SWTManual Basic PDF

Surface Well Testing
Basic
Student Manual
LA-TECH-GLB-SWTB-Revision 0000
Copyright © 2010, Halliburton

SURFACE WELL TESTING Section 1
History of Halliburton Students Manual
Section 1

History of Halliburton
Table of Contents
Introduction to Halliburton.......……………………………… 1-3
Early History………………………………………………….. 1-3
Diversifying & Expanding in the 1950’s……………………. 1-8
Acquiring Brown & Root in 1952 …………………………… 1-9
Continued Prosperity in the 1970’s………………………… 1-7
Competition Increases in the 1980’s..……………………… 1-8
Restructuring in the 1990’s..………………………………… 1-8
Challenges in the New Century…………………………….. 1 - 11
Copyright © 2010, Halliburton Page 1 LA‐TECH‐GLB‐SWTB‐Revision 0000

Introduction
The section contains information on the History of Halliburton
Objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to
 Know some of the history of Halliburton

1. Who Started it
2. When it Started
3. Where it Started
4. What kind of services it provided
5. How it has grown to the company we know today

Introduction to Halliburton
Halliburton Company is a world leader in energy services, as well as engineering and

construction. The company realigned its work into Eastern and Western Hemisphere
operations in 2006, and in 2007, divided its service offerings into two divisions:
Completion and Production, and Drilling and Evaluation. Halliburton, which has
operations in more than 100 countries, merged with Dresser Industries, Inc. in 1998 to
create one of the largest energy services firm in the world.
Early History
Erle Halliburton learned the cementing technique in California during a period of

employment with the Perkins Oil Well Cementing Company that began and ended in
1916. Fired for suggesting too many method changes, he decided to utilize the
engineering and hydraulics he had learned in the U.S. Navy and go into the cementing
business on his own. He borrowed a pump and wagon, pawned his wife's wedding ring
to finance his venture, and moved to Burkburnett, Texas, to introduce his services to the
oil industry. Erle’s method met with little interest in Texas.
Undaunted, he transferred his operation to Oklahoma. There, his luck soon changed,
bringing the need for additional equipment, a patent for his process, and efficient
management. Erle got his first successful contract with Skelly Oil.

To cope with these needs and increasing demands for his service, in 1920 Halliburton
organized the Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company.
One year later, 17 trucks carried his crews and equipment to drilling sites in Louisiana,
Arkansas, and other oil-rich areas from a base in Wilson, Oklahoma, as well as from the
new company headquarters in Duncan, Oklahoma. Part of this growing reputation came
from uncompromisingly reliable service, which was enhanced by new equipment
invented by Halliburton to meet the needs of each project. One creation that
revolutionized the oil industry was the jet mixer, a mechanized mixer that did away with
hand-mixing of the minimum 250 bags of cement and water slurry needed for each well.
Because it could control the proportions of cement and water, it eliminated wasted slurry
that would harden before it could be poured.
By 1922, the company owned $14,000 worth of equipment and was paying some of its
cementers $300 monthly. Two years later, Halliburton, with his wife Vida as his partner,
set out to expand. To finance this the couple converted their partnership into a
corporation and offered a substantial interest in their business to other oil companies.
Their trump card lay in their meticulous patenting of all new processes and devices,
which had left the oil companies unable to have oil wells cemented without using
Halliburton services. Company patents also covered processes designed for well
recementing, a maintenance necessity that gave the Halliburtons relative independence
from competitors.

In 1924, the Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company became a corporation in

Delaware. The Halliburtons held 52 percent of the stock, and the Magnolia, Texas, Gulf,
Humble, Sun, Pure, and Atlantic oil companies jointly held 48 percent. So as to retain
equal voting rights with their partners, the Halliburtons placed 4 percent of their stock in
a voting trust.
By the time the company reached its ten-year milestone in 1929, research and
development had improved processes and equipment to the point where a mixture
made up of 2,500 sacks of cement could be injected into a well in 48 minutes. By 1929,
the use of four new company planes made for speedy contract completion. Marking this
important anniversary was the Halliburton entry into Canada, as well as offering for sale
a wide range of oil well apparatus.
The 1930s saw automobile production soar from 2.3 million vehicles in 1931 to 4.5
million by 1940. Domestic oil heating became more popular, growing from 100,000
homes supplied in 1929 to two million by 1940. Both circumstances benefited the oil
industry. As the decade ended, oil and gas were supplying 44.5 percent of the U.S. total
energy requirements.
Halliburton’s first
Halliburton overseas job was the
Down‐jet guide Creole Field in the Gulf
shoe. of Mexico
Halliburton's expansion kept pace with demand. In 1932, it opened four new branches,
enabling it to send 75 cementing and well-testing crews to sites in seven states. The
company introduced bulk cementing to replace hand-moving of heavy cement sacks.

Eager to participate in the marine oil exploration taking place in the Gulf of Mexico,
Halliburton also began to mount equipment on ships and barges.
In 1940, the Halliburtons bought Perkins Cementing Company, extending operations to

the West Coast and the Rocky Mountain region. In the same year, the company
established in Venezuela its first South American subsidiary. These two moves were
profitable; just one year later, earnings reached $13.5 million, of which $2 million was
net profit.
Soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the company began to make gun-
mount bearings for the U.S. Navy at its Duncan shops. Other war material
manufactured included parts for the B-29 bomber and jigs, fixtures, and dies for the
Boeing airplane plant in Wichita, Kansas. Wartime contracts were lucrative, and when
World War II ended in 1945 annual earnings had reached $25.7 million.
In 1948, Halliburton shares were offered on the New York Stock Exchange for the first
time. Having split its shares on a four-to-one basis a year earlier, Halliburton was able to
offer 600,000, to which the Atlantic Refining Company added a further 80,000 shares.
Of these, 50,000 shares were offered to employees before the balance was offered to
the public.
By the end of the 1940s, although well cementing and bulk cement sales accounted for
about 70 percent of company revenues, there were other profitable undertakings, all
supported by specially designed equipment. Electrical well services provided
information on the types of formations penetrated by a drill; acidizing of geological
formations increased oil flow; and specialized equipment deposited various cements
and chemicals into wells.

Most profitable of all was a new process called Hydrafrac, licensed exclusively to
Halliburton for a period of time by its developer, the Stanolind Oil and Gas Company.
Designed to increase well productivity, this method used jellied gasoline, which was
pumped under pressure into the bottom of a well to split the rock formation. The
resulting crack was then propped open with quantities of sand, making penetration of
tight rock formations easier. The Hydrafrac process made it possible to rejuvenate many
dwindling oil wells and reduced the number of sites necessary to drain a field.
Hydrafrac's great success showed up in a surge in annual revenues at Halliburton:
$57.2 million in 1949, increasing to $69.3 million the following year, and leaping to $92.6
million by 1951.

Diversifying and Expanding in the 1950s
Between 1950 and 1955, the company expanded in all directions. Drilling activity
increased dramatically. The company had 7,000 employees, and drills probed to more
than 4,000 feet in an average well, as compared to 3,600 feet five years earlier. Offered
for rental as well as for sale, equipment then included formation testing tools to obtain
fluids and pressure readings from oil-bearing rock, plus other new equipment used in
well completion operations. Wall cleaners, depth measuring equipment, and production
packers were other lines that drillers could rent or buy. Services provided by the
company included electronic logging and sidewall wellcoring and the transporting of
cement and fracturing sands to drilling sites from nearby Halliburton storage areas. Oil
exploration in the Texas and Louisiana Gulf Coast areas was flourishing; 23 vessels as
well as about $10 million worth of other equipment were available for offshore drilling
purposes. There were almost 200 operating centers in the United States, as well as 32
service locations in Canada and subsidiaries in Venezuela and Peru. The company also
had operations in Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Sumatra, Italy, Germany, Australia, and Cuba.
Research and development kept the company at the forefront of oil exploration
technology. Costing $3 million in 1956 alone, it rewarded the company's efforts with a
new composition for cementing deep wells and a method for making the fracturing sand
radioactive, among other innovations. All of this was reflected in annual sales figures,
which reached $152.4 million by the end of 1955 and produced net profits of $16.3
million.
Erle Halliburton died in 1957, after 28 years as company president and ten as chairman.
Cited by the New York Times as one of the richest people in the United States, he left
behind a fortune estimated at between $75 and $100 million--the days of a pawned
wedding ring long gone.
Erle P Halliburton’s Memorial Statue
which is in Duncan
The same year saw the acquisition of Welex Jet Services. Originally based in Fort
Worth, Texas, Welex broadened the Halliburton line of electronic testing and logging
services. Other companies were acquired during this time, including Jet Research
Center and FreightMaster, a maker of rail car couplings.
The end of the war had brought an increased demand for oil. Due partly to freedom
from wartime price controls and partly to the technological advancement that brought
plastics, synthetic fibers, fertilizers, and other petrochemical products into daily life in
the United States, these demands were willingly fed by the oil drillers.

Production almost doubled between 1945 and 1954, reaching a level of 2.3 million
barrels daily. Such overexpansion came to a head in 1957 when a slump followed,
bringing with it a corresponding decrease in the demand for exploration equipment.
Because Halliburton was chiefly a supplier of drilling-related services, however,
recovery was relatively swift. These services, plus the equipment required to implement
them, were needed both for the deeper wells then being drilled and for stimulation of
existing sites.
Acquiring Brown & Root in 1962
Offsetting the oil exploration slump, Halliburton continued with its acquisition program.
Otis Engineering Corporation joined the company in 1959. Brown & Root, Inc. became a
Halliburton subsidiary in 1962. A firm internationally known for the construction of
military bases, petrochemical plants, and offshore platforms, Brown & Root was a
private subsidiary of the Brown Foundation. Other Brown subsidiaries acquired at the
same time were Southwestern Pipe, a manufacturer of explosives and thin-walled pipe;
Joe B. Hughes, a trucking business; and Highlands Insurance Company, chiefly
concerned with casualty insurance. Together, the four new subsidiaries broadened
Halliburton's product and service lines, giving the company entry into many overseas
markets and providing ways to adapt Halliburton skills to new purposes. Two company
staples quickly found new uses: blended cement was now sold for building projects and
thin-walled pipes for playground equipment and bicycles.
By 1965, Halliburton's acquisitions program resulted in 16 units that were autonomous

but closely coordinated into three main areas. One division was oil-field services and
sales. The second was the engineering segment headed by Brown & Root, the focus of
which was such international construction projects as bases in Saigon and parts of
NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center near Houston. The third division, specialty sales
and services to general industry, included power supply units and transformers for the
electronics industry, missile cleaning for defense, and, through two subsidiaries,
insurance.
In the 1960s, offshore oil exploration became a major activity. Successfully undertaken
in the Gulf of Mexico since 1938, offshore drilling produced about 12,500 wells by 1970,
accounting for approximately 15 percent of U.S. oil and 10 percent of its gas.
Anticipating its participation in offshore activities, Halliburton equipped Brown & Root
well, spending $100 million to ensure competitiveness. The company had developed an
automated mixing system for drilling mud, a process that was used in offshore
operations. Designed to cut costs by monitoring and controlling fluid density, the new
system came in tandem with a 50 percent interest in IMC Drilling Mud, a company with
special emphasis on overseas expansion.

In 1968, the company's marine capabilities were broadened further by the acquisition of
Jackson Marine Corporation, a Texas company specializing in the construction of
vessels for offshore petroleum exploration, and the purchase of an 80 percent interest in
New Orleans-based Taylor Diving and Salvage Company. The latter company proved
its worth within a year by developing an underwater chamber that could be lowered to
depths of 600 feet, then pumped dry. It was used for the undersea repair of damaged
pipes.
Other profitable ventures were hydraulic cushioning for railroad cars, electronics and
explosives for the defense and aerospace industries, plant and road construction,
transportation, and pollution control.
Destined for permanent importance, concern for the environment had attracted national
attention a year earlier after a well eruption in California's Santa Barbara channel spilled
10,000 barrels of oil. Outrage over the resulting 200-square-mile oil slick hampered
offshore exploration, as well as the construction of oil refineries and nuclear power
plants. As could be expected, oil imports rose.
Continued Prosperity in the 1970s
Nevertheless, Halliburton's profits steadily climbed. Total revenues of $1 billion in 1970

grew to $2.1 billion by 1973, despite the Arab oil embargo that led to huge OPEC price
increases in 1974. Acquisitions giving the company new entry into overseas markets
encouraged industrial variety. The reconditioning and stimulation of older wells then
became more profitable than it had ever been before, especially as the equipment the
company used for its own projects was not available on the open market. Lucrative as
oil-field services were, however, they were now contributing a smaller proportion to the
company's total revenues. A larger part came from construction projects like steel mills,
paper mills, and municipal construction.
The Halliburton corporate structure was relatively simple. In the 1970s, although the
company had 55,000 employees worldwide, the Dallas headquarters housed fewer than
30 people, and day-to-day activities were handled by each segment. Operations were
still divided into three main segments: oil-field services and products, producing 46
percent of 1975's total earnings; engineering and construction, contributing a 51 percent
share; and specialty services and products, responsible for the remaining 3 percent.
Each of these three groups had several internal divisions, themselves divided into
several hundred profit centers run by field managers. Headquarters kept in touch with
these field managers in a monthly reporting system that monitored specified financial
goals.

By 1975, Halliburton had 40 subsidiaries in all parts of the world, most of which were
smoothly fitted into their appropriate company segments. The exception was Ebasco
Services, acquired along with Vernon Graphics from Boise Cascade in 1973. Like
Brown & Root, Ebasco's main business was the engineering and construction of fossil
fuel and nuclear electric power plants. Its merger led to a Justice Department antitrust
suit claiming unfair competition. This resulted in Ebasco's sale in 1976.
By 1977, price controls had drained enthusiasm for domestic oil exploration. Imports
now cost a total of $45 million, as against $7.7 billion in 1973. Two years later, the
situation changed. Instability in Iran and the higher prices imposed by OPEC countries
now stimulated domestic production that would alleviate international oil shortages.
Beginning in June 1979, price controls were to be phased out over 28 months, although
they were replaced with a windfall-profits excise tax to keep prices high, a method of
encouraging oil conservation.
All these developments, as well as the slowdown of offshore exploration in the North
Sea, where most major discoveries had already been made, affected the oil supply
business
Joint ventures in construction fields helped to offset the oil-field slowdown. In 1976,
Brown & Root and Raymond International, a competitor, teamed up in a $22 million
bridge construction project in Louisiana. A similar arrangement the same year paired
Brown & Root and Norwegian Petroleum Consultants.
Competition Increases in the 1980s
It was the company's old faithful, oil well cementing, that formed the basis for post-
slump recovery. By 1980, Halliburton was servicing 60 percent of the market. Its service
of stimulation of existing wells to retrieve remaining oil was garnering a 50 percent
share. In early 1981, all oil price controls were eliminated and well drilling increased
proportionately. That year, 77,500 new wells appeared, as compared to about 48,500 in
1978.
The upward trend brought competition for Halliburton when Dresser Industries,
Schlumberger Limited, and other industry giants began to diversify into the traditional
Halliburton strongholds of cementing and stimulation. However, by keeping service
prices at competitive levels, Halliburton's market share remained at its usual high level,
and company strength in drilling muds and well logging operations continued to be a
flexible guard against competition.
While many smaller companies were unable to withstand the hard times, Halliburton
merely downsized. Nevertheless, this was not a smooth time for the company. A
lawsuit alleging that Brown & Root had mismanaged a south Texas nuclear power plant
construction project cost a 1985 settlement of $750 million, producing a $340 million
loss for the year.

The acquisitions program continued unabated. A 60 percent share of Geophysical

Services, a maker of seismic analysis systems for oil exploration, was bought from
Texas Instruments. Gearhart Industries joined the company lineup, and within a year its
wireline services consolidated with Welex and its geophysical operations with
Geophysical Services.
Research and development became even more active, including the development of
horizontal drilling techniques. Spearheaded by the Geophysical Services unit, other
research focused on continuous three-dimensional control for seismic surveys in
offshore exploration.
As the 1980s drew to a close, Halliburton was engaged in about 40 other research and
development projects. Streamlining for profitability, it had divested itself of its life
insurance subsidiary, plus two other non-oil businesses.
Restructuring and a Major Merger in the 1990s
Under the leadership of CEO Thomas Cruikshank, Halliburton in the early 1990s was
contending with the effects of the sustained downturn in the U.S. oil industry, which had
begun in 1986. After net income fell from $197 million in 1990 to $27 million in 1991, the
company began a multi-year restructuring in 1992. In July 1993, a significant act of
streamlining took place when Halliburton merged its ten semi-autonomous energy
services units, including Halliburton Services and Otis Engineering, into a single group
called Halliburton Energy Services. Also created in 1993 was Brown & Root Energy
Services, which combined all of Brown & Root's upstream oil and gas engineering and
construction services. Later in the 1990s, Halliburton Energy Services and Brown &
Root Energy Services were tied more closely together when they were placed within a
newly formed Energy Group. Halliburton's engineering and construction activities (with
the exception of upstream oil and gas) were likewise consolidated under a new
Construction and Engineering Group.
In late 1995, Dick Cheney, who had served as U.S. Secretary of Defense under
President George H.W. Bush, was named chairman, CEO, and president of Halliburton,
taking over the helm from the retiring Cruikshank. Cheney inherited a much leaner and
more profitable company thanks to the Cruikshank-led restructuring and quickly
launched another round of acquisitions, perhaps the most ambitious in company history.
In October 1996, Halliburton acquired Landmark Graphics Corp. for about $550 million
in stock.
Landmark, which became part of the Energy Group, was a provider of petroleum
exploration and production information systems, software, and services. In April 1997,
the company acquired OGC International plc--a provider of engineering, operations, and
maintenance services, mainly to North Sea petroleum production companies--for about
$118.3 million. In September of the same year, Halliburton spent about $360 million for
NUMAR Corporation, a manufacturer of magnetic resonance imaging tools that
evaluated subsurface rock formations in newly drilled oil and gas wells.

However, these deals paled in comparison to the multi-billion dollar merger between
Halliburton and Dresser Industries Inc. announced in February 1998. The deal was
completed in September of that year and created one of the world's largest oil services
firm, leaving just itself and competitor Schlumberger at the top of the industry. The
merged company continued to operate under the Halliburton name and had three main
business segments: the Energy Services Group, which included Halliburton Energy
Services and Brown & Root Energy Services; the Engineering and Construction Group,
which included Dresser's M.W. Kellogg business; and the Dresser Equipment Group
business segment, which was eventually sold in 2001 for $1.55 billion.
"Once seen as badly trailing its competitors in areas such as directional drilling and
drilling fluids," a 1999 Forbes article reported, "Halliburton now has everything it needs
to win contracts for projects such as designing, building and operating systems to
manage production from oilfields." In the same article, Cheney commented that "what
we got was a significant improvement in our product lines," which was viewed as crucial
to remaining competitive in the somewhat turbulent oil industry.
Challenges in the New Century
Halliburton's strength as a leading industry player was put to the test in the early years
of the new century. Cheney resigned in 2000 to join running mate George W. Bush on
the Republican ticket in the upcoming presidential election. David Lesar, named
chairman and CEO, was left to deal with a barrage of asbestos claims as well as a
Securities and Exchange (SEC) investigation.
Halliburton had been involved in asbestos-related litigation for years--since 1976 there
had been 474,500 claims against the firm for its use of asbestos in certain products.
The company and its subsidiaries--including various divisions of Dresser, Brown & Root,
and Harbison-Walker, a refractory company spun off by Dresser in 1992--faced an
onslaught of new claims in 2001 and 2002. Workers who had been exposed to asbestos
numbered in the thousands. During 2001, a Baltimore jury awarded a group of plaintiffs
$30 million, sending company stock to its lowest point in nine years. The following year,
Halliburton was given an opportunity to put the litigation to rest. By agreeing to pay
approximately $4.2 billion to settle all outstanding claims, Halliburton would be shielded
from future asbestos litigation. Investors applauded the planned settlement and the
firm's share price climbed from $9 to $21 per share.
At the same time, the faltering economy, falling oil prices, and a slowdown in North
American gas production was wreaking havoc on Halliburton's bottom line. During 2002,
the company reported an estimated loss of $984 million, compared to a net profit of
$809 million secured in 2001. In response to difficult market conditions, Lesar launched
a cost cutting effort and began selling off non-core assets. The company also realigned
its businesses into two major groups--Halliburton Energy Services Group and KBR, the
engineering and construction group--with hopes of eventually creating two
independently run operating subsidiaries.

The management teamed remained optimistic about Halliburton's future despite the
challenges it faced related to the economic downturn. With an asbestos settlement on
the horizon and rumors its SEC investigation would not lead to any legal action,
Halliburton appeared to have made it through the worst.
The company realigned its work into Eastern and Western Hemisphere operations in
2006, and in 2007, divided its service offerings into two divisions: Completion and
Production, and Drilling and Evaluation.

Health and Safety Students Manual
Section 2
Health and Safety

Table of Contents
Corporate Policy…………………………………………… 2-3
Safety General…………………………………………….. 2-4
Screens.............……………………………………………. 2-4
 Halworld..…………………………………………… 2-3
 HSE Home Page…………………………………… 2-5
 BBP Home Page…………………………………… 2-5
 What is BBP………………………………………… 2-6
 BBP Websites……………………………………….. 2-6
 SE Website on BBP………………………………… 2-7
 HSE Home Page.…………………………………… 2-7
 Policies & Business Practices Page……………… 2-8
 Company Policies Page....................……………… 2-8
 Halworld Page...................................……………… 2-9
 JSA Search Page..............................……………… 2-9
 Open Document Page.......................……………… 2 - 10
Opened Risk Assessment............................……………… 2 - 10
Copyright © 2010, Halliburton Page 1 LA-TECH-GLB-SWTB-Revision 0000

Introduction
The section contains information on the Safety Management System for Halliburton
Objectives
 Know the Corporate Policy.

 Know where you will find the HSE Main Page.
 Know how to search the HSE Management Site.

Halliburton Company & Subsidiary Companies
CORPORATE POLICY
PURPOSE
This Policy establishes and communicates the Company's policy concerning the
protection of the health and safety of the Company's Employees and other persons
affected by the Company's business activities and the prevention of environmental
pollution with respect to the Company's business activities and operations.
POLICY
1. The Company will comply with all applicable Laws and relevant industry standards
of practice concerning protection of health and safety of its Employees in the work
place and other persons affected by its business activities and the prevention of
environmental pollution. Protection of health, safety, and the prevention of pollution
to the environment is a primary goal of the Company and the management of the
Company shall take such actions as are reasonable and necessary to achieve such
goal and carry out this Policy.
2. We will continuously evaluate the health, safety and environmental ("HSE") aspects
of our products and services. The goal will be to develop and provide products and
services that have no undue environmental impact and are safe in their intended
use, efficient in their consumption of energy and natural resources and can be
recycled, reused or disposed of safely.
3. All Directors and Employees of the Company will conduct their duties and
responsibilities in a manner which is compatible with achieving these goals and
carrying out this Policy.
4. The Company believes that effective HSE management is good business. As in

other areas of our business, the Company is committed to continual improvement
of HSE management practices.
5. The Company will communicate and make available this Policy to its Employees,
clients, contractors, suppliers, partners and customers and with the communities in
which it operates in order to achieve these goals and carry out these Policies.
PROCEDURE
1. This Corporate Policy shall be implemented by the Company under the oversight of
the Health, Safety and Environment Committee of the Board of Directors ("HSE
Committee").
2. The Company shall establish and maintain self-assessment and audit programs
sufficient to provide management of the Company and the HSE Committee with
reports and other information concerning the Company's compliance with this
Policy.

3. The Chief Executive Officer of the Company shall designate a senior officer of the
Company as its Chief Health, Safety and Environment Officer ("Chief HSE Officer").
4. The Chief HSE Officer shall oversee the administration of this Corporate Policy and
shall make such recommendations to the HSE Committee as he or she shall deem
appropriate to carry out such Policy and achieve its goals. The Chief HSE Officer
shall report to the HSE Committee at least once each year concerning the
Company's compliance with this Corporate Policy and the activities administered by
the Chief HSE Officer.
Approved as revised: Board of Directors

May 21, 2003
Safety General
Halliburton gives a full Safety Regime within its Management System.

Use the following link to get to the Halworld Web Page. You can only get to this page if
you can get connect to the Halliburton Network.
http://halworld.corp.halliburton.com/
By clicking on this icon you

will be taken to the HSE
Home Page.

From this page you can

navigate to any part of the
HSE Management System.
Click on the first target,

which is BBP (Behavior
Based Performance)
You could Click on any one of the links to take you to that particular area. You should
investigate all the contents of each area so that you are aware of the information stored
there. You will not be authorized to see all of the content, but should have access to
most of it.
We will now look at the BBP Home Page. What does BBP mean?
Click on this link.

From here you can

click any of the other
links to take you to
the relevant
information that is
required
If you wanted to see

the relevant info for
you Area then click
on BBP Websites.
You can then click on

whichever icon covers
your Area.
We will look at the SE
Area.

From this page you can

access all the necessary
information for your
Area. E.g. IT, HR
HSE, PR’s etc.
From the HSE & OE page you can also access other information which is related to
Safety and Policies.
Click on
CoBC/Policies

If you wanted to
look at Halliburton
Polices, then click
on this link.
This now shows you all the Halliburton Company Policies. You can now click on any of
these policies to open the document and either read, copy or save the document.

If you were looking for

something specific with
Halworld then you can
use the search engine
and type in the
requested subject
matter. In this case we
are looking for JSA’s
on the Separator.
All the JSA’s on that subject matter now appear and you can look at each one until you
find the relevant subject matter.
We want to open the

one on taking a Gas
Gravity.

From here you can

either open the
document or save it as
required.
If you open the document then it still allows you to save a copy. If you save a copy you
can then enter the document and change it if required.
Everything you need to complete this document is supplied.
Shows the Generic

Risk Assessment,

Continuation Sheet &

Hazard Checklist
Shows hazard Matrix

This sheet allows you

to put extra comments
into The Risk
Assessment.
There is so much more on the HSE Sight and therefore every employee should spend
some time going through this site to familiarize themselves with what is there.
Should you have any queries then you can either use the contact us or e-mail us links
on the help page.

Basic Geology Students Manual
Section 3
Basic Geology
Table of Contents
About Oil..…………………………………………………… 3-3
What is Oil.………………………………………………….. 3-3
How does it form...…………………………………………. 3-3
How does it form on land..………………………………… 3-4
History of how oil exploration started..…………………… 3-5
How do reservoirs form.…………………………………… 3-7
Types of Reservoir Rocks.………………………………… 3-8
Igneous Rocks…..………………………………………….. 3-8
Sedimentary Rocks........…………………………………… 3-8
Metamorphic Rocks………………………………………… 3-9
Oil Traps..................………………………………………… 3 -10
Perosity/Permeability.....…………………………………… 3 -11
How to find Oil................…………………………………… 3 -12
Seismic Surveys Offshore………………………………… 3 -12
Seismic Surveys Onshore………………………………… 3 -14
Gravity Surveys ................………………………………… 3 -16
Magnetic Surveys .............………………………………… 3 -17
Geoservice & Reservoir Technology .…………………… 3 -17

Introduction
The section contains information on the History and origin of oil and gas
Objectives
 Know about the formation of oil.

 Know where you will possibly find it.
 Know how companies use technology to find oil.
 Know the types of reservoirs.
 Know a little of how they drill for oil.
 Know different methods of bringing oil to the surface.

ABOUT OIL
What Is Oil?
There are many theories as to the origin or of petroleum, but the most widely
accepted is the Organic Theory.
Organic/Fossil fuels are those energy sources that formed from the remains of once-
living organisms. They include oil, natural gas, coal, and fuels derived from oil shale and
tar sand. The differences in the physical properties among the various fossil fuels arise
from differences between the starting materials from which the fuels formed and
changes to those materials after the organisms died and were buried within the layers of
the earth. Petroleum means rock-oil, and comes from the Latin petra, meaning rock or
stone, and oleum, meaning oil. Liquid petroleum, or oil, comprises a variety of liquid
hydrocarbon compounds; compounds made up of different proportions of the elements
carbon and hydrogen. There are also gaseous hydrocarbons (natural gas), in which
methane is the most common component. Hydrocarbon mixtures usually also contain
minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities.
Many millions of years

ago the oceans were
teaming with life,
which only live for a
short time died and fell
to the bottom of the
ocean, where is was
covered over.
How Does It Form?
The production of a large deposit of any fossil fuel requires an even larger initial
accumulation of organic matter, which is rich in carbon and hydrogen. Another
requirement is that the organic debris be buried quickly to protect it from the air so that
decay by biological activity or reaction with oxygen will not destroy it. Microscopic life is
abundant over most of the earth’s oceans. When these organisms die, their remains
can settle to the sea floor. There are also underwater areas near shorelines, such as on
many continental shelves, where sediments derived from continental erosion
accumulate rapidly. In such a setting, the starting requirements for the formation of oil
are satisfied; there is an abundance of organic matter rapidly buried by sediment. Oil
and most natural gas are believed to form from such accumulated marine
microorganisms. Some natural gas deposits that are not associated with oil may form
from deposits of plant material buried in sediment. As burial continues, the organic
matter begins to change.

Pressures increase with the weight of the overlying sediment or rock; temperatures
increase with depth in the earth; and slowly, over long periods of time, (Millions of
years) chemical reactions take place.
These reactions break down the large, complex organic molecules into simpler, smaller
hydrocarbon molecules. In the early stages of petroleum formation, the deposit may
consist mainly of larger (heavy) hydrocarbons, which have the thick, nearly solid
consistency of asphalt.
As the petroleum matures, and as the breakdown of large molecules continues,

successively “lighter” hydrocarbons are produced. Thick liquids give way to thinner
ones, from which lubricating oils, heating oils, and gasoline are derived. In the final
stages, most or all of the petroleum is broken down further into very simple, light,
gaseous molecules—natural gas. Most of the maturation (cooking) process occurs in
the temperature range of 50° to 100° C (approximately 120° to 210° F). Above these
temperatures, the remaining hydrocarbon is almost entirely methane (natural gas); with
further temperature increases, methane can also be broken down and destroyed.
How does it form on land?
Radioactive
Bacterial Action Heat Bombardment
Burial Petroleum
Chemical Reactions Pressure Time
On land, almost the same had happened. The difference is in the type of organic
organisms that died and how they died.
If you can picture the scene millions of years ago, when the earth was still young, there
were earth quakes and volcanic eruptions taking place on regular basis.

The climate was such that storms were common over the land masses. This caused
massive flooding and many creatures and plants died and were washed into basins
where they were very quickly covered by sand and silt which built up of millions of
years. In between these layers of porous rock there were layers of non porous rock,
which was created by different situations.
Picture 1:
Volcanic
Eruption
Picture 2:
Severe Storms
Picture 3:
Fast Flowing
water after
storm
Picture 4:
Water comes
to rest in large
basins
All organic material does not turn into oil. Certain geological conditions must exist
within the oil-rich rocks. First, there must be a trap of non-porous rock that prevents
the oil from seeping out, and a seal that keeps the oil from rising to the surface. Even
under these conditions, only about 2% of the organic material is transformed into oil.
A typical petroleum reservoir is mostly sandstone or limestone in which oil is trapped.
Oil in it may be as thin as gasoline or as thick as tar. It may be almost clear or black.
Petroleum is called a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years
to form. We cannot make more petroleum in a short time.
History of how Oil Exploration Started

People have used naturally available petroleum since ancient times, though they
didn’t know how to find it. The ancient Chinese and Egyptians burned oil for lighting.
Before the 1850’s, Americans often used whale oil for light. When whale oil became
scarce, people began looking for other oil sources. In some places, oil seeped
naturally to the surface of ponds and streams. People skimmed this oil and made it
into kerosene. Kerosene was commonly used to light America’s homes before the
arrival of the electric light bulb.
As demand for kerosene grew, a group of businessmen hire Edwin Drake to drill for
oil in Titusville, Pennsylvania. After much hard work and slow progress, he
discovered oil in 1859. Drake’s well was 69.5 feet deep, very shallow compared to
today’s wells.

Drake refined the oil from his well into kerosene for lighting. Gasoline and other
products made during refining were simply thrown away because people had no use
for them.
In 1892, the horseless carriage, or automobile, solved this problem, since it required
gasoline. By 1920, there were nine million motor vehicles in America alone, and gas
stations were opening everywhere. This of course meant that oil wells sprung up
everywhere to ease the demand for gasoline.

How do Reservoirs Form
The oil and gas that has been trapped below the surface, sometimes many thousands
of feet deep, saturates the rock formation which is under tremendous pressures. This is
called the source rock.
Oil and gas moves away or migrates from the source rock. Migration is triggered
both by natural compaction of the source rock and by the processes of oil and gas
formation. As hydrocarbon chains separate from the kerogen during oil and gas
generation, they take up more space and create higher pressures in the source rock.
The oil and gas move through the minute pores and cracks in the source rock and
then into rocks where the pressure is lower. Migration is a slow process with oil and
gas traveling perhaps only a few kilometers over a million years.

Reservoir
Impermeable
Rock
Migration
Source Rock

Types of Reservoir Rocks
Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) cools and solidifies, either
below the surface as intrusive or on the surface as extrusive. Igneous rocks make
up approximately ninety five percent of the upper part of the Earth’s crust, but their
great abundance is hidden on the Earth’s surface by a relatively thin but widespread
layer of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. These rocks form the barrier to trap
hydrocarbons below the ground. Igneous rocks can be of many types common to
these are Granite and Basalt.
Sedimentary Rocks.
These rocks are formed in three main ways, by the deposition of the weathered
remains of other rocks (known as clastic sedimentary rocks), by the depositions of
the results of biogenic activity and by precipitation from solution. Sedimentary rocks
include common types such as limestone and sandstone. Sedimentary rocks often
form porous and permeable reservoirs in sedimentary basins in which petroleum and
other hydrocarbons can be found.

Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are formed from other sedimentary deposits by alteration under
great heat and/or pressure. Examples of metamorphic rocks are;
• Marble - metamorphosized limestone.
• Hornfeld - converted from shale or tuff.
• Gneiss - similar to granite but metamorphically consolidated.
Oil and gas are not usually found in igneous or metamorphic rocks as both are so
non-porous that hydrocarbons can not accumulate or be extracted from them. The
few exceptions are when hydrocarbons have seeped from near-by sedimentary
formations through cracks and fractures.
A reservoir rock must be able to contain oil, gas and water, which are the reservoir
fluids. Pores in the reservoir rock are first filled with saltwater from the sea. When oil
and gas flow into the rock, some of the water is displaced. However, not all of the
water is forced out. Therefore, oil drillers usually find water with high concentrations
of oil and gas.
Oil and gas travel through pores of the reservoir rock, with the help of water, until
they reach an impermeable layer of rock through which they cannot pass. Shales are
the most common impermeable rock.
Gas

OIL TRAPS
Oil traps usually form because of rock movements deep within the Earth’s surface.
Over many years, rock formations break and slide, causing spaces where petroleum
is trapped. The most common type of trap is an anticline, where rocks are pushed up
to form a dome. Oil and gas might lie in reservoir rock just under the top of the dome,
which is capped by an impermeable layer of rock.

Another common type of trap is the fault trap, which is formed by a fault, or fracture,
of the layers of rock. The rock on one side of the fault sometimes slips down so that
a porous reservoir rock is next to a nonporous rock formation. This creates a seal,
and the petroleum is trapped.
When salt or other form of intrusion forces up through the strata to form various
types of plug and dome etc.
The formation of unconformity formations relies on the erosion of inclined formation
which has more recently been covered up with a impenetrable overlying layer.
Lenticular reservoirs, where the permeability of an oil bearing formation changes
from average value to zero. This can take the form of many different occurrences,
Shale deposits in the formation and pinch-outs.
Now that the oil has been cooked, moved and trapped, it will stay there until rock
formation movement causes a change in its surroundings, or until humans decide to
drill a well in that spot.
POROSITY/PERMEABILITY
A pore is a small, open space in a rock. A rock’s porosity is the ratio of pore
volume to total volume and is expressed as a percentage.
The shapes of sediments affect the porosity of a rock. Generally, sediments are not
perfectly round, but occur in many shapes. Sediment size and how closely
sediments are packed also are variables. The third factor that determines a rock’s
porosity is the amount of material that precipitated from seawater and accumulated
in the pores. A porosity of 5 to 20 percent is usually considered average for
sedimentary rocks.

If the pores are connected, the rock is said to be permeable.

Permeability is the ease with which a fluid can move through a porous rock.
Sandstone is the most porous and permeable of the sedimentary rocks. That’s why
much of the world’s oil and gas occurs in sandstone. Carbonate rocks such as
limestone and dolomite are also good reservoirs for oil and gas.
How to find the Oil

Most of the money spent by the petroleum industry in exploring for oil is used for
geophysics (the physics of the earth, including seismology, gravity and magnetics,
among others). Geophysics provides techniques for imaging the subsurface (seeing
below the ground) before drilling, and this can be key in avoiding “dry holes.”
Seismic Surveys Offshore
Seismic surveys are carried out extensively in the North Sea to search for potential
reserves of oil and gas in the subsea rock formations. Large seismic survey vessels are
used to tow steamers suspended below the surface which carry hydrophones. Sound
waves are transmitted from the vessel using compressed air guns which travel down
through the seabed and reflect back from the different layers of rock. These relfected
sound waves are received by the hydrophones located along the seismic streamers
which when processed gives a three dimensional picture of the substrata.

Seismic survey vessels usually tow several streamers behind them (from 1 to 12) and of
varying lengths up to 5000 metres. They show shapes and lights for a vessel restricted
in its ability to manouevre. The streamers (cables) are spread by diverters, similar to a
type of mid-water trawl door, and can extend to over 500 metres in width. The end of
each streamer is marked by a tailbuoy carrying radar reflector and flashing lights.

Seismic survey vessels tow at a speed of 4 - 5 knots and need to be on a straight line
whilst surveying and are usually accompanied by a "Chase Boat" who will assist in
notifying other vessels of the seimic operation. Survey areas vary greatly in size and
may cover extensive areas of the sea surface. Please co-operate with seismic survey
vessels during your own operations.
Seismic Surveys Onshore
A seismic survey is conducted by creating a shock wave on the surface of the ground
along a predetermined line, using an energy source. The seismic wave travels into the
earth, and is reflected by formations below the ground, and returns to the surface where
it is recorded by receivers called geophones, these are similar to microphones. The
seismic waves are created either by small explosive charges set off in shallow holes or
by large vehicles equipped with heave plates that vibrate on the ground. By analyzing
the time it takes for the seismic wave to reflect off the subsurface formations and return
to the surface, allows the geophysicist to map the subsurface formation and any
anomalies. He can predict where oil or gas may be trapped in sufficient quantities for
exploration activities to take place.
Until relatively recently, seismic surveys were conducted along a single line on the
ground, and their analysis created a two-dimensional picture akin to a slice through the
earth beneath that line, showing the subsurface geology along that line. This is referred
to as two-dimensional or 2D seismic data.

In the last 20-30 years, with the development of computers, we have been able to take
seismic testing to a new level by conducting three-dimensional, or 3D, seismic tests.
Today, the analysis is performed on super desk-top computers. Almost all oil and gas
exploratory wells are preceded by 3D seismic surveys.

Gravity Surveys
Flying an aircraft 150 meters above ground over a large areas of land can produce
maps and data which indicates prospective possibilities of finding Oil and Gas
Reserves.
 An aircraft flies in a regular pattern over land using a gravimeter to measure

changes in the Earth’s gravitational field.
 By measuring changes in the gravitational field, geologists are able to determine
the density, location, and geometry of rocks buried deep in the ground.
 Gravity data can detect horizontal variations in rock density. Areas of thicker, less
dense sedimentary rock may be prospective for oil and gas deposits.
 Data are analysed, processed and plotted on a map.

Magnetic Surveys
Magnetic surveys are always conducted by collecting measurements at specified

locations along pre-established survey lines. The surveys can be conducted either on
the ground or from the air. Those conducted on the ground collect detailed data at very
close spacings. These surveys can outline the expanse and even the dip angle of the
the magnetic body with some degree of accuracy. Surveys conducted from the air,
called aeromagnetic surveys, are designed to cover large areas (100’s of square
miles).
Not realized by the general public is that most of the holes drilled are dry and do not
yield commercial oil or gas. Locating an oil and gas reservoir (a place where a great
amount of oil and gas has collected) and drilling oil and gas wells is very expensive
(offshore wells can cost $15 million or more; in fact, some offshore platforms cost
more than $4 billion). That’s why it is so important to utilize state-of-the art
exploration and production technologies to keep costs as low as possible.
ConocoPhillips, for example, deploys one of the world’s largest and fastest
supercomputers, a Cray T3D/1350 system, to process seismic data and to produce
accurate images that identify the best location and trajectory for drilling wells.
In complex regions like the North Sea and Gulf of Mexico, advanced 3-D seismic
imaging (producing an image in three dimensions–width, length and depth–of an
area beneath the earth’s surface or ocean floor) has played a key role in locating
wells and in reducing finding and development costs. With the aid of its
supercomputer, ConocoPhillips has overcome some of the world’s most difficult
seismic and engineering challenges in hostile environments.

Geoservice and Reservoir Technology
Oil companies realize the importance of research and development, commonly

referred to as R&D. A significant part of a Companies Corporate Technology/R&D
Division, for example, is the Geoscience and Reservoir Technology Group, an
organization that includes expertise in geophysical, geological and petrophysical
areas and drilling engineering, reservoir engineering, improved oil recovery
technology (IOR) and production engineering.
NOW WE HAVE LOCATED THE POSSIBILITY OF OIL, WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?

Drilling and Completing a Well Students Manual
Section 4
Drilling and Completing a Well

Table of Contents
Drilling For Oil..…………………………………………… .. 4–3
Types of Drilling Rigs.……………………………………... 4–3
 Drilling Barge......................................................... 4–4
 Land Rigs.............................................................. 4–4
 Jackup Rig............................................................. 4–5
 Submersible.......................................................... 4–6
 Semi Submersible................................................. 4–7
 Platform Rig.......................................................... 4–8
 Drill Ship............................................................... 4–9
Drilling Rig............…………………………………………. 4 – 10
Drilling Techniques...........………………………………… 4 – 10
Overbalanced Drilling..........................…………………… 4 – 11
Underbalanced Drilling.…………………………………… 4 – 12
Managed Pressure Drilling.………………………………. 4 – 13
Directional Drillling......…………………………………….. 4 – 14
Logging while Drilling........………………………………… 4 – 15
Halliburton GeoTap IDS Tool……………………………… 4 – 16
Completing a Well..………………………………………… 4 – 18
Casings..........................…………………………………… 4 – 17
 Conductor Casing................................................. 4 – 18
 Surface Casing..................................................... 4 – 18
 Intermediate Casing............................................. 4 – 19
 Liner Strings......................................................... 4 – 19
 Production Casing................................................ 4 – 19
Cementing.....................…………………………………… 4 – 21
Types of Completion.........………………………………… 4 – 22
 Open Hole Completion.......................................... 4 – 22
 Conventional Perforated Completion.................... 4 – 23
 Sand Exclusion Completion.................................. 4 – 23
 Permanent Completion......................................... 4 – 24
 Multi Zone Completion.......................................... 4 – 25
 Drainhole Completion............................................ 4 – 27
The Wellhead.....................………………………………… 4 – 27

Introduction
After this section the student should know the Basics of Drilling and Completions.
Objectives
 Know the different types of Drilling Rigs used.

 Know the basics of drilling for oil/gas.
 Know the Different types of Casings.
 Know the different types of Completions,
 Know the components of a Wellhead.

DRILLING FOR OIL
From the last section we have seen how, when and roughly where you might find oil or
gas. Now that we have identified a possible formation that could contain oil, we must
then drill the well to see if our calculations were correct.
In the beginning, exploration and drilling for oil was unfortunately very haphazard and
most of the wells drilled were dry holes. Now with all the new technology available this
tends to be a much lower number. However we still drill dry holes.
Drilling takes place both onshore and offshore. The difference in costs for these two
operations is quite considerable.
Typical cost for Wells drilling on land can range from $400,000 way up to several
millions of dollars.
Typical cost for Wells drilling offshore can range from $3,000,000 way up to
$18,000,000 or more.
TYPES OF DRILLING RIGS
There are 7 main types of Drilling Rigs, they are as follows:

DRILLING BARGE
It is as simple as it sounds. A barge with drilling facilities that can be towed or has its
own propulsion system. It is a simple structure and is used is areas where the weather
and waters are not rough. When exploratory drill is going on, the barge is affixed with
the help of anchors. As there are no solid measures to make the barge completely
stationary, they are used for calm waters.
LAND RIGS
These rigs are normally either trailer mounted or can be broken apart and shipped in
pieces. During rig moves, the roads are normally closed until the rig passes.

When sighting land rigs the following must be taken in consideration:
 Environmental impact on the area

 How close is the rig sight to populated areas
 Wildlife or habitat
 Accommodation for crews
JACKUP RIG
Normally sighted in shallow water.
A full survey of the sea floor is carried out before the jackup can be positioned.

These rigs are often towed out into position and the legs are slowly lowered into the sea
bed and that is the reason for the sea bed being surveyed.
Space on most Jackup’s is very limited and therefore equipment is often stacked.
SUBMERSIBLE
Again this rig is used in shallow water.
In recent years there has been a strong movement among the world's oil producers
toward drilling on the Outer Continental Shelf. Typical water depths in this region are
2000 to 3000 ft. At these depths, the conventional steel-jacket platform has a
prohibitive cost-to-benefit ratio. A number of new concepts in drilling and production rigs
have been developed in attempts to reduce the costs of deepwater drilling. The
Condeep submersible rig is one of the most promising of those developed so far.

SEMI SUBMERSIBLES
These are the most common rigs used in deep water..

Semi-submersibles generally show far less motions in waves than mono-hull vessels,
(Drill ship), making them especially suitable for tasks with very strict motion
requirements. Semi-submersibles are used as crane vessels, drilling vessels,
production platforms and accomodation facilities. A major advantage for these tasks is
the large deck space, available as working space and for storage of equipment or
supplies.
PLATFORM DRILLING RIG
Not as common as the other drilling rigs.

These drilling rigs are built of a modular construction and when drilling is finished the
drilling modules can be uplifted and moved to a new sight. This leaves the platform in
place for the production facilities.
DRILL SHIPS
Used all over the world but especially good for working in areas where access is
restricted.
The space on drill ships is very cramped and at a premium. Not used in areas where
you have rough seas.
Once you have the Drilling Rig in place you can now start the Operation of Drilling the
Well.

DRILLING RIG
1. Mud Tank
2. Shale Shakers
3. Suction Line (to Mud Pump)
4. Mud Pump
5. Motor or Power Source
6. Vibrating Hose
7. Draw Works
8. Stand Pipe
9. Kelly Hose
10. Goose Neck
11. Traveling Block
12. Drill Line
13. Crown Block
14. Derrick
15. Monkey Board
16. Stand (drill pipe)
17. Pipe Rack
18. Swivel (could be a top drive)
19. Kelly Drive
20. Rotary Table
21. Drill Floor
22. Bell Nipple
23. Blowout Preventer (BOP) Annular
24. Blowout Preventer Pipe & Blind Ram
25. Drill String
26. Drill Bit
27. Casing Head
28. Flow Line
DRILLING TECHNIQUES
Conventional Drilling Techniques consist of Running Drill pipe in the hole and the
assembly is rotated from the surface in the Rotary Table or Top Drive.
What is Drill Pipe?
Drill pipe is hollow, thick-walled, steel piping that is used on drilling rigs to facilitate the
drilling of a wellbore and comes in a variety of sizes, strengths, and weights but are
typically 30 to 33 feet in length. They are hollow to allow drilling fluid to be pumped
through them, down the hole, and back up the annulus.

The Drilling Fluid normally consists of an oil based mud which is pumped down through
the tubing. The mud is used for several reasons:
 To cool the area around the cutting zone.

 To lubricate the bit and pipe.
 To bring the cuttings to the surface.
 To help stabilize the well bore.
 Prevent the well from flowing to the surface.
Overbalanced Drilling
This is where the hydrostatic weight of the mud is heavy enough to apply pressure to
the formation to stop any flow coming back.
During the drilling process the mud weight will be lower until you hit the reservoir or a
pocket of pressure when the mud weight will be increased to compensate for pressure
increases from the formation or any pocket of gas that is encountered.
Because the mud weight is heavier than the pressure coming from the formation,
problems can be encountered when the well is completed. If there is too much weight
then the mud can enter the well bore and fill the spaces between the porous rock. This
is called Skin Damage and in some cases can be severe. We will look a little more
closely later in this section.

Underbalanced Drilling
Trying to stop this damage occurring has been a problem for some time. Halliburton
has developed a technique to prevent this happening and it is called Underbalanced
Drilling.
You would drill the well by conventional methods until you hit the formation and at that
point you would go underbalanced. At this time the mud weight is reduced to allow the
well to flow a little so that no drilling fluid can enter the formation.
The equipment allows you to control the fluids coming from the well and can separate
the gas, fluids and solids.

Managed Pressure Drilling
MPD is an advanced form of primary well control typically employing a closed,

pressurizable fluid system that allows greater and more precise control of the wellbore
pressure profile than mud weight and mud pump rate adjustments alone. As opposed to
a conventional open-to-atmosphere returns system, MPD enables the circulating fluids
system to be viewed as a pressure vessel.

Directional Drilling
Directional drilling techniques began to be employed in the 1970's. Normally wells are
drilled vertically; however, there are many occasions when it is helpful to be able to drill
at an angle. Directional wells are drilled straight to a predetermined level and then
gradually curved. By changing the direction of the drill bit in small increments of no more
than 2 to 3 degrees at a time, it is possible to drill many wells into a reservoir from a
single offshore platform. Directional wells may also be deflected from a shoreline to
reach a reservoir under nearby water. In addition, directional wells are very useful in
avoiding fault lines, which can cause hole problems, as well as in instances where it is
undesirable to set a rig in a given spot because of an obstruction or for environmental
reasons.
Directional well bits can be used to straighten a hole, deflect the hole from the original
dry well to intersect a reservoir, kill a wild well that is burning, or sidetrack around a
"fish" (an object that has become lodged in the hole and cannot be removed).

Sperry Sun are specialists in the method of directional drilling. If you were to try and
drill a directional well using conventional techniques you would quite quickly run into
trouble, as you would have to turn the whole drill string from the surface. Normal
vertical wells have very little trouble when doing this, but when you change direction,
you must look to another method.
How do they do it then?
Several special tools are available to assist in directional drilling. The most common
involves the use of a bent sub and a downhill motor. A bent sub is a short piece of pipe
that is threaded on both ends and bent slightly in the middle. It is installed in the drill
stem between the bottom most drill collar and the downhill motor. A downhill motor is
driven by drilling mud, thus eliminating the need to rotate the drill stem. Shaped like a
piece of pipe, the downhill motor can have turbine blades or it can have a spiral shaft
that turns inside an elliptical opening in the housing. In the case of the turbine tool, the
force of the circulating mud inside the tool turns the turbine blades.
LOGGING WHILE DRILLING
Basic forms of logging while drilling, where a driller views the inside of the hole being
drilled in one way or another, have been around for some time.
The word logging may bring visions of big burly men yelling “Timber!” as a tree falls
in a forest. But logging is used here in the sense that you log, or check and write up,
what is happening as it occurs. Keeping track of what you are hitting or missing
helps in future drilling.
Logging while drilling includes visual wall-logging, in which a geologist physically

inspects the wall of a hole being drilled. In this field technique, an area being drilled

is sampled as progress is made.
In core logging, samples are drawn from the hole to determine what is being drilled.
These samples, once brought to the surface, are tested both physically and
chemically to confirm findings.
With borehole camera logging, after a hole is drilled, a still or broadcast camera is
put into the hole, which allows drillers to photograph or film what they are drilling.
Radioactivity logging involves measuring radioactivity beneath the ground, which can
help determine what type of substance is being drilled, be it rock, shale, natural gas
or crude oil.
A recent innovation allows what is called open-hole logging. With this technique, a
magnetic resolution induction log, working on the same premise as a medical MRI,
uses two magnets to determine substances being drilled. One continually fixed
magnet reflects intermittent pulses from an electromagnet. The pulsing changes
rates of speed with varying substances, giving off one rate for shale and another for
oil and yet another for natural gas.
Halliburton GeoTap IDS Tool
The sensor can be positioned anywhere in the LWD BHA, but typically is located
directly above the formation evaluation sensor most critical to identifying the potential
reservoir that requires added evaluation. If a sample is desired, the operator sends the
command to commence the pump out while the oval pad is positioned on the formation.
As the flushing pump begins pulling the mud filtrate from the formation, a bubble point
measurement of these initial fluids is taken to benchmark the invasion fluids.
Afterwards, the flushing pump pulls the fluids past identification sensors to measure
fluid temperature, pressure, resistivity, capacitance, and/or density.
"These measurements are monitored continuously as indicators of changes in fluid

contamination," Wilson says. "Over time, the fluids being pumped through the GeoTap
IDS sensor become less contaminated with mud filtrates and sensor responses
stabilize, indicating that cleanup has been achieved."

COMPLETING A WELL
CASINGS
Types of Casing
There are several main types of Casing, starting from the top:
 Conductor
 Surface
 Intermediate
 Liner
 Production

What’s wrong with these pictures?

They are working with short sleeves!!!!
Casing comes in many different sizes starting at the widest and then going smaller the
further into the well you go.
Conductor Casing
Conductor casing is installed first, usually prior to the arrival of the drilling rig. The
hole for conductor casing is often drilled with a small auger drill, mounted on the
back of a truck. Conductor casing, which is usually no more than 20 to 50 feet long,
is installed to prevent the top of the well from caving in and to help in the process of
circulating the drilling fluid up from the bottom of the well. Onshore, this casing is
usually 16 to 20 inches in diameter while offshore casing usually measures 30 to 42
inches. The conductor casing is cemented into place before drilling begins.
Surface Casing
Surface casing is the next type of casing to be installed. It can be anywhere from a
few hundred to 2,000 feet long, and is smaller in diameter than the conductor casing.
When installed, the surface casing fits inside the top of the conductor casing. The
primary purpose of surface casing is to protect fresh water deposits near the surface
of the well from being contaminated by leaking hydrocarbons or salt water from
deeper underground. It also serves as a conduit for drilling mud returning to the
surface, and helps protect the drill hole from being damaged during drilling. Surface
casing, like conductor casing, is also cemented into place. Regulations often dictate
the thickness of the cement to be used, to ensure that there is little possibility of
freshwater contamination.

Intermediate Casing
Intermediate casing is usually the longest section of casing found in a well. The
primary purpose of intermediate casing is to minimize the hazards that come along
with subsurface formations that may affect the well. These include abnormal
underground pressure zones, underground shales, and formations that might
otherwise contaminated the well, such as underground salt-water deposits. In many
instances, even though there may be no evidence of an unusual underground
formation, intermediate casing is run as insurance against the possibility of such a
formation affecting the well. These intermediate casing areas may also be cemented
into place for added protection.
Liner Strings
Liner strings are sometimes used instead of intermediate casing. Liner strings are
commonly run from the bottom of another type of casing to the open well area.
However, liner strings are usually just attached to the previous casing with 'hangers',
instead of being cemented into place. This type of casing is thus less permanent
than intermediate casing.
Production Casing
Production casing, alternatively called the 'oil string' or 'long string', is installed last
and is the deepest section of casing in a well. This is the casing that provides a
conduit from the surface of the well to the petroleum producing formation. The size of
the production casing depends on a number of considerations, including the lifting
equipment to be used, the number of completions required, and the possibility of
deepening the well at a later time. For example, if it is expected that the well will be
deepened at a later date, then the production casing must be wide enough to allow
the passage of a drill bit later on.
Well casing is a very important part of the completed well. In addition to

strengthening the well hole, it also provides a conduit to allow hydrocarbons to be
extracted without intermingling with other fluids and formations found underground. It
is also instrumental in preventing blowouts, allowing the formation to be 'sealed' from
the top should dangerous pressure levels be reached. Once the casing has been
set, and in most cases cemented into place, proper lifting equipment is installed to
bring the hydrocarbons from the formation to the surface. Once the casing is
installed, tubing is inserted inside the casing, from the opening well at the top, to the
formation at the bottom. The hydrocarbons that are extracted run up this tubing to
the surface. This tubing may also be attached to pumping systems for more efficient
extraction, should that be necessary. At the bottom of the casing will be a guide
Shoe as shown to allow for easier entry to the Well Bore.

When casing is run into the hole then attached to the outside of the will be
centralizers and scratchers.
The centralizers keep the casing from dragging on the side of the well bore it also
enable cement to be completed pumped round the outside of the casing.
Scratchers are used to remove mud cake on the side of the well bore left by residual
drilling mud. By rotating the casing and moving it up and down it scrapes of this mud
allowing better sealing by the cement to the well bore.

CEMENTATION
Primary Cementing
Immediately after the casing is lowered into the hole it must be cemented in place.
This operation, known as primary cementing, provides protection for the casing and
seals off the various formations, preventing migration of fluids.
Basic materials and equipment are required to carry out primary cementing:
- Cement and additives
- Cementing pump and mixing unit
- Cementing manifold
- Plugs

Types of Completion
Well completion commonly refers to the process of finishing a well so that it is ready
to produce oil or natural gas. In essence, completion consists of deciding on the
characteristics of the intake portion of the well in the targeted hydrocarbon formation.
There are a number of types of completions, including:
Open Hole Completion

Conventionnel Perforated Completion
Sand Exclusion Completion
Permanent Completion
Multiple Zone Completion
Drainhole Completion
The use of any type of completion depends on the characteristics and location of the
hydrocarbon formation to be mined.
Open Hole Completion

Open hole completions are the most basic type and are only used in very competent
formations, which are unlikely to cave in. An open hole completion consists of simply
running the casing directly down into the formation, leaving the end of the piping
open, without any other protective filter. Very often, this type of completion is used
on formations that have been treated with hydraulic of acid fracturing.

Conventional Perforated Completion

Conventional perforated completions consist of production casing being run through
the formation. The sides of this casing are perforated, with tiny holes along the sides
facing the formation, which allows for the flow of hydrocarbons into the well hole, but
still provides a suitable amount of support and protection for the well hole. The
process of actually perforating the casing involves the use of specialized equipment
designed to make tiny holes through the casing, cementing, and any other barrier
between the formation and the open well. In the past, 'bullet perforators' were used,
which were essentially small guns lowered into the well. The guns, when fired from
the surface, sent off small bullets that penetrated the casing and cement. Today, 'jet
perforating' is preferred. This consists of small, electrically ignited charges, lowered
into the well. When ignited, these charges poke tiny holes through to the formation,
in the same manner as bullet perforating.
Sand Exclusion Completion

Sand exclusion completions are designed for production in an area that contains a
large amount of loose sand. These completions are designed to allow for the flow of
natural gas and oil into the well, but at the same time prevent sand from entering the
well. Sand inside the well hole can cause many complications, including erosion of
casing and other equipment. The most common method of keeping sand out of the
well hole are screening, or filtering systems.
This includes analyzing the sand experienced in the formation and installing a screen
or filter to keep sand particles out. This filter may either be a type of screen hung
inside the casing, or adding a layer of specially sized gravel outside the casing to
filter out the sand. Both of these types of sand barriers can be used in open hole and
perforated completions.

Red Clay
Gray Sand
Water Bearing Sand
Gray Sand
Well
Well Screen
Screen with Water Bearing Sand
Gravel
Pack
MUCH MUCH
BETTER MUCH
BETTER

Permanent Completion
Permanent completions are those in which the completion, and wellhead, are
assembled and installed only once. Installing the casing, cementing, perforating, and
other completion work is done with small diameter tools to ensure the permanent
nature of the completion. Completing a well in this manner can lead to significant
cost savings compared to other types.
Multiple Zone Completion

Multiple zone completion is the practice of completing a well such that hydrocarbons
from two or more formations may be produced simultaneously, without mixing with
each other. For example, a well may be drilled that passes through a number of
formations on its way deeper underground, or alternately, it may be efficient in a
horizontal well to add multiple completions to drain the formation most effectively.
Although it is common to separate multiple completions so that the fluids from the
different formations do not intermingle, the complexity of achieving complete
separation is often a barrier.
In some instances, the different formations being drilled
are close enough in nature to allow fluids to intermingle in the well hole. When it is
necessary to separate different completions, hard rubber 'packing' instruments are
used to maintain separation.


Drainhole Completion
Drainhole completions are a form of horizontal or slant drilling. This type of
completion consists of drilling out horizontally into the formation from a vertical well,
essentially providing a 'drain' for the hydrocarbons to run down into the well. In
certain formations, drilling a drainhole completion may allow for more efficient and
balanced extraction of the targeted hydrocarbons. These completions are more
commonly associated with oil wells than with natural gas wells.
The Wellhead
The wellhead consists of the pieces of equipment mounted at the opening of the well
to regulate and monitor the extraction of hydrocarbons from the underground
formation. It also prevents leaking of oil or natural gas out of the well, and prevents
blowouts due to high pressure formations. Formations that are under high pressure
typically require wellheads that can withstand a great deal of upward pressure from
the escaping gases and liquids. These wellheads must be able to withstand
pressures of up to 20,000 psi (pounds per square inch). The wellhead consists of
three components: the casing head, the tubing head, and the 'Christmas tree'.
Platform Wellheads

Land Wellhead
The casing head consists of heavy fittings that provide a seal between the casing
and the surface. The casing head also serves to support the entire length of casing
that is run all the way down the well. This piece of equipment typically contains a
gripping mechanism that ensures a tight seal between the head and the casing itself.
The 'Christmas tree' is the piece of equipment that fits atop the casing and tubing
heads, and contains tubes and valves that serve to control the flow of hydrocarbons
and other fluids out of the well. It commonly contains many branches and is shaped
somewhat like a tree, thus its name, Christmas tree. The Christmas tree is the most
visible part of a producing well, and allows for the surface monitoring and regulation
of the production of hydrocarbons from a producing well.

Introduction to Fittings Students Manual
Section 5
Exploration and Production

Terms
Table of Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………… 5-2
Objectives……………………………………………………………………. 5-2
Glossary…..…………………………………………………………………… 5-3
Abbreviations………………………………………………………………... 5-28

Introduction
The section is a guide to the abbreviations used in the Oil Industry and a Glossary of
the terms used.
Objectives
 Know some of the Terminology used in the Oil Field.

A
A
Term Explanation
Abandoned Well A well no longer in use because it is inoperable or no longer
productive.
Abandonment The dismantling of a platform or permanent plugging of a well.
Absolute Pressure Is the pressure reading above zero or above a perfect vacuum. The
absolute pressure is obtained by adding the atmospheric pressure
(14.73 as standard) to the gauge pressure (psig). It is given in psia.
Absolute Zero Absolute Zero or 0 Degrees Kelvin is the lowest possible
temperature in the universe at which all molecular activity ceases.
The equivalents are
-273.15 Degrees Celsius
-459.67 Degrees Fahrenheit
Actuated Operated or Put into action i.e. “The valve is hydraulically or
pheumatically actuated” Meaning it performs its action using
hydraulic or air power. The actuator is returned to its initial position
by the loaded spring.
Actuator Valves Hydraulically or pneumatically operated valves used to open and
shut valves. There are many different types of valves which work
slightly differently and have different purposes depending on the
operation or the equipment being used. (See equipment)
Adapter A means of connecting to different types/sizes together. Commonly
used to convert different pipe types or sizes.
American Petroleum Trade association for Americas Oil and Natural Gas Industry.
Institute (API)
Annulus An annulus means the space between two concentric objects. For
example, the space between casing and the tubing wall
Anson Manufacturer and supplier of oilfield equipment
API Gravity The measurement of how heavy or light (density) petroleum is

compared to water
Appraisal Well A well drilled to measure commercial potential of a hydrocarbon
discovery
Asphalt  A mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregate used for road
constructions.
 United States citizens refer to Asphalt as the product that is
known as bitumen in the rest of the world.
Assisted Recovery Techniques for increasing a fields productivity

B
B
Term Explanation
Backflow Movement of a fluid in the opposite direction to the natural or
intended flow
Ball Valve A valve that has a sphere or ball inside with a hole running through
it. The valve is operated by the rotation of the ball which switches
the valve “on” or “off. Commonly used on Separators/Diverter
Manifolds and Tanks. These valves are fully opening and create no
restriction to the flow.
Barrel/Barrels Per Day The traditional unit of measurement of oil volume. One Barrel is
equivalent to:
 42 US Gallons
 35 Imperial Gallons
 159 Litres
Barrels per day is the unit of measurement for production rates of oil
fields or pipelines etc
Bean A piece of equipment used to control the flow from a well. It is sized
in 64ths of an inch. It is commonly found on a choke
manifold/heater and can be either fixed or adjustable.
Bit A drilling bit. The main types are:
 Steel Roller-Cutter – Drill by crushing or pulverising the rock
 Diamond Insert Bit – Penetrates the rock by scratching or
abrading (wear down or rub away by friction)
 Annular Diamond-Insert Core Bit – Used for cutting and
retrieving rock samples
 Roller Bit – Pulverises the rock with its toothed wheel
Blowout Uncontrolled release of downhole pressure up through the wellbore.
The release can comprise of fluids, gases or even fire.
Blow Out Preventer
Body The portion of the equipment between the end connections. The
body may or may not have internal parts and is designed to contain
pressure.
Bottom Hole Normally referred to as the area situated at the bottom of a drilled
well.
Brent OIl The reference quality standard for crude oil in the north sea and
Europe. Each market requires reference crudes to compare the
prices of different quality products.
Bubble Point As the fluid comes from the reservoir it is a mixture of gas and oil.
The gas is entrained in the oil. It is the point at which the first
molecule of gas escapes from the liquid.

C
Term Explanation
Calibration The process of setting equipment to a standard or known
measurement. I.e. Liquid Level or Pressure
Casing Pipe that is cemented into the well to seal off formation fluids or to keep
the hole from caving in. Casing also stops fluid leaking into or from the
surrounding formation. Casing comes in a variety of lengths but is
typically 33ft/10 metres long. The diameter depends on the type of
operation being run.
Cement Cement is used to set casing in the well bore and seal off unproductive
formations
Centrifugal Moving away from the centre. Where raw materials are mixed and
separated by a centrifuge force into solids, oil, and water
Choke A method of restricting and controlling the flow of well fluids
Choke Manifold The piece of equipment used to control the flow of well fluids
Completion Installation in a well of production tubing, completion tools, wellhead

and Christmas tree.
Commercial Well A well that is producing profitably
Compressibility Factor Fpv – A factor used in the calculation of a Gas Rate. Usually found in
table format.
Condensate Liquids formed by condensation of a vapor or gas which is under
pressure. The term usually identifies a light-colored liquid, usually of 50
degrees API gravity or higher, obtained from systems that exist in the
gaseous phase in the reservoir.
Crossover Pieces of equipment that can connect two different pipe sizes or types
of connection.
Crude Oil is crude or unrefined when it is first comes out of the ground

D
D
Term Explanation
Density The mass of a volume of a substance to the mass of an equivalent
volume of water or gas
Derrick Metal tower above a well which is used to raise and lower drilling pipe,
tubes and tools into the well
Delineation Well An appraisal well drilled to determine the boundary of a discovery
Development Well Any well drilled to extract reservoir hydrocarbons
Deviated Well A well whose path has been purposely diverted from the vertical path
using controlled angles to reach a specific location. It is commonly used
offshore to reach a distant reservoir from a single platform.
Dewpoint A point at which the first molecule of liquid escapes from a gas. This is
commonly due to a drop in pressure/temperature.
Differential Pressure This is defined as the difference in pressure between to areas. Is
commonly used as a part of the gas calculation where two pressures
are measured each side of an orifice.
Directional Drilling A technique of drilling at controlled angles instead of the usual vertical
angles.
Discovery Well An exploratory well that results in the discovery of a new gas or oil field
Disposal Well Well used for the disposal of salt water or water fluids
Downhole Normally referred to an area which is situated below the surface to the
bottom of a well.
Downstream Reference to an area which is after a piece of equipment. Before the
equipment is called upstream

E
Term Explanation
Effluent Is commonly referred to discharges of unwanted fluids or gas. E.g.
Water, mud, solids or any substance which cannot be refined.
Elbow A length of pipe with a sharp bend that changes the direction of the flow.
There are several different types of elbows, with different bend degrees,
different lengths and different uses.
Enhanced Oil Recovery Any method that increases oil production by using techniques or
materials that are not part of normal pressure maintenance or water
flooding operations. Examples include oil recovered through the injection
of gas or miscible fluids
End Connections A variety of connections which are used to join together equipment that
controls pressurised fluid or gas
Equipping Installing equipment and instrumentation to monitor the events in a
producing well
Exploration Any method used to discover new oil or gas fields
Exploration Well A well drilled to test a potential but unproven reserve of oil or gas.

F
Term Explanation
Failsafe Referring to a position of a valve, should it loose operational
capability will end up in a position where it would not be dangerous.
E.g Failsafe open for pressure control valve on the separator.
Fish/Fishing A fish is any unwanted object down a well. Fishing describes the
attempt to retrieve the fish from the well.
Firepoint The temperature at which a fuel will continue to burn once ignited.
The firepoint will be several degrees higher than the flashpoint. It is
the lowest temperature at which a liquid evolves vapours fast
enough to support continuous combustion.
Fittings A general description of small parts that can be fitted into

receptacles in other pieces of equipment e.g. nipples, reducers,
needle valves etc.
Flange Flanges are a method of connecting two pieces of
equipment/pipework together. Can be low pressure (ANSI) or high
pressure (API)
Flashpoint The flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid
can form an ignitable mixture in air.
Flowing Pressure The pressure measure during the flowing operations of a well
Flow Rate The rate of flow for a liquid or gas
Formation Sedimentary bed or deposit composed substantially of the same

minerals throughout and distinctive enough to be a unit.

G
Term Explanation
Gas Cap Upper portion of reservoir rock of a gas containing field.
Gas Gravity Gas gravity is a simple means of expressing the molecular weight of a
gas. This is carried out by using a Ranarex and measures the gas
against standard conditions (dry air).
Gas Initially In Place Description of the total hydrocarbon content of a reservoir, as opposed
(GIIP) to 'Reserves' which can be 'recovered' or produced.
Gas Kick Increase of down-hole pressure greater than that exerted by the column
of drilling fluid in a well, allowing gas to escape to the surface. If the gas
kick is not controlled it could develop into a blowout.
Gas/Oil Ratio (GOR) The proportional amount of gas to oil occurring in production usually
measured in cubic feet per barrel. This is calculated by dividing the
Gas Rate (scf/d) divided by the Oil Rate (bbls/d).
Gate Refers to the part of a valve that can be lowered to stop fluid flowing
through it. Found in gate valves.
Gauge A means of measuring a flow/pressure/temperature/distance.
Gauge Tank A tank used to calculate the amount of fluid coming from a reservoir.
The tank is commonly used to calibrate the meter on a Separator. Can
be used as a storage tank. These tanks can be pressurized or
atmospheric.
Gear A toothed wheel also referred to as a cog.
Geology Study of the structure and evolution of the earth’s crust
Geophysics Study of the earth’s physical properties
Genesis Term used for the way in which oil was formed, stems from the first
book of the Old Testament.
Glycol The base substance of antifreeze? Used in the oil field as a prevention
to hydrates forming.

H
Term Explanation
Hammer Lug Unions Used to join two parts together. The lug is the nut that can be hit with a
hammer to undo the union. Commonly know as the WECO Union.
Heavy Crude Crude oil with a low API Gravity. The lower the API gravity the heavier
the oil.
High Pressure/High Wells that are hotter or higher pressure than most. The term came into
Temperature (HPHT) use as a result of the Cullen report.
Horizontal Drilling A drilling method that travels horizontally through a reservoir rather than
vertically.
Hostile Environment Any well that meets one of the following criteria:
 Depth greater than 20,000ft
 Pressure greater than 20,000 psi
 Temperature greater than 325°F
 A hole deviation great than 50°
 Presence of H2S
Hydrocarbon Any compound formed from Carbon and Hydrogen atoms such as oil and
gas.
Hydrate A solid substance formed when hydrocarbon substances combine with
water under pressure/low temperature. Hydrates are hydrocarbons (e.g.
ice) in which molecules of natural gas, usually methane are trapped.
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) A naturally occurring, highly toxic gas with the odour of rotten eggs,
commonly found in association with natural gas.

I
Term Explanation
Injection Well A well where fluids/gas are injected below/above the hydrocarbons to
lift them to the surface.
Inline Equipment Pumps, separators, heat exchangers etc that are integral to the
equipment but support the process instead of control it.
Input Well A well where water or gas is pumped through to maintain or increase
the pressure in the subsoil
ISO 9001 International Standards Organisation. Implements standards for
Quality Assurance, Design and Development, Production, Installation
and Servicing within the oil industry.

J
Term Explanation
Jacket Enormous steel pipe structure placed on the sea bed that is used as
the foundation for platforms.
Jack Up Rig A drilling rig that can be moved into position and the legs lowered to
the sea floor. This is a stationery drilling platform, and is normally
used where the depth of water is shallow.
Jars A mechanical device which is used to remove equipment downhole,
usually when something is stuck. Jars are either mechanical or
hydraulic. Jars are normally fitted above the packer on a temporary
completion to allow for removal should the packer stick in place.
Joint A section of drill, casing or other pipes where they join together.
Junk/Junked Equipment lost down a hole that is not worth fishing out.

K
Term Explanation
Kelly The first and sturdiest joint of the drill string in conventional rotary
drilling rigs. A thick-walled, hollow steel forging with four flat sides.
The Kelly Bushing is connected to the Kelly and goes inside the
Rotary Table allowing the turning of the drill string.
Kill To stop a well from flowing
Kill Fluid A fluid that can be pumped in to the Well Bore to kill a well. The
weight of the fluid will be above the hydrostatic weight required to stop
the reservoir from flowing
Killing a Well The act of bringing a well under control which has blown out or is
threatening to blow out; also applies to the procedure of circulating
water and mud into a completed well before starting well service
operations.

L
Term Explanation
Light Crude Oil Crude oil with an API gravity above 33. The higher the API the lighter
the oil.
Liquefied Natural Gas Natural gas that has been cooled to about -160C for storage as liquid/
(LNG) LNG reduces to about 1/640th of its previous volume and is, therefore,
easier to transport/store.
Logs/Logging The two most common meanings are:
 Written chronological records such as shift logs, maintenance
logs, and mud logs
 Devices for taking measurements of formations, physical
conditions, and fluids encountered by a well, together with the
records produced by them
Logging While Drilling The measurement of the properties of the formation (rocks),depths,
(LWD) pressures and drilling speeds etc., taken while drilling the hole.

M
Term Explanation
Make and Break To connect and disconnect a connection
Make Up/Break Out To assemble/screw together the sections of a string of pipe. Breaking out is
to disassemble a string of pipe.
Mandrel A bar, shaft or spindle around which other components are assembled. It
can also mean specialised tubular components that are essential parts of
an assembly such as a packer mandrel.
Manifold A manifold is arrangements of pipes and/or valves designed to control,
monitor and distribute well fluid. There are numerous types of manifolds all
with different operational purposes. For example Choke manifolds are used
for well test operations and Pump manifolds are used to direct and control
fluids from a pumping unit.
Mast A portable derrick which can be erected as a single unit.
Maximum Allowable The maximum pressure at which operations are deemed safe. This is
Working Pressure (MAWP) always considerably lower than the pressure rating for the equipment being
used. For example if something is rated at 6000 psi then it will only ever be
pressured to 5000 psi.
Maximum Working The maximum working pressure at which the equipment is designed for.
Pressure (MWP)
Mousehole The storage area on a drilling rig where the next joint of drilling pipe is held
until it is needed.
Mud Mud includes all types of water-base, oil-base and synthetic-base drilling
fluids.

N
Term Explanation
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers (American Organisation).
If a piece of equipment is NACE rated it can be used for H2S and CO2
operations.
Natural Gas Naturally occurring gas, predominantly methane, but usually
containing some proportions of ethane, propane and butane.
NGL Natural Gas Liquids, including ethane, propane, butane and
condensate

O
Term Explanation
O- Ring A circular seal usually found in downhole tools.
Offset Well A well drilled next to an existing well site. It is usually positioned so it
doesn’t drain off reserves from the original well.
Offshore Oil fields and production at sea (opposite of onshore)
Oil Column/Gas Column The vertical distance between the two points of highest and lowest
known oil (or gas) contained in a length of tubing.
Oil Sand A sand deposit that is saturated with bitumen.

Oil Terminal Facilities used for storing oil and natural gas as well as loading and
unloading facilities.
On Stream Term used for a processing plant, a refinery or a pumping station that
is operating. To bring on stream is to start up a plant or an operation.
OPEC The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is a group of

thirteen countries that by raising or lowering production can control the
price of oil. OPEC countries include:
Venezuela, Ecuador, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Gabon, Saudi Arabia,
Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Indonesia
Open Flow Describes producing a well without chokes or beans. Unrestricted
production normally for testing or maintenance purposes.
Open Hole A section of the well without casing
Operator Person, whether proprietor or lessee, who actually operates the well.
Generally, the oil company by whom the drilling contractor is engaged.
Overpull To pull on pipe with enough force to exceed the pipe's weight.

P
Term Explanation
Packer A seal used to isolate a section of the well or zone. Packers are
also used in operations such as acidizing and cementing. Packers
can be permanent or removable.
Pay Zone/Horizon The producing portion of a formation that is open to the production
tubing
Perforate/Perforating Holes punched in the casing of a well at the pay zone to be
Gun produced, to allow oil or gas to enter the production tubing. A
Perforating Gun is a cylindrical tool loaded with explosives that are
triggered opposite the pay zone; the explosions perforate the
casing in many places.
Penetration The rate at which the drill bit drills the well. This is usually
measured in feet or meters per hour.
Permeability The ability of the oil to pass through a rock structure.
Petrochemicals Any chemical derived from petroleum. Can also be used as the
raw materials to create a variety of plastics and products such as
synthetic rubber.
Petrol What the Americans refer to as Gasoline.
Petroleum A naturally occurring complex mixture composed predominantly of
hydrocarbons in a gaseous, liquid or solid phase.
Pipeline The physical parts that make up the structure through which liquid
or gas is transported.
Platform A large structure which houses the workers and all the machinery
needed to drill and/or produce oil and natural gas from the sea
bed.
Plug An object or device that is used or may form to block a hole or
passageway such as a cement plug in a borehole.
Pool A natural underground reservoir that contains petroleum
Pounds Per Square The measurement of force in pounds divided by the area in square
Inch (PSI) inches over which the force acts. Imperial unit of measurement
used to denote pressure. Used to measure the pressure of a fluid
acting on its container. Other units of pressure measurement
include the Bars and the KPascal.

P
Term Explanation
Pressure Force acting on a given surface. I.e. force divided by area, see
PSI.
Pressure Bomb A downhole pressure recording and monitoring device.
Production The operation of bringing well fluids to the surface, separating
them, storing them and any other operations required to prepare
them for the pipeline.
Production Casing The innermost steel lining of a well which is cemented into place,
String and is within the pay zone the casing is perforated for production.
Production tubing is inserted inside this casing.
Production Testing Testing the capability of the well to produce. A production test can
be short or take months (Extended Well Test).
Production Tubing A pipe string installed inside the production casing string of a
String production well.
Productivity Index The continuous productive capacity of a well. This productivity is
measured in barrels per day divided by the drop in pressure to
achieve the flow rate and would be referred to as the Productivity
Index (PI)
Pulling Out of Hole To remove the tubing/drill string from the wellbore.
(POOH)

Q
Term Explanation
Quick Lime Calcium Oxide
R
Term Explanation
Ram A closing or sealing component usually found on a BOP
Rathole This is where an extra length of hole is drilled at the bottom to allow for
junk to be dropped into.
Recovery The amount of hydrocarbon produced from a well
Refinery Plant where hydrocarbons are processed and made into saleable
products.
Reserves The amount of oil or gas that could be produced from a field or well.
Reservoir A subsurface rock formation in which oil and gas are found
Retained Fluid The actual fluid produced by a well
Reworking Maintenance work on a well to encourage production. This could
involve cleaning out silt deposits.
Rig A collective term meaning the permanent equipment or structures
required to drill a well. It can include onshore and offshore vehicles,
mobile platforms. Offshore platforms are usually referred to as Oil
Rigs.
Rate of Penetration Speed of drilling
Rotary Table The heavy turntable at the centre of a drilling rig floor. The rotary
table is rotated by the main rig power supply, and in turn rotates the
Kelly.
Round Trip Recovering the drill string from the bottom of the well to the surface
and returning it to continue drilling. This may be done if the drill bit
needs replacing.

S
S
Term Explanation
Seismic Data Data that reflects vibration caused by activity within the earth. At its
worst this would cause an earthquake.
Seismic Survey A method of determining the rock structure below the surface. A sound
wave penetrates the subsurface and bounces off the different types of
rock, returning to the surface at different times giving an indication of
the rock structure and type below the surface.
Self Raising Platform An offshore drilling platform that is fitted with buoyancy tanks. The
buoyancy tanks can be flooded to keep the rig stable in the sea swell
Separation Separating hydrocarbons into there different phases.
Separator A process vessel used to separate gases and various liquids (oil, gas,
water)
Shale Oil Oil obtained from Shale.
Shoe The strong fitting on the lower end of a string of casing to protect the
tubular and help direct the cement to the annulus.
Show Evidence of hydrocarbons in a formation e.g. gas/oil in the mud
returning during drilling operations.
Shut-In Pressure Measured pressure either at surface or downhole, during non-flowing
ooperations.
Side Tracked Well Re drilling the well at the side at any depth. The most common reason
for taking this course of action is because of technical problems deeper
in the original well.
Slick A layer of oil floating on water. Potentially devastating to marine life and
very costly to clean up.
Sounding Well Hole for obtaining data concerning the characteristics of a well
Sour Conditions Environment where dangerous amounts of C02 and/or H2S are
present. Dependant on the amount of H2S (over 10ppm) special
precautions must be taken.
Sour/Sweet Crude The degree of H2S content in crude oil.
Sour refers to wells that produce any H2S
Sweet refers to no H2S
Specific Gravity A measure of density, usually calculated by comparing with water.

S
Term Explanation
Spud To start drilling a new well
Squeeze Inserting cement, under pressure into a poorly sealed annulus of a well.
The cement has to squeeze past existing material.
Surface Safety Valve A secondary surface shut in
Stand of pipe Referring to a short length of drill pipe. It is usually made up of two,
three, and sometimes four joints of pipe fastened together.
Static Seal Seals in which no motion exists
String Any number of connected joints/tools to be run in the well.
Supply Chain The optimised flow of equipment from the workshop or yard to the site
of final use
Suspended Well A well, usually a successful discovery well that is left temporarily sealed
or plugged. A suspended well will be re-entered for further testing or for
production purposes.
Swabbing Reducing well pressure to clean or stimulate a well.

T
T
Term Explanation
Tanker Vessel designed to deal with bulk liquid cargoes such as oil
Tar Sand A type of sandstone which contains useable oil or gas deposits.
Temperature Measurement heat. A Kelvin is an absolute scale starting at absolute zero.
Celsius, Centigrade and Fahrenheit are the most commonly used units.
Terminal Plant and equipment for transportation and storage of crude oil or gas.
Tie-In The act of connecting one pipeline to another or to a piece of equipment.

Pipeline tie-in is often used to describe the connection itself.
Top Side The facilities and equipment of the platform installation which are located
above the water.
Total Depth (TD) Maximum depth reached in a well or the depth that will be drilled.
Torque The amount of force applied and is measured in pounds-per-foot
Tour Tour usually has two meanings:

 Terminology for a shift in the oil industry, usually 12 hours.
 Any longer period of duty for example 14 days offshore, or a period
of assignment to a remote or foreign location
Traceability Ensuring that parts can be precisely identified and their origins traced
Treatment Procedures of adding a process to enhance the separating of the various
components of the effluent in order to obtain crude oil.
Trip Gas High pressure gas in a well that has to be kept under control when
withdrawing the drill string.
Tubing The innermost pipe within a well connecting the reservoir to the wellhead
through which fluids are produced or injected. Tubing is normally
differentiated from casing because it is not always permanently installed.
Throughput The amount of raw materials processed by a plant in a given time
Twist Off Breaking the drill pipe due to fatigue or excessive torque

U
U
Term Explanation
Underwater Safety Valve A type of valve used in an underwater wellhead. Commonly known
as the Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV)
Union Three piece fitting the joins two sections of pipe together. There are
numerous different types of Unions e.g. Hammer Unions
Updip A hydrocarbon reservoir that isn’t flat. In an updip reservoir gas is
found higher or updip form the oil.
Upstream With reference to an area before a piece of equipment. The opposite

of downstream.
Utilities Plant required to produce everything need to operate a field in
production i.e. water, electricity etc.

V
V
Term Explanation
Valve A device for shutting of the flow of fluid through a system. There are
numerous different types of valves, which are named dependant on
their position on the package. (See Valves in equipment)
The flow through the bore can be shut off via such mechanisms as,
Valve Bore Sealing
gates, balls, plugs, poppets, flappers and their respective seats.
Vent A vent is used to disperse the build up of excess pressure in the
system.
Viscosity The measure of the “thickness” of a liquid and its ability to flow. This is
measured in time (Centipoise).

W
Term Explanation
Weather Window Period of time when the weather service thinks fair weather will last long
enough to carry out weather dependant operations For example
manoeuvring a platform.
Well Testing Testing an exploration or appraisal well to estimate the amount of oil in
the well and how productive the well will be.
Wellhead Wellhead generally has two meanings.

 A description of the location or function rather than any piece of
equipment.
 Equipment at the surface of a well that is used to open and shut
in a well safely.
Wetted Surface A surface that will be in contact with pressurised well fluids.
Wireline A flexible cable and reel is used to lower log or maintenance equipment
down a well, rather than a rigid drill string. Using a wireline means
considerable savings of equipment, manpower and time
Work Over Maintenance job on a well, generally to replace equipment or to stimulate

production.

XYZ
XYZ
Term Explanation
Xmas Tree The top of the wellhead where the valves and fittings are
Zone Zone can have two meanings:

 The area between two depths in a well
 Safety Zones – specified areas on a land based rig.
Acronyms
A
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
API – American Petroleum Institute
API Gravity - The specific gravity or density of oil
ASTM – American Society of Testing and Materials
ASV – Annular Safety Valve
B
BBL - Barrel
BCV – Ball Check Valve
BDV – Blow Down Valve
BHA – Bottom Hole Assembly
BHL – Bottom Hole Location
BHP – Bottom Hole Pressure
BHT – Bottom Hole Temperature
BOP- Blow Out Preventer
BPD – Barrels Per Day
BOPD – Barrels of Oil Per Day
BOPE – Barrels of Oil Per Day Equivalent
BPV – Back Pressure Valve
BS – British Standards
BSI – British Standards Institute
BS&W – Basic Sediment and Water
BTU – British Thermal Unit

C
CCL – Casing Collar Locator
CHP – Casing Hanger Pressure
CIS – Chemical Injection Sub
CITHP – Closed In Tubing Head Pressure
COSHH - Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
CP – Casing Pressure
CSG - Casing
CTU – Coiled Tubing Unit
D
DAS – Data Acquisition System
DCV – Directional Control Valve
DHT – Dry Hole Tree
DHSV – Down Hole Safety Valve
DNV – Det Norske Veritas
DP – Differential Pressure
DS – Directional Survey
DW – Deep Well
DWD – Deep Water Development Well
DWE – Deep Water Exploratory Well
E
EL – Electric Log
E-line – Electric Line
EOR – Enhanced Oil Recovery
EPA – Environmental Protection Agency (USA)
ESD – Emergency Shut Down
ESP – Electric Submersible Pump
EZSV – Easy Drill Subsurface Valve
F
FPSO – Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessel
FS – Functional Specification
FWV / HFWV - Flow Wing Valve / Hydraulic Flow Wing Valve
FTP – Flowing Tubing Pressure
G
GIH – Grease Injection Head
GIS – Grease Injection System
GLM – Gas Lift Mandrel (Side Pocket Mandrel)
GOR – Gas to Oil Ratio
GPH – Gallons per Hour
GPM – Gallons per Minute
GTL – Gas to Liquid

H
H S – Hydrogen Sulphide
2
HAZOP – Hazardous Operation
HP – High Pressure
HPHT – High Pressure High Temperature
I
ID – Inner Diameter
I/O - Input/Output
J
K
KWV - Kill Wing Valve
L
LOLER – Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations
LP – Low Pressure
LMGV - Lower Master Gate Valve
LMV – Lower Master Valve
LNG – Liquid Natural Gas
LTI – Lost Time Incident
LWD – Logging While Drilling
M
MAWP – Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
MCS – Minimum Compliance Standards
MD – Measured Depth
MFWV - Manual Flow Wing Valve
MSCF - Thousands of Standard Cubic Feet
MMSCF - Millions of Standard Cubit Feet
MMSCF/D - Millions of Standard Cubit Feet per day
MWD – Measuring While Drilling
MWP – Maximum Working Pressure
MRSV – Multi Sensor Relief Valve
MSDS – Material Data Safety Sheet
N
NACE- National Association of Corrosion Engineers
NORM – Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials
NRV – Non Return Valve (Chicksan Valve)
O
OBM – Oil Based Mud
OD – Outer Diameter
OGR – Oil to Gas Ratio

OIM – Offshore Installations Manager
OWC – Oil Water Contact
P
PCE – Pressure Control Equipment
PLT – Production Logging Tool
POL – Pull On Line
POOH - Pull Out of Hole
PPE – Personal Protective Equipment
PSI – Pounds per Square Inch
PSIA – Pounds per Square Inch Atmospheric
PSIG – Pounds per Square Inch Gauge Pressure
PSV – Pressure Safety Valve
PTO – Power Take Off
PTW – Permit to Work
PUWER – Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations
PVT – Pressure Volume Temperature
PWV – Production Wing Valve
Q
QTS - Quick Test Sub
QCDC – Quick Connection Disconnect
R
RIDDOR – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations
RIH - Run In Hole
ROV – Remotely Operated Vehicle
S
SCSSV - Surface Controlled Sub Surface Safety Valve
SDV – Shut Down Valve
SITP – Shut-In Tubing Pressure
SPM – Side Pocket Mandrel
SIWPH
SWAB - Swab valve
SST - Subsea Tree (Subsea Xmas Tree)
SSV – Surface Safety Valve
SSSV – Sub Surface Safety Valve
STOP – Safety Training Observation Programme
STT - Surface Test Tree
SWL – Safe Working Load
T
TBG – Tubing
TBT – Toolbox Talk
TC - (Xmas) Tree Cap
TD – Total Depth
TLP – Tension Leg Platform
TP – Test Pressure

TRSCSV - Tubing Retrievable Surface Controlled Sub Surface Valve
TRSCSSV - Tubing Retrievable Surface Controlled Sub Surface Safety Valve
TTRD – Through Tubing Rotary Drilling
TVD – True Vertical Depth
TVDSS – True Vertical Depth Sub Sea
U
UMGV / HMV - Upper Master Gate Valve / Hydraulic Master Valve
UMV – Upper Master Valve
W
WHCP - Wellhead Control Panel
WHP – Wellhead Pressure
WHT – Wellhead Temperature
WLEG – Wireline Entry Guide
WP – Working Pressure
WRSV - Wireline Retrieval Safety Valve
WSS – Well Service Supervisor
XYZ
XO – Crossover
XX – Hardness of Pipe

Introduction to Surface Well Test Equipment Students Manual
Section 6

Introduction to Well Test

Equipment
Table of Contents
Typical Offshore Package.......……………………………… 6-3
List of Equipment for Offshore Package………………….. 6-4
Control and Shut-in…………………………………………. 6-5
Sub Sea Tree………………………………………………… 6-6
Blow Out Preventor………………..………………………… 6-7
Surface Test Tree……………………..……………………… 6-8
Coflexip Hose……………....………………………………… 6 - 10
Emergency Shutdown System.…………………………….. 6 - 11
Chemical Injection pumps…………………………………… 6 - 16
Sand Filters…………………………………………………………. 6 - 17
Pipework…………………………………………………………….. 6 - 18
Surface Safety Valve………………………………………………. 6 - 22
Data Headers………………………………………………………. 6 - 23
Choke Manifold…………………………………………………….. 6 - 24
Process and Measurements……………………………………… 6 - 35
Well Stream Heaters………………………………………………. 6 - 35
Separator…………………………………………………………… 6 - 37
Well Fluid Disposal………………………………………………... 6 - 40
Pressurized Tank………………………………………………….. 6 - 40
Atmospheric Tank…………………………………………………. 6 - 42
Pumps………………………………………………………………. 6 - 43
Diverter Manifolds…………………………………………………. 6 - 47
Burner Booms……………………………………………………… 6 - 48
Burners……………………………………………………………… 6 - 48
Other Auxiliary Equipment………………………………………… 6 - 49
Land Based Operations…………………………………………… 6 - 52
Trailer # 1…………………………………………………………… 6 - 52
Trailer # 2…………………………………………………………… 6 - 55
Flare Stack…………………………………………………………. 6 - 57

Introduction
The section contains information on the Surface Well Test Equipment.
Objectives
 Identify all the equipment used in a SWT

 Know what each piece of SWT Equipment is used for
 Know how to operate the choke manifold
 Know the problems associated with the Choke Manifold
 Know where each piece of equipment is situated during a Well Test
 Identify Land based equipment

TYPICAL OFFSHORE PACKAGE

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR OFFSHORE PACKAGE
 Sub Sea Tree

 Sub Surface BOP
 Surface Test Tree (Flow head)
 Kill Line to Kill Pump
 Coflexip Hose
 Chemical Injection pump/panel
 Data Header
 Pipework
 Surface Safety Valve
 ESD Panel
 Data Header (Upstream and Downstream of Choke)
 Choke Manifold
 Well Stream Heater
 Relief Device ( normally fitted to bypass on Separator)
 Separator
 Tank
 Transfer Pump
 Gas Diverter Manifold
 Oil Diverter Manifold
 Compressors
 Propane
 Burner Booms
 Burners
 Workshop
 Laboratory
Testing Equipment can be split into 3 distinct areas:
 Control/Shut-in
 Process/Measurement
 Well Fluid Disposal
All of the above equipment fits into these three areas.

CONTROL AND SHUT-IN

Sub Sea Tree

The following main components make up the Sub Sea Tree:
 Lubricator Valve
 Retainer Valve
 Safety Tree
 Spanner Joint System
 Two Station Control Panel
Because of the severe conditions offshore it may be necessary to Shut in the well on
the sea bed and unlatch and move away. The Sub Sea Tree allows for safe shut-in and
disconnect so that the drilling rig can move off to a safe area during excessive weather
conditions. On return it allows for easy connection to re-establish operations.
Future courses will cover more thoroughly the use and operation of the Sub Sea Tree.
Blow Out Preventer
The BOP system is designed to shut in when an emergency situation occurs. It

consists of sets of rams. These can be used to isolate the Sub Sea Tree or in a real
emergency they can use the shear rams to fully close in.

Surface Test Tree
Operational Uses of Surface Test Tree
The Surface Test Tree is a temporary Christmas Tree and is used to isolate the
produced fluids from the formation from escaping at the surface. It acts as an
emergency shut in and there is the ability to kill the well through the STT. It allow for
remediation work to be carried out.

It has the following parts:

Coflexip Hoses
Operational Uses of the Coflexip Hose
It is made up of several layers of materials for strength and durability
It has two main uses:
• Allows for the movement of the rig up and down

• Has no sharp bends should solids be returned
The Coflexip hoses are normally connected from the STT and hang down to the rig
floor, where they are then connected to the Choke Manifold or fixed pipe. Make sure
that the bend radius of the Coflexip is not out with the designated guidelines. The
hoses should be supported where necessary.

Emergency Shutdown Systems (ESD Systems)

ESD Systems are made up of several pieces of equipment:
ESD Control Panel Quick Surface Test Tree

Exhaust
Shut Down Pilots
Shutdown Stations Pressure Pilots Liquid Level Pilots
ESD Shutdown Valve
If offshore this valve will be found on the Surface Test Tree, Flow Wing Side. It is
the primary means of shutting in at the surface. If onshore then there may be a shutin
valve on the Christmas Tree or if not then we can use a SSV (Surface Safety
Valve).
In many cases now the SSV is use as a secondary surface shut-in. The ESD
Shutdown valve is connected to the ESD Panel by a hydraulic hose, offshore and
sometimes onshore by an air hose when using Pneumatic Surface Safety Valve.

Quick Exhaust
Depending on the time it takes for the valve to shut in, it may be necessary to fit a
quick exhaust.
Quick exhausts can either be hydraulic or pneumatic. They allow for the quick
release from the ESD valve of operating fluid or air, depending of the type of valve.
This can vastly reduce the time it takes for the valve to close.
ESD Panel
ESD Panel should be positioned close to the Emergency Shutdown Valve. This
allows for much quicker operation. The panel works with Air over Hydraulics. This
means that air is controlling the hydraulics which means it works perfectly as an
emergency shutdown control.
The panel comes in many different styles, above is only one of the styles. It is
designed so that there is an air pilot system that can be run to different areas of the
rig. From any of these positions the air can be vacated from the pilot system which
operates the panel shutting in the ESD Valve.
1. Connect the inlet air to the panel, making sure that the supply is enough to
operate the panel, normally around 90 to 130 psi.

NOTE: Some panels only allow 100psi maximum pressure. You must check this
before fitting area to panel and regulate as necessary.
2. Check the level of hydraulic fluid in the panel. You should start of with a full
tank.
3. Connect the hydraulic hose from the panel to the ESD Valve. Make sure that
the hose and fittings are of the right pressure rating.
4. Turn the pilot system to override and open the valve.
5. Operate the emergency shut in on the panel. This will evaluate the amount of
time it takes for the valve to shut when relieving the operating fluid back to the
panel. You can then decide whether to fit a quick exhaust.
6. Connect up the pilot line/s to the panel and run to ESD shutdown stations,
pilots etc. Shutdown stations should be strategically placed around the Well
Test Equipment and in places like the rig floor and if necessary at the
beginning of the burner boom.
7. Once all the stations and pilot have been fitted you can add air to the system.
This will normally be around 30 psi. Sometimes however it may be more or
less, this is dependant on the shutdown instruments fitted. If you have a leak
of air in the system it may be necessary to use a mixture of soapy water to
determine where the leak is situated.

8. Each shutdown station must be checked for reaction time on the valve. The
maximum shut-in time for the valve is 10 seconds. Should the pilot system
take to long to shut in then it may be necessary to vacate the air from the
system quicker. You may have to fit pneumatic quick exhausts within the
system to allow the system to drop air pressure sooner.
9. It may be necessary at times to lock the ESD Valve open. This could be due
to Wire Line or Coil Tubing Operations. A cap on the ESD Valve may have to
be fitted.
Shutdown Station, Pilots etc.
Shutdown stations can consist of PULL, PUSH OR TURN to operate.
HI/LO Pressure and Liquid Pilots
Pressure: There are many different types available here are some of them.

Where would you position Pressure HI/LO pilots:
1. Upstream of Choke.
2. Downstream of Choke
3. On Separator
4. On Tanks
5. At Diverter Manifolds
6. Any place where you have a chance of over/under pressure.
Liquid Pilots: They also come in many different styles, here are a couple.
Where would you position Liquid HI/LO pilots:
1. On Separators
2. On Tanks
3. Anywhere where you have a chance of high or low levels.
Chemical Injection Pumps
MACH 24 Pump TEXSTEAM PUMP

Haskel Pump
Operational Uses for Chemical Injection Pumps
Injection of chemicals is often necessary for many reasons:

Hydration
Foaming
Emulsions
Waxing
Chemicals are normally injected either at the STT or Choke Manifold.
Sand Filters


Although Halliburton do not at the moment use Sand Filters you may yet come across
these from third party providers. Other pieces of equipment that you may see from third
party providers are as follows:
 Sand Cyclones
 Sand Separators
 Sand Busters
 4 Phase Separators (Different to one used by Halliburton).
Operational Uses of SMS Equipment
There are two basic reasons for having a sand filter:
1. Solids produced directly from the formation

2. Solids that have been either introduced to the Well Bore or Formation.
Solids produced directly from the formation
Sand is a problem in many oil and gas fields throughout the world. This is directly
related to the accelerated production of water, the unconsolidated nature of some
reservoirs, and the properties of some heavy and viscous crudes. As a result, many
operators are experiencing large quanatities of sand in the well fluids, accompanied
by problems or erosion and solids accumulation, and/or equipment blockage.
Solids that have been either introduced to the Well Bore or Formation
These solids could have been introduced during the drilling i.e. Drilling Mud. They
could also be frac sand. This method is used to enhance the permeability of the
formation.
Pipe Work

They come in many different sizes and lengths and Fittings. The most common
connections are:
Weco - 602 and 1502

How do we identify the pressure rating, standard of service
Green color of pipe Black color band Orange color band

designates sour service designates pressure, designates SWT
must also be stenciled Pipework
on band

10000
PSI
End Connections
Threaded Connections
 200
 206
 602
 1002
 1502
 2202
Although all of these connections exist, in Halliburton the most common connections will
be the following, 206, 602 and 1502.
NOTE: GREAT CARE MUST BE TAKEN WHEN CONNECTING THIS PIPEWORK

TOGETHER AND THAT YOU DO NOT MISSMATCH THE UNIONS. THIS, HAS
BEEN FATAL IN THE PAST.
Type of Service
All Halliburton Surface Well Test PIpework should be Sour Service, but do not take this
for granted. You must always check with the Data Book if you are not certain as to the
service type. If using someone else’s pipework you most definitely will have to check
the data book and certification.

Pressure Rating
COLOUR PRESSURE RATING

BLACK STRIPE WITH RED STRIP/RING IN CENTRE 20000 PSI
RED STRIPE 15000 PSI
BLACK STRIPE 10000 PSI
SILVER STRIPE 6000 PSI
YELLOW STRIPE 5000 PSI
BLUE STRIPE 2000 PSI
WHITE STRIPE ALL OTHER PRESSURE RATINGS
Pressure rating is identified in three ways on a piece of pipe:

 As above with the colour of the band
 Stencilled on the above bands with black, except for the black stripe which will be
stencilled with white.
 Each piece of pipe should have a steel band attached to identify serial #, pressure
rating, Service Type and Certification Date etc.
If all three are not shown on the piece of pipework do not assume that it is of a
certain pressure always check. Report this to your supervisor.
Remember! Always flow into the thread
NOTE: It is imperative that a piece of pipe should adhere to all of the above
characteristics.
Thickness Testing of Pipework
During certain operations it is necessary to take thickness checks on pipework. This

would be any time solids are to be flowed back.
How often should we carry out a thickness check?
During these operations it will be necessary to carry out thickness checks on

designated spots where erosion could occur. This should take place at least once
per shift.
Where should I take these thickness tests during operations.
Initially a thickness test should be carry out on each spot before flowing occurs and a
check made against initial thickness of pipework. The place where the thickness
should be measured would be any position where a increase in velocity of the
material passing through the pipework could occur. This would be on elbows, tees
and bends.

Thickness test at
this point
It is necessary that these thicknesses are recorded and kept for reference purposes.
Make sure that you use the right form for submission.
How to carry out a thickness Check
Hand held ultrasonic thickness testers come in many different styles, but they all
work in the same way, by sending out a ultrasonic pulse which bounces back to the
instrument which then measures the response time, and thereby determines the
thickness of the metal. Some thickness testers as in the one on the previous page
can take into consideration the paint on the pipe. If the one you are using does not
then you must clean off the paint to the bare metal before testing.
Each tester comes with its own calibration block. Before switching on you must have
the calibration block ready with some ultrasonic gel placed on each thickness of the
block. Switch on the tester and press calibration, then place the probe on each of
the thicknesses of the block it should read that thickness.
When you are ready to do the pipework then place a spot of gel on each position that
you are going to test and then place the probe on that position.

The gel acts as a buffering agent allowing for good communication between the probe
and pipe. If you do not have any ultrasonic gel you can use a mixture of silicon gel and
solvent. (Not to much solvent) 10 – 1 mix usually works well.
Surface Safety Valve
Two Types of valves can be used:
Hydraulic pneumatic
Hydraulic Surface Safety
Valve. (Operated by
Hydraulic Fluid, Controlled
by a panel which is in turn
controlled by air.) Used
ff h b b d

Operational Uses of Surface Safety Valve (SSV)
Due to more awareness to the possibility of damage to the environment, by the

discharge of fluid to the atmosphere, surface safety valves are now being
incorporated into the systems to isolate the equipment from the surface test tree.
In some areas of the world this is the only safety shut in fitted. This is mostly on land
jobs, where a permanent Christmas Tree has been fitted.
It is connected to the main ESD system and is operated when shutdown occurs.
Data Headers
The data header is a short sub connected to the upstream side of the choke manifold to
provide additional pressure gauge, thermowell, and sampling or injection ports. The
data header allows connection of pressure and temperature monitoring equipment, as
well as sampling or injection equipment.
Various models are available for different well conditions (pressures, temperatures, and
flow rates) and various connections, such as hammer unions and API-6A flanges.
Applications
 Any well test or cleanup setup where additional pressure,
temperature, sampling, or injection ports are required. This could
be at any point in the system.

Features
 Includes one pressure gauge port, one thermowell, and several
sampling or injection ports
 Designed with the same ID and connections as the choke
manifold, surface safety valve, or piping
Operational Uses of Data Headers
Data Headers are fitted upstream and downstream of the choke manifold. This
allows for the necessary instrumentation to be fitted.
What Instrumentation?
Upstream: Pressure Gauges, Pressure Recorders, Pressure Transducers, Chemical

Injection point, Sand monitoring, Deadweight Testers and Hi/Low Pressure Pilots.
Downstream: Pressure Gauges, Temperature Gauges, Pressure and Temperature
Transducers, Sampling.
When fitting all instrumentation to the data headers upstream, they must have
double isolation.Fittings on data headers if over 10,000psi must be autoclave.
Choke Manifold
Operational Uses of Choke Manifold
In this section we will cover the choke manifold more thoroughly than all of the other
pieces of equipment. The reason behind this, being, that during your early working
experience most of your practical experience will be on this piece of equipment.

What is a choke used for?
It is the primary means of controlling the flow from the well.
What does it do?
Reduces the flow by means of a reduction in the size of orifice flowing through.
What does it consist of?
A series of blocks, spools, valves, fixed orifice and adjustable orifice. This allows
should any part of the choke be damaged, it can easily be replaced.
There are two types of choke fitted to the manifold:
Adjustable Choke.
It primary function is to allow for the fixed choke to be changed during flowing
operations. Secondly should be used during clean up operations.
The adjustable choke operates by a cone shaped end sliding in and out of a fixed
Adjustable choke been which has a tapered inside lip to allow for more accurate flow
control. By turning the wheel anti clock wise you pull the cone away from the Choke
Bean allowing a larger area for the fluid to pass by the cone.

To set the size of the Adjustable Choke there is a sleeve with a scale marked on it.
The sleeve is attached to the stem of the Adjustable Choke and as the stem moves
in and out so does the sleeve showing the scale. Before use this scale must be
zeroed to calibrate. To do this you must loosen the allen screw holding the sleeve in
place. Shut in the adjustable all the way and turn and fix the zero point on the sleeve
to the zero point on the outer casing.
This will have to be carried out during every shut in.
During clean up operations it may be necessary to rock the adjustable choke handle
back and forward, should the choke block up. Before doing this you must inform the
scan operator and supervisor. So that they are aware of the problem and also to
make a note of the in the sequence of operations.
There is a screw on the outside housing of the stem that can be used to secure the
stem in position should there be excessive vibration. This must be loosened when
altering the adjustable choke size.
During each shutdown period the Adjustable choke should be pulled out and the
cone/Adjustable choke bean examined for wear. Also check the “O” ring and
threads on the cap and seat. Grease the threads with a high temperature grease.
When putting back together do not over tighten. This is not necessary as it is an “O”
ring seal.
Damaged adjustable Choke
Stem and Seat
Undamaged adjustable
Choke Stem and Seat

Master Flo Adjustable Choke

Fixed Choke.
Its main purpose is to provide a more accurate means of controlling
the well.
What do we can the insert we put into the fixed side? It is called a choke bean. It is
sized in 64ths of an inch. E.g. 32/64ths is 1/2inch choke 16/64ths is a 1/4inch choke.
What should be on the choke before insertion into the housing?
Each choke bean should have a gasket fitted. This gasket can be a metal seal,
Teflon seal or “O” ring seal. MAKE SURE IT IS FITTED.
If this seal is not in place then there is more than a fair chance that you will cut out
the choke and the threads on the housing. Should this occur, not only will you have
to throw away the choke bean, but you will have to replace the whole Fixed choke
assembly.
There should always be a fixed choke bean in the fixed side. If there was no choke
bean fitted and the valve was passing there is every chance of damaging the internal
threads.
Before the choke goes offshore all choke beans should be checked for size and
make sure that they are marked accordingly. A full range of chokes should be
available when going offshore. Always carry spare gaskets.

Standard Choke Bean Table (3” Choke Manifold)
Choke Bean Imperial Choke Imperial Choke

Metric Choke Bean
Size Bean Bean
Size (mm)
64ths Size (Fractions) Size (Inches)
4 1/16 0.0625 1.5875
8 1/8 0.125 3.175
12 3/16 0.1875 4.7625
16 1/4 0.25 6.35
20 5/16 0.3125 7.9375
24 3/8 0.375 9.525
28 7/16 0.4375 11.1125
32 1/2 0.5 12.7
36 9/16 0.5625 14.2875
40 5/8 0.625 15.875
44 11/16 0.6875 17.4625
48 3/4 0.75 19.05
52 13/16 0.8125 20.6375
56 7/8 0.875 22.225
60 15/16 0.9375 23.8125
64 1 1.0 25.4
72 1 1/8 1.125 28.575
80 1 1/4 1.256 31.75
88 1 3/8 1.375 34.925
96 1 1/2 1.5 38.1
104 1 5/8 1.625 41.275

112 1 3/4 1.75 44.45
120 1 7/8 1.875 47.625
128 2 2 50.8
Pressure Testing
Just after rig up the equipment has to be pressure tested here are the guidelines for
pressure testing the choke manifold.


What position should the valves be in when getting ready to open up?
• Both front valves closed.

• Both back valves open.
• Sample point needle valves closed.
• Needle valve to downstream gauge open.
• Adjustable choke set off zero.
• Positive choke installed - choice dependent on well performance.
Opening the well through the choke.
An opening choke size is agreed upon and usually a small size.

Adjustable choke set to predetermined size.
Open front valve on adjustable choke monitoring upstream and downstream

pressure continually.

Problems associated with Flowing through the choke!
It is necessary that you understand what is happening when working at the choke
manifold. Here are some problems, causes and solutions.
1. Upstream and downstream pressure rising:
 You may have a blockage downstream of the choke. Investigate

where the problem is occurring and fix. It may only be a valve partially shut, the
heater choke on a smaller size than the choke. If you cannot fix the problem it may
be necessary to shut in and sort out the problems. As soon as this problem occurs
inform the supervisor.
 If you are flowing during a clean up, this may be an indication that the
well is cleaning up. You will know this by the increase in back pressure to the
burners.
2. Upstream pressure rising and downstream pressure falling:
 You may have a blockage at the choke, solids packing around the adjustable
choke. To cure this rocks the choke. It may be necessary to rock it quite
severely. Inform supervisor and scan before carrying out this operation.
 This could be caused by hydrates forming at the choke (freezing). To solve this
you can start injecting methanol before the choke. If this does not cure the
problem then you can either increase the choke to increase the temperature or
shut in to clear the blockage.
3. Upstream pressure dropping and downstream pressure dropping.
 You have a blockage upstream of the choke. This could be caused by solids or
hydrating. Inject methanol at the STT for hydrating. If it is solids then it is likely
that you will have to shut in and clear the problem.
 When flowing back during a clean up it is possible to have a drop in pressure due
to liquid (water) coming to the surface. Once the water has reached the surface,
the pressure to rise back to normal, or until the next slug of water comes to the
surface.
4. Upstream pressure dropping and downstream pressure rising.
 This is a sure sign that your choke is cutting. Change sides and remove, inspect
and replace choke if necessary.

How to change fixed chokes
 Check that the sample points/bleed valves are closed.

 Set adjustable choke to same as on the fixed side.
 You will need two men to do this.
 Check to make sure the downstream valve on the adjustable side is open.
 The person on the adjustable side will crack open the upstream valve unti he
feels the well.
 At this stage the person on the fixed side will start to shut in at the upstream fixed
side.
 Both persons will work together with one person controlling the operation, by
looking at the upstream gauge to try and maintain a stabilized pressure
throughout the operation.
 Once the sides have been changed then the operator on the fixed side will shut
the downstream valve on the fixed side.
 He will then bleed of the pressure by opening the bleed valves.
 Once there is no pressure coming from the bleed valves he will loosen the cap
on the fixed side, only by two turns.
 He will then make sure that there is no pressure trapped by pushing in the plug
on the cap. If it moves freely then there is no pressure.
 Remove the cap completely. Make sure that there is a catchment tray positioned
under the end of the fixed choke.
 Once the cap is removed, check the threads on the cap/choke body. Check that
the seal (“O” ring or other) is intact. Place carefully at the side. Be aware that the
cap is heavy.
 Using the proper equipment and PPE remove the Choke Bean from Choke
Manifold. Inspect for damage and clean. When removing the choke bean there is
every likelihood that a large amount of fluid will be trapped behind it. This will
come out as you remove the bean.
 Inspect inside of the housing for damage.
 The new bean will be inspected for size, gasket and to make sure that there is no
damage to it. Have someone else inspect the bean for size.
 Grease the new bean with a high temperature grease. Then insert the bean into
the housing. Make sure that it goes all the way in. If it doesn’t then this can cause
gas/fluids to pass on the outside and will cut the bean and housing.
 Grease the threads on the cap and choke body with high temperature grease.
 Turn the cap until it is hand tight. Several light taps should secure the cap if it is
an “O” ring seal. If it is a metal seal then it will require substantial tightening. Be
very careful with the instrumentation during this operation. It may be necessary to
remove it.
 Close the bleed valves.
 Slowly open the downstream valve on the fixed side to equalize the pressure
across the fixed side upstream valve.

 During this time the person on the adjustable choke has been slowly opening it
up to the new size of fixed been. The Data acquisition should be informed of this
operation.
 Now reverse the operation of changing sides.
NOTE: DO NOT IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCES TAKE SAMPLES, BS&W’S OR

GRAVITIES FROM THE UPSTREAM SIDE OF THE CHOKE. ALL THESE MUST
BE TAKEN AT THE DOWNSTREAM (LOW PRESSURE SIDE).
PROCESS AND MEASUREMENTS
Well Stream Heaters
These fall into two categories:

• Direct – Steam Heat Exchangers
• Indirect – Diesel, Gas or Electric fired Heat Exchanger
Steam Heat Exchangers
Normally fed by either the rig steam system or by Steam Boiler/Generator.

Whichever supplies the steam they are used to heat the Well Stream Fluids and
should be placed as near after the choke as possible. The reason for putting the heater
in this position is to compensate for the heat lost across the choke this could in certain
circumstances lead to freezing problems. It also helps to separate the phases (Gas, Oil
and Water).

Indirect Heater (Gas, Diesel or Electric)
Used to heat up the Well Stream Fluids. The coils sit in a bath of water (Not Salt
Water) and heat from the burner heats the water and the water then transfers the
heat to the coils, therefore indirectly. Great care must be taken when positioning this
piece of equipment, as it has an ignition source. The stack must have a flame
arrester fitted to the top.

Separator
Operational Uses of a Separator
A separator designates a pressure vessel used for separating well fluids produced
from oil and gas wells into gaseous and liquid components.
How many phase’s will a normal separator have?

Three phase’s.
Gas
Oil
Water
It is usually a 1440 psi rated, but can go to 2000 psi.
It is usually horizontal, but can be vertical.

What are it’s Internals?
Explanation of how it Operates
The oil enters the separator and either hits a deflector plate. This
helps separate the liquids from the gas. The liquids fall to the bottom of the
separator and travel along the separator where near the far end is a weir plate. As
the liquid inside the separator has a certain retention time. The gas breaks out of the
liquid and the oil and water separate. As the oil is on the top, the levels are set so
that only oil will pass over the weir plate into the oil compartment. A pressure must
be maintained within the separator to push the fluids out. This pressure is
dependant on many factors. These will be covered in future courses.
Where the oil and water leave the separator there is a Vortex Breaker. This stops
the fluids from swirling down the pipe as you would see in a kitchen sink when you
empty the water out. The levels are maintained by controllers which are air
operated. A float system allows the controllers to adjust the levels accordingly.
On the side of the Separator you will see sight glasses. These give the operator a
visual display on how much Fluids (either oil or water) are contained in each
compartment. On the water side you will be required to see an interface between
the oil and the water.
Meters on the lines provide the operator and Data Gathering Software a meaning of
measuring the flow rate.

As the Gas flows along the top of the separator it passes a set of plates positioned in
the centre of the separator. As the gas passes over the plates small droplets of oil
which is entrained in the gas forms on the plates. As the oil collects it then runs
down the plates and falls into the liquid below.
Before the gas leaves the separator is passes through a mist extractor which is
basically a wire mesh (like wire wool). Oil collects on the mesh and then falls into
the oil compartment below.
The pressure within the separator is maintained by a valve on the outlet of the gas
line. This is set at a prescribed pressure setting and maintained by a pressure
controller which monitors the pressure on the outlet line.
For measurement the gas passes through an orifice (small hole in a metal plate).
The difference between the upstream and downstream pressure as it passes
through the plate and is measured. This is used in part to calculate the gas rate.
During clean up operations the separator is bypassed until such time as there are
not solids and a sufficient amount of gas to run the separator.
Further instruction on the separator will be given in the next course.

WELL FLUID DISPOSAL
Pressurized Tank (Surge Tank)

This can be called Calibration Tank, Pressure Tank. In some areas they use
Atmospheric Tanks to calibrate there meters.
Operational Uses of a Pressurized Tank

The main reason for having a Surge Tank is to allow for the calibration of the meter
during flowing operations.
Although the meters at reasonably accurate it is required that they be calibrated

against a known amount of fluid.
During each flow rate the flow to the burner boom is diverted into the tank for a
specified period. Two people are required for this operation.
Before diverting to the tank a reading is taken on the level inside the tank. It is better
to have a level showing in the tank so that you know what the starting amount is.
At the moment of diverting to the tank the operator on the separator will take a meter
reading. Flow should continue to the tank for as long a period as possible. This will
allow a more accurate meter calibration.
When time to divert back to the flare, the operator at the separator will take a reading
at the same time as diverting back to the flare. An extra man must be present at the
flare to make sure that ignition takes place.
The pressure inside the tank is then bled off and together with other factors the tank
reading is compared to the meter reading and then a correction factor for the meter
is set for that flow rate.
The Surge Tank is then emptied ready for the next calibration.

What is the pressure range of a tank?
Pressurized tanks are normally rated at 250 psi, working pressure

(MWP). Although the MAWP is 200 psi, the tank will normally be set below 200
psi. This is carried out by a back pressure valve and controller fitted to the tank.
These tanks will also be fitted with a relief valve.
Atmospheric Tanks

These tanks can be cylindrical upright or box type tanks. Some of the box type tanks
have two chambers allowing to divert the flow from one side to another. These tanks
are not pressurized. Make sure that no pressure build up occurs in these tanks. The
relief line normally goes straight over the side. They can also be used as calibration
tanks. As these tanks are open to atmosphere, they must be placed in such a
position that when they vent (which is constantly), the gas does not discharge into a
hazardous area, or near vents, entrances and air intakes. These types of tanks are
commonly used in land jobs.
Other uses for tanks!
Tanks can also be used for storage of oil. In some areas, it is not allowed to burn oil.
The oil therefore, is stored and then transported from rig/site for disposal.
They can also be used to extraneous materials coming from the well. This could be
frac sand, mud, brine, acid water mix or reservoir solids. These are normally stored
in the tank until the end of the job then send for cleaning.
Pumps
Pumps fall within two categories Centrifugal Pumps and Positive Displacement
Pumps.

Centrifugal Pumps
These pumps operate by an impellor system, as the fluid enters the pump an
impellor pushes the fluid outward where it leaves the pump. These are normally low
pressure pumping systems, with a high volume rate.
Positive Displacement Pumps
These can be broken down into different categories:
Reciprocating
Using a piston system to push the fluid out. These are very
high pressure pumps and commonly used for pressure testing and chemical
injection.

Gear/Lobe pumps
These pumps use a set of gears to push the fluid through the pump. They are high
pressure but lower volume pumps.
Screw pumps (seepex)
The screw action of the pump pushes the fluid through the pump and out the
discharge. Again this is a high pressure pump and can discharge much more fluid
than the gear or lobe pumps.

Radial Pumps
These pumps are very similar in operation to the centrifugal pump, but they are
positive displacement pumps and can pump at high pressure and medium flow rates.
Do not mistake them for centrifugal pumps.
What is the important difference between a centrifugal pump and a positive

displacement pump?
The positive displacement pump must always have the suction open! If not, then the
pressure inside the pump will build up instantaneously and can blow the seal on the
pump.
NOTE: Always make sure that the discharge flow path from the pump is open.
Positive displacement pumps can build up very high pressures and could
cause at the minimum discharge to the atmosphere, or it could prove FATAL.

Diaphragm Pumps
Commonly used to transfer fluids from the Calibration Tanks to Flare or to stock tanks.
Diverter Manifolds
Diverter Manifolds are normally fitted in the lines to the burner booms. This allows
the flow direction to be altered according to operational requirements. Gas and oil
lines can then be diverted to either boom due to changes in wind direction. Loading
and unloading at the rig.
They can also be fitted at the tanks, either used as bypasses to the tank or maybe if
you have more than one tank, to divert the flow to the different tanks.

Burner Booms
Burner Booms are placed at the corner of rigs to allow the burners to be fitted at
there ends. They are connected and slung from the King Post on the rigs. In many
areas Halliburton supply the King Posts. The Burner Booms hang from the side of the
rigs and can be different lengths. This is dependent on the heat radiation coming
from the burner heads.
They allow the operator safe access to the burner heads when not flowing, and they
keep the burners far enough away from the rig so that no damage can occur. They
have fixed lines attached to the Burner Booms, for, Oil, Gas, Air, Water, and ignition.
Burners
Burners are the primary piece of equipment used for the disposal of well fluids. Oil and
water. They should burn clean at all times. The burner that Halliburton uses has the
capability to burn 16000 bbls/day. With a water cut around 20%.

Other Auxiliary Equipment
 Flame Arrester
 Compressors and Hoses
 Steam Generators
 Propane Racks
 Ignition Control System for Burner Head
Flame Arrester
Flame arresters are passive, mechanical device installed in a flammable vapor

piping system. The arresters' functions are: (1) to allow the passage of vapor under
normal operating conditions and (2) to stop and extinguish any flame front
propagating through the flammable vapor/air mixture under emergency conditions.
The choice of a proper arrester depends on factors such as the location of the arrester
with respect to the ignition source and the flammable properties of the vapor/air mixture.
Compressors and Hoses
Air compressors are normally used to supply the air necessary for the burner to give
a clean burn. They can put out as much as 1000 scf/min at 100 psi.
They may also if necessary be used to supply air to the instrumentation and ESD

system.
Hoses must be of the right size to supply enough air to the burners. They should be
meticulously inspected before use.
NOTE: AIR – PRESSURE – DANGER (even 100 psi is enough to cause severe
injury)
Offshore Steam Boiler/Steam Generators

It is commonly necessary to use Steam Boilers/Steam Generators to supply steam to
the Well Stream Heater. These will be run by a qualified operator only.
Propane Racks
Propane racks are fitted near the burner boom to supply the ignition system with a
fuel for the pilots. They should be strategically placed so that they are easily
accessed during flowing operations and not subject to ambient heat from the burner.

Ignition System
The type used on the proposed burner is as Follows:
Propane Nozzle Spark Plug in
housing

LAND BASED OPERATIONS
Although the equipment for land based operations looks entirely different from the
offshore package, the principles behind both are exactly the same. The biggest
difference in the equipment is:
 Most if not all of the equipment is Trailer Mounted.

 The equipment is normally scaled down e.g. the separator is smaller.
 There is less hard piping to be run as the main body of the equipment is pre-
rigged.
 We supply our own power and air.
 We use a Flare Stack or pit to burn well fluids.
Trailer # 1
This has the following equipment:
 Compressor
 Lab
 Generator
 Workshop
 Fuel Tank

Generators
Entrance to Lab Air Compressor
Entrance to
Workshop Fuel Tank
This trailer should be a reasonable distance from the other trailer, which may have small
controlled releases of hydrocarbons to the atmosphere.
Laboratory

Normally the Laboratory will have no purge system fitted as this is not required for land
jobs. It will be as any other offshore lab, a place for the DAS equipment to be placed
and/or main office for the job.
Workshop
The workshop has a separate entrance to allow access for maintenance and parts
storage. This should have a bench and vice fitted to all for work on the equipment.
Generators
There are two generators fitted. This allows for standby and should anything go wrong
with one then you should not have to shut in to continue operations.
These generators should be swapped over regularly e.g. every day, that way you will
not put too much strain on the one generator.
Air Compressor
Air Compressor
The air compressor is small and only used for instrument air. There is a small
compressor which tops up a vessel to a maximum pressure, normally around 130 psi.
Even if the compressor were to shut down there should be enough air in the vessel to
last for a short period of time.

Trailer # 2
Has the following Control/Process/Disposal Equipment:
 Tool Box
 Safety System
 Connection to Choke Manifold
 Choke Manifold with permanent fitted Data Headers
 Separator
 Tank
 Pump
 Lines for Oil/Gas/Water
These units are fully self-supporting.
Inlet
Connection

Equipment
Choke Manifold
Tool Box
Choke Manifold Separator

Tank
Transfer Pump
the equipment works just the same as any other Well Test Equipment and therefore it is
not necessary to cover the operation of the equipment, as it has been covered
previously.
Flare Stack
The only other piece of equipment that you will not see on an offshore package is the
Flare Stack. Halliburton has a mobile unit that can be transported at the back of a pick-
up.

Introduction to Flow Tests Students Manual
Section 7

Introduction to Flow Tests

Table of Contents
Introduction to ........................……………………………… 7-3
Measurement of Test Parameters...……………………….. 7-3
Flow Rates............................................……………………. 7-4
Pressure and Temperature Measurements ….…………… 7-4
Fluid Properties...............................………………………… 7-4
Types of Tests.....................................……………………… 7-4
Well Clean up Procedures..……………………….………… 7-5
Drill Stem Testing......................…………………………….. 7-7
Open Hole Drill Stem Test.................................................... 7-7
Cased Hole Drill Stem Test.................................................. 7-7
DST Tools............................................................................ 7-9
 Vann Gun Assembly................................................ 7-9

 Champ IV Paker....................................................... 7-9
 LPR-N Tester Valve................................................. 7-9
 OMNI Circulating Valve........................................... 7-9
 Slip Joint.................................................................. 7-9
 Big John Hydraulic Jars........................................... 7-9
 RTTS Safety Joint................................................... 7-9
 Instream Gauge Carrier........................................... 7-9
Other Types of Test............................................................. 7 - 10

Introduction
The section introduces the Student to Types of Tests
Objectives
 Give a brief description of the Difference between Productive and Descriptive Testing
 What information you might require from a Well Test
 Know how to carry out a Clean up and Why
 Can describe what a DST Test
 Know some of the tools used in a DST

Testing Procedures
Introduction
A Well Test Program is dependant on the reservoir and well characteristics. This
information is taken from various analysis of which includes geophysics, the geology of
the well, the drilling information and logging, plus various other sources.
Some of the larger companies will run simulations of the well test based on this
information and according to previous design specifications. This is however only an
estimation of what is required and can be changed during the testing procedure.
Tests on oil and gas wells are performed at various stages of drilling, completion and
production. The test objectives at each stage range from simple identification of
produced fluids and determination of reservoir deliverability to the characterization of
complex reservoir features. Most well tests can be grouped either as productivity
testing or as descriptive/reservoir testing.
 Productivity well tests are conducted to;
- Identify produced fluids and determine their respective volume ratios.
- Measure reservoir pressure and temperature.
- Obtain samples suitable for PVT analysis.
- Determine well deliverability.
- Evaluate completion efficiency.
- Characterize well damage.
- Evaluate work over or stimulation treatment.
 Descriptive tests seek to;
- Evaluate reservoir parameters.
- Characterize reservoir heterogeneities.
- Assess reservoir extent and geometry.
- Determine hydraulic communication between wells.
Measurement of Test Parameters

Before the Well Test takes place a decision will be made on what information should be
gathered during the test. The following example is typical of what measurements
should be taken.

Flow Rates
Oil, Gas and water rates are typical. These rates will be taken during the whole of the
Well Test and must be as accurate as possible.
Gas – Rates are calculated as they pass through the Separator together with Gas
Specific Gravity, Gas Temperature, H2S and CO2.
Oil – Rates are also calculated as they pass through the Separator and the Oil Gravity,
Oil Temperature, Shrinkage and BS&W are also calculated.
Water – It is necessary to measure Water Rates coming from the well, this will normally
also include Ph and Salinity.
Pressure and Temperature Measurements
The most accurate way of taking reservoir Pressure and Temperature is by Bottom Hole
Gauges. Surface reading however are also taken and sometimes are the only readings
taken. Therefore must be taken on time and accurately.
Pressure and Temperature Readings at surface are taken from the Wellhead,
Downstream of the Choke and at the Separator.
Fluid Properties
The best way of determining Fluid Properties is by sampling. There are four ways to
sample Fluids:
Bottom Hole Samples – Bottom Hole Samplers are run with the Temporary Completion
on a sample carrier or can be run separately on Wireline or Coil Tubing. This is most
accurate way of taking a Reservoir Combined Sample.
High Pressure PVT Samples – Taken upstream of the Choke Manifold and must only be
taken under by qualified persons. These samples are taken into High Pressure Bottles.
PVT stands for Pressure, Volume and Temperature.
Low Pressure PVT Samples – Taken from the Separator oil and Gas Lines and are
therefore not combined at this time. Again these must be taken by a qualified person.
Base Oil Sample – Taken either from the oil line of a Separator or Tank straight into a
non-pressurized container.
Types of Tests
When you talk about well testing only two things actually happen during the test:
Drawdown – When you flow the well
Buildup – When you shut in and monitor the pressure
These two things are generally all that happens during a Well Test and it is the
frequency with which they are carried out determines the type of Well Test. You cannot
carry out a Buildup without first carrying out a Drawdown.
Normally after the drilling phase the first test to be carried out will be the Clean-Up.

Well clean up procedures

The purpose of cleaning a well as a preliminary flow operation to testing is to blow back
into the well bore and to the surface extraneous fluids such as mud cake, mud filtrate,
mechanically rock particles and most frequently, it is to unload well stimulation liquids-
fluids such as spent acid or frac fluids which have been pumped into the formation.
The general characteristic of an "active well clean up drive", or a clean up flow in progress,
is an increase in the well's productivity, which results from the lowering of the saturation
level near the well bore of the extraneous fluids, the corresponding increase in saturations
and relative permeability of the formation fluids.
The initial phase of the clean up sequence for a stimulated well may be characterized by
low flowing wellhead pressures and recovery of large volumes of stimulation fluids. As the
clean up progresses, there is usually a rise in flowing pressure, a decrease in the rate of
recovery of stimulation fluids and an increase in production of reservoir fluids.
The amount of pressure drawdown to be applied during the well clean up sequence
should not exceed the level considered prudent for the largest test rate allowed for the well
or approximately 30 per cent at the sand face due to danger of causing water coning or
sand blasting into the well bore. This general recommendation does not apply to the initial
stages when the liquid load in the tubing causes considerable hydrostatic back pressure at
bottom hole. However, as the well's productivity increases, the choke should be
progressively adjusted to prevent excessive draw downs.
In the case of very low productivity wells, it may be necessary to flow them wide open in
order to unload the liquids and also to adopt an off-and-on clean up procedure known as
"stop cocking" in order to allow the well bore region to recover some of the formation
pressure during the shut in periods and use the higher initial productivity to achieve some
degree of effective clean up action.
The well's performance during clean up should be recorded with the same care and
frequency as during testing operations in order to check on clean up progress and obtain
preliminary information to assist in finalizing a testing program.
Once the choke has been set to a desirable opening, flowing tubing head pressures
should be plotted versus log of flow time on a semi-log graph. Also, water and oil
production should be tabulated and the production rate regularly calculated, so that
changing trends can be observed. Completion of clean up will be marked by a
stabilization of water production rate and no further increase of the well's productivity.
There are no technical means of predicting the flow duration necessary to effectively clean
up a well. Only the observations and analysis of the flow characteristics during the clean
up period can give some measure of the clean up progress achieved.
Should damage have occurred during the Drilling Stage (Mud have entered the formation
and cannot be removed) it is called skin damage and can greatly reduce the performance
of the well. This may cause the Reservoir Engineer to consider other methods to
stimulate the well.

The following are observations which may indicate nearing the end of the clean up phase:
 BS&W of less than 0.1%. On gas wells obtaining shake-outs with 10%+
condensate.
 Salinity stabilization near salinity of formation water.
 BHP and/or WHP stabilization.
 Flow rate stabilization.
 Ph indicating 5 (or above) or neutral after acidizing.
In general, wells in the high productivity range tend to clean up faster than those at the
other end of the scale.
The well flow should initially be directed to a tank or overboard through the gas flare line.
Gas well cleaning up can be continued through the flare as the gas volume increases. In
the case of an oil well, the flow should be directed to the burner once it is apparent oil has
reached surface.
Halliburton have developed a 4 Phase Separator which allows for flow during the Cleanup
Phase to go directly to the separator once you have hydrocarbons at surface.
The cleaning up operation should be carried out with great care, bearing in mind the
possibility of serious damage to equipment by abrasion (sand, mud, perforating debris, etc.
brought up with the well fluids). It is advisable to use the choke manifold near the
wellhead and to bypass all testing equipment (heater & separator) if there is no 4 Phase
separator in place.
Under no circumstances should you flow through a heater when you have solids.
Normally after the initial clean up period the well will be shut in to build up pressure back to
reservoir pressure and then flow testing can be carried out.
In many cases the cleanup is the only test to be carried out and there the recording of the
information must be accurate.
Cleaning
Pressure
Up Buildup Prior
to Testing
Initial
Shut‐in Cleaned
Up
Temperature

Drill Stem Test

A set of tools used for the temporary completion of a well. They are run as a means of
providing a safe and efficient method of controlling a formation during the gathering of
essential reservoir data in the exploration, appraisal and even development phase of a
well, or to perform essential pre-conditioning or treatment services prior to permanent
completion of the well.
Two types of Drill Stem Tests are carried out they are:
 Open Hole Drill Stem Tests
 Cased Hole Drill Stem Tests
Open Hole Drill Stem Testing
If hydrocarbons are detected in either cores or cuttings during drilling or indicated by the
logs, an open hole DST provides a rapid, economical means to quickly assess the
potential of the formation. However the technique requires the hole to be in very good
condition and highly consolidated as the packer elements actually seal on the rock face.
The open hole sections also limit the application of pressure on the annulus, therefore
special strings are designed which are operated by pipe reciprocation and/or rotation.
The Multiflow Evaluator System (MFE) is a self contained open hole drill stem test
string.
If drilling is not halted to allow testing when a potential hydrocarbon bearing zone is
encountered, and alternative test method is to wait until the well is drilled to total depth
and then use straddle packers to isolate the zone of interest.
Open hole drill stem tests gather important early information, but reservoir testing
requires more data over a longer period. The extent of reservoir investigated increases
with test duration. A key factor governing the duration of an openhole test is well bore
stability. At some point the well may cave in on top of the packer and the string may get
permanently stuck downhole, calling for an expensive sidetrack. These hazards of well
bore stability have been eliminated by testing after the casing has been set and in many
sectors particularly offshore, cased hole testing has replaced traditional open hole drill
stem testing.
Cased Hole Drill Stem Testing
As offshore drilling increased, floating rigs became common, increasing the potential for
vessel heave to accidentally cycle traditional weight set tools and even un-set the
packer. In addition, deeper more deviated wells make reciprocal tools more difficult to
operate and control and thus jeopardize the safety of the operation. A pressure
controlled system was designed specifically for these applications, eliminating the need
for pipe manipulation after the packer has been set, and eventually becoming the new
standard in drill stem test operations.

Equipment at surface

DST Tools
Some of the basic tools on a DST String are as follows:
Vann Gun Assembly (TCP) – A set of guns to allow for the perforation of Casing so
that the well can flow.
Champ IV Paker – This provides a seal and isolates Hydrostatic Pressure from
Formation Pressure much the same as for permanent completions.
LPR-N Tester Valve – Is a Full Opening and is Annulus Pressure Operated. It is used
where pipe manipulation is restricted.
OMNI Circulating Valve – Is Annulus Pressure Operated and is recloseable. It is
repeatedly cycled up to a predetermined Annulus Pressure when it is then released.
Slip Joint – A slip joint is an expansion/contraction compensation tool. It
accommodates any changes in string length caused be temperature and pressure
during the DST. The tool is hydraulically balanced and insensitive to applied tubing
pressures. Slip joints have a stroke of approx 5 foot, the total number of slip joints
depends on well conditions.
Big John Hydraulic Jars – A hydraulic jar provides the means of transmitting an
upwards shock to the tool string in the event that the packer and lower assembly
become stuck. The tool has a time regulated action as transferring rapid movement in a
long string is not a simple matter. An upward pull activates a regulated oil flow until the
hammer section is released thus giving a rapid upward movement and generating the
relevant shock.
RTTS Safety Joint – A safety joint is actuated only if a jar cannot pull stuck tools loose.
By manipulating the tool string (usually by a combination of reciprocation and rotation),
the safety joint, which is basically two housings connected by a course thread, can be
unscrewed and the upper part of the string removed from the well.
Instream Gauge Carrier – When run with a test string, both mechanical and electronic
gauges must be placed in a carrier for support and protection. Carriers can either be of
the above or below packer type.
Many more tools can be added to a DST string, depending on the requirements of the
client.

Other types of Tests
This subject will be carry on in more advanced courses.

Introduction to Planning a Well Test Students Manual

Section 8

Introduction to Planning a Well

Test
Table of Contents
Well Test Planning..................……………………………… 8-3
Introduction.………………………………………………….. 8-3
Planning Process Map.........................……………………. 8-4
Mobilize Resources Process Map ………………………… 8 - 10
Forms Uses During Planning..........………………………… 8 - 12
Rig Visit Form.....................................……………………… 8 - 13
P & ID...................................………………………………… 8 - 33
Process Flow P & ID.................…………………………….. 8 - 34
ESD Shutdown P & ID......................................................... 8 - 34
Notes.................................................................................... 8 - 35


Introduction
The section contains information on the Overview of Planning used in a Well Test
Objectives
 Know where to find Process Maps

 Know what a Process Map is
 Know how to use a Process Map
 Know about Rig Survey Report
 Can identify equipment on a P & ID


WELL TEST PLANNING
INTRODUCTION
Preparation is the key to a safe and successful well test. Since it is a long and complex
process, involving the consideration of many small details, planning may take longer
than anticipated. Therefore, planning should commence well in advance, especially for
a complex critical test involving high pressures and temperatures, or where stimulation
operations are to be an integral part of the test.
The planning of such a test might be started a year or more in advance to allow for the
lead time on special test equipment and rig modifications, if required. However, for a
routine well test, planning may only take a few months. Halliburton have a Process for
carrying out a Well Test and this must be adhered too without any deviations.
There are occasions where the customer may require the equipment to be mobilized at
very short notice. This does not mean that we can bypass the process.
The following pages contain the necessary process may for Planning a Well Test.
Process Maps can be found at the following link:
http://halworld.corp.halliburton.com/hms/test_subsea/
Follow this link to global
processes.










The Process Map is clearly defined.
The Legend shows you what each
The activity that is to be icon means, who is involved in the
performed process and the links and references
to the process.
Who is responsible for what step
Any reference documents or
links to documents.


The Process is very clearly defined and should be followed to the letter.
The Well Test Operator/Supervisor/Service Leader is not responsible in any of the

previous process, but from this point onwards the Service Leader/Supervisor will be
involved.
It is therefore in everyone’s interest that they familiarize themselves with Process Maps
and how they work.
The following Process Map shows the Mobilization of Equipment. It is very relevant that
the individual look at the number of risk assessments carried out throughout this
process.






Forms Used
The following is a list of some of the forms used during the Planning Stage:
 Design Input Info

 Design of Service Job Meeting
 HAZOP Report
 HAZID_HAZOP Action Response
 Job Tracking Form
 Job Well File Form (This should be filled out before commencement of the job)
 Rig Visit Form
The form that many Surface Well Testers should know how to fill out properly is the Rig
Visit Form.
You should carry out a Rig Visit to any and every rig where there is no permanent
installation. Even on jobs where we have been previously.
Why?
1. The rig may have had alterations to its fabric i.e. new piping, change of
connections.
2. There may be different services working close by that could interfere with
operations.
3. We must make sure that any connections, structures and pipework etc, that we
intend to use has been certified.
4. Deck loading restrictions have not changed or we may have to move some of
our equipment into an area where these restrictions are lower than before.
5. Personnel or contact numbers could have changed.


These are only some of the problems that could be solved by a Rig Visit.
The Rig Visit Form
TESTING AND SUBSEA
RIG VISIT FORM

RIG VISIT
Date(s) of Rig Visit
Halliburton Representative(s)
Client
Rig Name & Type
Contact Person
Drilling Contractor
Certifying Authority
Rig Telephone No.
Rig Fax No.


FLIGHT INFORMATION
Helicopter Co.
Flight Frequency
RESPONSIBLE PERSONNEL ON RIG
Client Representative(s)
Installation Manager(s)
Toolpusher(s)
Driller(s)
Barge Engineer(s)
Rig Engineer(s)
Mechanic(s)
Electrician(s)
Subsea Engineer(s)
Medic(s)
Storesperson(s)
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS (DIRECTIONS TO LOCATION)


WELL DATA
Well Name & No. Valves / Depth
Degree of Deviation Section Length
R.K.B. Elev. Casing point
Kill fluid Type Bit Size
Casing Size/Wt. Kill Fluid Wt.
Type of Well Liner Size/Wt.
Max. Oil Rate G.O.R.
Water Cut Max. Gas Rate
BH Pressure Sand Production
S.G. Oil BH Temp
H2S ppm S.G. Gas
Perf. Interval CO2 %
Landing String Chlorides
Well T.D. Test String
Formation Work String
Water Depth
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS


RIG PIPEWORK CONNECTIONS
Description 2 inch 3 inch 4 inch Figure Thd/W *Other

ing
Rig Choke
Standpipe,
Rig Floor
Standpipe,
Equip. Area
Oil Diverter
Gas Diverter
Tank Diverter
PORT BOOM INBOARD CONNECTIONS
Oil
Gas
Water
Air
Vent
Propane
STARBOARD BOOM INBOARD CONNECTIONS
Oil
Gas
Water
Air
Vent
Propane
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS


RIG PIPEWORK CONNECTIONS
Description 2 inch 3 inch 4 inch Figure Thd/W *Other

ing
PORT BOOM OUTBOARD CONNECTIONS
Oil
Gas
Water
Air
Propane
STARBOARD BOOM OUTBOARD CONNECTIONS
Oil
Gas
Water
Air
Propane
*Existing Rig Pipework
Where possible, obtain electronic copies of the following:
1. Rig Standpipe and Choke Configuration Drawing(s).

2. Rig Flowline to Boom Drawing(s).
3. Rig Boom Pipework Drawing(s).
(Note: If not available provide Isometric drawings of items 1, 2 & 3 above on the isometric
paper provided.)
4. Rig Pipework Certification & NDT Record(s).
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS


FLANGE IDENTIFICATION
Description Rating Size No. of Size of

bolts
(inches) Bolts
ANSI 150
300
600
ASA 1000
2000
3000


1 2 3 4
FLANGE TYPE:
NO. OF STUDS:
DIMENSION A:
B:
C:
6"
150 STD
A181 I 6575
D:
Nominal size
Schedule
E:
Service Pressure Material Heat Code
F:
1. Raised Face 2. Ring Gasket

C C
B B
G
F D F E
D
A
A
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS:


HAMMER UNION IDENTIFICATION
Size/Fig Dim.A Dim.B Size/Fig Dim.A Dim.B
2" 200 3 27/8 3" 1502 41/2 413/32
2" 206 3 27/8 3" 2202
2" 1502 327/32 33/16 4" 200 5 51/8
21/2" 2202 4" 206 5 51/8
3" 200 47/16 43/32 4" 602 53/16 57/32
3" 206 47/16 43/32 4" 1002 47/8 57/32
3" 602 411/16 41/4 4" 1502
3" 1002 45/16 41/4 4" 2202
B
Seal Type
1502
3" FIG
Pressure
Nominal Rating
Size
A
Male Sub
Nut
Fig 200 Fig 206 Fig 602
Fig 400 Fig 1002
Fig 1502
Female Sub
* NOTE:
Measure Number of Threads to the Inch


BURNER HEAD INSTALLATION
Answer the following question:
Does the rig have Burner Booms installed? YES / NO
If YES, provide dimensional details on diagrams below and estimate pipework requirements
for Installation of Burner Head.
PORT BOOM
Boom Dimensions:

Pipe Connections Location:
All Dimensions are Centers
OIL WATER WATER


STARBOARD BOOM
Boom Dimensions:

Pipe Connections Location:
All Dimensions are Centers
OIL WATER WATER


ESTIMATE OF PIPEWORK REQUIREMENTS FOR BURNER HEAD INSTALLATION
ON-SITE FABRICATION ( WELDING)
Description 2 inch 3 inch 4 inch 6 inch Other
Pipe length
Elbow 90o
Elbow 45o
Union Type
Reducer
USING EXISTING HALLIBURTON PIPEWORK
3 ft pup
5 ft pup
10 ft pup
Elbow 90o
X-over
If NO, provide the following information on additional attached pages at the back of this
report:
1. Maximum length of Burner Boom which can be installed.
2. Dimensional sketch of installation location.
3. Details of existing Burner Boom mountings, if any.
4. List equipment required.
Kingpost YES / NO
Baseplate YES / NO
Struts YES / NO
Spreaders YES / NO
Cable YES / NO
Shackles YES / NO
Turnbuckles YES / NO


Surface Well Test EQUIPMENT AREA
Where possible, obtain copies of the following:
1. Deck Loading Restrictions Drawing(s).

2. Hazardous Area Drawing(s).
3. Surface Well Test Equipment Area Drawing(s).
Provide Dimensional Sketch of Equipment Area and Proposed Equipment Layout in space below.
Indicate location of nearest air, electrical and fuel supplies.
Any additional information should be provided on attached pages at the back of this report.
Equipment Proposed Layout And Dimensions



ESTIMATE OF PIPEWORK REQUIREMENTS FOR SWT EQUIPMENT
206 3 ft pup (1K)
206 5 ft pup (1K)
206 10 ft pup (1K)
602 3 ft pup (2K)
602 5 ft pup (2K)
602 10 ft pup (2K)
1502 3 ft pup (10K)
1502 5 ft pup (10K)
1502 10 ft pup
(10K)
602 3 ft pup (5K)
602 5 ft pup (5K)
602 10 ft pup (5K)
206 Elbow (1K)
602 Elbow (2K)
1502 Elbow (10K)
602 Elbow (5K)
X-OVER REQUIREMENTS
Location Description Location Description


ELECTRICAL
Unit Phase Volt Amp Cable Size Core *Length **Measured
DAQ Lab
Sparge Pump
Transfer Pump(s)
Ignitor(s)
Command Center
Separator Package
Steam Generator
Gas Compression
Rotating Control
Device
Wireline Unit
Snubbing Unit
Other
* Length : Provide estimate of cable length required for the installation of each unit.
** Measured: Have Rig Electrician measure voltages at supply points and record these values.
FUEL SUPPLY
Unit Location of Diesel Supply
Air / Gas Compression
Steam Generator
Electric Generator
Other
WATER SUPPLY
Unit Location of Water Supply
*Pressure Test Pump
Sparge Pump
*Control Panel
**Burners
Other
* Note: Potable Water required for these items.
** Note: Indicate Control Point for Burner Water Supply.


SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
AIR SUPPLY
Unit Location of Air Supply
Pumps
Gas
Compression
Control Panels
Separator
Package
ESD Panel
RCD
Other
* Note: Indicate type of connection for Air Supply.
STEAM SUPPLY
Unit Location of Steam Supply
Heat Exchanger
* Note: Indicate Rig BTU output capacity.
** Note: Indicate type of connection for Steam Supply.
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS


ESTIMATED AIR HOSE REQUIREMENTS
Unit Quantity/Length Unit Quantity/Length
Burner Head ESD Panel
Air Compressor DAQ Laboratory
Separator Package Chemical Injection
Safety Control Panel(s) Pump(s)
Rotating Control Device Gas Compression
Subsea Control Panel(s) Other
ESTIMATED SCAN CABLE REQUIREMENTS
Cable Run Quantity/Length Cable Run Quantity/Length
Drill Floor to Unit Gas Compression to Unit
Separator to Unit Mud Logger to Unit
BOP area to Unit Unit to Lab
Lab to Client Rep. Office Other
Data Header to Unit

* Note: for Unit read Junction Box.
ESTIMATED STEAM HOSE REQUIREMENTS
Hose Run Quantity/Length Hose Run Quantity/Length
Heater Supply Line Heater Return Line
ESTIMATED E.S.D. TUBING REQUIREMENTS
Tubing Run Tubing Length Tubing Run Tubing Length
Panel to Co. Office Panel to Drill floor
Panel to Equipment Area Other
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

RIG NAME : DIMENSIONS

STACK SIZE : E Top Upper Pipe Ram
STACK TYPE : F Top Upper Middle Ram
PRESSURE RATING : G Top Lower Middle Ram
H Top Lower Pipe Ram
I Top of Annular to Rotary
Table Beams
EE RKB to Ground Level
EE  Ram Size
E
FF  Ram Size
GG  Ram Size
HH  Ram Size
FF JJ  Ram Size
F
*NOTE: Ram size is pipe O.D.

GG
Indicate location of Stack, Kill and Choke lines on
diagram.
G
JJ HH
HANGER DIMENSIONS
H
Hanger A A1 B C D
7 inch
DATUM
TOP OF 9 5/8th inch
B WELLHEAD
A1 A 13 3/8th inch
Other
WEAR BUSHING DIMENSIONS
D Wear Bushing A A1 B C D
7 inch
C 9 5/8th inch
13 3/8th inch
Other
*NOTE: D is angle of Hang-off shoulder

A B C D
BOX
GIRDER
DRILL FLOOR
CATWALK E
Indicate location of nearest air, electrical and fuel supplies.
WIRELINE EQUIPMENT LOCATION
Description Dimension
A: Rotary Table to 'V'-Door
B: 'V'-Door to Catwalk
C: Catwalk Length
D: Box Girder
E: Catwalk Width
F: Height from Drill Floor to Catwalk
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Provide the following information:
1. Maximum Elevator Travel.
2. List Sizes and Types of Elevators on board Rig.
3. Is Mousehole adjustable? YES/NO.
4. Details of Rig Induction Process.
5. Details of Rig Permit to Work System.
6. Details of Rig Safety Equipment Requirements.(e.g. Safety Glasses etc.).
7. Schedule for operation, approximate timing & anticipated duration.
8. Special requirements for reports, format desired.
9. Anticipated Mobilisation date.
10. Rigs AOF
11. Crane loading

Crane 1
Crane 2
Crane 3
Crane 4
12. Skid Envelop
13. Cooling water capacity

14.
15.

Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P & ID)
After the Rig Survey has been carried out then a drawing of the Rig-Up is produced and a
detailed list of equipment required to carry out the job.

Flow Process P&ID
ESD Shutdown System Drawing

The number of drawings completed will depend on some of these factors:

 Complexity of the job
 Newly designed equipment
 Complicated rig up
 Time
 Customer Requirements
 Cost
NOTES:
1. THE MORE INFORMATION YOU HAVE TO COMPLETE THE JOB THE MORE
LIKELY THAT THE JOB WILL GO WITHOUT ANY PROBLEMS.
2. THE JOB SHOULD BE PLANNED DOWN TO THE TINIEST OF DETAILS. YOU
WOULD NOT WANT TO HOLD UP THE JOB DUE TO A MISSING PIECE OF
EQUIPMENT. (E.G. SPARE ORIFICE TEFLON CARRIER).
3. GOOD COMMUNICATION IS REQUIRED BY ALL PARTIES:
 CLIENT
 BASE
 OPERATIONAL STAFF
 OTHER PSL’S
 RIG
4. WHEN DEALING WITH CLIENTS, YOU ARE THE COMPANIES REP. AND
THERFORE SHOULD ACT AS SUCH.

Section 9

Introduction to Fittings
Table of Contents
Swagelok Fittings....................……………………………… 9-3
Installation Instructions………..…………………………….. 9-4
Gap Inspection Gauges........................……………………. 9-5
Retightening Instructions.............…………………………… 9-7
Preswaging Instructions..................………………………… 9-8
Other types of Swagelok Connections..…….....…………… 9-9
Swagelok Adaptors..............………………………………… 9 - 10
Hydraulic Swaging Unit............…………………………….. 9 - 13
Tubing Installation............................................................... 9 - 14
Tubing Bender..................................................................... 9 - 17
Safety Considerations......................................................... 9 - 18
Interchangeability................................................................ 9 - 19
Swagelok NPT Fittings........................................................ 9 - 20
Minimum and Maximum Depths......................................... 9 - 21
Ball Valves and Needle Valves........................................... 9 - 22
Autoclave Fittings............................................................... 9 - 24
Speedbite Connections....................................................... 9 - 24
Coning and Threading Installation...................................... 9 - 26
Assembly and Makeup of Connection................................ 9 - 30
JIC Fittings and Hoses........................................................ 9 - 34

Introduction
The section contains information on the types of Fittings used and how to connect them.
Objectives
 Know about fittings and how to use them

1. About Swagelok Tube Fittings and how to connect them
2. Know about NPT Fittings and how to test and fit them
3. Know about different types of tubing and how to recognize them
4. Know how to bend these fittings
5. Know the types of instrument valves used and their makeup
6. Know about different types of Autoclave Fittings and how to connect them
7. Know about JIC Fittings and how to connect them

Swagelok Fittings
Although Swagelok Fittings may look the same as other makes of fittings you
should not under any circumstances mix the fittings.
Swagelok Fittings
Swagelok tube fittings are made to exacting tolerances. Without such close tolerances,
the interaction of the nut, two ferrules, and body would not be successful. If good
quality tubing is used with Swagelok tube fittings, and installation instructions are
followed, successful connections will result.
Swagelok tube fittings come in many different sizes from ¼” to 1” and 6mm to 25mm.
Swagelok tube fittings come to you completely assembled, finger-tight and ready for
immediate use. Disassembly before use is unnecessary and can result in dirt or foreign
material getting into the fitting which can interfere with sealing.

These fitting are installed in three easy steps.
Step 1
Simply insert the tubing into the Swagelok tube fitting. Make sure that the tubing rests
firmly on the shoulder of the fitting and that the nut is finger-tight.
Step 2
Before tightening the Swagelok nut, scribe the nut at the 6 o’clock position.
Step 3
While holding the fitting body steady with a backup wrench, tighten the nut 1 1/4 turns.
A Watch the scribe mark, make one complete revolution, and continue to
the 9 o’clock position. By scribing the nut at the 6 o’clock position, there will
be no doubt as to the starting position. When the nut is tightened 1 1/4 turns to the 9
o’clock position, you can easily see that the fitting has been properly tightened.
Swagelok gap inspection gages assure the installer or inspector that a fitting has been
sufficiently tightened À For 1/16, 1/8 and 3/16 in.; 2, 3, and 4 mm size tube fittings,
tighten 3/4 turn from finger-tight.

Gap Inspection Gauges
Swagelok gap inspection gages are designed to assure the installer or inspector that a
fitting has been sufficiently pulled up into the fitting body on initial installation. They are
particularly applicable to systems where fittings are installed in difficult or inaccessible
locations or systems where insufficient pull-up could cause potentially dangerous or
expensive consequences. Consistent gage ability ensures added safety and reliability.
It is a Swagelok tube fitting feature that allows easy inspection for sufficient pull-up,
before a system is pressurized.
Most Swagelok tube fittings are gaugeable. Gap inspection gages are accurate only
when all components are Swagelok components.

Size and type of identification gauges available
for multiple sizes
This gage works on five

sizes of Swagelok tube fittings: 1/4, 3/8, and 1/2in.; 6 and 12 mm.
Ordering Number: MS-IG-468
multiple metric sizes

This gage works on four metric sizes of
Swagelok tube fittings: 6, 8, 10, and 12 mm.
Ordering Number: MS-IG-612M
For individual gauge sizes see the chart below:

Retightening Instructions
Often fittings have to be re-used and the following steps will provide you with a leak
proof seal.
Step 1
Fitting is shown in the disconnected position.
Step 2
Insert tubing with preswaged ferrules into fitting body until front ferrule seats.
Step 3
Tighten nut by hand. Rotate nut to the original position with a wrench. An increase in
resistance will be encountered at the original position. Then tighten slightly with the
wrench. Smaller tube sizes will take less tightening to reach the original position, while
larger tube sizes will require more tightening. The wall thickness will also have an effect
on tightening.
The Swagelok gap inspection gage is not intended to be used when the fitting is
retightened.

Preswaging Instructions
It is sometimes preferable to preswage the fittings before connection due to working in

cramped conditions or maybe working at height. The following steps should be carried
out.
Step 1
Assemble Swagelok nut and ferrules to preswaging tool or fitting. Insert tubing. Make
sure the tubing rests firmly on the shoulder of the tool and the nut is finger-tight.
Tighten nut 1 1/4 turns.
Step 2
Loosen the nut and remove the tubing with preswaged ferrules from the preswaging
tool.
Step 3
The connection can now be made by following the Retightening Instructions shown on
previous pages.
Although a preswaging tool can be used many times, it does have a finite life. After
frequent use, ask your Swagelok representative to have it checked.
À For 1/16, 1/8 and 3/16 in.; 2, 3, and 4 mm size tube fittings, tighten 3/4 turn from
finger-tight.

Fitting Instruction for other types of swagelok connections and fittings
Port Connectors
1. Remove nut and ferrules from the first of the two Swagelok ports to be connected.
2. Slip nut only (no ferrules) over the machined ferrule end of port connector.
3. Insert port connector into Swagelok Port 1 and finger tighten the nut.
4. Tighten with wrench 1/4 turn only. (For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.; 2, 3, and 4 mm size
tube fittings, tighten 1/8 turn from finger-tight.) Subsequent connections are made from
the finger-tight position by slightly tightening the nut with a wrench.
5. Insert other end of port connector into Swagelok Port 2 until bottomed, and tighten
nut 1 1/4 turns from finger-tight using normal Swagelok nut and ferrules. For 1/16, 1/8,
and 3/16 in.; 2, 3, and 4 mm tube fittings, tighten 3/4 turn from finger-tight.
Plug
Tighten plug with wrench 1/4 turn from finger-tight position. For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.;
2, 3, and 4 mm tube fittings, tighten 1/8 turn from finger-tight.
For over 1 in. and 25 mm, tighten plug with wrench 1/4 turn from finger-tight.
Make subsequent connections by slightly tightening with wrench after snugging the nut
by hand.
Swagelok to AN Adaptor
Tighten the Swagelok nut by hand. Rotate the nut with a wrench until an increase in
resistance is encountered. Then tighten slightly with the wrench.
For nylon fittings, see the Assembly Instructions card shipped with each fitting.

SAE/MS Straight Thread – Positionable Elbows and Tees
1. Lubricate O-ring with a lubricant compatible with the system fluid, environment, and
O-ring material. A (Standard O-ring material is fluorocarbon FKM. Other O-ring
materials are also available, upon request.)
2. Turn the fitting into the straight thread boss until the metal back-up washer contacts
the face of the boss.
3. Position the fitting by backing it out (not more than one turn counterclockwise)
until the Swagelok tube fitting end is oriented in the proper direction.
4. Hold the wrench pad with a backup wrench and tighten the locknut until the washer is
against the face of the boss.
NOTE: SAE/MS positionable elbows and tees are compatible with J1926, MS16142, or
JIC female straight thread O-ring bosses. O-rings are coated with a thin film of silicone
based lubricant.
Swagelok Adaptors
When installing pipe elbows or tees, it is often difficult to align the fitting with the desired
run. When pipe threads are tightly engaged, an angle fitting is often pointing in the
wrong direction for the tubing run. Loosening the pipe connection means
leakage at the pipe thread. By using Swagelok tube adapters in conjunction with union
elbows or tees, these difficulties can be totally avoided.
Adapters can save money while providing greater in-system versatility.
NOTE: Swagelok adapters, reducers, and port connectors are to be used ONLY in
Swagelok tube fittings. Use in fittings made by other manufacturers may result in failure.

Step 1. To facilitate the installation of adapter fittings, it is advantageous to first connect

the end opposite the tube adapter end. This will eliminate alignment
problems which are often encountered with fittings such as male run or branch tees.
Step 2. Place the Swagelok tube fitting over the adapter fitting. Make sure that the
adapter fitting rests firmly on the shoulder of the Swagelok fitting and that the nut is
finger-tight.

Step 3. Before tightening the Swagelok nut, scribe the nut at the 6 o’clock position.
Now, while holding the Swagelok fitting body steady with a backup wrench, tighten the
nut 1 1/4 turns. A Watch the scribe mark, make one complete revolution, and continue
to the 9 o’clock position. For 1/16, 1/8, and 3/16 in.; 2, 3, and 4 mm size tube fittings,
tighten 3/4 turn from finger-tight.
How to use Swagelok Adaptors and Reducers
(1 1/4, 1 1/2, and 2 in.; 28, 30, 32, and 38 mm)

These adapters and reducers are furnished with nuts and preswaged ferrules. This
feature adds the benefits of increased reliability and safety to the already versatile
adapter line.
For male and female elbows, or connections to SAE/MS straight thread ports, use a
union elbow with male, female, or straight thread adapter as shown.
Adapters can also be used to make male run, male branch, female run, and female
branch tees when used in conjunction with union tees. Benefits are smaller and more
flexible inventories plus an improved ability to orient elbows and tees to the proper
direction without thread leakage.

Installation Instructions for Swagelok Adaptors and Reducers
(1 1/4, 1 1/2, and 2 in.; 28, 30, 32, and 38 mm)
To install reducers with Swagelok nuts and preswaged ferrules, tighten with wrench 1/2
turn after snugging nut by hand.
Hydraulic Swaging Unit
Hydraulic swaging units must be used when installing 1 1/4, 1 1/2, and 2 in.; 28, 30, 32,
and 38 mm Swagelok tube fittings onto carbon steel and stainless steel tubing. Swaging
units are also available for making up 1/2 through 1 in. and 12 through 25 mm sizes.
The swaging unit is ideal for installations where large numbers of Swagelok tube fittings
are made up. The unit is designed to swage the ferrules on the tubing prior to the final
assembly into a fitting. It ensures a safe and reliable, torque-free, leak-proof seal on
different tube materials.

Tubing Installation
Properly selected tubing combined with the quality of Swagelok tube fittings will give
you leak-free systems. Contact your Swagelok representative for more information on
Swagelok tubing.
When installing fittings near tube bends, there must be a sufficient length of straight
tubing to allow the tube to be bottomed in the Swagelok tube fitting.
Copper Tubing (Fractional)
1. Based on ultimate tensile strength 30 000 psi (206 700 kPa). For metal temperatures
-20° to 100°F (-29° to 37°C).2
2. Allowable working pressure loads calculated from S values (6000 psi – 41 300 kPa)
as specified by ANSI B31.3 code. Design factor 5:1.

Carbon Steel Tubing (Fractional)
1. Soft annealed seamless carbon steel hydraulic tubing ASTM A179 or equivalent.
2. Allowable working pressure loads based equations from ANSI B31.3 using a Stress
(S) value of 15 700 psi (108,2 MPa) for temperature from -20° to 100°F (-28° to 40°C).
3. 3:1 design factor based on ultimate tensile s strength 47 000 psi (323,8 MPa).
Stainless Steel Tubing (Fractional)
1. Fully annealed 304 or 316 (seamless or welded and drawn) stainless steel tubing
ASTM A269 or equivalent.
2. Allowable working pressure loads based on equations from ANSI B31.3 using a
Stress (S) value of 20 000 psi (137,8 MPa) for temperature from -20° to 100°F (-28° to
40°C).
3. .75:1 design factor based on ultimate tensile s strength 75 000 psi (516,7 MPa).

For Seamless Tubing

NOTE: For welded and drawn tubing, a derating factor must be applied for weld
integrity. For double welded tubing, multiply pressure rating by 0.85 for single welded
tubing multiply pressure rating by 0.80.
Carbon Steel Tubing (Metric)

1. Soft annealed carbon steel hydraulic tubing. DIN 2391 or equivalent.
Stress (S) value of 113 MPa (16 400 psi) for temperature from-28° to 40°C (-20° to
100°F).
3. 3:1 design factor based on ultimate tensile strength of 340 MPa (49 300 psi).
Stainless Steel Tubing (Metric)
1. Fully annealed seamless austenitic stainless steel tubing DIN 2462 (D4, T4 tolerance
3 to 12 mm; D4, T3 tolerance, 14 to 38 mm) or equivalent.
Stress (S) value of 137.8 MPa (20 000 psi) for temperature from -28° to 40°C (-20° to
100°F).
3. 3,75:1 Design factor based on ultimate tensile strength 516.7 MPa (75 000 psi).

Tubing Bender
Once you have measured the appropriate tubing length, use the proper tube cutter to
make sure the cut is straight and clean. Blades for cutters should be checked before
use.
Ends should be deburred before using the tube.

Swing the shorter of the two handles up so that it easier to place the tubing in the latch
mechanism. The tubing should lie within the groove of the bender (different benders for
different sizes of pipe). Latch is closed against the pipe securing it (see below).
Safety Considerations
1. Do not bleed system by loosening fitting nut or fitting plug.

2. Do not make up and tighten fittings when system is pressurized.
3. Use Swagelok gap inspection gage to assure the installer or inspector that a fitting
has been sufficiently tightened.
4. Always use proper thread lubricants and sealants on tapered pipe threads.
5. Avoid combining or mixing materials or fitting components from various
manufacturers – tubing, ferrules, nuts and fitting bodies.
6. Never turn fitting body. Instead, hold fitting body and turn nut.
7. Never disassemble new or unused fittings.
8. Use only long reducers in female Swagelok ports.
Additional tubing considerations:

1. Metal tubing material should be softer than fitting material. For example: stainless
steel tubing should not be used with brass fittings.
2. When tubing and fittings are made of the same material, tubing must be fully
annealed.
3. Always use an insert with extremely soft or pliable plastic tubing.

4. Extremes of wall thickness should always be checked against fitting manufacturer’s
suggested minimum and maximum wall thickness limitations.
5. Surface finish is very important to proper sealing. Tubing with any kind of
depression, scratch, raised portion, or other surface defect may be difficult to
seal, particularly in gas service.
6. Tubing that is oval, that will not easily fit through fitting nuts, ferrules, and bodies,
should never be forced into the fitting.
Interchangeability
Statement from Swagelok
Manufacturers of competitive tube fittings often claim that their components are
interchangeable with Swagelok tube fitting components. We believe that interchanging
and intermixing tube fitting components of different designs, or made by different
manufacturers, can result in leaks and tube slippage in a percentage of cases. We also
believe this practice can be dangerous.
Leak-tight seals that will withstand high pressure, vibration, vacuums, and temperature
changes depend upon close tolerances and consistent, exacting quality control in
conjunction with good principles. The full value we build into Swagelok tube fittings is
lost when components from other manufacturers are interchanged or intermixed with
ours. We believe that any manufacturer’s fitting performs best when only that
manufacturer’s components are used in its fittings.
We do not believe that a tube fitting made up by interchanging and intermixing

components of other manufacturers with Swagelok tube fitting components will
perform to the high standards of an all-Swagelok tube fitting.
Safe Component Selection

When selecting a component, the total system design must be considered to
ensure safe, trouble-free performance. Component function, material
compatibility, adequate ratings, proper installation, operation, and maintenance
are the responsibilities of the system designer and user.
Caution: Do not mix or interchange parts with those of other

manufacturers.

Swagelok NPT Fittings
Swagelok NPT come in many different shapes and sizes, above are only some of the
variety available.
When fitting an NPT nipple into a NPT receptacle, then the threads should first be
checked for damage and clean if necessary, using a wire brush. When using PFTE
tape three wraps is sufficient. It is recommended that you use the liquid Teflon or
another equivalent product. On equipment the receptacle should be gauged using a
thread gauge.
This tool should never:
 Be forced into the receptacle

 Used to clean the internal threads (use a wire brush and air)
 Be handled roughly, this is a precision instrument, any damage and the gauge is
useless.
 Must be stored separately and inside its tube.
 Be put away dry, always coat with anti-rust oil or grease.
If the gauge should go in to far on the receptacle, then inform you supervisor
immediately. DO NOT USE.

Minimum and Maximum Depths
L4
L2
L3 L1
L1 – Distance the fittings should go into receptacle by hand
L2 – Distance allowable to be screwed into place
L3 – Distance allowable for internal threads to be screwed in
L4 – Overall distance of threads
See chart below for distances.
DIMENSIONS OF AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD TAPER PIPE THREAD, NPT TO ANSI B1.20.1
Dim. Dim. Dim. Dim.
N.B. Dia. E0 Dia. E1 Dia. E2 Dia. E3 Dia. D
L1 L2 L3 L4
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
6 4.102 6.7030 2.8219 9.9669 9.23315 9.48944 9.652 9.65662 10.267
8 5.786 10.205 4.2341 15.102 12.1257 12.4874 12.7635 11.8610 13.716
10 6.096 10.358 4.2341 15.255 15.5450 15.9260 16.1925 15.2806 17.145
15 8.128 13.555 5.4432 19.850 19.264 19.772 20.111 18.924 21.336
20 8.611 13.860 5.4432 20.154 24.579 25.117 25.445 24.238 26.670
25 10.160 17.343 6.6268 25.006 30.826 31.461 31.910 30.412 33.401
32 10.668 17.952 6.6268 25.615 39.551 40.217 40.673 39.137 42.164
40 10.668 18.376 6.6268 26.040 45.620 46.287 46.769 45.206 48.260
50 11.074 19.215 6.6268 26.878 57.633 58.325 58.834 57.219 60.325
65 17.322 29.892 6.3500 39.908 69.076 70.156 70.881 68.679 73.025
80 19.456 30.480 6.3500 41.495 84.851 86.067 86.756 84.455 88.900
100 21.437 33.020 6.3500 44.035 110.093 111.433 112.157 109.696 114.300
125 23.799 35.720 6.3500 46.736 136.925 138.412 135.157 136.523 141.300
150 24.333 35.417 6.3500 49.433 163.731 165.252 166.132 163.334 168.270
L1 - hand tight engagement length E0 - pitch dia. at start of ext. thread
L2 - is the effective thread length E1 - pitch dia. at position L1

L3 - wrench makeup - internal threads E2 - pitch dia. at position L2
L4 - overall length - external threads E3 - pitch dia. at position E3
NOTE: DO NOT OVERTIGHTEN THESE FITTINGS.
NOTE: THREAD TAPS SHOULD NEVER BE USED TO CLEAN RECEPTACLES

OR TO MEASURE DEPTHS.
Ball Valve and Needle Valves
When fitting ball valves and needle valves, Check the following:
 Make sure that the valve is fully functional

 The NPT nipple or NPT receptacle is clean and undamaged
 Check the pressure rating of the valve is in line with the Maximum Working
Pressure that it is attached to
 Use the same connection techniques as you would use for all NPT connections
 Always double valve when using for High Pressures.


Autoclave Fittings
Speedbite Connections
Fast, Positive Sealing for Pressures up to 15,000 psi* (1034 bar)
1. Cut tubing to length and deburr. Allow extra length for proper engagement (per table
below).
2. Lubricate male threads. (Lubrication not necessary if tube nut has Bonded Dry-Film
Lubricant.) Slip gland and sleeve onto tubing.
Note: Be sure to remove gland and sleeve from components
and slide them onto the tubing before inserting the tubing into
the components.
Make sure larger end of sleeve is toward gland.

Push tubing into valve or fitting until it bottoms. If process tolerable, a slight amount of
inert grease on the nose of the compression sleeve will improve sealability.
3. TIGHTEN GLAND UNTIL SLEEVE BEGINS TO GRIP TUBING.
4. Note starting position of wrench. Tighten gland approximately 1-1/4 turns for the SW
connection.

Complete Connection
The illustration below shows the condition of sleeve and tubing after completion of
“sleeve seating.” The sleeve has cut into the tubing as it moved forward into the tapered
seat, upsetting material ahead of it and establishing a shoulder on the tubing to provide
positive mechanical support for the tubing end-load. A properly seated sleeve cannot be
displaced back and forth along the tubing but may be rotated around the tubing.

Reassembly
To reassemble a connection, insert tubing with sleeve and gland into valve or fitting.
Tighten gland “finger-tight”. Tighten gland with a wrench approximately 3/8 of a turn for
a gastight seal. After frequent reassemblies, it may take less than 3/8 turn to effect a
gas-tight seal, and as little as 1/8 of a turn may be sufficient.
Coning and Threading Installation
Manual Kit:
1. Fig. 1 Cut tubing to length and deburr. Allow extra length for proper engagement into
the connection as listed in Table 1. Allow an additional 1/16” (1.57 mm) each end for
squaring off the tube ends.
Note: Abrasive cut of wheels should not be used to cut tubing.

2. Install the collet and collet nut into the bottom of the coning tool housing. Remove the
cutter support feed nut from the coning tool housing and install the cutters. This can be
done by backing out the four set screws in the cutter support.
Note: When installing new blades, be sure the blades are flat against the holder. There
should be no space between the blades and the holder.
3. Fig. 2 Place the coning tool housing (or optional support arm), without the feed
nut/cutter support assembly, in a vice. The vice should be equipped with soft jaws, and
the housing should be placed in the vice to allow lubricant to flow to the cutters and
cone.

4. Fig. 2 Slide the tubing through the collet until the end of the tube appears in the
coning tool housing window. Line the end of the tube with the edge of the window and
tighten the collet nut firmly in place using the collet nut wrench.
5. Fig. 3 Install the feed nut/cutter support assembly into the coning tool housing.
Rotate the feed nut clockwise until the top of the cutters just contact the top of the tube.
Do not rotate the feed nut any further at this point.
6. Fig. 3 Apply cutting oil through the lubricant opening in the end of the cutter holder. A
medium weight high sulphur content cutting fluid is recommended. Use the cutting oil
freely during the coning operation.
7.

a. Note the position of the feed nut in relation to the undercut of the thread on the
coning tool housing. This can be used to gauge the amount of feed nut travel to properly
cone the tube. The amount of travel is shown in Table 2 and is labeled on the graphic
as “Cone Length”. Note: An additional 1/16” (1.57 mm) further coning will be needed to
square the end of the tube.
b. Another method to determine proper cone length is to count the number of turns of
the feed nut. The number of turns is listed in Table 2 under the heading “Number of
Turns”. This includes enough advancement of the feed nut to face off the tube. This
assumes the tube is cut to length in accordance with these instructions.
8. Rotate the handle in a clockwise direction while simultaneously slowly turning the
feed nut in a clockwise direction. Rotate the feed nut slowly and evenly to smoothly
cone the tube. Loosen collet nut, remove tubing and visually inspect the cone. Use
deburring tool to remove any burr on inside edge of tube after coning.

9. Fig. 4 Clamp the tubing in a soft jaw vice. Do not over tighten. Slide the threading tool
over the tube through the guide bushing.
10. Apply a medium weight, high sulphur cutting oil to threading area.
11. Apply pressure to the top of the threading tool to start the cutting action. The threads
are left handed, so turn the threader counterclockwise to thread the tube. The
threading tool may need to be periodically rotated clockwise to break and discharge
metal chips. Apply lubricant freely during the threading process.
Note: Lettering on die faces toward guide bushing.

12. Continue to rotate die holder counterclockwise while applying cutting oil generously
throughout the process until threads of the following lengths have been cut.
13. After tube is coned, threaded and deburred, check for proper thread fit and length
with a new collar of the proper size. Note: Remember to flush all tubing prior to
installation with a fluid that is compatible with the process fluid being used.
Assembly and Makeup of Connection
1. Lubricate male threads of gland with a metal based thread lubricant.✝ Slip gland on
tubing as shown and thread collar on tubing until one to two threads are exposed
between collar and cone.
✝ Anti-Seize Lubricant: P-3580
2. A small amount of process tolerable lubricant, such as silicone grease, on the cone
tip will help with the sealing process. Insert tubing in connection, engage gland and
tighten “finger tight”.
3. Tighten gland with torque wrench to specified values on page 33. When tightening,
the use of an additional wrench is recommended to hold the fitting.




JIC Fittings and Hoses
You can purchase these fittings and hoses from the main suppliers, they must be
accompanied by the relevant certification.
Fittings come in different sizes and connections from picture one above which is a
double end JIC fitting in stainless to low pressure brass fittings.
Hoses can be made up to different pressures. The maximum working pressure should
be printed along the hose for identification.
Pressure Rating
Stamped on hose

CAUTION: Make sure that the fittings and hoses match up for their respective pressure
ratings.
It is possible to train people to make up high pressure hoses. This should only be done
by qualified persons. The following equipment is one of the available tools to enable
you to crimp your own hoses together.
By inserting the right size of die for the fitting into the Hydraulic Crimping machine you
can use the hand pump to exert the force necessary (as recommended by the
manufacturer) to crimp fitting to hose. Do not mix hose and fitting sizes.
THE GOLDEN RULE FOR WORKING WITH FITTINGS.

IF YOU DON’T KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DOING, DON’T DO IT.
ASK!!!!!!!

Rigging Up & Rigging Down Students Manual
Section 10

Rigging Up & Rigging Down

Table of Contents
Rigging Up and Rigging Down ...…………………... 10 - 3
Equipment Loadout Form…........…………………………. 10 - 3
Tool Box Talk, Risk Assessment and PTW……………… 10 - 4
Tool Box Talk............................…………………………… 10 - 5
Risk Assessment..........................………………………… 10 - 6
Risk Analysis Matrix.........................……………………… 10 - 7
Permit to Work...................………………………………… 10 - 9
Equipment Positioning............…………………………….. 10 - 10
How long is a Tag Line...................................................... 10 - 11
Pipework............................................................................ 10 - 13
Auxiliary Equipment........................................................... 10 - 13
Working on the Burner Boom............................................ 10 - 14
Pressure Testing after Rigging Up.................................... 10 - 14
Rigging Down.................................................................... 10 - 16
Damaged Equipment......................................................... 10 - 17

Introduction
The section contains information on the operations of Rigging Up and Rigging Down
Objectives
After completing this section, you should be able to:
 Know the necessary safety procedures for Rigging up and down

 Know what forms are used
 Know how to position equipment safely
 Know how to rig up pipework securely
 What the rules are for working on Burner Booms
 Know the procedure for pressure testing the equipment
 Know how to rig down and pack the equipment
 Knows what to do if there is a piece of damaged equipment

Rigging Up and Rigging Down
The job starts with the Loadout of the equipment.
Equipment Load Out Form
In conjunction with the Equipment Load Out Form the Senior Operator for the job should
also fill out the Load Out Checklist. This ensures that the equipment has been loaded
properly and will not come loose during Transit.
Offshore the equipment will be shipped by road and then by sea. It has to be lifted
several times and therefore it will be necessary to double check to make sure that
everything is tied down properly.
Onshore the equipment will be travelling by land and in many cases on rough roads.
When the equipment is loaded it must be placed in such a way that it will not move on
the bed of the truck. Loads must also be distributed so that they are evenly spread over
the axels.

Any additional Checks that need to be carried out should be listed.
Rigging Up
This is probably the most dangerous time for Surface Well Test Operators. There are
more minor to more severe injuries caused at this time than any other.
Tool Box Talk, Risk Assessment and Permit to Work
Firstly you must take part in a Tool Box Talk. During this, each person will be allocated
a job, to help rig up. Potential risks must be assessed and discussed prior to Rig Up.
This will be achieved by Preparing a Risk Assessment and discussing all associated
possible hazards and how to control those risks. All personnel taking part in rig up
operations must attend this Tool Box Talk.

Examples of Toolbox Talk and Permit to work
Toolbox Talk

Risk Assessment
The Risk Assessment form must be filled out for each job. It is possible to use a
Generic Risk Assessment as a guideline only. Every job will have it’s own separate
hazards and therefore these must be identified and eliminated, reduced or substituted to
acceptable levels, before commencement of operations.

Risk Analysis Matrix
You must use this chart to identify whether, you have reduced the hazard to an
acceptable level. If not then you cannot go ahead until it has been resolved.


Permit to Work
On many sites offshore and onshore you must use the customers permit to work,
however if this is not available then you should use Halliburton’s own permit to work.

Equipment Positioning
As equipment is unloaded, it should be placed in the designated positions. The

unloading must be carried out by trained personnel. The Test Supervisor must at all
times be in communication with Roustabouts, Banksman, who will in turn be in
communication with the Crane Operator. The area must be kept totally clear of all
personnel not taking part in the operation.
Tag Lines
Suspended loads must at all times be in control. Tags lines should be fitted at the
corners of equipment as it is lowered to allow for precise control.

HOW LONG IS A TAG LINE?
It is long enough so that the operator holding the tag line:
 Will be far enough away from the load to be safe.

 Have good control of the load.
 Can keep away from any possible obstructions.
Any alterations to the original layout must be discussed before implementation.
Once equipment is placed in the right positions it must be earthed (ground), to the rig
and to each other. This will prevent the possibility of static discharge (this can be as
much as 50,000 volts).
Rigging-Up
1. Locate main items of equipment in the designated area taking into account:-
a) Hook-up as shown on the layout diagram
NOTE: If anything affecting the hazardous areas eg. rig vents or

power points is altered from the layout diagram, then this should be
brought to the attention of the OIM or Company man.
b) Ease of hook up, minimising bends, tidiness of pipe.
2. Supervisor should make sure that when rigging up pipework the necessary
proper PPE is used.
These gloves are to
be used when
rigging up pipwork.
They will give
reasonable
protection against
impacts.
3. During rig up, sampling and inspection points should be orientated downwards
and fitted with double isolation valves.

4. All items of equipment should be fitted with suitably sized earthing straps
(11mm cross section multi-strand) and should be earthed to the rig structure,
on a place where there is no paint, as part of the hook-up procedure. This will
then earth any static electricity (generated by the friction of flowing fluids) and
prevent any discharge with the associated dangers this would create.
NOTE: If an item of equipment is not earthed and it is subject to a build up of
static electricity, this static can build up to a infinite level before it discharges
(this level will be dependant on what the equipment can discharge. Obviously if
it is in contact with a metal deck it will discharge at a lower level than if
discharging to people or even the atmosphere).
ONSHORE
If no earthing points are available at the well-site then the equipment should be
earthed by driving a spike into the ground, to a depth of 3 feet. The area around this
spike should then be watered regularly.
5. Vent hoses and bleed off lines to be run to locations as per the layout
diagram. These will be previously decided 'safe' area.
NOTE: The vent hoses must be suitably tied down.
6. Rig to burner boom access points should have properly secured hand rails
even if of a temporary nature.
7. The test equipment area should be as far as is practical free of all rig
equipment, baskets, containers, etc.
8. When rigging up a steam generator, the steam return line should be laid to
overboard and not returned to the steam generator. This is to prevent the
possible migration of hydrocarbons to the steam generator in the event of a
process coil failure in the heat exchanger.
9. The steam vent line should be hard piped (not necessary when using a
degasser where this is plumbed into the steam return line).
10. To prevent injury from whiplash through burst hoses, air hoses must be fitted
with a means of securing the end fittings. Small bore air hoses must be fitted
with “Safety R Clips” or similar and “Whipchecks” or similar on 2” or larger
hoses.
NOTE: The degasser should be calibrated for the type of gas expected on a
particular test and will produce an alarm or can be used as part of the Safety
Shutdown System (when tied into the ESD loop) to close in the well in the
event of a failure in the heat exchanger process coils.

PIPEWORK
Handling of pipework should be kept to a minimum, the shortest runs possible and with
as few bends as possible (especially Upstream of the Choke Manifold).
Manual Handling techniques should be used at all times. During these operations
several risks are particularly prone:
 Lifting and lowering of pipework puts severe strain on anyone carrying pipework.
 When positioning the pipework for connection there is possibility of pinch points.
 When using a hammer everyone must keep clear and the hammer must be in
good condition.
NOTE: DO NOT WORK WITH DAMAGED OR BROKEN TOOLS
All pipework must be tied down used the proper wire rope.
Tie-Downs
These should consist of wire rope with crimped eyes and shackles of the appropriate
size for the wire rope.
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Electrical Cables
All electrical connections should be carried out by a qualified electrician only. He must
be qualified to work on the rig. All cables should be run in such a way as to avoid trip
hazards if possible and damage caused by other operations.
All equipment must be checked that it is functioning properly before operations

commence. e.g. The pump is turning in the right direction.

Steam Hoses
Steam Hoses as with air hoses should be secured properly, and must be identified as
being dangerous and high temperature.
Working on the Burner Boom
Before going onto the burner boom the following should be in place:
 The rig must be informed of work taking place on the burner boom and a permit
to work issued.
 The standby boat must be present during these operations and the sea state,
must allow rescue craft to be deployed.
 The person/persons going onto the boom, must have a brightly coloured vest and
or safety jacket and harness.
 There must be a standby person who does not go onto the boom. This person
should be in direct contact with the standby boat.
If there is high winds or a possibility of high winds then there should be a risk
assessment carried out. Normally if the wind speed is over 30 knots then no work on
the burner booms can take place.
If any person should be working out with the safety barrier of the boom, he must attach
himself by his fall arrest harness securely to the boom.
Night activities on the burner boom is not advisable, but should it become necessary,
extra safety cautions must be taken. (See risk assessment and rig mandatory
regulations.) This will include sufficient lighting both on the boom and below the boom.
NOTE: UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD THE STANDBY PERSON LEAVE

THE LOCATION WITH PERSONS ON THE BOOM. THEREFORE UNDER NO
CIRCUMSTANCE SHOULD PERSON/S BE ON THE BOOM WITHOUT A STANDBY
PERSON PRESENT.
Pressure Testing after Rigging Up
Once you have completed the rig up of the equipment, it will be necessary that the
equipment is pressure tested to prove its integrity.
The following Steps should be taken:
1. Hold Tool Box Talk, Risk Assessment and fill out Permit to Work.
2. Erect warning barriers around test area.

3. Announce over P.A. system that pressure testing is about to commence.

4. Ensure all non-essential personnel are clear of test area. Have someone
make sure that no persons directly involved with the pressure test enter the
area.
5. All lines to be pressure tested must be tied down.
6. Make sure that the fittings and lines to the pressure test pump are of the right
pressure rating.
7. When pressuring up all personnel to keep clear of the equipment. Inspection
should be carried out only after pressuring up is complete, and from as far a
distance as possible.
8. Pressure up the equipment in stages of 25% increments. Hold the pressure
there for several minutes before increasing the pressure.
9. Do not pressure test equipment to above Maximum Allowable Working
Pressure.
10. Devices protected by rupture discs should be tested to a maximum of 90%
Maximum Working Pressure.
11. If any leaks are discovered shut down and bleed pressure off immediately.
DO NOT TRY TO FIX LEAKS WITH PRESSURE IN THE EQUIPMENT.
12. Any relief valves that have activated during Pressure Testing must be
removed and replaced.
13. When finished a thorough check must be made to make sure that no residual
pressure remains in the equipment.
14. Pressure Test Charts must be completed properly, and kept as proof of
testing.

Rigging Down
NOTE: THE START OF THE NEXT JOB IS AT THE END OF THE LAST JOB.
What do we mean by that?
When you are finishing a job it is just as important to follow all the procedures and not
just throw everything into baskets and send to shore. The cost of damage to equipment
because of storing badly has been considerable over the years.
It is important that none of the pressure containing equipment or parts of the

equipment are rigged down, dismantled or removed until the well is officially declared
dead and safe and instructions are received to rig down. Well testing systems,
including ESD and Relief systems can be complex and premature rigging down
without authority can result in hazardous situations.
Firstly, the following should be taken into consideration before rigging down:
 All pressure should be bled from the system

 The well is secure. In other words the equipment is isolated from the
tubing/reservoir pressure.
 Authorization has been given to start rigging down the equipment.
 The equipment has been thoroughly emptied and flushed as necessary.
 If it is a sour service well then special precautions must be taken. (Even flushing
with an inhibitor and nitrogen before rigging down).
 Spill kits should be strategically placed around the site before rigging down.
As with rigging up a risk assessment must be carried out before hand and then a tool
box talk. Once this has been carried out then the following should be carried out.+
 All instrumentation should be removed prior to knocking pipework apart.

 All tools should not be damaged or broken
 All drains on vessels should be closed and sealed where necessary.
 All male and female thread ends should have protectors fitted or if none available
should have grease tape wound round to prevent damage.
 Pipework should be secured in pipe racks with bars.
 Any loose objects must be either stored or secured to there equipment.
 Tools should be put back into containers and secured.
 Make sure that all valve handles are secured to the various equipment.

 When placing equipment in baskets it should be packed with care and secure.
(no loose objects within the baskets). Do not overfill baskets, they have a weight
restriction.
 When packing labs/workshops, it must be done with care. Keep your equipment
tidy.
 Wrap all electrical cables and secure them to the equipment.
When finished a check should be made of the surrounding area to make sure that:
 It is clear of all debris.

 No oil or other liquid has been left on the deck.
 All equipment has been shipped back to the base.
 Any faults pertaining to the rig have been reported.
 Permits have been handed back.
All equipment returned to base has routine maintenance carried out on it, as laid out
in the maintenance procedures manuals. This allows any problems, and the person
who carried out the work, to be traced in order that the actual steps taken in carrying
out the maintenance can be identified to allow flexibility of response to ensure the
problems do not occur again.
DAMAGED EQUIPMENT
If equipment has been returned damaged, photographs are taken of the damage, and
if the costs or re-chargeable to the customer then they are invited to view the
equipment within three days after which time the necessary repairs are carried out. If
the repair costs are not re-chargeable then an insurance claim will be made.

Intro to Conducting a Well Test Students Manual
Section 11

Introduction to Conducting a Well

Test
Table of Contents
Conducting a Well Test...........……………………………… 11 - 3
Operational Equipment on Location……………………….. 11 - 3
ESD Checklist.......................................……………………. 11 - 3
Pre-flaring Checklist....................…………………………… 11 - 5
General Pre-Job Checklist..............………………………… 11 - 6
Conducting Safe Operations...............……………………… 11 - 7
Safety During Operations.....………………………………… 11 - 7
Restricted Zones and Safety Standards..………………….. 11 - 8
Hazardous Atmosphere........................................................ 11 - 8
Hazardous Areas.................................................................. 11 - 8
Preparation before opening the well..................................... 11 - 9
Well Clean-up....................................................................... 11 - 10
Checks before Flowing into the Separator........................... 11 - 11
Flow Well through Separator for the first time...................... 11 - 11
Procedures and Guidelines for Shutting in Wells................. 11 - 12
Surface Shut-in..................................................................... 11 - 12
Down-hole Shut-in................................................................ 11 - 13
Measurements to be taken during a Well Test..................... 11 - 14
How to fill out Field Reading Sheets..................................... 11 - 15
Field Reading Sheet – Separator.......................................... 11 - 17
How to take a BS&W............................................................. 11 - 18
H2S & CO2 Sampling............................................................ 11 - 19
How to measure Water Salinity............................................. 11 - 20
Determining a Shrinkage....................................................... 11 - 21
Determining an API Gravity................................................... 11 - 22
How to find the Ph Value....................................................... 11 - 23
How to take a Gas Gravity.................................................... 11 - 23

Introduction
The section contains information on the basic of conducting a Well Test
Objectives
 Know the Checks used before commencement of Well Testing

 Know the basic on safety during Well Testing
 Know what a hazardous atmosphere/area is
 Know what zones are applicable to Well Testing
 Know how to prepare for a Well Test
 Know about the hazards associated with Well Clean-ups
 Know the checks to carry out before flowing into the separator
 Know the guidelines for shutting in the well at the surface/downhole
 Know what measurements are taken during a well test and where they are taken
 Know how to fill out a Field Reading Sheet
 Know how to take a BS&W
 Know how to sample gas for H2S and CO2
 Know how to measure water salinity
 Know how to do a shrinkage
 Know how to measure Ph
 Know how to measure Gas Gravity

CONDUCTING A WELL TEST

You have rigged up the equipment, secured it and pressure tested it, the next step is to
check everything is ready for the Well Test.
Operational Equipment on Location
This form should be filled out prior to operations.
There are many checks that you will have to carry out before opening the well, here are
some of the most important ones:
ESD Checklist
This checklist is extremely important. It makes sure that you can isolate the Well Bore
from the surface equipment should anything go wrong.
Operate all the ESD Buttons, switches pilots one at a time and taking note of maximum
pressure rating, and reaction time.
What is the maximum time it should take the valve to shut in after the ESD has been
activated?
10 Secs


Pre-flaring Checklist
This is another very important checklist, should the burner not ignite and hydrocarbons
were to enter the atmosphere without safe combustion, then at the least you would have
an environmental incident, which could prove costly to both the local environment and
the company.

General Pre-job Checklist

This checklist cover all the other equipment used and should be used in conjunction
with the other two checklist and not instead of them.
If the proper checks are carried out before-hand then there is a smaller chance of things
going wrong.
The supervisor and one other should check the line-up of valves and the flow path to
make sure that we are flowing to the right place.
Normally on start up you will be bypassing the equipment and either going to the Burner
or Tank. This is dependant on the amount of gas and pressure on start-up.
If you are flowing into a tank, you should make sure that the vent is open and there is no
chance of overpressure.

Conducting Safe Operations

An integral and foremost part of testing procedures is the specialist's duty, and
responsibility to conduct these operations under safe conditions. Under no
circumstances, including demands of the client's representative, is our specialist to
allow flowing operations to be initiated or continued, if, in his judgment, there is any
doubt that it can be carried out safely.
Some possible unsafe conditions, which are by no means a complete list, are
mentioned below.
1. Any component of the flow system between the wellhead and the heater choke
having a rated working pressure below the maximum possible wellhead shut-in
pressure.
2. Any leak in the complete flow system found during initial static pressure testing
with water, or developing later during the flowing operations.
3. Insufficient heater capacity resulting in hydrating at the choke or at the back
pressure valve.
4. Malfunction, freezing, or seizing up of a back pressure valve.
5. Insufficient venting capacity of storage or metering tanks.
6. Separator burst disc stamped rating of more than 1.05 the equipment's rated
working pressure.
7. Separator's safety relief valve setting at pressure above the equipment rated
pressure.
8. Plugging from hydrates, waxes, or solid in any part of the flow system.
9. Danger of or noticeable erosion of the flow system from sand production.
10. Insufficient distances between wellhead, heater, storage tanks, and flare stack
burner, resulting in fire hazard.
11. Working on a H2S well without proper equipment and trained personnel.
12. Night time operations without sufficient lighting for the work area.
Safety During Operations

There is no such thing as a routine pressure job and nothing is more important than
safety. Well trained personnel and proper equipment are prerequisites for all pressure
jobs.
Company safety regulations must be strictly observed on all well testing operations with
particular regard given to this aspect when wildcat and/or sour gas H2S wells are
involved. Some safety practices include the following:
1. Work clothes- Coveralls, hard hat, gloves, steel toed boots worn. Safety goggles
should be on hand and worn when necessary.
2. Hold a spot safety meeting. Include client and rig crew if possible.

3. Emphasize the emergency duties assigned to each crew member for the
operative period.
4. Be aware of the dangers of working with high pressure. No line, valve or
equipment should be worked on until all pressure is relieved. Watch for trapped
pressure.
5. When possible use spark resistant tools.
6. When opening a valve under pressure, open the valve gradually. Gate valves
should be fully open or fully closed. (They should not be used as throttling
devices).
7. Wear safety harness when working on high structures.
8. Wear life vest when working above water.
9. Secure all flow lines, relief lines, hoses, etc...
10. Use common sense and proper safety procedures.
SAFETY is everyone's responsibility and a good pressure job is a SAFE one.
RESTRICTED ZONE - SAFETY STANDARDS

You should know which zones that your equipment is situated in. Below is the general zonal
area.
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
This is an atmosphere containing significant quantities of flammable gas or vapour in a
concentration capable of ignition.
NOTE: The term refers exclusively to the danger arising from ignition, but it
must be remembered that a dangerous condition also exists where the
atmosphere contains toxic gas or vapour in such a concentration as to
be a danger to life.
HAZARDOUS AREA
This is an area in which a dangerous atmosphere exists. Dangerous areas are

classified under three headings, Zone 0, Zone 1, and Zone 2, which are defined as:

Zone 0 An area in which a dangerous atmosphere could continually be present.
Zone 1 an area in which a dangerous atmosphere is likely to occur under abnormal

operating conditions.
Zone 2 An area in which a dangerous atmosphere is likely to occur under normal

operation conditions.
Zone 3 An area where no hydrocarbons are likely to occur under normal operational
conditions.
The Well Test Equipment under normal working conditions comes within a Zone 2 Area.
Should we however be working out with normal conditions this can change. E.g.
working with Wireline on rig floor.
Preparation before opening the Well

Safety
1. Hold a Toolbox talk/Safety Huddle prior to performing any work. through the
Separator covering:
a) This procedure
b) Do not walk close to a leaking fitting
c) Do not tighten a leaking fitting under pressure.
d) Housekeeping
2. Barrier off Welltest testing area.
3. Spill Kits.
4. Fire Extinguisher.
5. Clear Routes of escape.
6. All PPE to be worn at all times.
7. Only qualified competent personnel will operate the Separator.
Notes -
a. There must be good clear communication with the Welltest Supervisor, Air
Compressor operator and the Fire watcher.
b. Should any of the compressor stop working due to malfunctions then
thoughts must be given to -
1) Reducing the fluid rate from the pump by closing the oil diverter manifold
slightly
2) By pass to the Tank
3) Ultimately shut in the well at the choke manifold

Well Clean up
Well conditioning is an extremely important part of every well test to ensure that the
effluent measurements recorded at surface are representative of the produced reservoir
fluid system.
The main contaminants to be cleaned out are:
 Drawdown cushion
 Perforating debris
 Completion fluids down to the perforations
 Stimulation fluids
 Drilling fluids
 Scale from tubing or casing
 Cement fines
NOTE: The clean up flow is an extremely hazardous operation because, in many

cases, the well will be flowed to surface for the first time. Safety is there-fore of
paramount importance.
Clean-up flow should be directed through the adjustable choke and so any fluid or gas
measurements taken at this time are subject to the inaccuracies of the choke.
Prior to opening a well for the first time, care should be taken to ensure that the flow will
be directed to the flare and all equipment downstream of the heat exchanger is isolated
from the flow stream. The Adjustable choke should be opened on a small size and built
up to requirements, (according to the operation guidelines). You must have a person
positioned at the flare boom when opening up to the Burners. He must have good
communication at all times with the Well Test Crew Supervisor. If the burner should not
ignite for any reason remedial action must be taken immediately, to prevent
hydrocarbons escaping to the atmosphere.
NOTE: The Company Representative should be present before opening the well
for the first time.
After completion of the Cleanup it is normal practice to shut in the well to allow the
reservoir pressure to equalize, before continuing with the Well Test.
Normally the choke will be opened on an adjustable and beaned up to the required fixed
choke size. When this size is achieved then you will swap sides to the fixed choke.
Once stabilization occurs you are ready to flow into the separator.

Checks before Flowing into the Separator
1. Prior to any entry into the separator confirm the flow path route is correct and
lined up to the oil and gas flares line on, the appropriate burner. Confirm wind
direction with control Room. Unless the operations are only tank related.
2. Make sure that orifice plate carrier with orifice plate moves up and down within
the Daniels senior. Leave the holder, carrier and plates ready and visible close
by the Box.
3. Check that all instrumentation on Separator is open and ready to operate.
4. Function Test the controllers on the oil, water and gas lines.
5. The Oil and Water controllers set at 5 with a proportional band setting of 2.5.
The pressure controller to be set at 0 with proportional band set at 2.5.
6. Sensing line to BPV controller is clear and needle valve is open.
7. Make sure that any sample point needle valves are closed.
8. Check all other needle valves, sight glass drains etc are closed
9. ESD system should have been checked prior to this stage.
10. Low pressure pilots must be isolated until pressure reaches level over set
pressure. The same must be done with low level pilots.
11. Fit Differential chart in Recorder, Clock is wound up/battery fitted and switched
on to 24 hour clock
12. Check pens in the differential recorder are marking.
13. All sight glasses are open and clean.
14. Line up preferred oil line and zero meter if applicable and inform scan of this
data.
15. Line up water line.
16. Read number 1 again then again check process line up and diverter manifolds to
make sure that they are lined up to the required burner boom.
17. Have some buckets hand for any sampling, draining etc.
18. Burners lit a Pre-flaring checklist complete
19. Confirm all of the above with a second person.
Flow Well into through Separator for the First Time.
1. Have 2 people for this operation

2. Check downstream pressure on choke before starting.
3. Normally it is very important to be within Critical flow when flowing on
production but customer sometimes does not require this specific criteria.
Confirm this with the test engineer on location
4. Slowly open inlet valve on separator.
5. Monitor ball valve immediately for any sign of carry over into the Gas line.
6. Commence closing the selected separator Oil or Gas bypass valve.
7. Once inlet fully open and bypass fully closed.
8. Set Separator Pressure to the desired figure.

Note Do not rush this, small movements of the dial makes big differences in the
separator pressure.
9. Once the pressure is around area required do not keep adjusting. Monitor and
adjust as required but also give it time to stabilize.
10. With the oil and water level controllers set at five, the level should be
automatically set to control at that point. Adjust levels accordingly but also
give it time to stabilize.
11. Confirm with operator at burner boom to make sure that good burn is taking
place.
12. Check to make sure that static pressure is steady and confirms with vessel
gauge and Data Acquisition.
13. Activate Pilot systems
14. Once separator is stable, inform scan that you are about to lower orifice plate
in chamber. Lower orifice plate slowly noting differential pressure. Inform
Data Acquisition of orifice plate size.
15. Continue general operating procedures.
16.
Procedures and Guidelines for shutting in Wells
At the end of a flow period, the well will be closed in to record a build-up. The preferred
option for recording the build-up data is to close the well in downhole and thus minimize
the effects of wellbore storage. Occasionally though, this is not possible due to various
reasons, e.g. malfunction of the downhole tools, suspected malfunction of downhole
gauges, malfunction of the surface readout system (SRO).
Surface Shut-In
Normal procedure for this is to close in at the upstream valves of the choke manifold
and record the pressure build up with all of the means available on location e.g. data
acquisition and manual readings.
The following points should be observed:
 Inform the drill floor of the intent to close in the well surface.
 Ensure that all of the test crew are at the delegated workstations.
 The Well Test Crew should liaise with the Petroleum Engineer to confirm shut-
in requirements and time.
 Ensure that any final pressure/temperatures are recorded prior to shut-in.
 Ensure that any final sampling requirements are met prior to shut-in.
 The Well Test Crew Chief should close in the well at the agreed time, in line
with the procedure below.
 Ensure the shut-in recording equipment is operational and recording at the
required scan rate (if applicable).
 Inform the drill floor of the actual well shut-in time.

The procedure for closing a well in at surface would normally be similar to the points
outlined below:
 Ensure that all relevant personnel are present prior to shut-in.

 Ensure that the pressure recording devices are of suitable range to record the
build up.
 Ensure that all recording devices are operational and open to the well
conditions.
 Ensure that all of the sample points are isolated.
 Close in the relevant upstream choke manifold valve.
 Close in the downstream choke manifold valves.
 Bypass and isolate the downstream equipment to ensure that flow (in the
event of a leak or similar problem) is directed to the flare.
 Monitor any pressure between the upstream and downstream valves on the
choke manifold in an effort to determine any leak through the valves.
Downhole Shut-in
On most well tests, a downhole tester valve will be run as part of the test string. In such
cases it is the preferred practice to close the well in downhole at this valve to record the
build-up on the downhole gauges.
This method is preferable to the surface shut-in for the following reasons:
 The effect of wellbore storage is minimized.
 Once the downhole valve is confirmed closed, surface pressure can be bled
down and hence reduce the risk of a high pressure leak at surface.
 There are fewer potential places for leaks to occur.
The Downhole Tool Supervisor is responsible for the operation and status of the
downhole tools during the shut-in period. Confirmation should be made of the following
requirements:
 The Well Test Crew Chief should liaise with the Petroleum Engineer to
ascertain shut-in and procedures.
 Communicate with the Tool Supervisor to make sure that the shut in has taken
place.
 Ensure that all personnel are informed of the actual shut-in time.
The Petroleum Engineer should ensure that all sampling requirements have been met
before the well is closed in and confirm with all test personnel the information required
during the well shut-in will be collected by the Company’s requirements.
A typical down hole shut-in procedure would be as follows:
 Ensure that all relevant test personnel are present prior to shut-in.
 Bypass all surface equipment (if applicable)
 Close in the well by cycling the downhole tester valve to the closed position.
 Continue flowing the well through the choke manifold until confirmation of
pressure reduction is observed.

 Close the well in at the choke manifold.
 Monitor the pressure carefully to confirm the tester valve is closed.
 Isolate all surface equipment to ensure that, in the event of any problems, the
flow will be directed to the flare.
 Inform all rig personnel of the well status.
Note:
1. At any time during these operations you have cause to shut in due to
leaks, failure of equipment or incident. DO NOT HESITATE TO DO
SO.
2. Full records must be kept of all information, this includes job log.
3. Each reading must be taken exactly on time.
4. Any deviation from agreed operations, must be discussed before hand.
If not then the client must be informed immediately.
5. Follow operating procedures.
6. Do not carry out a job that you are not trained to do.
Measurements to be taken during a Well Test
The following chart is a guideline to the frequency of Measurements that need to be

taken. It may be required that they are taken more/less frequently depending on the
Operational Guidelines (Client Requirements).
Type of measurement Manual Readings DAS Logging Frequency

Clean Up Stable Flow
Annulus Pressure 5 mins then 15 mins 1 Min 1 Min
Wellhead Pressure 5 mins then 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Choke D/S Pressure 5 mins then 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Choke Size 5 mins then 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
BS&W at Choke Manifold (D/S) 30 mins 1 Min 1 min
Separator Pressure 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Gas Line Pressure 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Gas Line Temperature 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Orifice Differential 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Orifice Plate Size 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Gas Gravity 30 mins 1 Min 1 min
H2S and CO2 at Separator Twice per flow rate 1 Min 1 min
Oil Meter Rate 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Water Meter Rate 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Oil Gravity 30 mins 1 Min 1 min
Oil Line Temp on Separator 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Oil Shrinkage (oil line on Sep) Every flow rate calc 1 Min 1 min
BS&W from Oil line at Sep 30 mins 1 Min 1 min
Water Salinity Twice per flow rate 1 Min 1 min
Water PH Twice per flow rate 1 Min 1 min

Temp upstream of Heater 15 mins 1 Min 1 min

Temp downstream of Heater 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Pressure Downstream of Heater 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Burner Line Pressure 15 mins 1 Min 1 min
Note:
 This is only a guide when to take readings this is normally agreed with the client
representative.
 Water PH values will have to be done more frequently during Flowback of
Stimulation Fluids.
 Manual readings must be taken as a back for DAS.
The importance of correct and accurate data collection manually
The main function of Well Testing is to provide data for our customer. This data can be
in the form of electronic data, which is collected by Data Acquisition.
However even with this in operation, manual data must also be collected. This is
carried out for two reasons:
1. To Verify the information supplied by the DAS is correct and accurate.

2. If for some reason, the DAS System were to fail, it would still be possible to
complete a Well Test Report from the Manual Readings.
NOTE: THE MANUAL READINGS SHOULD BE RECORDED WITH ENOUGH

INFORMATION THAT A WELL TEST REPORT CAN BE COMPLETED. IT IS NOT
GOOD ENOUGH TO RELY ON ELECTRONIC FORMATS.
HOW TO FILL OUT FIELD READING SHEET – WELLHEAD/SAMPLES
The operator on the choke will normally fill out a separate sheet for Wellhead and
Samples.
What information is on the Header?
Test Number Rate Number
Area Well Number
Page of Page Date
Customer Rig
Units Conditions

Actual Readings to be taken
The time should be entered for each line.
Well Head Data
 Casing Pressure (psig or bar)

 Choke Size (64th of inch)
 Wellhead Pressure (psig or bar – normally taken upstream of the choke)
 Wellhead Temp (oF or oC)
 DSP (psig or bar)
 Heater inlet Temp (oF or oC)
 Heater Outlet Temp (oF or oC)
 Heater Shell Pressure (psig or bar)
Samples
 H2S (ppm)
 CO2 (%)
 BS&W at Choke/Heater (taken downstream of choke - %)
 Wf (%)
 Oil SG
 Gas SG

FIELD READING SHEET – SEPARATOR

NOTE: IT CANNOT BE EMPHASIZED ENOUGH THAT MANUAL READINGS MUST
BE TAKEN ON TIME AND ACCURATE.
How to take a BS&W
What does BS&W stand for? It means Base Sediment and Water. This procedure
allows us to measure from the fluid passing in the line how much solids and water we
have in a sample.
We make two measurements:
At the Choke Manifold, Downstream
THIS SAMPLE MUST BE TAKEN ON THE DOWNSTREAM SIDE OF THE CHOKE

MANIFOLD.
If the sample taken at the choke were to have solids in it, we would have to bypass the
heater and separator. It also gives us an indication when the well is cleaning up during
Clean Up operations.
From Oil Line on Separator
This is a required field to calculate the Oil Rate. It will also give us an indication of how
much gas we have entrained in the oil.
Oil
Wate
Solids
A sample from the flow stream is taken in a centrifuge tube like the one above. You
must take a full sample up to the 100ml point. This would be balanced against the
same size sample on opposing sides of the centrifuge. You would then spin this in the
centrifuge for 5 mins at which time you would allow the centrifuge to stop turning, before
removing. By looking at the separation of the different materials you would then make
note of how much solids and water there is showing on the glass.
The Centrifuge can either be hand, electric or air operated.
The same method is used for both the Choke Manifold sample and the Oil Line Sample.

H2S and CO2 Sampling
This is conducted at least twice during a flow period. More if required by the customer.
If high volumes of either product is contained in the well fluid. Sampling will be carried
out by a separate company.
The hand pumps above are the most common types used. The ampoules come in
different sizes and amounts to be measured. Inside the ampoules is a paper coated
with a chemical which reacts to the gas being measured. It is measured in ppm (parts
per million). If the parts per million were to be 10 or over special precautions would be
taken.
The ends of the ampoule are broken off and the ampoule is inserted into the hand
pump. Put the open ampoule into a stream of gas and pump to measure. Inside the
case containing the pump is the instruction guide (read this thoroughly). The paper will
change colour should any H2S/CO2 be present. It is then only a matter of reading off
the amount and noting.

How to measure Water Salinity
We would use a refractometer
A refractometer is a small, hand-held instrument used to measure the amount of NaCl

dissolved in a water sample. The instrument consists of a focusable eyepiece,
refracting prism, internal scale and zero adjustment.
Procedure
1. Apply a small sample of distilled water to the prism end of the refractometer.
Close lid. While viewing towards a light source, use the zero adjustment wrench
to line up the base line with the 0 scale.
2. Apply a small sample of produced water to the prism end of the refractometer.
Close lid. While viewing towards a light source, determine the point on the scale
that a color change occurs.
3. Using the refractometer's calibration table, determine the NaCl content. To
determine chloride content divide by 1.65.

Determining Shrinkage:
Measurement of Shrinkage with Shrinkage Tester

A diagram of the shrinkage tester is given. It operates as follows:
1. Close liquid inlet valve.
2. Open liquid bleed valve.
3. Close gas decompression valve.
4. Open gas inlet valve slowly, purge shrinkage tester by allowing gas to
flow out oil bleed valve.
5. Close oil bleed valve and allow shrinkage tester to reach separator
pressure.
6. Open oil inlet valve and allow oil level to reach zero on graduated
scale.
7. Close oil inlet and gas inlet valves.
8. Record tester pressure and temperature.
9. Allow tester to decompress by opening decompression valve (this
should have a 1/64th calibrated orifice in the valve).
10. Leave it 30 minutes to decompress.
11. Read the shrinkage percentage and temperature.
12. Close decompression valve and drain oil.

Determining API Gravity
Hydrometers are used to measure the API gravity of the oil and condensate produced.
Most hydrometers include a thermometer to register the temperature of the fluid at the
time the gravity is measured. This temperature is necessary to correct the oil gravity to
an API gravity at a standard 60oF. Hydrometers can also measure the specific gravity
of water and in turn the approximate percentage of salt saturation.
Hydrometers are available in ranges of -1 to 101o API and .650 to 2.000 specific gravity.
Procedure
The sample to be tested for gravity is poured into a clean clear graduated cylinder
without splashing. This is to avoid the formation of air bubbles and to reduce to a
minimum the evaporation of the lighter oils. The cylinder should be placed in a vertical
position in a place free from air currents.
The hydrometer is carefully lowered into the sample to a level two smallest scale
divisions below that at which it will float and then released. When the hydrometer has
come to rest, floating freely away from the walls and bottom of the cylinder, the gravity
is read at the point the surface of the sample cuts the hydrometer scale. The reading
obtained is corrected by an arbitrary deduction of 0.1o API.

The thermometer is read at approximately the same time as the hydrometer and the
temperature determined to the nearest 1oF.
The observed gravity and observed temperature obtained is corrected to the API gravity
at 60oF. Tables are available for the necessary correction.
How to find the PH Value
You would use PH papers.
A sample of water coming from the formation is separated from the oil and a PH paper
is dipped into the fluid. By the change in colour reaction on the paper and measuring
against the PH scale on the packet that comes with the paper you can determine
roughly what the ph is.
7 on the ph scale is neutral.
Anything below 7 is acidic and anything above 7 is alkali.
How to take a Gas Gravity
This is only an introduction!
The specific gravity of separator gas is determined by the RANAREX gravitometric

method. The instrument operates on the principle that the kinetic energy of the gas is
compared to the kinetic energy of air impinging on counter rotating impellers. The unit
has a specific gravity measuring scale for light gas of .52 - 1.03 and for heavy gas .970 -
1.90.
For HRS using a gas "as is" to dry air comparison is required. We wish to determine
the specific gravity by comparing the gas being metered in its natural state to an air at
standard conditions. A more accurate gas flow rate will be achieved if the actual gas
specific gravity is known.

Procedure
The silica gel crystals used in the air drier should be in an active state (deep blue). If
the crystals are pink they should be dried in an oven at 250oF for two hours or until the
dark blue color returns.
Check that the pointer and lock knob are in a "lock" position.
Put selector valve in "O" position.
The instrument should be connected to 110 volt 60 Hz or with an inverter to a 12 volt
source and operated on air only (selector on "O" setting) for at least few minutes before
conducting a specific gravity determination.
Unlock the pointer and check the zero position (1.000 SG) at the beginning and end of
this warm up period.
If the gas gravity is known to be less than 1.0, gas will be admitted to the upper
chamber and reference air to the lower chamber. If the gas gravity is known to be
above 1.0 gas will be admitted to the lower chamber and reference air at the upper
chamber. If gas gravity is not known to be above or below 1.0, it can be determined by
admitting gas either way and view the indicator scale for proper movement. Generally,
the "LG" selection (upper chamber) will be acceptable for most applications.
Connect a gas vent hose to the appropriate outlet. This is especially important when
dealing with H2S or confined spaces.
Introducing Gas Sample

Connect gas hose to flow meter inlet. Turn selector valve to "LG" or "HG" position.
Adjust inlet flow valve so float rises to approximate specific gravity of gas. With the
instrument in operation the source gas flow should be approximately 12 CF/Hour at a
pressure not exceeding 15 psig. (Just barely audible flow out of 1/4 inch rubber tubing
produces an ideal flow rate).
Allow the instrument to operate on this gas for 20-30 seconds or until the pointer
reaches a steady reading.

Read the specific gravity on the lower (red) scale when the gas is admitted at the "LG"
inlet and read the upper (black) scale when the gas is admitted at the "HG" inlet. Note
that the gravity decreases from right to left on the red scale and from left to right on the
black scale.
Purge the Instrument with Fresh Air

When the specific gravity determination is complete, shut off the source gas flow, disconnect the
gas sample hose, turn to "O" setting on inlet selector valve, and allow the instrument to purge
free of gas until pointer returns to 1.000. This will prevent corrosion and leave the instrument
ready for the next test.

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Surface Well Testing

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