per unit volume, but
having different densities will show different radioactivity levels; the less dense formations
will appear to be slightly more radioactive. The GR log response after appropriate corrections
for borehole is proportional to the weight concentrations of the radioactive material in the
formation
 What is equipment of Gamma ray?
The GR tool contains a detector to measure the gamma radiation originating from the volume of
formation near the tool. The natural gamma ray and measurement principles,Like the gamma ray
log, the natural gamma ray natural gamma ray spectrometry log measures the natural
radioactivity of the formations. Unlike the GR log, which measures only the total radioactivity,
this log measures both the number of gamma rays and the energy level of each and permits the
determination of the concentrations of radioactive potassium, thorium, and uranium in the
formation rocks .
The gamma ray log, like other types of well logging, is done simply by lowering an instrument
down the hole and recording gamma radiation variation with depth.
Gamma radiation is usually recorded in API units, a measurement originated by the petroleum
industry. Gamma logs are affected by the diameter of the borehole and the properties of the fluid
filling the borehole, but because gamma logs are most often used in a qualitative way, corrections
are usually not necessary.

 The NGS tool uses a sodium iodide scintillation detector contained in a pressure housing
which, during logging, is held against the borehole wall by a bow spring.
 Gamma rays emitted by the formation rarely reach the detector directly. The high-energy
part of the detected spectrum is divided into three energy windows, Wl, W2, and W3; each
covering a characteristic peak of the three radioactivity series. Knowing the response of the
tool and the number of counts in each window, it is possible to determine the amounts of
thorium 232, uranium 238, and potassium 40 in the formation.
Spontaneous potential log:
The spontaneous potential log, commonly called the self-potential log or SP log, is a passive
measurement taken by oil industry well loggers to characterize rock formation properties. The log
works by measuring small electric potentials (measured in millivolts) between depths in the
borehole and a grounded voltage at the surface. The change in voltage through the well bore is
caused by a buildup of charge on the well bore walls. Clays and shales (which are composed
predominantly of clays) will generate one charge and permeable formations such as sandstone
will generate an opposite one. This buildup of charge is, in turn, caused by differences in the salt
content of the well bore fluid (drilling mud) and the formation water (connate water). The
potential opposite shales is called the baseline, and typically shifts only slowly over the depth of
the borehole. Whether the mud contains more or less salt than the connate water will determine
the which way the SP curve will deflect opposite a permeable formation. The amplitudes of the
line made by the changing SP will vary from formation to formation and will not give a definitive
answer to how permeable or the porosity of the formation that it is logging.
What is the SP tool?
The SP tool is one of the simplest tools and is generally run as standard when logging a hole,
along with the gamma ray. The spontaneous potential tool measures natural electrical potentials
that occur in boreholes. The “battery” mechanism is caused by the drilling of the borehole with
drilling mud that has a different salinity from formation waters. The invasion of formations by
mud filtrate results in the juxtaposition of two aqueous solutions with different ion
concentrations. Ions diffuse from the more concentrated solution (typically formation water) to
the more dilute. The ion flow is electrical current, with an associated potential measured in
millivolts. The cumulative potential is caused by several effects: the electrochemical components
of a liquid-junction potential and a shale membrane potential, together with a minor electrokinetic
potential.
The SP can be recorded very simply by suspending a single electrode in the borehole and
measuring the voltage difference between the electrode and a ground electrode (usually taking the
name and the form of a "fish"), making electrical contact with the earth at the surface. A
generalized illustration of the SP recording system is shown in . Such SP electrodes are built into
many logging tools. The SP cannot be recorded in oil-base muds, which allow no conductive
path.
The SP is an indicator of formation water salinity. To understand how the SP can be used to find
Rw, let us discuss its origin.
When two sodium chloride solutions of differing concentration are brought into contact, ions
from the solution with a higher concentration tend to migrate toward the solution of lower
concentration until equilibrium occurs. However, since C1- ions move faster than Na+ ions, a
conventional current flows from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution.
The electrical current resulting from the combined sodium and chlorine ion movement is known
as the liquid junction effect.
In terms of the solutions present in a formation, mud filtrate can be substituted for the less
concentrated solution and formation water for the more concentrated solution. The potential is
referred to as the liquid junction potential (Elj). The greater the contrast in salinity between mud
filtrate and formation water, the larger this potential. Another "battery" that exists in the
formation arises from the molecular construction of shale beds. Shales are permeable to Na+ ions,
but not so permeable to C1- ions. A shale thus acts as an ionic sieve. This phenomenon occurs
because of the crystalline structure of clay minerals. Their exterior surfaces exchange sites where
cations may cling temporarily. This same surface conductance effect manifests itself in the
electrical behavior of shaly sands. Since Na+ ions effectively manage to penetrate through the
shale from the saline formation water to the less saline mud column, a potential is set up known
as the membrane potential (Em).
Density log:
The formation density log is a porosity log that measures electron density of a formation.
What is density tool?
Modern density logging tools, generally shares the same design principles independent of
manufacturer. Tool consists of housing with electronics cartridges and a sonde part. Sonde part
has a measuring pad, where radioactive source is inserted and a number of detectors (Long Space,
Short Space, and a "Backscattering" detector). Density measurements are extremely sensitive to
shape of the borehole - readings in large washouts are irrelevant due to very shallow depth of
investigation of density tools.
A radiation emitter and one detector are all that is necessary for a simple measurement. The early
tools had only one detector, which was pressed against the borehole wall by a spring-loaded arm.
Unfortunately, this type of tool was extremely inaccurate because it was unable to compensate for
mudcake of varying thicknesses and densities through which the gamma rays have to pass if a
measurement of the true formation is to be achieved.
All the newer tools have two detectors to help compensate for the mudcake problem. The method
of compensation is described in subsequent sections. The newer two detector tools are called
compensated formation density logs only goes into the mudcake and formation, and that detected
gamma rays only come from the mudcake or formation. The leading edge of the shield is
fashioned into a plough which removes part of the mudcake as the tool is pulled up the well. The
tool is pressed against one side of the borehole using a servo-operated arm with a force of 800
pounds force. Under this pressure and the pulling power of the wireline winch the plough can
make a deep impression in the mudcake. The large eccentering force also means that there is
much wear of the surface of the tool that is pressed against the borehole wall.
The heavy shielding also doubles as a skid and a wear plate that protects the source and detectors
and can be replaced easily and cheaply when worn down. The operation of this tool depends upon
the detection of gamma rays that have been supplied to the formation by the source on the tool
and have undergone scattering. Clearly the natural gamma rays from the formation confuse the
measurement. A background gamma ray count is therefore carried out so that the gamma rays
coming from the formation can be removed from the measurement.
How density tool working:
A radioactive source applied to the hole wall
emits medium-energy gamma rays into the
formation so these gamma rays may be thought
of as high velocity particles which collide with
the electrons in the formation. At each collision
the gamma ray loses some of its energy to the
electron, and then continues with diminished
energy. This type of interaction is known as
Compton scattering. The scattered gamma rays
reaching the detector, at the fixed station from
the source, are counted as an indication of
formation density.
The number of Compton scattering collisions is
related directly to the number of the electron Density Log Tool
density of the formation. Consequently, the
electron density determines the response of the density tool. Density of clay minerals is highly
variable, and depends on depositional environment, overburden pressure, type of clay mineral and
many other factors. It can vary from 2.1 (Montmorillonite) to 2.76 (Chlorite). A fluid bulk density
ρfluid of 1 g/cm³ is appropriate where the water is fresh; highly saline water has a slightly higher
density. For flushed gas or oil reservoirs, even lower ρfluid values should be assumed depending on
the hydrocarbon density and residual saturation. In some applications hydrocarbons are indicated
by the presence of abnormally high log porosities.
Caliper log:
Caliper log measure the diameter of the
well and in the modern logging the
caliper is run with density log in one
process. The direct relationship between
electron number density and bulk density
indicates that no calibration is necessary.
However, hydrogen is anomalous, and its
presence perturbs the direct relationship.
Caliper Log Tool
For this reason the formation density
tools are calibrated. The primary calibrations are made by inserting the tool into a block of pure
limestone saturated with fresh water of accurately known density. Secondary (check) calibrations
are made in the wireline tool workshop by inserting the tool into large blocks of aluminum,
sulphur and magnesium of known density. Sleeves of varying thickness are put around the tool to
simulate mudcake thickness to check the operation of the automatic mudcake compensation
process. A portable radiation source is used at the wellsite to check the responses of the two
detectors before and after the tool has been run.
Conclusion
Well logging is an important section of the operations of petroleum exploration; Gamma ray,
Spontaneous potential log, Density log, and Caliper log are the primary loggings.

Well logging, also known as borehole logging is the practice of making a detailed record
(a well log) of the geologic formations penetrated by a borehole. The log may be based
either on visual inspection of samples brought to the surface (geological logs) or on
physical measurements made by instruments lowered into the hole (geophysical logs).
Well logging is done during all phases of a wells development; drilling, completing,
producing and abandonin. Mostly in the oil and gas, groundwater, minerals, Geothermal,
and for environmental and geotechnical studies.

Electric or geophysical well logs. The oil and gas industry records rock and fluid
properties to find hydrocarbon zones in the geological formations intersected by a
borehole. The logging procedure consists of lowering a 'logging tool' on the end of a
wireline into an oil well (or hole) to measure the rock and fluid properties of the
formation. An interpretation of these measurements is then made to locate and quantify
potential depth zones containing oil and gas (hydrocarbons). Logging tools developed
over the years measure the electrical, acoustic, radioactive, electromagnetic, nuclear
magnetic resonance, and other properties of the rocks and their contained fluids. Logging
is usually performed as the logging tools are pulled out of the hole. This data is recorded
either at surface (real-time mode), or downhole (Memory mode)to electronic data format
and then either a printed record or electronic presentation called a "well log" provided to
the client. Well logging is performed at various intervals during the drilling of the well
and when the total depth is drilled, which could range in depths from 300 m to 10668 m
(1000 ft to 35,000 ft) or more.
Electric line is the common term for the armored, insulated cable used to conduct current
to downhole tools used for well logging. Electric line can be subdivided into open hole
operations and cased hole operations. Other conveyance methods for logging are Logging
While Drilling (LWD), Tractor, Coil Tubing (real-time and Memory), Drill pipe
conveyed and Slickline (memory, and with new development, some Slickline telemetry
capability).
Open hole operations, or reservoir evaluation, involves the deployment of tools into a
freshly drilled well. As the toolstring traverses the wellbore, the individual tools gather
information about the surrounding formations. A typical open hole log will have
information about the density, porosity, permeability, lithology, presence of
hydrocarbons, and oil and water saturation.
Cased hole operations, or production optimization, focuses of the optimization of the
completed oil well through mechanical services and logging technologies. At this point in
the well's life, the well is encased in steel pipe, cemented into the well bore and may or
may not be producing. A typical cased hole log may show cement quality, production
information, formation data. Mechanical services uses jet perforating guns, setting tools,
and dump bailors to optimize the flow of hydrocarbons.

Wireline tool types. Typically the wireline tools are cylindrical in shape, usually from
1.5 to 5 inches in diameter. "Open Hole" tool combinations can extent to over 100 ft
long, "Cased Hole" tool combinations are often limited in length by the height restrictions
imposed by containts of "Lubricator" pipe section required to contain the well pressure
while deploying cased hole tools. There are many types of logging tools, ranging from
common measurements (pressure and temperature), to advance rock properties and
fracture analysis, fluid properties in the wellbore, or formation properies extending
several meters into the rock formation.
1. With sensors without excitation
There are units to measure spontaneous potential (SP), which is a voltage difference
between a surface electrode and another electrode located in the downhole instrument,
other instruments that measure the natural radiation from natural isotopes of potassium,
thorium, etc., to measure pressure and temperature, etc.
2. With sources of excitation and sensors
There are sensor systems consistent of a source of excitation and a sensor. In this type we
find acoustic (also called sonic), electric, inductive, magnetic resonance, sensing systems,
just to name a few.
3. Instruments that produce some mechanical work, or retrieve a sample of fluid or rock
to the surface.
Devices to collect samples of rock, samples of fluid extracted from the rock, and some
other mechanical devices.

Types of electric/electronic logs. There are many types of electric/electronic logs and
they can be categorized either by their function or by the technology that they use. "Open
hole logs" are run before the oil or gas well is lined with pipe or cased. "Cased hole logs"
are run after the well is lined with casing or production pipe.
Electric/electronic logs can also be divided into two general types based on what physical
properties they measure. Resistivity logs measure some aspect of the specific resistance
of the geologic formation. There are about 17 types of resistivity logs.
Porosity logs measure the fraction or percentage of pore volume in a volume of rock.
Most porosity logs use either acoustic or nuclear technology. Acoustic logs measure
characteristics of sound waves propagated through the well-bore environment. Nuclear
logs utilize nuclear reactions that take place in the downhole logging instrument or in the
formation. Nuclear logs include density logs and neutron logs, as well as gamma ray logs
which are used for correlation. The basic principle behind the use of nuclear technology
is that a neutron source placed near the formation of which the porosity is required to be
measured will result in neutrons being scattered by the hydrogen atoms, largely those
present in the formation fluid. Since there is little difference in the neutrons scattered by
hydrocarbons or water, the porosity measured gives a figure close to the true physical
porosity whereas the figure obtained from electrical resistivity measurements is that due
to the conductive formation fluid. The difference between neutron porosity and electrical
porosity measurements therefore indicates the presence of hydrocarbons in the formation
fluid.

History. Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger, who founded Schlumberger Limited in 1926,
are considered the inventors of electric well logging. Conrad developed the Schlumberger
array which was a technique for prospecting for metal ore deposits, and the brothers
adopted that surface technique to subsurface applications. On September 5, 1927, a crew
working for Schlumberger, lowered an electric sonde or tool down a well in Pechelbronn,
Alsace, France creating the first well log. In modern terms, the first log was a resistivity
log that could be described as 3.5 meter upside-down lateral log.
In 1931, Henri George Doll and G. Dechatre, working for Schlumberger, discovered that
the galvanometer wiggled even when no current was being passed through the logging
cables down in the well. This led to the discovery of the spontaneous potential (SP)
which was as important as the ability to measure resistivity. The SP effect was produced
naturally by the borehole mud at the boundaries of permeable beds. By simultaneously
recording SP and resistivity, loggers could distinguish between permeable oil-bearing
beds and impermeable nonproducing beds.
In 1940, Schlumberger invented the spontaneous potential dipmeter, this instrument
allowed the calculation of the dip and direction of the dip of a layer. The basic dipmeter
was later enhanced by the resistivity dipmeter (1947) and the continuous resistivity
dipmeter (1952).
Oil-based mud (OBM) was first used in Rangely Field, Colorado in 1948. Normal
electric logs require a conductive or water-based mud, but OBMs are nonconductive. The
solution to this problem was the induction log, developed in the late 1940s.
The introduction of the transistor and integrated circuits in the 1960s made electric logs
vastly more reliable. Computerization allowed much faster log processing, and
dramatically expanded log data-gathering capacity. The 1970s brought more logs and
computers. These included combo type logs where resistivity logs and porosity logs were
recorded in one pass in the borehole.
The two types of porosity logs (acoustic logs and nuclear logs) date originally from the
1940s. Sonic logs grew out of technology developed during World War II. Nuclear
logging has supplemented acoustic logging, but acoustic or sonic logs are still run on
some combination logging tools.
Nuclear logging was initially developed to measure the natural gamma radiation emitted
by underground formations. However, the industry quickly moved to logs that actively
bombard rocks with nuclear particles. The gamma ray log, measuring the natural
radioactivity, was introduced by Well Surveys Inc. in 1939, & the WSI neutron log came
in 1941. The gamma ray log is particularly useful as shale beds which often provide a
relatively low permeability cap over hydrocarbon reservoirs usually display a higher level
of gamma radiation. These logs were important because they can be used in cased wells
(wells with production casing). WSI quickly became part of Lane-Wells. During World
War II, the US Government gave a near wartime monopoly on open-hole logging
toSchlumberger,&a monopoly on cased-hole logging toLane-Wells. Nuclear logs
continued to evolve after thewar.
The nuclear magnetic resonance log was developed in 1958 by Borg Warner. Initially the
NMR log was a scientific success but an engineering failure. However, the development
of a continuous NMR logging tool by Numar (now a subsidiary of Halliburton is a
promising new technology.
Many modern oil and gas wells are drilled directionally. At first, loggers had to run their
tools somehow attached to the drill pipe if the well was not vertical. Modern techniques
now permit continuous information at the surface. This is known as logging while drilling
(LWD) or measurement-while-drilling (MWD). MWD logs use mud pulse technology to
transmit data from the tools on the bottom of the drillstring to the processors at the
surface.
Logging While Drilling.In the 1980s, a new technique, logging while drilling (LWD),
was introduced which provided similar information about the well. Instead of sensors
being lowered into the well at the end of wireline cable, the sensors are integrated into the
drill string and the measurements are made while the well is being drilled. While wireline
well logging occurs after the drill string is removed from the well, LWD measures
geological parameters while the well is being drilled. However, because there are no
wires to the surface, data are recorded downhole and retrieved when the drill string is
removed from the hole. A small subset of the measured data can also be transmitted to
the surface in real time via pressure pulses in the well's mud fluid column. This mud
telemetry method provides a bandwidth of much less than 100 bits per second, although,
as drilling through rock is a fairly slow process, data compression techniques mean that
this is an ample bandwidth for real-time delivery of information.
Logging measurement types.Logging measurements are quite sophisticated. The prime
target is the measurement of various geophysical properties of the subsurface rock
formations. Of particular interest are porosity, permeability, and fluid content. Porosity is
the proportion of fluid-filled space found within the rock. It is this space that contains the
oil and gas. Permeability is the ability of fluids to flow through the rock. The higher the
porosity, the higher the possible oil and gas content of a rock reservoir. The higher the
permeability, the easier for the oil and gas to flow toward the wellbore. Logging tools
provide measurements that allow for the mathematical interpretation of these quantities.
Beyond just the porosity and permeability, various logging measurements allow the
interpretation of what kinds of fluids are in the pores — oil, gas, brine. In addition, the
logging measurements are used to determine mechanical properties of the formations.
These mechanical properties determine what kind of enhanced recovery methods may be
used (tertiary recovery) and what damage to the formation (such as erosion) is to be
expected during oil and gas production.
The types of instruments used in well logging are quite broad. The first logging
measurements consisted of basic electrical resistivity logs and spontaneous potential (SP)
logs, introduced by the Schlumberger brothers in the 1920s. Tools later became available
to estimate porosity via sonic velocity and nuclear measurements. Tools are now more
specialized and better able to resolve fine details in the formation. Radiofrequency
transmission and coupling techniques are used to determine electrical conductivity of
fluid (brine is more conductive than oil or gas). Sonic transmission characteristics
(pressure waves) determine mechanical integrity. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
can determine the properties of the hydrogen atoms in the pores (surface tension, etc.).
Nuclear scattering (radiation scattering), spectrometry and absorption measurements can
determine density and elemental analysis or composition. High resolution electrical or
acoustical imaging logs are used to visualize the formation, compute formation dip, and
analyze thinly-bedded and fractured reservoirs.
In addition to sensor-based measurements above, robotic equipment can sample
formation fluids which may then be brought to the surface for laboratory examination.
Also, controlled flow measurements can be used to determine in situ viscosity, water and
gas cut (percentage), and other fluid and production parameters.
Geological logs. Geological logs use data collected at the surface, rather than by
downhole instruments. The geological logs include drilling time logs, core logs, sample
logs, and mud logs. Mud logs have become the oil industry standard.
Drilling time logs record the time required to drill a given thickness of rock formation. A
change in the drilling rate or penetration rate usually means a change in the type of rock
penetrated by the bit. The drilling time is expressed as minutes per foot, while the rate of
penetration is usually expressed as feet per hour. Therefore, drilling time is the inverse of
penetration rate.
Sample logs are made by examining cuttings, which are bits of rock circulated to the
surface by the drilling mud in rotary drilling. The cuttings have traveled up the wellbore
suspended in the drilling fluid or mud which was pumped into the wellbore via the drill
string/pipe and they return to the surface via the annulus, then to the shale shakers via the
flow line. Cuttings are then separated from the drilling fluid as they move across the shale
shakers and are sampled at regular depth intervals. These rock samples are analyzed and
described by the wellsite geologist or mudlogger.
Mud logs are prepared by a mud logging company contracted by the operating company.
One parameter a typical mud log displays is the formation gas (gas units or ppm). "The
gas recorder usually is scaled in terms of arbitrary gas units, which are defined differently
by the various gas-detector manufactures. In practice, significance is placed only on
relative changes in the gas concentrations detected[6]." The current industry standard mud
log normally includes real-time drilling parameters such as rate of penetration (ROP),
lithology, gas hydrocarbons, flow line temperature (temperature of the drilling fluid) and
chlorides but may also include mud weight, estimated pore pressure and corrected d-
exponent (corrected drilling exponent) for a pressure pack log. Other information that is
normally notated on a mud log include lithology descriptions, directional data (deviation
surveys), weight on bit, rotary speed, pump pressure, pump rate, viscosity, drill bit info,
casing shoe depths, formation tops, mud pump info, to name just a few.

Wireline log. A continuous measurement of formation properties with electrically

powered instruments to infer properties and make decisions about drilling and production
operations. The record of the measurements, typically a long strip of paper, is also called
a log. Measurements include electrical properties (resistivity at various frequencies),
sonic properties, active and passive nuclear measurements, dimensional measurements of
the wellbore, formation fluid sampling, formation pressure measurement, wireline-
conveyed sidewall coring tools, and others. In wireline measurements, the logging tool
(or probe) is lowered into the open wellbore on a multiple conductor, contra-helically
armored wireline. Once lowered to the bottom of the interval of interest, the
measurements are taken on the way out of the wellbore. This is done in an attempt to
maintain tension on the cable (which stretches) as constant as possible for depth
correlation purposes. (The exception to this practice is in certain hostile environments in
which the tool electronics might not survive the temperatures on bottom for the amount
of time it takes to lower the tool and then record measurements while pulling the tool up
the hole. In this case, "down log" measurements might actually be conducted on the way
into the well, and repeated on the way out if possible.) Most wireline measurements are
recorded continuously even though the probe is moving. Certain fluid sampling and
pressure-measuring tools require that the probe be stopped, increasing the chance that the
probe or the cable might become stuck. LWD tools take measurements in much the same
way as wireline-logging tools, except that the measurements are taken by a self-contained
tool near the bottom of the bottomhole assembly and are recorded downward (as the well
is deepened) rather than upward from the bottom of the hole (as wireline logs are
recorded).

Memory log. This method of data acquisition involves recording the sensor data into a
down hole memory, rather than transmitting "Real Time" to surface. There are some
advantages and disadvantages to this memory option.
The tools can be conveyed into wells where the trajectory is deviated or extended beyond
the reach of conventional Electric Wireline cables. This can involve a combination of
weight to strength ratio of the electric cable over this extended reach. In such cases the
memory tools can be conveyed on Pipe or Coil Tubing.
The type of sensors are limited in comparison to those used on Electric Line, and tend to
be focussed on the cased hole,production stage of the well. Although there are now
developed some memory "Open Hole" compact formation evaluation tool combinations.
These tools can be deployed and carried downhole concealed internally in drill pipe to
protect them from damage while running in the hole, and then "Pumped" out the end at
depth to initate logging. Other basic open hole formation evaluation memeory tools are
avaiable for use in "Commodity" markets on slickline to reduce costs and operating time.
In cased hole operation there is normally a "Slick Line" intervention unit. This uses a
solid mechanical wire (.82 - .125 inches in OD), to manipulate or otherwise carry out
operations in the well bore completion system. Memory operations are often carried out
on this Slickline conveyance in preference to mobilizing a full service Electric Wireline
unit.
Since the results are not known until returned to surface, any realtime well dynamic
changes cannot be monitored real time. This limits the ability to modify or change the
well down hole production conditions accuratly during the memory logging by changing
the surface production rates. Something that is often done in Eletric Line operations.
Failure during recording is not known until the memory tools are retrieved. This loss of
data can be a major issue on large offshore (expensive) locations. On land locations (e.g.
South Texas, US) where there is what is called a "Commodity" Oil service sector, where
logging often is without the rig infrastructure. this is less problematic, and logs are often
run again without issue.

Information use
In the oil industry, the well and mud logs are usually transferred in 'real time' to the
operating company, which uses these logs to make operational decisions about the well,
to correlate formation depths with surrounding wells, and to make interpretations about
the quantity and quality of hydrocarbons present. Specialists involved in well log
interpretation are called Well logging images

Wireline Truck with

Oil Well Topdrum (inside) Wax being removed off a
Wireline attached to wireline wax knife
of Wireline
top of Christmas Tree

log analysts.

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LogDigi, LLC provides the lowest price well log digitizing, the highest quality, and the
fastest well log digitizing service. LogDigi is a very strong competitor of other
digitizating software companies - well log digitizing system and other digitization
companies - well log digitizing services.
The Lowest Price Well Log Digitizing
LogDigi's well log digitizing service fee is much cheaper than other digitizing companies.
The average price is about Average price from $19 ~ $59/well, or $0.19 ~ 0.39 per 100
curve feet. Negotiable Price can decrease your cost. No start fee for each well. No extra
charge for rush orders.
The Highest Quality & The Fastest Well Log Digitizing Services
LogDigi - Automated Well Log Digitizing Software System was developed by LogDigi,
LLC, which can precisely and effectively trace well-logging curves within one hour and
half per well log (not include scanning well log time). 
LogDigi can accommodate order small and large, short term or long term.  LogDigi will
deliver accurate digital well-logging data in standard LAS format.  
Well Log Analysis and Geology Survey

Well Log Scanning Services $0.00

Well Log Scanning price is negotiable. - Digital Geophysical Logs LOGDIGI recently
initiated a program to digitally scan paper copies of well logs using a scanning device
designed specifically for this application. Well logs can be converted to digital form in
two basic formats-vector and raster. The most common file format used for vector digital
logs is the Log ASCII Standard (LAS). Raster-format digital logs are simply images of
the logs from a scanner, usually stored in TIF format. LOGDIGI recently initiated a
program to digitally scan paper copies of well logs using a scanning device designed
specifically for this application. Well logs can be converted to digital form in two basic
formats-vector and raster. The most common file format used for vector digital logs is the
Log ASCII Standard (LAS). Raster-format digital logs are simply images of the logs
from a scanner, usually stored in TIF format.

Mud Pump $60,000.00

F series (Emsco) mud pumps of various sizes up to 1600HP and 5000psi. Delivery 3-6
months.
Our price is start from $60,000 and the price is negotiable.
Scope of Application
Mud pump is used to circulate the mud during the drilling. We just listed two type of F-
1300 and F-1600 mud pump ,which are mainly used in the drilling liquid circulating
system, the nominal well depth is between 3500m and 7000m (10,000 ft ~ 20,000 ft)
Features
The type of F-1300 and F-1600 mud pump, used the mature advanced technology and the
advanced structure in home and abroad,transmission gear system on the power end are
the high hardness involute herringbone gears, with high gear ratio, anticorrosion, high
strength, high efficiency,the hydraulic end used the hard airproof structure, which makes
the reliability of airproof is high,the lubricating system used dual return circuit structures,
which raise the lubricating effect, and lengthen the life span,through optimizing the
design of the shell and main structure makes the structure more reasonable, maintaining
more convenient, performance more stable, and furthermore ,have the merits of low
frequency, long stroke, large displacement.
Technical Parameters
parameters Type F-1300 F-1600
power rating kW(HP) 960(1300) 1180(1600)
frequency rating min-1(spm) 120 120
stroke mm(in) 305(12) 305(12)
gear ratio   4.206 4.206
Max.working pressure(OD of
MPa(mm) 34.3(Φ130) 34.3(Φ140)
liner)
Max. displacement (OD of
L/s(mm) 46.6(Φ180) 51.9(Φ190)
liner)
Suction inlet mm(in) 305(12) 305(12)
Discharge outlet mm(in) 100(4) 100(4)
Overall size mm 5360×2795×3120 5360×2795×3180
Total weights kg 26862 28254
Execution Standard and Certificate. The main components of this product accord with the
correlated standards of API Spec 7K—“Specification for Drilling Equipments” and
“Triplex Single Acting Mud Pump”, and in Sept.2002, this product acquired the
authorization to use Official API Monogram.

    
Carbonate Formation $3,500.00

SuccessfulCaseStudy in GiddingsOil&GasField. Giddings field, the largest field in a

10-20-mile-wide trend (see gridding oilfield map),

extends from Mexico through Central Texas and

into northwest Louisiana. The primary producing reservoir is the Austin Chalk (Upper
Cretaceous, 85–90 million years old), with secondary production from the Taylor
(Upper Cretaceous) and deeper Buda and Georgetown Formations (Lower Cretaceous,
98–105 million years old). Today the Austin Chalk outcrops at the surface along a belt
that runs from Del Rio on the Texas-Mexico border, northeast through San Antonio,
then north through Austin, Waco, and Dallas. The Chalk then dips gently (2°) to the
southeast into the subsurface. In Giddings field, the Austin Chalk reservoir ranges in
burial from 5,500 ft TVD in Milam County to over 15,000 ft TVD in Austin County.
The Austin Chalk (as well as the Buda and Georgetown) is a fractured carbonate
reservoir, with limited matrix porosity (1–5%) and permeability (0.003–0.03 md). The
Austin Chalk in Giddings field, ranging from 150 to 750 ft in thickness, consists of
interbedded chalk and marl (limestone with shale). It was deposited in a low-energy,
open-marine setting, where very fine calcium carbonate debris could settle slowly to
the seafloor. Most hydrocarbon production in the Austin Chalk comes from an
extensive network of fractures. Localization of these fracture networks is controlled by
bending of the formation in areas with a gentle southeast dip. Clean chalk beds fracture
when bent, whereas the marl/shale beds will not. Local disturbance by salt domes also
influences fracture development. The updip (northwest) limit of Giddings field is
defined by the burial depth of the Eagleford Shale. This shale was deposited between
the Austin Chalk and underlying Buda/Georgetown rocks. The Eagleford Shale
contains carbon-rich layers that serve as the hydrocarbon source, when buried to
sufficient depths. Where it is not buried deep enough to generate oil and gas (northwest
of Giddings field), the Cretaceous reservoirs are not productive. The downdip
(southeast) limitation is primarily technology. As depth to the reservoir increases,
temperature and pressure increase such that current drilling and LWD (logging while
drilling) technology is insufficient to drill economic horizontal wells. (Reported by
Anadarko Petroleum who is the largest producer in Giddings field, with approximately
45% of total production.)For more geology information, visit Virtual Field Trip to the
Austin Chalk Group LOGDIGI Well Log Technology helped producer to find the
great reserve in the Giddings Oil & Gas Field. (see logdigi well log analysis result)

This technology is different from conventional well-logging interpretation methods that

usually use absolute concepts. The conventional methods are all based on an
approximate value in designing of well-logging equipments, result measurements, data
collection and data processing. Facing the extremely complex lithologies, it is very
necessary to design well-logging evolution methods and programs and to find out the
most excellent experiences in each area based on changes of objective conditions.
Thus, the conventional methods are often affected by different lithologies, different
regional conditions and well conditions, and they cannot be applied widely. But, our
technique is quite different from that, which completely adopts relative concepts and
rebuilds a strict lithologic conductive equation. The technique can automatically
remove the influences of lithologic variations in different area and different depth.
Meanwhile, it can also compensate complex conditions, such as influences of deep
intrusion of mud filtrate in drilling with saline mud and influences of oil layer floodout
after flooding, and automatically find out whether or not the parameters are accordant
with actual situations. Consequently, our technology can be applied in any oil/gas
fields and any region in the world.
LOGDIGI
is a relative value curve of the producing capacity of oil and gas. LOGDIGI value, the
bigger, the better. This technology is our propriety technology, it help our engineer
determine whether or not this zone can produce high or not produce or little produce.
The common technologies do not have this feature. For example, an oil/gas zone with
high oil saturation, LOGDIGI is low. It tells our engineer; this zone could be heavy oil
or due to tight formation and low permeability. See our successful example
So_LOGDIGI_CASE 1, 1-2
Successful case: So_LOGDIGI_CASE1: this well is penetrating carbonate rocks.
Processing by our software discovered an oil-bearing layer with So >50~80% and high
value of LOGDIGI. The initial oil production of the pay was 2100M3/Day.
SO_LOGDIGI_CASE 1-2: This well is at the same structure as well
SO_LOGDIGI_CASE 1, penetrating carbonate rocks. This interval, however, is
determined as the dry because the processed by our technology found its So was larger
than 60%, but LOGDIGI was very small.

What Makes Our Process More Accurate. LogDigi technology completely adopts
relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic conductive equation. LogDigi
technology is significantly improved well log analysis technology and different from
current well-logging interpretation methods that use absolute concepts.
Traditional technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of
well-logging equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing.
When facing extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area
based on changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based
on changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by
different lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot
accurately locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology.
LogDigi technology has changed the current technology model of evaluating
quantitative oil/gas formations. This technology is a breakthrough in well-logging
technology, and an innovative method for the discovery of new oil and gas zones.
LogDigi technology can automatically remove the influences of lithology variations in
different areas and different depths. It can also compensate complex conditions, such as
influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in drilling with saline mud. LogDigi
method also evaluates the influences of oil layer flood out and automatically finds out
whether or not the parameters are accordant with actual situations. This allows us to
locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log evalution for porosity, saturation,
effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one of the successful samples. 
Contact us for detail.
    
Coal Bed Methane $3,000.00
Successful Case Study: This well with complex lithology - coal measure strata was
processed by our technology to determine the interval as a high productive oil & gas
pay in fractured coal seam and fractured zones of shaly sand. The well was tested with
high production in 02/19/2003.
The primary energy source of natural gas is a substance called methane (CH4). Coal
bed methane (CBM) is simply methane found in coal seams. It is produced by non-
traditional means, and therefore, while it is sold and used the same as traditional natural
gas, its production is very different. CBM is generated either from a biological process
as a result of microbial action or from a thermal process as a result of increasing heat
with depth of the coal. Often a coal seam is saturated with water, with methane is held
in the coal by water pressure. Currently, natural gas from coal beds accounts for
approximately 7% of total natural gas production in the United States.
According to the CBM Association of Alabama, 13% of the land in the lower 48
United States has some coal under it, and some of this coal contains methane - either in
the form we know as traditional natural gas or as CBM. According to the United States
Geological Survey, the Rocky Mountain Region has extensive coal deposits bearing an
estimated 30-58 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of recoverable CBM. While impressive, this
represents only one third of the total 184 TCF of natural gas in the Rocky Mountain
region (Decker, 2001).
Within the Rocky Mountain Region, untapped sources of CBM exist in the Powder
River Basin of Wyoming and Montana, the Greater Green River Basin of Wyoming,
Colorado, and Utah, the Uinta-Piceance Basin of Colorado and Utah, and the Raton
and San Juan Basins of Colorado and New Mexico. An estimated 24 TCF of
recoverable CBM resources may lie below the Powder River basin of Montana and
Wyoming (Decker, 2001).
 What Makes Our Process More Accurate
LogDigi technology completely adopts relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic
conductive equation. LogDigi technology is significantly improved well log analysis
technology and different from current well-logging interpretation methods that use
absolute concepts.
Traditional technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of
well-logging equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing.
When facing extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area
based on changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based
on changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by
different lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot
accurately locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology.
LogDigi technology has changed the current technology model of evaluating
quantitative oil/gas formations. This technology is a breakthrough in well-logging
technology, and an innovative method for the discovery of new oil and gas zones.
LogDigi technology can automatically remove the influences of lithology variations in
different areas and different depths. It can also compensate complex conditions, such as
influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in drilling with saline mud. LogDigi
method also evaluates the influences of oil layer flood out and automatically finds out
whether or not the parameters are accordant with actual situations. This allows us to
locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log evalution for porosity, saturation,
effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one of the successful samples. 
Contact us for detail.
Our successful case study 2
1) presentation (ppt)
2) well log analysis plot
Our successful case study 3
1) report
2) result
3) well log analysis plot 1, plot 2, plot 3
90% old oil wells do not have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies, in
order to re-exame their oil fields, they have to sent down sophisticated nuclear, and
acoustic tools on a wire-line for the well. It costs them a lot to do that.
 We re-evalute your oil fields with your existing logs. We do not need "many times
costly core sample taken from the well", and "sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools
are sent down the well on a wire-line". What we need just gamma ray (or SP),and
resistivity. We can match your budget to re-evaluate your oil fields.
 We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the reservoir, the
natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in recovering the
maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir.
 We analyze, interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We
decides if it is economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the
well. If it is, the production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this
valuable fluid to the surface.
 We analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have accumulated in
commercial quantities.
     
Common Sand & Shale evaluation $2,500.00

Successful Case Study: This well was processed by our common sand & shale well log
technology. Oil/gas/water zones are obviously identified.

What Makes Our Process More Accurate LogDigi technology completely adopts
relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic conductive equation. LogDigi
technology is significantly improved well log analysis technology and different from
current well-logging interpretation methods that use absolute concepts. Traditional
technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of well-logging
equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing. When facing
extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area based on
changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based on
changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by different
lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot accurately
locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology. LogDigi technology has changed the
current technology model of evaluating quantitative oil/gas formations. This
technology is a breakthrough in well-logging technology, and an innovative method for
the discovery of new oil and gas zones. LogDigi technology can automatically remove
the influences of lithology variations in different areas and different depths. It can also
compensate complex conditions, such as influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in
drilling with saline mud. LogDigi method also evaluates the influences of oil layer
flood out and automatically finds out whether or not the parameters are accordant with
actual situations. This allows us to locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log
evalution for porosity, saturation, effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one
of the successful samples. Contact us for detail. LogDigi Offers the Advanced Well-
logging Analysis and Interpretation Services. Common Sand & Shale Complex Sand &
Shale Carbonate Formation Fractured Mudstone Low Resistivity Pay Coal Bed
Methane Shallow Gas Flooded Formation Producation Capacity Well Log evaluation
for porosity, saturation, effective thickness of reservoir beds. 90% old oil wells do not
have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies, in order to re-exame their oil
fields, they have to sent down sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools on a wire-line
for the well. It costs them a lot to do that. We re-evalute your oil fields with your
existing logs. We do not need "many times costly core sample taken from the well",
and "sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools are sent down the well on a wire-line".
What we need just gamma ray (or SP),and resistivity. We can match your budget to re-
evaluate your oil fields. We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout
the reservoir, the natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in
recovering the maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir. We analyze,
interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We decides if it is
economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the well. If it is, the
production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this valuable fluid to
the surface. We analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have
accumulated in commercial quantities.
    
Complex Sand & Shale $3,500.00
Successful Case Study in China: The complex lithology well with small porosity and
low permeability. It is difficult to determine oil, gas and water zones with conventional
well log analysis & interpretation. Processing by our technology determine the interval
between 2923-2943 and 2958-2970 as an high productive oil & gas pay.
   

   
Flooded formation $3,000.00 $2,000.00

What Makes Our Process More Accurate LogDigi technology completely adopts
relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic conductive equation. LogDigi
technology is significantly improved well log analysis technology and different from
current well-logging interpretation methods that use absolute concepts. Traditional
technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of well-logging
equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing. When facing
extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area based on
changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based on
changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by different
lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot accurately
locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology. LogDigi technology has changed the
current technology model of evaluating quantitative oil/gas formations. This
technology is a breakthrough in well-logging technology, and an innovative method for
the discovery of new oil and gas zones. LogDigi technology can automatically remove
the influences of lithology variations in different areas and different depths. It can also
compensate complex conditions, such as influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in
drilling with saline mud. LogDigi method also evaluates the influences of oil layer
flood out and automatically finds out whether or not the parameters are accordant with
actual situations. This allows us to locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log
evalution for porosity, saturation, effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one
of the successful samples. Contact us for detail. LogDigi Offers the Advanced Well-
logging Analysis and Interpretation Services. Common Sand & Shale Complex Sand &
Shale Carbonate Formation Fractured Mudstone Low Resistivity Pay Coal Bed
Methane Shallow Gas Flooded Formation Producation Capacity Well Log evaluation
for porosity, saturation, effective thickness of reservoir beds. 90% old oil wells do not
have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies, in order to re-exame their oil
fields, they have to sent down sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools on a wire-line
for the well. It costs them a lot to do that. We re-evalute your oil fields with your
existing logs. We do not need "many times costly core sample taken from the well",
and "sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools are sent down the well on a wire-line".
What we need just gamma ray (or SP),and resistivity. We can match your budget to re-
evaluate your oil fields. We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout
the reservoir, the natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in
recovering the maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir. We analyze,
interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We decides if it is
economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the well. If it is, the
production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this valuable fluid to
the surface. We analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have
accumulated in commercial quantities.
  
Fractured Shale, Mudstone $3,000.00

Fractured Shale reservoirs are mainly composed of shales and mudstones,abundant in

organic matter, calcareous and siliceous minerals. There are three genetic types of
frature which are structural, overpressured and diagenetic contraction ones in the
source rocks. The reservoir caprock are made up of non-fractured mudstones, gypsum
and halite rock. And anticline and monocline are major trap types.The fractured shale
reservoir are believed to have great source potiential due to a great deal of hydrocarbon
remained in the source rocks.
Successful Case Study:
What Makes Our Process More Accurate
LogDigi technology completely adopts relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic
conductive equation. LogDigi technology is significantly improved well log analysis
technology and different from current well-logging interpretation methods that use
absolute concepts.
Traditional technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of
well-logging equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing.
When facing extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area
based on changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based
on changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by
different lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot
accurately locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology.
LogDigi technology has changed the current technology model of evaluating
quantitative oil/gas formations. This technology is a breakthrough in well-logging
technology, and an innovative method for the discovery of new oil and gas zones.
LogDigi technology can automatically remove the influences of lithology variations in
different areas and different depths. It can also compensate complex conditions, such as
influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in drilling with saline mud. LogDigi
method also evaluates the influences of oil layer flood out and automatically finds out
whether or not the parameters are accordant with actual situations. This allows us to
locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log evalution for porosity, saturation,
effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one of the successful samples. 
Contact us for detail.
Our successful case study 2
1) presentation (ppt)
2) well log analysis plot
Our successful case study 3
1) report
2) result
3) well log analysis plot 1, plot 2, plot 3
90% old oil wells do not have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies, in
order to re-exame their oil fields, they have to sent down sophisticated nuclear, and
acoustic tools on a wire-line for the well. It costs them a lot to do that.
 We re-evalute your oil fields with your existing logs. We do not need "many times
costly core sample taken from the well", and "sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools
are sent down the well on a wire-line". What we need just gamma ray (or SP),and
resistivity. We can match your budget to re-evaluate your oil fields.
 We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the reservoir, the
natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in recovering the
maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir.
 We analyze, interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We
decides if it is economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the
well. If it is, the production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this
valuable fluid to the surface.
 We analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have accumulated in
commercial quantities.
  
Igneous, Volcanic Rock $3,500.00
Well Log Analysis of Volcanic Rocks: Examples from the Nevada Test Site, Nye
County, Nevada As the exploration for hydrocarbon resources continues to move into
non-traditional areas, and as the search for additional energy resources such as
geothermal continues, subsurface geologists will encounter rocks not usually found in
typical sedimentary-basin settings. One such group of rocks rarely encountered by most
subsurface geologists is volcanic rocks. Volcanic rocks, however, are common at and
near the surface in many parts of the world. Volcanic rocks have a variety of litho-
facies with significantly different fluid-flow properties. The accurate characterization
of volcanic litho-facies is critical in evaluating the potential of volcanic deposits for
energy resource exploitation. As with sedimentary rocks, well logs provide valuable
data for analyzing the various volcanic litho-facies encountered in drill holes.   
However, unique aspects of the composition, deposition, and alteration of volcanic
rocks require a certain amount of special knowledge about volcanic rocks and their
responses to various well logs in order to accurately evaluate and characterize volcanic
litho-facies. At the Nevada Test Site (NTS) in southern Nye County, Nevada, more
than 4,000 holes have been drilled as part of the underground nuclear weapons testing
program and subsequent environmental restoration and groundwater modeling
activities. Because the NTS lies within the southwestern Nevada volcanic field, many
of the holes have encountered volcanic rocks, resulting in a large amount of well log
data from volcanic rocks, and extensive experience in the subsurface characterization
of volcanic litho-facies. Presented here are examples of well logs from a variety of
volcanic litho-facies.
Successful Case Study:
What Makes Our Process More Accurate
LogDigi technology completely adopts relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic
conductive equation. LogDigi technology is significantly improved well log analysis
technology and different from current well-logging interpretation methods that use
absolute concepts.
Traditional technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of
well-logging equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing.
When facing extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area
based on changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based
on changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by
different lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot
accurately locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology.
LogDigi technology has changed the current technology model of evaluating
quantitative oil/gas formations. This technology is a breakthrough in well-logging
technology, and an innovative method for the discovery of new oil and gas zones.
LogDigi technology can automatically remove the influences of lithology variations in
different areas and different depths. It can also compensate complex conditions, such as
influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in drilling with saline mud. LogDigi
method also evaluates the influences of oil layer flood out and automatically finds out
whether or not the parameters are accordant with actual situations. This allows us to
locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log evalution for porosity, saturation,
effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one of the successful samples. 
Contact us for detail.
Our successful case study 2
1) presentation (ppt)
2) well log analysis plot
Our successful case study 3
1) report
2) result
3) well log analysis plot 1, plot 2, plot 3
90% old oil wells do not have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies, in
order to re-exame their oil fields, they have to sent down sophisticated nuclear, and
acoustic tools on a wire-line for the well. It costs them a lot to do that.
 We re-evalute your oil fields with your existing logs. We do not need "many times
costly core sample taken from the well", and "sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools
are sent down the well on a wire-line". What we need just gamma ray (or SP),and
resistivity. We can match your budget to re-evaluate your oil fields.
 We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the reservoir, the
natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in recovering the
maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir.
 We analyze, interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We
decides if it is economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the
well. If it is, the production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this
valuable fluid to the surface.
 We analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have accumulated in
commercial quantities.
     
Low resistivity pays well log analysis, Advanced! $3,500.00

Significant hydrocarbon accumulations are ‘hidden’ in low resistivity, low contrast

(LRLC) sands in many of the world’s basins. LRLC reservoirs are found in several
clastic basins including ones in Argentina, Australia, Gulf of Mexico, India, Indonesia,
Italy, Malaysia, Nigeria, North Sea, Philippines and Venezuela. The Gulf of Mexico
(GOM) basin is the world’s leading oil and gas producer from LRLC clastic intervals.
Many GOM fields have produced for more than 20 years; some for more than 45 years.
Causes of LRLC pay include clean sands interbedded with shales, silts or shaly sands;
clay-coated sands; glauconitic sands; sands with interstitial dispersed clay; sands with
disseminated pyrite or other conducive minerals; sands with clay-lined burrows; clay
clasts; altered volcanic/feldspatic framework grains; and very fine-grained sand with
very saline water. LRLC depositional systems include: deepwater fans, with levee-
channel complexes; delta front and toe deposits; shingle turbidites; and alluvial and
deltaic channel fills. Useful geological and petrophysical models for evaluation of
LRLC pay include the Archie clean sand model with appropriate ‘m’ and ‘n’ values or
Waxman-Smits shaly sand model. LRLC typically have very high irreducible water
saturation. The Archie lithology exponent (m) and saturation exponent (n) for many
LRLC reservoirs range from 1.4 to 1.85, and 1.2 to 1.8 respectively. Some shaly sand
models are not suited for LRLC evaluation. -- Robert M. Sneider1 (1) Robert M.
Sneider Exploration, Inc, Houston, TX Developing low resistivity pay with existing old
log data makes our technique unique. Accuracy, economy and high return are the keys
of our technique. Investors will also focus on them, right? Click to see more examples.
The following log is processed by our Low resistivity Low contrast (LRLC) well log

technology.
Comment from Bureau of Economic Geology in 1995
Thank you very much for the demonstration of your new log analysis software on June
12 and 13, 1995. The software based on the derivative techniques is really good for
evaluating a variety of sandstone reservoirs, especially for those with extremely low
resistivities. I think that your software has the potential to become a very popular log
analysis package. I would really like to see further development in your software in the
near future. ---- Bureau of Economic Geology
What Makes Our Process More Accurate
LogDigi technology completely adopts relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic
conductive equation. LogDigi technology is significantly improved well log analysis
technology and different from current well-logging interpretation methods that use
absolute concepts.
Traditional technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of
well-logging equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing.
When facing extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area
based on changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based
on changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by
different lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot
accurately locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology.
LogDigi technology has changed the current technology model of evaluating
quantitative oil/gas formations. This technology is a breakthrough in well-logging
technology, and an innovative method for the discovery of new oil and gas zones.
LogDigi technology can automatically remove the influences of lithology variations in
different areas and different depths. It can also compensate complex conditions, such as
influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in drilling with saline mud. LogDigi
method also evaluates the influences of oil layer flood out and automatically finds out
whether or not the parameters are accordant with actual situations. This allows us to
locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log evalution for porosity, saturation,
effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one of the successful samples. 
Contact us for detail.
Our successful case study 2
1) presentation (ppt)
2) well log analysis plot
Our successful case study 3
1) report
2) result
3) well log analysis plot 1, plot 2, plot 3
90% old oil wells do not have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies, in
order to re-exame their oil fields, they have to sent down sophisticated nuclear, and
acoustic tools on a wire-line for the well. It costs them a lot to do that.
 We re-evalute your oil fields with your existing logs. We do not need "many times
costly core sample taken from the well", and "sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools
are sent down the well on a wire-line". What we need just gamma ray (or SP),and
resistivity. We can match your budget to re-evaluate your oil fields.
 We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the reservoir, the
natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in recovering the
maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir.
 We analyze, interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We
decides if it is economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the
well. If it is, the production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this
valuable fluid to the surface.
 We analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have accumulated in
commercial quantities.
  

   
Shallow Gas $3,000.00

What Makes Our Process More Accurate

LogDigi technology completely adopts relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic
conductive equation. LogDigi technology is significantly improved well log analysis
technology and different from current well-logging interpretation methods that use
absolute concepts.
Traditional technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of
well-logging equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing.
When facing extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area
based on changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based
on changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by
different lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot
accurately locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology.
LogDigi technology has changed the current technology model of evaluating
quantitative oil/gas formations. This technology is a breakthrough in well-logging
technology, and an innovative method for the discovery of new oil and gas zones.
LogDigi technology can automatically remove the influences of lithology variations in
different areas and different depths. It can also compensate complex conditions, such as
influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in drilling with saline mud. LogDigi
method also evaluates the influences of oil layer flood out and automatically finds out
whether or not the parameters are accordant with actual situations. This allows us to
locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log evalution for porosity, saturation,
effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one of the successful samples.
Contact us for detail.
Our successful case study 2
1) presentation (ppt)
2) well log analysis plot
Our successful case study 3
1) report
2) result
3) well log analysis plot 1, plot 2, plot 3
90% old oil wells do not have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies, in
order to re-exame their oil fields, they have to sent down sophisticated nuclear, and
acoustic tools on a wire-line for the well. It costs them a lot to do that.
 We re-evalute your oil fields with your existing logs. We do not need "many times
costly core sample taken from the well", and "sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools
are sent down the well on a wire-line". What we need just gamma ray (or SP),and
resistivity. We can match your budget to re-evaluate your oil fields.
 We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the reservoir, the
natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in recovering the
maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir.
 We analyze, interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We
decides if it is economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the
well. If it is, the production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this
valuable fluid to the surface.
 We analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have accumulated in
commercial quantities.
    
well log analysis using limited log data $3,000.00

Successful Case Study: This following well is one of 63 old oil wells which have
limited well log curves (SP, CALI, and Resistivity). Shell sent a request to evaluate
these old oil field to Schlumberger. Schlumberger had no solution based on the existing
limited data. Shell open the project to all over the world. We got this project with the
advanced well log technology. Serveral by-passed pays were identified by our well log
technology.
 What Makes Our Process More Accurate
LogDigi technology completely adopts relative concepts and rebuilds a strict lithologic
conductive equation. LogDigi technology is significantly improved well log analysis
technology and different from current well-logging interpretation methods that use
absolute concepts.
Traditional technologies are all based on an approximate value in the designing of
well-logging equipment, result measurements, data collection and data processing.
When facing extremely complex lithology, it is necessary to design models in each area
based on changes in objective conditions. Traditional technology does not adapt based
on changes of objective conditions. Traditional technology is often affected by
different lithological, regional, and well conditions. Traditional technology cannot
accurately locate oil and gas zones with complex lithology.
LogDigi technology has changed the current technology model of evaluating
quantitative oil/gas formations. This technology is a breakthrough in well-logging
technology, and an innovative method for the discovery of new oil and gas zones.
LogDigi technology can automatically remove the influences of lithology variations in
different areas and different depths. It can also compensate complex conditions, such as
influences of deep intrusion of mud filtrate in drilling with saline mud. LogDigi
method also evaluates the influences of oil layer flood out and automatically finds out
whether or not the parameters are accordant with actual situations. This allows us to
locate oil and gas zones 90% and greater. log evalution for porosity, saturation,
effective thickness of reservoir beds. This plot is one of the successful samples. 
Contact us for detail.
Our successful case study 2
1) presentation (ppt)
2) well log analysis plot
Our successful case study 3
1) report
2) result
3) well log analysis plot 1, plot 2, plot 3
90% old oil wells do not have Nuclear and Sonic logging. For many oil companies, in
order to re-exame their oil fields, they have to sent down sophisticated nuclear, and
acoustic tools on a wire-line for the well. It costs them a lot to do that.
 We re-evalute your oil fields with your existing logs. We do not need "many times
costly core sample taken from the well", and "sophisticated nuclear, and acoustic tools
are sent down the well on a wire-line". What we need just gamma ray (or SP),and
resistivity. We can match your budget to re-evaluate your oil fields.
 We determine the fluid and pressure distributions throughout the reservoir, the
natural energy sources available, and the methods most useful in recovering the
maximum amount of oil or gas from the reservoir.
 We analyze, interpret, and optimize the performance of individual wells. We
decides if it is economically feasible to make the investment needed to produce the
well. If it is, the production engineer is given the tasks to determined how to bring this
valuable fluid to the surface.
 We analyze data to locate drilling sites where oil and gas may have accumulated in
commercial quantities.