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11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
11.1 Sequences
1. (a) A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. It can also be defined as a function whose domain is the set of positive integers.
(b) The terms approach 8 as becomes large. In fact, we can make as close to 8 as we like by taking sufficiently
large.
(c) The terms become large as becomes large. In fact, we can make as large as we like by taking sufficiently large.
LE
2. (a) From Definition 1, a convergent sequence is a sequence for which lim exists. Examples: {1}, {12 }
→∞
(b) A divergent sequence is a sequence for which lim does not exist. Examples: {}, {sin }
→∞
SA
2 21 22 23 24 25 2 4 8 16 32
3. = , so the sequence is = .
2 + 1 2(1) + 1 2(2) + 1 2(3) + 1 2(4) + 1 2(5) + 1 3 5 7 9 11
2 − 1 1 − 1 4 − 1 9 − 1 16 − 1 25 − 1 3 8 15 24
4. = , so the sequence is = 0 .
2 + 1 1 + 1 4 + 1 9 + 1 16 + 1 25 + 1 5 10 17 26
(−1)−1
R
1 −1 1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. = , so the sequence is = − − .
5 51 52 53 54 55 5 25 125 625 3125
3 5
FO
6. = cos , so the sequence is cos cos cos cos 2 cos = {0 −1 0 1 0 }.
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
7. = , so the sequence is = .
( + 1)! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 2 6 24 120 720
(−1) (−1)1 1 −1
8. = , so 1 = = , and the sequence is
! + 1 1! + 1 2
T
−1 2 −3 4 −5 1 2 3 4 5
= − − − .
2 2 + 1 6 + 1 24 + 1 120 + 1 2 3 7 25 121
O
9. 1 = 1, +1 = 5 − 3. Each term is defined in terms of the preceding term. 2 = 51 − 3 = 5(1) − 3 = 2.
3 = 52 − 3 = 5(2) − 3 = 7. 4 = 53 − 3 = 5(7) − 3 = 32. 5 = 54 − 3 = 5(32) − 3 = 157.
N
The sequence is {1 2 7 32 157 }.
1 6 2 6 3 3 4 1
10. 1 = 6, +1 = . 2 = = = 6. 3 = = = 3. 4 = = = 1. 5 = = .
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
The sequence is 6 6 3 1 14 .
1 2 2 2 23 2 3 25 2
11. 1 = 2, +1 = . 2 = = = . 3 = = = . 4 = = = .
1 + 1 + 1 1+2 3 1 + 2 1 + 23 5 1 + 3 1 + 25 7
4 27 2
5 = = = . The sequence is 2 23 25 27 29 .
1 + 4 1 + 27 9
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
° 957
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
958 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
12. 1 = 2, 2 = 1, +1 = − −1 . Each term is defined in term of the two preceding terms.
3 = 2 − 1 = 1 − 2 = −1. 4 = 3 − 2 = −1 − 1 = −2. 5 = 4 − 3 = −2 − (−1) = −1.
6 = 5 − 4 = −1 − (−2) = 1. The sequence is {2 1 −1 −2 −1 1 }.
1 1
2 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 10 ,
13. 1 1 1 1
. The denominator is two times the number of the term, , so = .
2
−1
14. 4, −1, 14 , − 16
1
, 1
64
, . The first term is 4 and each term is − 14 times the preceding one, so = 4 − 14 .
−1
15. −3 2 − 43 89 − 16
27
. The first term is −3 and each term is − 23 times the preceding one, so = −3 − 23 .
16. {5 8 11 14 17 }. Each term is larger than the preceding term by 3, so = 1 + ( − 1) = 5 + 3( − 1) = 3 + 2.
LE
1
17. 4 9 16 25
2 −3 4 − 5 6 . The numerator of the nth term is 2 and its denominator is + 1. Including the alternating signs,
2
we get = (−1)+1 .
+1
SA
( − 1)
18. {1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 }. Two possibilities are = sin and = cos .
2 2
19. 3
=
1 + 6
1 04286
R
2 04615
3 04737
4 04800
FO
5 04839
It appears that lim = 05.
→∞
6 04865
7 04884 3 (3) 3 3 1
lim = lim = lim = =
8 04898 →∞ 1 + 6 →∞ (1 + 6) →∞ 1 + 6 6 2
9 04909
10 04918
T
20.
(−1)
O
= 2 +
1 10000
N
2 25000
3 16667
4 22500
5 18000
It appears that lim = 2.
6 21667 →∞
7 18571
(−1) (−1) 1
lim 2 + = lim 2 + lim = 2 + 0 = 2 since lim =0
8 21250 →∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
9 18889
(−1)
10 21000 and by Theorem 6, lim = 0.
→∞
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.1 SEQUENCES ¤ 959
21.
= 1 + − 12
1 05000
2 12500
3 08750
4 10625
5 09688
6 10156 It appears that lim = 1.
→∞
7 09922
lim 1 + − 12 = lim 1 + lim − 12 = 1 + 0 = 1 since
→∞ →∞ →∞
8 10039
lim − 12 = 0 by (9).
LE
9 09980
→∞
10 10010
22.
10
= 1 +
SA
9
1 21111
2 22346
3 23717
4 25242
5 26935
R
6 28817 It appears that the sequence does not have a limit.
7 30908 10 10
lim = lim , which diverges by (9) since 10
9
1.
8 33231 →∞ 9 →∞ 9
FO
9 35812
10 38680
3 + 52 (3 + 52 )2 5 + 32 5+0
23. = = = , so → = 5 as → ∞. Converges
+ 2 ( + 2 )2 1 + 1 1+0
T
3 + 52 (3 + 52 ) 3 + 5 3
24. = = = , so → ∞ as → ∞ since lim + 5 = ∞ and
1+ (1 + ) 1 + 1 →∞
O
1
lim + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1. Diverges
→∞
N
4 4 3
25. = = 3 = , so → ∞ as → ∞ since lim = ∞ and
3 − 2 ( − 2)3 / 2
1 − 2 →∞
2
lim 1 − 2 = 1 − 0 = 1. Diverges
→∞
26. = 2 + (086) → 2 + 0 = 2 as → ∞ since lim (086) = 0 by (9) with = 086. Converges
→∞
3 3 3
27. = 3 7− = = , so lim = 0 by (9) with = . Converges
7 7 →∞ 7
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
960 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
√ √ √
3 3 3 3
28. = √ = √ √ = √ → = 3 as → ∞. Converges
+2 ( + 2) 1 + 2 1+0
29. Because the natural exponential function is continuous at 0, Theorem 7 enables us to write
√ √
lim (−1 )
lim = lim −1
= →∞ = 0 = 1. Converges
→∞ →∞
4 49 (49) 0 4
30. =
=
= → = 0 as → ∞ since lim = 0 and
1+9 (1 + 9 )9 (19) + 1 0+1 →∞ 9
1
lim = 0 by (9). Converges
→∞ 9
LE
1 + 42 (1 + 42 )2 (12 ) + 4 √
31. = = = → 4 = 2 as → ∞ since lim (12 ) = 0. Converges
1 + 2 (1 + 2 )2 (12 ) + 1 →∞
32. = cos = cos = cos , so → cos = −1 as → ∞ since lim 1 = 0
+1 ( + 1) 1 + 1 →∞
SA
Converges
√ √
2 2 3 √
33. = √ = √ √ = , so → ∞ as → ∞ since lim = ∞ and
3 + 4 3 + 4 3 1 + 42 →∞
lim 1 + 42 = 1. Diverges
→∞
R
2 (2) 2 2
34. If = , then lim = lim = lim = = 2. Since the natural exponential function is
+2 →∞ →∞ ( + 2) →∞ 1 + 2 1
FO
continuous at 2, by Theorem 7, lim 2(+2) = lim→∞ = 2 . Converges
→∞
(−1) 1 1 1
35. lim | | = lim √ = lim = (0) = 0, so lim = 0 by (6). Converges
→∞ →∞ 2 2 →∞ 12 2 →∞
1 1 (−1)+1
36. lim √ = lim √ = lim √ = = 1. Thus, = √ has odd-numbered terms
→∞ + →∞ ( + ) →∞ 1 + 1 1+0 +
T
that approach 1 and even-numbered terms that approach −1 as → ∞, and hence, the sequence { } is divergent.
O
(2 − 1)! (2 − 1)! 1
37. = = = → 0 as → ∞. Converges
(2 + 1)! (2 + 1)(2)(2 − 1)! (2 + 1)(2)
N
ln ln 1 1
38. = = = ln 2
→ = 1 as → ∞. Converges
ln 2 ln 2 + ln ln +1 0 + 1
39. = sin . This sequence diverges since the terms don’t approach any particular real number as → ∞. The terms take on
values between −1 and 1. Diverges
tan−1
40. = . lim tan−1 = lim tan−1 = by (3), so lim = 0. Converges
→∞ →∞ 2 →∞
2 2 H 2 H 2
41. = 2 − = . Since lim = lim = lim = 0, it follows from Theorem 3 that lim = 0. Converges
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.1 SEQUENCES ¤ 961
+1 1
42. = ln( + 1) − ln = ln = ln 1 + → ln (1) = 0 as → ∞ because ln is continuous. Converges
cos2 1 1 cos2
43. 0 ≤ ≤ [since 0 ≤ cos2 ≤ 1], so since lim = 0, converges to 0 by the Squeeze Theorem.
2 2 →∞ 2 2
√
1+3
44. = 2 = (21+3 )1 = (21 23 )1 = 21 23 = 8 · 21 , so
lim = 8 lim 21 = 8 · 2lim→∞ (1) = 8 · 20 = 8 by Theorem 7, since the function () = 2 is continuous at 0.
→∞ →∞
Converges
sin(1) sin(1) sin
45. = sin(1) = . Since lim [where = 1] = 1, it follows from Theorem 3
LE
= lim
1 →∞ 1 →0+
that { } converges to 1.
cos
1 1
46. = 2− cos . 0≤ ≤ = , so lim | | = 0 by (9), and lim = 0 by (6) Converges
2 2 2
SA
→∞ →∞
2 2
47. = 1+ ⇒ ln = ln 1 + , so
1 2
− 2
ln(1 + 2) H 1 + 2 2
lim ln = lim = lim = lim =2 ⇒
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞ −12 →∞ 1 + 2
R
2 2
lim 1 + = lim ln
= , so by Theorem 3, lim 1 +
2
= 2 . Converges
→∞ →∞ →∞
FO
1 ln H 1 1
48. = 1 ⇒ ln = ln , so lim ln = lim = lim = lim =0 ⇒
→∞ →∞ →∞ 1 →∞
√
lim 1 = lim ln = 0 = 1, so by Theorem 3, lim = 1. Converges
→∞ →∞ →∞
22 + 1 2 + 12
49. = ln(22 + 1) − ln(2 + 1) = ln = ln → ln 2 as → ∞. Converges
2 + 1 1 + 12
T
(ln )2 H 2(ln )(1) ln H 1 (ln )2
50. lim = lim = 2 lim = 2 lim = 0, so by Theorem 3, lim = 0. Converges
O
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞ →∞ 1 →∞
51. = arctan(ln ). Let () = arctan(ln ). Then lim () =
2 since ln → ∞ as → ∞ and arctan is continuous.
→∞
N
Thus, lim = lim () =
2
. Converges
→∞ →∞
√ √
√ √ √ − 2 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 4 + 3
52. = − + 1 + 3 = − 2 + 4 + 3 = · √
1 + 2 + 4 + 3
2 − (2 + 4 + 3) −4 − 3 (−4 − 3) −4 − 3
= √ = √ = √ = ,
+ 2 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 4 + 3 1 + 1 + 4 + 32
−4 − 0 −4
so lim = √ = = −2. Converges
→∞ 1+ 1+0+0 2
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
962 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
53. {0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 } diverges since the sequence takes on only two values, 0 and 1, and never stays arbitrarily close to
either one (or any other value) for sufficiently large.
1 1 1
54. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 3 2 4 3 5 4 6 . 2−1 = and 2 = for all positive integers . lim = 0 since
+2 →∞
1 1
lim 2−1 = lim = 0 and lim 2 = lim = 0. For sufficiently large, can be made as close to 0
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ + 2
as we like. Converges
! 1 2 3 ( − 1) 1
55. = = · · · ··· · · ≥ · [for 1] = → ∞ as → ∞, so { } diverges.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
LE
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 27
56. 0 | | = = · · · ··· · · ≤ · · [for 2] = → 0 as → ∞, so by the Squeeze
! 1 2 3 ( − 1) 1 2 2
Theorem and Theorem 6, {(−3)!} converges to 0.
SA
57. From the graph, it appears that the sequence { } = (−1) is
+1
divergent, since it oscillates between 1 and −1 (approximately). To prove this,
suppose that { } converges to . If = , then { } converges to 1,
+1
and lim = = . But = (−1) , so lim does not exist. This
R
→∞ 1 →∞
contradiction shows that { } diverges.
FO
58. From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to 0.
sin |sin | 1
| | = = ≤ , so lim | | = 0. By (6), it follows that
|| →∞
lim = 0.
→∞
T
59. From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to a number between
07 and 08.
O
2 22 1
= arctan 2
= arctan = arctan →
+4 ( + 4)2
2 1 + 42
N
arctan 1 = [≈ 0785] as → ∞.
4
60. From the graph, it appears that the sequence converges to 5
√
√ √ √
√
5= 5 ≤ 3 + 5 ≤ 5 + 5 = 2 5
√
lim 21 = 20 = 1
= 2 · 5 → 5 as → ∞
→∞
Hence, → 5 by the Squeeze Theorem.
[continued]
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.1 SEQUENCES ¤ 963
Alternate solution: Let = (3 + 5 )1 . Then
3
ln (3 + 5 ) H 3 ln 3 + 5 ln 5 5
ln 3 + ln 5
lim ln = lim = lim = lim 3 = ln 5,
→∞ →∞ →∞ 3 + 5 →∞
5 +1
√
so lim = ln 5 = 5, and so 3 + 5 converges to 5.
→∞
2 cos
61. From the graph, it appears that the sequence { } = is
1 + 2
divergent, since it oscillates between 1 and −1 (approximately). To
2
prove this, suppose that { } converges to . If = , then
LE
1 + 2
{ } converges to 1, and lim = = . But = cos , so
→∞ 1
lim does not exist. This contradiction shows that { } diverges.
→∞
SA
62.
R
FO
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
From the graphs, it seems that the sequence diverges. = . We first prove by induction that
!
−1
3
≥ for all . This is clearly true for = 1, so let () be the statement that the above is true for . We must
2
−1
2 + 1 3 2 + 1 2 + 1 3
T
show it is then true for + 1. +1 = · ≥ · (induction hypothesis). But ≥
+1 2 +1 +1 2
3 −1 3 3
[since 2 (2 + 1) ≥ 3 ( + 1) ⇔ 4 + 2 ≥ 3 + 3 ⇔ ≥ 1], and so we get that +1 ≥ 2 · 2 = 2 which
O
3 −1
is ( + 1). Thus, we have proved our first assertion, so since 2
diverges [by (9)], so does the given sequence { }.
N
63. From the graph, it appears that the sequence approaches 0.
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) 1 3 5 2 − 1
0 = = · · · ··· ·
(2) 2 2 2 2
1 1
≤· (1) · (1) · · · · · (1) = → 0 as → ∞
2 2
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
So by the Squeeze Theorem, converges to 0.
(2)
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
964 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
64. (a) 1 = 1, +1 = 4 − for ≥ 1. 1 = 1, 2 = 4 − 1 = 4 − 1 = 3, 3 = 4 − 2 = 4 − 3 = 1,
4 = 4 − 3 = 4 − 1 = 3, 5 = 4 − 4 = 4 − 3 = 1. Since the terms of the sequence alternate between 1 and 3,
the sequence is divergent.
(b) 1 = 2, 2 = 4 − 1 = 4 − 2 = 2, 3 = 4 − 2 = 4 − 2 = 2. Since all of the terms are 2, lim = 2 and hence, the
→∞
sequence is convergent.
65. (a) = 1000(106) ⇒ 1 = 1060, 2 = 112360, 3 = 119102, 4 = 126248, and 5 = 133823.
(b) lim = 1000 lim (106) , so the sequence diverges by (9) with = 106 1.
→∞ →∞
LE
10025 − 1
66. (a) Substitute 1 to 6 for in = 100 − to get 1 = $0, 2 = $025, 3 = $075, 4 = $150,
00025
5 = $251, and 6 = $376.
SA
(b) For two years, use 2 · 12 = 24 for to get $7028.
67. (a) We are given that the initial population is 5000, so 0 = 5000. The number of catfish increases by 8% per month and is
decreased by 300 per month, so 1 = 0 + 8%0 − 300 = 1080 − 300, 2 = 1081 − 300, and so on. Thus,
= 108−1 − 300.
R
(b) Using the recursive formula with 0 = 5000, we get 1 = 5100, 2 = 5208, 3 = 5325 (rounding any portion of a
catfish), 4 = 5451, 5 = 5587, and 6 = 5734, which is the number of catfish in the pond after six months.
FO
1
2 if is an even number
68. +1 = When 1 = 11, the first 40 terms are 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5,
3 + 1 if is an odd number
16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4. When 1 = 25, the first 40 terms are 25, 76, 38,
19, 58, 29, 88, 44, 22, 11, 34, 17, 52, 26, 13, 40, 20, 10, 5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4, 2, 1, 4.
The famous Collatz conjecture is that this sequence always reaches 1, regardless of the starting point 1 .
T
69. If || ≥ 1, then { } diverges by (9), so { } diverges also, since | | = | | ≥ | |. If || 1 then
O
H 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = 0, so lim = 0, and hence { } converges
→∞ →∞ − →∞ (− ln ) − →∞ − ln →∞
whenever || 1.
N
70. (a) Let lim = . By Definition 2, this means that for every 0 there is an integer such that | − |
→∞
whenever . Thus, |+1 − | whenever + 1 ⇔ − 1. It follows that lim +1 = and so
→∞
lim = lim +1 .
→∞ →∞
√
(b) If = lim then lim +1 = also, so must satisfy = 1 (1 + ) ⇒ 2 + − 1 = 0 ⇒ = −1 +
2
5
→∞ →∞
(since has to be nonnegative if it exists).
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.1 SEQUENCES ¤ 965
71. Since { } is a decreasing sequence, +1 for all ≥ 1. Because all of its terms lie between 5 and 8, { } is a
bounded sequence. By the Monotonic Sequence Theorem, { } is convergent; that is, { } has a limit . must be less than
8 since { } is decreasing, so 5 ≤ 8.
72. Since { } = {cos } ≈ {054 −042 −099 −065 028 }, the sequence is not monotonic. The sequence is bounded
since −1 ≤ cos ≤ 1 for all .
1 1 1 1
73. = is decreasing since +1 = = = for each ≥ 1. The sequence is
2 + 3 2( + 1) + 3 2 + 5 2 + 3
bounded since 0 ≤ 1
for all ≥ 1. Note that 1 = 15 .
LE
5
1− 1 − ( + 1) 1− −
74. +1 ⇔ ⇔ ⇔ −2 − 2 + 3 −2 − 2 ⇔ 3 0, which
2+ 2 + ( + 1) 2+ +3
1− 1 − 1
is true for all ≥ 1, so { } is decreasing. Since 1 = 0 and lim = lim = −1, the sequence is bounded
2 + →∞ 2 + 1
SA
→∞
(−1 ≤ 0).
75. The terms of = (−1) alternate in sign, so the sequence is not monotonic. The first five terms are −1, 2, −3, 4, and −5.
Since lim | | = lim = ∞, the sequence is not bounded.
→∞ →∞
R
(−1)
76. Since { } = 2+ = 1 2 12 1 23 , the sequence is not monotonic. The sequence is bounded since
1 ≤ ≤ 5
for all .
FO
77. = 3 − 2− . Let () = 3 − 2− . Then 0 () = 0 − 2[(−− ) + − ] = 2− ( − 1), which is positive for
1, so is increasing on (1 ∞). It follows that the sequence { } = { ()} is increasing. The sequence is bounded
below by 1 = 3 − 2−1 ≈ 226 and above by 3, so the sequence is bounded.
78. = 3 − 3 + 3. Let () = 3 − 3 + 3. Then 0 () = 32 − 3 = 3(2 − 1), which is positive for 1, so is
T
increasing on (1 ∞). It follows that the sequence { } = { ()} is increasing. The sequence is bounded below by 1 = 1,
O
but is not bounded above, so it is not bounded.
√ √ √
79. For 2, 2 2, 2 2 2, , 1 = 212 , 2 = 234 , 3 = 278 , , so = 2(2 −1)2 = 21−(12 ) .
N
)
lim = lim 21−(12 = 21 = 2.
→∞ →∞
Alternate solution: Let = lim . (We could show the limit exists by showing that { } is bounded and increasing.)
→∞
√
Then must satisfy = 2 · ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒ ( − 2) = 0. 6= 0 since the sequence increases, so = 2.
80. (a) Let be the statement that +1 ≥ and ≤ 3. 1 is obviously true. We will assume that is true and
√ √
then show that as a consequence +1 must also be true. +2 ≥ +1 ⇔
2 + +1 ≥ 2 + ⇔
√
2 + +1 ≥ 2 + ⇔ +1 ≥ , which is the induction hypothesis. +1 ≤ 3 ⇔ 2 + ≤ 3 ⇔
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
966 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
2 + ≤ 9 ⇔ ≤ 7, which is certainly true because we are assuming that ≤ 3. So is true for all , and so
1 ≤ ≤ 3 (showing that the sequence is bounded), and hence by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem, lim exists.
→∞
√
(b) If = lim , then lim +1 = also, so = 2 + ⇒ 2 = 2 + ⇔ 2 − − 2 = 0 ⇔
→∞ →∞
( + 1)( − 2) = 0 ⇔ = 2 [since can’t be negative].
1
81. 1 = 1, +1 = 3 − . We show by induction that { } is increasing and bounded above by 3. Let be the proposition
1 1
that +1 and 0 3. Clearly 1 is true. Assume that is true. Then +1 ⇒ ⇒
LE
+1
1 1 1 1
− − . Now +2 = 3 − 3− = +1 ⇔ +1 . This proves that { } is increasing and bounded
+1 +1
above by 3, so 1 = 1 3, that is, { } is bounded, and hence convergent by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem.
SA
√
If = lim , then lim +1 = also, so must satisfy = 3 − 1 ⇒ 2 − 3 + 1 = 0 ⇒ = 3± 5
2
.
→∞ →∞
√
But 1, so = 3+ 5
2 .
1
82. 1 = 2, +1 = . We use induction. Let be the statement that 0 +1 ≤ ≤ 2. Clearly 1 is true, since
3 −
R
2 = 1(3 − 2) = 1. Now assume that is true. Then +1 ≤ ⇒ −+1 ≥ − ⇒ 3 − +1 ≥ 3 − ⇒
1 1
+2 = ≤ = +1 . Also +2 0 [since 3 − +1 is positive] and +1 ≤ 2 by the induction
FO
3 − +1 3 −
hypothesis, so +1 is true. To find the limit, we use the fact that lim = lim +1 ⇒ = 1
3−
⇒
→∞ →∞
√ √
2 − 3 + 1 = 0 ⇒ = 3± 5
2
. But ≤ 2, so we must have = 3− 5
2
.
83. (a) Let be the number of rabbit pairs in the nth month. Clearly 1 = 1 = 2 . In the nth month, each pair that is
T
2 or more months old (that is, −2 pairs) will produce a new pair to add to the −1 pairs already present. Thus,
= −1 + −2 , so that { } = { }, the Fibonacci sequence.
O
+1 −1 + −2 −2 1 1
(b) = ⇒ −1 = = =1+ =1+ =1+ . If = lim ,
−1 −1 −1 −1 /−2 −2 →∞
N
1 √
then = lim −1 and = lim −2 , so must satisfy = 1 + ⇒ 2 − − 1 = 0 ⇒ = 1+ 5
2
→∞ →∞
[since must be positive].
84. (a) If is continuous, then () = lim = lim ( ) = lim +1 = lim = by Exercise 70(a).
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
(b) By repeatedly pressing the cosine key on the calculator (that is, taking cosine of the previous answer) until the displayed
value stabilizes, we see that ≈ 073909.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.1 SEQUENCES ¤ 967
5
85. (a) From the graph, it appears that the sequence
!
5
converges to 0, that is, lim = 0.
→∞ !
(b)
LE
SA
From the first graph, it seems that the smallest possible value of corresponding to = 01 is 9, since 5 ! 01
whenever ≥ 10, but 95 9! 01. From the second graph, it seems that for = 0001, the smallest possible value for
is 11 since 5 ! 0001 whenever ≥ 12.
R
86. Let 0 and let be any positive integer larger than ln() ln ||. If , then ln() ln || ⇒ ln || ln
[since || 1 ⇒ ln || 0] ⇒ ln(|| ) ln ⇒ || ⇒ | − 0| , and so by Definition 2,
FO
lim = 0.
→∞
87. Theorem 6: If lim | | = 0 then lim − | | = 0, and since − | | ≤ ≤ | |, we have that lim = 0 by the
→∞ →∞ →∞
Squeeze Theorem.
T
88. Theorem 7: If lim = and the function is continuous at , then lim ( ) = ().
→∞ →∞
Proof: We must show that, given a number 0, there is an integer such that |( ) − ()| whenever .
O
Suppose 0. Since is continuous at , there is a number 0 such that |() − ()| if | − | . Since
lim = , there is an integer such that | − | if . Suppose . Then 0 | − | , so
→∞
N
| ( ) − ()| .
89. To Prove: If lim = 0 and { } is bounded, then lim ( ) = 0.
→∞ →∞
Proof: Since { } is bounded, there is a positive number such that | | ≤ and hence, | | | | ≤ | | for
all ≥ 1. Let 0 be given. Since lim = 0, there is an integer such that | − 0| if . Then
→∞
| − 0| = | | = | | | | ≤ | | = | − 0| · = for all . Since was arbitrary,
lim ( ) = 0.
→∞
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
968 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
+1 − +1
90. (a) = + −1 + −2 2 + −3 3 + · · · + −1 +
−
+ −1 + −2 2 + −3 3 + · · · + −1 + = ( + 1)
(b) Since − 0, we have +1 − +1 ( + 1) ( − ) ⇒ +1 − ( + 1) ( − ) +1 ⇒
[( + 1) − ] +1 .
+1
1 1
(c) With this substitution, ( + 1) − = 1, and so = 1+ +1 = 1 + .
+1
2
1 1 1 1
(d) With this substitution, we get 1 + 1 ⇒ 1+ 2 ⇒ 1+ 4.
2 2 2 2
LE
(e) 2 since { } is increasing, so 2 4.
(f ) Since { } is increasing and bounded above by 4, 1 ≤ ≤ 4, and so { } is bounded and monotonic, and hence has a
limit by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem.
SA
91. (a) First we show that 1 1 .
√ √ √ √ 2
1 − 1 = +
2
− = 12 − 2 + = 12 − 0 [since ] ⇒ 1 1 . Also
√ √ √ √
− 1 = − 12 ( + ) = 12 ( − ) 0 and − 1 = − = − 0, so 1 1 . In the same
way we can show that 1 2 2 1 and so the given assertion is true for = 1. Suppose it is true for = , that is,
R
+1 +1 . Then
√ 2
+2 − +2 = 12 (+1 + +1 ) − +1 +1 = 12 +1 − 2 +1 +1 + +1 = 12 +1 − +1 0,
FO
+1 − +2 = +1 − 12 (+1 + +1 ) = 12 (+1 − +1 ) 0, and
√
+1 − +2 = +1 − +1 +1 = +1 +1 − +1 0 ⇒ +1 +2 +2 +1 ,
so the assertion is true for = + 1. Thus, it is true for all by mathematical induction.
(b) From part (a) we have +1 +1 , which shows that both sequences, { } and { }, are
T
monotonic and bounded. So they are both convergent by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem.
O
+ +
(c) Let lim = and lim = . Then lim +1 = lim ⇒ = ⇒
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ 2 2
2 = + ⇒ = .
N
92. (a) Let 0. Since lim 2 = , there exists 1 such that |2 − | for 1 . Since lim 2+1 = , there
→∞ →∞
exists 2 such that |2+1 − | for 2 . Let = max {21 22 + 1} and let . If is even, then
= 2 where 1 , so | − | = |2 − | . If is odd, then = 2 + 1, where 2 , so
| − | = |2+1 − | . Therefore lim = .
→∞
(b) 1 = 1, 2 = 1 + 1
1+1
= 3
2
= 15, 3 = 1 + 1
52
= 7
5
= 14, 4 = 1 + 1
125
= 17
12
= 1416,
1 41 1 99 1 239
5 = 1 + 2912
= 29
≈ 1413793, 6 = 1 + 7029
= 70
≈ 1414286, 7 = 1 + 16970
= 169
≈ 1414201,
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.1 SEQUENCES ¤ 969
8 = 1 + 1
408169 = 577
408 ≈ 1414216. Notice that 1 3 5 7 and 2 4 6 8 . It appears that the
odd terms are increasing and the even terms are decreasing. Let’s prove that 2−2 2 and 2−1 2+1 by
1 1
mathematical induction. Suppose that 2−2 2 . Then 1 + 2−2 1 + 2 ⇒ ⇒
1 + 2−2 1 + 2
1 1
1+ 1+ ⇒ 2−1 2+1 ⇒ 1 + 2−1 1 + 2+1 ⇒
1 + 2−2 1 + 2
1 1 1 1
⇒ 1+ 1+ ⇒ 2 2+2 . We have thus shown, by
1 + 2−1 1 + 2+1 1 + 2−1 1 + 2+1
induction, that the odd terms are increasing and the even terms are decreasing. Also all terms lie between 1 and 2, so both
{ } and { } are bounded monotonic sequences and are therefore convergent by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem. Let
LE
lim 2 = . Then lim 2+2 = also. We have
→∞ →∞
1 1 4 + 3
+2 = 1 + =1+ =
1 + 1 + 1(1 + ) (3 + 2 )(1 + ) 3 + 2
SA
4 + 32 4 + 3
so 2+2 = . Taking limits of both sides, we get = ⇒ 3 + 22 = 4 + 3 ⇒ 2 = 2 ⇒
3 + 22 3 + 2
√ √ √
= 2 [since 0]. Thus, lim 2 = 2. Similarly we find that lim 2+1 = 2. So, by part (a),
→∞ →∞
√
lim = 2.
→∞
lim
→∞
93. (a) Suppose { } converges to . Then +1 = ⇒ lim +1 = ⇒ = ⇒
R
+ →∞ + lim +
→∞
2 + = ( + − ) = 0 ⇒ = 0 or = − .
⇒
FO
(b) +1 = = since 1 + 1.
+ 1+
2 3
(c) By part (b), 1 0 , 2 1 0 , 3 2 0 , etc. In general, 0 ,
T
so lim ≤ lim · 0 = 0 since . By (7) lim = 0 if − 1 1. Here = ∈ (0 1) .
→∞ →∞ →∞
(d) Let . We first show, by induction, that if 0 − , then − and +1 .
O
0 0 ( − − 0 )
For = 0, we have 1 − 0 = − 0 = 0 since 0 − . So 1 0 .
+ 0 + 0
N
Now we suppose the assertion is true for = , that is, − and +1 . Then
( − ) + − − ( − − )
− − +1 = − − = = 0 because − . So
+ + +
+1 +1 ( − − +1 )
+1 − . And +2 − +1 = − +1 = 0 since +1 − . Therefore,
+ +1 + +1
+2 +1 . Thus, the assertion is true for = + 1. It is therefore true for all by mathematical induction.
A similar proof by induction shows that if 0 − , then − and { } is decreasing.
In either case the sequence { } is bounded and monotonic, so it is convergent by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem.
It then follows from part (a) that lim = − .
→∞
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
970 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
LABORATORY PROJECT Logistic Sequences
1. To write such a program in Maple it is best to calculate all the points first and then graph them. One possible sequence of
commands [taking 0 = 1
2 and = 15 for the difference equation] is
t:=’t’;p(0):=1/2;k:=1.5;
for j from 1 to 20 do p(j):=k*p(j-1)*(1-p(j-1)) od;
plot([seq([t,p(t)] t=0..20)],t=0..20,p=0..0.5,style=point);
In Mathematica, we can use the following program:
LE
p[0]=1/2
k=1.5
p[j_]:=k*p[j-1]*(1-p[j-1])
P=Table[p[t],{t,20}]
SA
ListPlot[P]
With 0 = 1
2
and = 15:
R
0 05 7 03338465076 14 03333373303
1 0375 8 03335895255 15 03333353318
2 03515625 9 03334613309 16 03333343326
FO
3 03419494629 10 03333973076 17 03333338329
4 03375300416 11 03333653143 18 03333335831
5 03354052689 12 03333493223 19 03333334582
6 03343628617 13 03333413274 20 03333333958
T
With 0 = 1
2
and = 25:
O
0 05 7 06004164790 14 05999967417
1 0625 8 05997913269 15 06000016291
N
2 05859375 9 06001042277 16 05999991854
3 06065368651 10 05999478590 17 06000004073
4 05966247409 11 06000260637 18 05999997964
5 06016591486 12 05999869664 19 06000001018
6 05991635437 13 06000065164 20 05999999491
Both of these sequences seem to converge the first to about 13 , the second to about 0.60 .
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
LABORATORY PROJECT LOGISTIC SEQUENCES ¤ 971
With 0 = 7
8 and = 15:
0 0875 7 03239166554 14 03332554829
1 01640625 8 03284919837 15 03332943990
2 02057189941 9 03308775005 16 03333138639
3 02450980344 10 03320963702 17 03333235980
4 02775374819 11 03327125567 18 03333284655
5 03007656421 12 03330223670 19 03333308994
6 03154585059 13 03331777051 20 03333321164
LE
With 0 = 7
8 and = 25:
SA
0 0875 7 06016572368 14 05999869815
1 02734375 8 05991645155 15 06000065088
2 04966735840 9 06004159972 16 05999967455
3 06249723374 10 05997915688 17 06000016272
4 05859547872 11 06001041070 18 05999991864
R
5 06065294364 12 05999479194 19 06000004068
6 05966286980 13 06000260335 20 05999997966
FO
The limit of the sequence seems to depend on , but not on 0 .
2. With 0 = 7
8
and = 32:
T
0 0875 7 05830728495 14 07990633827
O
1 035 8 07779164854 15 05137954979
2 0728 9 05528397669 16 07993909896
3 06336512 10 07910654689 17 05131681132
N
4 07428395416 11 05288988570 18 07994451225
5 06112926626 12 07973275394 19 05130643795
6 07603646184 13 05171082698 20 07994538304
It seems that eventually the terms fluctuate between two values (about 05 and 08 in this case).
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
972 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
3. With 0 = 7
8 and = 342:
0 0875 7 04523028596 14 08442074951
1 03740625 8 08472194412 15 04498025048
2 08007579316 9 04426802161 16 08463823232
3 05456427596 10 08437633929 17 04446659586
4 08478752457 11 04508474156 18 08445284520
5 04411212220 12 08467373602 19 04490464985
6 08431438501 13 04438243545 20 08461207931
LE
With 0 = 7
8 and = 345:
SA
0 0875 7 04670259170 14 08403376122
1 037734375 8 08587488490 15 04628875685
2 08105962830 9 04184824586 16 08577482026
3 05296783241 10 08395743720 17 04209559716
4 08594612299 11 04646778983 18 08409445432
R
5 04167173034 12 08581956045 19 04614610237
6 08385707740 13 04198508858 20 08573758782
FO
From the graphs above, it seems that for between 34 and 35, the terms eventually fluctuate between four values. In the
graph below, the pattern followed by the terms is 0395 0832 0487 0869 0395 . Note that even for = 342 (as in the
first graph), there are four distinct “branches”; even after 1000 terms, the first and third terms in the pattern differ by about
2 × 10−9 , while the first and fifth terms differ by only 2 × 10−10 . With 0 = 7
8
and = 348:
T
O
N
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 973
4.
0 = 05, = 37 0 = 0501, = 37
LE
0 = 075, = 39
SA 0 = 0749, = 39
R
FO
0 = 05, = 3999
T
From the graphs, it seems that if 0 is changed by 0001, the whole graph changes completely. (Note, however, that this might
be partially due to accumulated round-off error in the CAS. These graphs were generated by Maple with 100-digit accuracy,
O
and different degrees of accuracy give different graphs.) There seem to be some some fleeting patterns in these graphs, but on
the whole they are certainly very chaotic. As increases, the graph spreads out vertically, with more extreme values close to 0
or 1.
N
11.2 Series
1. (a) A sequence is an ordered list of numbers whereas a series is the sum of a list of numbers.
(b) A series is convergent if the sequence of partial sums is a convergent sequence. A series is divergent if it is not convergent.
∞
2. = 5 means that by adding sufficiently many terms of the series we can get as close as we like to the number 5.
=1
In other words, it means that lim→∞ = 5, where is the th partial sum, that is, .
=1
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
974 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞
3. = lim = lim [2 − 3(08) ] = lim 2 − 3 lim (08) = 2 − 3(0) = 2
=1 →∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
∞ 2 − 1 (2 − 1)2 1 − 12 1−0 1
4. = lim = lim = lim = lim = =
=1 →∞ →∞ 42 + 1 →∞ (42 + 1)2 →∞ 4 + 12 4+0 4
∞ 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. For , = 4 . 1 = 1 = 4 = = 05, 2 = 1 + 2 = + = 055,
=1 4 + 2 + 2 1 + 12 2 2 16 + 4
3 = 2 + 3 ≈ 05611, 4 = 3 + 4 ≈ 05648, 5 = 4 + 5 ≈ 05663, 6 = 5 + 6 ≈ 05671,
7 = 6 + 7 ≈ 05675, and 8 = 7 + 8 ≈ 05677. It appears that the series is convergent.
∞
1 1 1 1
LE
6. For √
3
, = √
3
. 1 = 1 = √
3
= 1, 2 = 1 + 2 = 1 + √
3
≈ 17937,
=1
1 2
3 = 2 + 3 ≈ 24871, 4 = 3 + 4 ≈ 31170, 5 = 4 + 5 ≈ 37018, 6 = 5 + 6 ≈ 42521,
7 = 6 + 7 ≈ 47749, and 8 = 7 + 8 ≈ 52749. It appears that the series is divergent.
SA
∞
7. For sin , = sin . 1 = 1 = sin 1 ≈ 08415, 2 = 1 + 2 ≈ 17508,
=1
3 = 2 + 3 ≈ 18919, 4 = 3 + 4 ≈ 11351, 5 = 4 + 5 ≈ 01762, 6 = 5 + 6 ≈ −01033,
7 = 6 + 7 ≈ 05537, and 8 = 7 + 8 ≈ 15431. It appears that the series is divergent.
∞ (−1)−1 1 1 1
8. For , = (−1)−1 . 1 = 1 =
R
= 1, 2 = 1 + 2 = 1 − = 05,
=1 ! ! 1! 2!
1
3 = 2 + 3 = 05 + ≈ 06667, 4 = 3 + 4 = 0625, 5 = 4 + 5 ≈ 06333, 6 = 5 + 6 ≈ 06319,
3!
FO
7 = 6 + 7 ≈ 06321, and 8 = 7 + 8 ≈ 06321. It appears that the series is convergent.
9.
1 −240000
2 −192000
T
3 −201600
4 −199680
O
5 −200064
6 −199987
7 −200003
From the graph and the table, it seems that the series converges to −2. In fact, it is a geometric
N
8 −199999
∞ 12 −24 −24
9 −200000 series with = −24 and = − 15 , so its sum is = = = −2
=1 (−5) 1 − − 15 12
10 −200000
Note that the dot corresponding to = 1 is part of both { } and { }.
TI-86 Note: To graph { } and { }, set your calculator to Param mode and DrawDot mode. (DrawDot is under
GRAPH, MORE, FORMT (F3).) Now under E(t)= make the assignments: xt1=t, yt1=12/(-5)ˆt, xt2=t,
yt2=sum seq(yt1,t,1,t,1). (sum and seq are under LIST, OPS (F5), MORE.) Under WIND use
1,10,1,0,10,1,-3,1,1 to obtain a graph similar to the one above. Then use TRACE (F4) to see the values.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 975
10.
1 054030
2 012416
3 −086584
4 −151948
5 −123582
6 −027565
7 047825
8 033275
∞
The series cos diverges, since its terms do not approach 0.
LE
9 −057838 =1
10 −141745
SA
11.
1 044721
2 115432
3 198637
4 288080
R
5 380927
6 475796
7 571948
FO
∞
8 668962 The series √ diverges, since its terms do not approach 0.
2
+4
=1
9 766581
10 864639
12.
T
1 490000
2 833000
O
3 1073100
4 1241170
5 1358819
N
6 1441173
7 1498821
From the graph and the table, we see that the terms are getting smaller and may approach 0,
8 1539175
9 1567422 and that the series approaches a value near 16. The series is geometric with 1 = 49 and
∞ 7+1 49 49
10 1587196
= 07, so its sum is
= = = 163.
=1 10 1 − 07 03
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
976 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
13.
2 100000
3 133333
4 150000
5 160000
6 166667
7 171429
8 175000
9 177778 From the graph and the table, we see that the terms are getting smaller and may approach 0,
and that the series may approach a number near 2. Using partial fractions, we have
LE
10 180000
11 181818
2 2 2
2
= −
=2 − =2 −1
2 2 2 2 2 2
= − + − + −
1 2 2 3 3 4
SA
2 2 2 2
+··· + − + −
−2 −1 −1
2
=2−
2 ∞ 2
As → ∞, 2 − → 2, so 2
= 2.
=2 −
14.
R
FO
1 036205
2 051428
3 059407
4 064280
5 067557
6 069910
T
7 071680
From the graph and the table, we see that the terms are getting smaller and may approach 0, and
8 073059
that the series may approach a number near 1.
O
9 074164
10 075069 1 1 1 1 1
sin − sin = sin 1 − sin + sin − sin
=1 +1 2 2 3
N
1 1
+ · · · + sin + sin
−1
1 1
+ sin − sin
+1
1
= sin 1 − sin
+1
1
As → ∞, sin 1 − sin → sin 1 − sin 0 = sin 1, so
+1
∞ 1 1
sin − sin = sin 1 ≈ 084147.
=1 +1
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 977
2 2
15. (a) lim = lim = , so the sequence { } is convergent by (11.1.1).
→∞ →∞ 3 + 1 3
∞
(b) Since lim = 2
3
6= 0, the series is divergent by the Test for Divergence.
→∞ =1
16. (a) Both and represent the sum of the first terms of the sequence { }, that is, the th partial sum.
=1 =1
(b) = + + · · · + = , which, in general, is not the same as = 1 + 2 + · · · + .
=1 =1
terms
17. 3 − 4 + 16
− 64
+ · · · is a geometric series with ratio = − 43 . Since || = 4
1, the series diverges.
LE
3 9 3
4
18. 4 + 3 + 9
4
+ 27
16
+ · · · is a geometric series with ratio 34 . Since || = 3
4
1, the series converges to = = 16.
1− 1 − 34
19. 10 − 2 + 04 − 008 + · · · is a geometric series with ratio − 10
2
= − 15 . Since || = 1
1, the series converges to
SA
5
10 10 50 25
= = = = .
1− 1 − (−15) 65 6 3
20. 2 + 05 + 0125 + 003125 + · · · is a geometric series with ratio = 05
2 = 14 . Since || = 1
4 1, the series converges
2 2 8
to = = = .
R
1− 1 − 14 34 3
∞
21. 12 (0.73)−1 is a geometric series with first term = 12 and ratio = 073. Since || = 073 1, the series converges
FO
=1
12 12 12(100) 400
to = = = = .
1− 1 − 073 027 27 9
∞ ∞
5 1 1 1 1
22.
= 5 . The latter series is geometric with = and ratio = . Since || = 1, it converges to
=1
=1
T
1 1 1 5
= . Thus, the given series converges to 5 = .
1 − 1 −1 −1 −1
O
∞ (−3)−1
−1
1 ∞ 3
23. = − . The latter series is geometric with = 1 and ratio = − 34 . Since || = 3
4
1, it
=1 4 4 =1 4
N
1
converges to = 47 . Thus, the given series converges to 14 47 = 17 .
1 − (−34)
∞
3+1 ∞
3
24. = 3 − 2 is a geometric series with ratio = − 32 . Since || = 3
2
1, the series diverges.
=0
(−2) =0
∞ ∞ ∞ 2
2 (2 ) 2 2
25. −1
= −1
= 6 is a geometric series with ratio = . Since || = [≈ 123] 1, the series
=1
6 =1
6 6 =1
6 6 6
diverges.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
978 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞ ∞ ∞
6 · 22−1 6(22 ) · 2−1 4 4 4
26.
=
= 3 is a geometric series with ratio = . Since || = 1, the series
=1
3 =1
3 =1
3 3 3
diverges.
1 1 1 1 1 ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
27. + + + + + ··· = = . This is a constant multiple of the divergent harmonic series, so
3 6 9 12 15 =1 3 3 =1
it diverges.
1
28. 1
3
+ 2
9
+ 1
27
+ 2
81
+ 1
243
+ 2
729
+ ··· = 3
+ 1
27
+ 1
243
+ · · · + 29 + 2
81
+ 2
729
+ · · · , which are both convergent
13 3 29 1
geometric series with sums = and = , so the original series converges and its sum is 3
+ 1
= 58 .
LE
8 4
1 − 19 8 1 − 19 4
∞
2+ 2+ 2 + 1 1
29. diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim = lim = lim = − 6= 0.
=1
1 − 2 →∞ →∞ 1 − 2 →∞ 1 − 2 2
SA
∞
2 2 1
30. diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim 2 = lim = 1 6= 0.
=1
2 − 2 + 5 →∞ − 2 + 5 →∞ 1 − 2 + 52
∞ ∞ ∞
3 · 31 3 3 3 3
31. 3+1 4− =
= 3 . The latter series is geometric with = and ratio = . Since || = 1,
=1 =1
4 =1
4 4 4 4
R
34
it converges to = 3. Thus, the given series converges to 3(3) = 9.
1 − 34
FO
∞
∞
∞
32. [(−02) + (06)−1 ] = (−02) + (06)−1 [sum of two geometric series]
=1 =1 =1
−02 1 1 5 7
= + =− + =
1 − (−02) 1 − 06 6 2 3
∞
1 1 1 1
33. diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim = = 6= 0.
4 + − →∞ 4 + − 4+0 4
T
=1
∞
2 + 4 2 + 4 2 4 4
34. diverges by the Test for Divergence since
O
lim
= lim
+
≥ lim =∞
=1
→∞ →∞ →∞
4
since 1.
N
∞
35. (sin 100) is a geometric series with first term = sin 100 [≈ −0506] and ratio = sin 100. Since || 1, the series
=1
sin 100
converges to ≈ −0336.
1 − sin 100
∞ 1 1 1
36. 2 diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim 2 = = 1 6= 0.
=1 1+ 3
→∞ 1+ 3
1+0
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 979
2
∞ +1
37. ln diverges by the Test for Divergence since
=1 22 + 1
2
+1 2 + 1
lim = lim ln = ln lim = ln 12 6= 0.
→∞ →∞ 22 + 1 →∞ 22 + 1
∞ ∞ 0
√ 1 1 1
38. ( 2)− = √ is a geometric series with first term = √ = 1 and ratio = √ . Since || 1, the
=0 =0
2 2 2
√
1 2
series converges to √ = √ ≈ 3414.
1 − 1 2 2−1
LE
∞
39. arctan diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim = lim arctan =
2
6= 0.
=1 →∞ →∞
∞ 3 2 ∞ 2 ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
40. + diverges because =2 diverges. (If it converged, then · 2 would also converge by
=1 5 =1 =1 2 =1
SA
∞ 1
Theorem 8(i), but we know from Example 9 that the harmonic series diverges.) If the given series converges, then the
=1
∞ 3 2 ∞ 3 ∞ 3 ∞ 2
difference + − must converge (since is a convergent geometric series) and equal , but
=1 5 =1 5
=1 5
=1
∞ 2
we have just seen that diverges, so the given series must also diverge.
R
=1
∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 1 1
41. = is a geometric series with first term = and ratio = . Since || = 1, the series converges
FO
=1 =1
1 1 1 ∞ 1
to = · = . By Example 8, = 1. Thus, by Theorem 8(ii),
1 − 1 1 − 1 −1 =1 ( + 1)
∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
∞ 1 1 1 −1
+ =
+ = +1 = + = .
=1 ( + 1) =1 =1 ( + 1) −1 −1 −1 −1
T
∞ H H
42. 2
diverges by the Test for Divergence since lim = lim 2 = lim 2 = lim = lim = ∞ 6= 0.
=1 →∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ 2 →∞ 2
O
2
∞
43. Using partial fractions, the partial sums of the series are
2 − 1 =2
N
2 1 1
= = −
=2 ( − 1)( + 1) =2 −1 +1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1− + − + − + ··· + − + −
3 2 4 3 5 −3 −1 −2
1 1 1
This sum is a telescoping series and = 1 +
− − .
2 −1
∞ 2 1 1 1 3
Thus, 2
= lim = lim 1 + − − = .
=2 − 1 →∞ →∞ 2 −1 2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
980 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞
44. For the series ln ,
=1 +1
= (ln 1 − ln 2) + (ln 2 − ln 3) + (ln 3 − ln 4) + · · · + [ln − ln( + 1)] = ln 1 − ln( + 1) = − ln( + 1)
[telescoping series]
Thus, lim = −∞, so the series is divergent.
→∞
∞ 3 3 1 1
45. For the series , = = − [using partial fractions]. The latter sum is
=1 ( + 3) =1 ( + 3) =1 +3
1 − 14 + 12 − 15 + 13 − 16 + 14 − 17 + · · · + −31
− 1 + 1−2 − + 1
1
+ 1
−1
− 1
+2
+ 1 − 1
+3
=1+ 1
+ 1
− 1
− 1
− 1
[telescoping series]
LE
2 3 +1 +2 +3
∞ 3
Thus, = lim = lim 1 + 1
2
+ 1
3
− 1
+1
− 1
+2
− 1
+3
=1+ 1
2
+ 1
3
= 11
6
. Converges
=1 ( + 3) →∞ →∞
∞
1 1
46. For the series √ −√
SA
=4
+1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= √ −√ = √ −√ + √ −√ + ··· + √ − √ = √ −√
=4 +1 4 5 5 6 +1 4 +1
[telescoping series]
∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
Thus, √ −√ = lim = lim √ − √ = √ − 0 = . Converges
=4
+1 →∞ →∞ 4 +1 4 2
R
∞
47. For the series 1 − 1(+1) ,
=1
FO
= 1 − 1(+1) = (1 − 12 ) + (12 − 13 ) + · · · + 1 − 1(+1) = − 1(+1)
=1
[telescoping series]
∞
Thus, 1 − 1(+1) = lim = lim − 1(+1) = − 0 = − 1. Converges
=1 →∞ →∞
1
∞
48. Using partial fractions, the partial sums of the series are
T
3 −
=2
1 1 12 12 1 1 2 1
= = − + + = − +
O
=2 ( − 1)( + 1) =2 −1 +1 2 =2 − 1 +1
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
= − + + − + + − + + − + + ···
2 1 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 6
N
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
+ − + + − + + − +
−3 −2 −1 −2 −1 −1 +1
Note: In three consecutive expressions in parentheses, the 3rd term in the first expression plus
the 2nd term in the second expression plus the 1st term in the third expression sum to 0.
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
= − + + − + = − +
2 1 2 2 +1 4 2 2 + 2
∞ 1 1 1 1 1
Thus, 3 −
= lim = lim − + = .
=2 →∞ →∞ 4 2 2 + 2 4
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 981
49. (a) Many people would guess that 1, but note that consists of an infinite number of 9s.
9 9 9 9 ∞ 9
(b) = 099999 = + + + + ··· =
, which is a geometric series with 1 = 09 and
10 100 1000 10,000 =1 10
09 09
= 01. Its sum is = = 1, that is, = 1.
1 − 01 09
(c) The number 1 has two decimal representations, 100000 and 099999 .
(d) Except for 0, all rational numbers that have a terminating decimal representation can be written in more than one way. For
example, 05 can be written as 049999 as well as 050000 .
LE
50. 1 = 1, = (5 − )−1 ⇒ 2 = (5 − 2)1 = 3(1) = 3, 3 = (5 − 3)2 = 2(3) = 6, 4 = (5 − 4)3 = 1(6) = 6,
∞
4
5 = (5 − 5)4 = 0, and all succeeding terms equal 0. Thus, = = 1 + 3 + 6 + 6 = 16.
=1 =1
SA
8 8 8 1 810 8
51. 08 = + 2 + · · · is a geometric series with = and = . It converges to = = .
10 10 10 10 1− 1 − 110 9
46 46 46 1 46100 46
52. 046 = + + · · · is a geometric series with = and = . It converges to = = .
100 1002 100 100 1− 1 − 1100 99
516 516 516 516 516 1
R
53. 2516 = 2 + + 6 + · · · . Now 3 + 6 + · · · is a geometric series with = 3 and = 3 . It converges to
103 10 10 10 10 10
516103 516103 516 516 2514 838
= = = . Thus, 2516 = 2 + = = .
FO
1− 1 − 1103 999103 999 999 999 333
35 35 35 35 35 1
54. 10135 = 101 + + 5 + · · · . Now 3 + 5 + · · · is a geometric series with = 3 and = 2 . It converges
103 10 10 10 10 10
35103 35103 35 35 9999 + 35 10,034 5017
to = 2
= = . Thus, 10135 = 101 + = = = .
1− 1 − 110 99102 990 990 990 990 495
T
567 567 567 567 567
55. 1234567 = 1234 + + 9 + · · · . Now 6 + 9 + · · · is a geometric series with = 6 and
106 10 10 10 10
O
1 567106 567106 567 21
= . It converges to = = = = . Thus,
103 1− 1 − 1103 999103 999,000 37,000
21 1234 21 45,658 21 45,679
.
N
1234567 = 1234 + = + = + =
37,000 1000 37,000 37,000 37,000 37,000
71,358 71,358 71,358 71,358 71,358
56. 571358 = 5 + + + · · · . Now + + · · · is a geometric series with = and
105 1010 105 1010 105
1 71,358105 71,358105 71,358 23,786
= 5
. It converges to = 5
= = = . Thus,
10 1− 1 − 110 99,999105 99,999 33,333
23,786 166,665 23,786 190,451
571358 = 5 + = + = .
33,333 33,333 33,333 33,333
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
982 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞
∞
57. (−5) = (−5) is a geometric series with = −5, so the series converges ⇔ || 1 ⇔
=1 =1
−5 −5
|−5| 1 ⇔ || 15 , that is, − 15 15 . In that case, the sum of the series is = = .
1− 1 − (−5) 1 + 5
∞
58. ( + 2) is a geometric series with = + 2, so the series converges ⇔ || 1 ⇔ | + 2| 1 ⇔
=1
+2 +2
−1 + 2 1 ⇔ −3 −1. In that case, the sum of the series is = = .
1− 1 − ( + 2) − − 1
∞ ( − 2)
∞ −2 −2
59. = is a geometric series with = , so the series converges ⇔ || 1 ⇔
LE
3 3 3
=0 =0
− 2 −2
3 1 ⇔ −1 3 1 ⇔ −3 − 2 3 ⇔ −1 5. In that case, the sum of the series is
1 1 3
= = = .
SA
1− −2 3 − ( − 2) 5−
1−
3 3
∞
∞
60. (−4) ( − 5) = [−4( − 5)] is a geometric series with = −4( − 5), so the series converges ⇔
=0 =0
4 .
|| 1 ⇔ |−4( − 5)| 1 ⇔ | − 5| 1
4 ⇔ − 14 − 5 1
4 ⇔ 19
4 21
In that case, the sum of
1 1
R
the series is = = .
1− 1 − [−4( − 5)] 4 − 19
∞ 2 ∞ 2 2 2
FO
61.
= is a geometric series with = , so the series converges ⇔ || 1 ⇔ 1 ⇔
=0 =0
1
2 || ⇔ 2 or −2. In that case, the sum of the series is = = .
1− 1 − 2 −2
∞ sin
∞ sin sin
62.
= is a geometric series with = , so the series converges ⇔ || 1 ⇔
=0 3 =0 3 3
T
sin 1 3
3 1 ⇔ |sin | 3, which is true for all . Thus, the sum of the series is 1 − = 1 − (sin )3 = 3 − sin .
O
∞
∞
63. = ( ) is a geometric series with = , so the series converges ⇔ || 1 ⇔ | | 1 ⇔
=0 =0
N
1
−1 1 ⇔ 0 1 ⇔ 0. In that case, the sum of the series is = .
1− 1 −
1 1
64. Because → 0 and ln is continuous, we have lim ln 1 + = ln 1 = 0.
→∞
∞ 1
∞ +1 ∞
We now show that the series ln 1 + = ln = [ln( + 1) − ln ] diverges.
=1 =1 =1
= (ln 2 − ln 1) + (ln 3 − ln 2) + · · · + (ln( + 1) − ln ) = ln( + 1) − ln 1 = ln( + 1)
As → ∞, = ln( + 1) → ∞, so the series diverges.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 983
65. After defining , We use convert(f,parfrac); in Maple, Apart in Mathematica, or Expand Rational and
32 + 3 + 1 1 1
Simplify in Derive to find that the general term is = 3 − . So the nth partial sum is
(2 + )3 ( + 1)3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 3
− = 1 − + − + · · · + − =1−
=1 ( + 1)3 23 23 33 3 ( + 1)3 ( + 1)3
The series converges to lim = 1. This can be confirmed by directly computing the sum using
→∞
sum(f,n=1..infinity); (in Maple), Sum[f,{n,1,Infinity}] (in Mathematica), or Calculus Sum
(from 1 to ∞) and Simplify (in Derive).
66. See Exercise 65 for specific CAS commands.
LE
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + − − + . So the th partial sum is
5 − 53 + 4 24( − 2) 24( + 2) 6( − 1) 6( + 1) 4
1 1 4 6 4 1
= − + − +
24 =3 − 2 −1 +1 +2
SA
1 1 4 6 4 1 1 4 6 4 1
= − + − + + ··· + − + − +
24 1 2 3 4 5 −2 −1 +1 +2
The terms with denominator 5 or greater cancel, except for a few terms with in the denominator. So as → ∞,
1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1
→ − + − = = .
24 1 2 3 4 24 4 96
R
67. For = 1, 1 = 0 since 1 = 0. For 1,
−1 ( − 1) − 1 ( − 1) − ( + 1)( − 2) 2
= − −1 = − = =
FO
+1 ( − 1) + 1 ( + 1) ( + 1)
∞ 1 − 1
Also, = lim = lim = 1.
=1 →∞ →∞ 1 + 1
68. 1 = 1 = 3 − 1
2
= 52 . For 6= 1,
−1 2 2( − 1) −2
= − −1 = 3 − 2− − 3 − ( − 1)2−(−1) = − + −1 · = − =
T
2 2 2 2 2 2
∞ H 1
Also, = lim = lim 3 − = 3 because lim = lim = 0.
2 →∞ 2 →∞ 2 ln 2
O
=1 →∞ →∞
69. (a) The quantity of the drug in the body after the first tablet is 100 mg. After the second tablet, there is 100 mg plus 20% of
the first 100-mg tablet; that is, 100 + 020(100) = 120 mg. After the third tablet, the quantity is 100 + 020(120) or,
N
equivalently, 100 + 100(020) + 100(020)2 . Either expression gives us 124 mg.
(b) From part (a), we see that +1 = 100 + 020 .
(c) = 100 + 100(020)1 + 100(020)2 + · · · + 100(020)−1
= 100(020)−1 [geometric with = 100 and = 020].
=1
100 100
The quantity of the antibiotic that remains in the body in the long run is lim = = = 125 mg.
→∞ 1 − 020 45
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
984 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
70. (a) The concentration of the drug after the first injection is 15 mgL. “Reduced by 90%” is the same as 10% remains, so the
concentration after the second injection is 15 + 010(15) = 165 mgL. The concentration after the third injection is
15 + 010(165), or, equivalently, 15 + 15(010) + 15(010)2 . Either expression gives us 1665 mgL.
(b) = 15 + 15(010)1 + 15(010)2 + · · · + 15(010)−1
= 15(010)−1 [geometric with = 15 and = 010].
=1
15[1 − (010) ] 15 5
By (3), = = [1 − (010) ] = [1 − (010) ] mgL.
1 − 010 09 3
LE
(c) The limiting value of the concentration is lim = lim 5
[1 − (010) ] = 53 (1 − 0) = 5
mgL.
→∞ →∞ 3 3
71. (a) The quantity of the drug in the body after the first tablet is 150 mg. After the second tablet, there is 150 mg plus 5%
of the first 150- mg tablet, that is, [150 + 150(005)] mg. After the third tablet, the quantity is
SA
[150 + 150(005) + 150(005)2 ] = 157875 mg. After tablets, the quantity (in mg) is
150(1 − 005 ) 3000
150 + 150(005) + · · · + 150(005)−1 . We can use Formula 3 to write this as = (1 − 005 ).
1 − 005 19
3000
(b) The number of milligrams remaining in the body in the long run is lim 19
(1 − 005 ) = 3000
19
(1 − 0) ≈ 157895,
→∞
R
only 002 mg more than the amount after 3 tablets.
72. (a) The residual concentration just before the second injection is − ; before the third, − + −2 ; before the
FO
− 1 − −
( + 1)st, −
+ −2
+ · · · + −
. This sum is equal to [Formula 3].
1 − −
− 1 − − − (1 − 0)
(b) The limiting pre-injection concentration is lim −
= · = .
→∞ 1− 1 − − −1
T
(c) ≥ ⇒ ≥ − 1 , so the minimal dosage is = − 1 .
− 1
O
73. (a) The first step in the chain occurs when the local government spends dollars. The people who receive it spend a
fraction of those dollars, that is, dollars. Those who receive the dollars spend a fraction of it, that is,
2 dollars. Continuing in this way, we see that the total spending after transactions is
N
(1 − )
= + + 2 + · · · + –1 = by (3).
1−
(1 − )
(b) lim = lim = lim (1 − ) = since 0 1 ⇒ lim = 0
→∞ →∞ 1− 1 − →∞ 1− →∞
= [since + = 1] = [since = 1]
If = 08, then = 1 − = 02 and the multiplier is = 1 = 5.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 985
74. (a) Initially, the ball falls a distance , then rebounds a distance , falls , rebounds 2 , falls 2 , etc. The total
distance it travels is
+ 2 + 22 + 23 + · · · = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + · · · = 1 + 2 1 + + 2 + · · ·
1 1+
= 1 + 2 = meters
1− 1−
(b) From Example 3 in Section 2.1, we know that a ball falls 12 2 meters in seconds, where is the gravitational
acceleration. Thus, a ball falls meters in = 2 seconds. The total travel time in seconds is
2 2 2 2 2 3 2 √ √ 2 √ 3
LE
+2 +2 +2 +··· = 1 +2 + 2 + 2 + ···
2 √ √ √ 2
= 1 + 2 1 + + + ···
√
2 √ 1 2 1 +
SA
= 1+2 √ = √
1− 1−
(c) It will help to make a chart of the time for each descent and each rebound of the ball, together with the velocity just before
and just after each bounce. Recall that the time in seconds needed to fall meters is 2. The ball hits the ground with
√
velocity − 2 = − 2 (taking the upward direction to be positive) and rebounds with velocity
R
√
2 = 2, taking time 2 to reach the top of its bounce, where its velocity is 0. At that point,
its height is 2 . All these results follow from the formulas for vertical motion with gravitational acceleration −:
FO
2
= − ⇒ = = 0 − ⇒ = 0 + 0 − 12 2 .
2
number of time of speed before speed after time of peak
descent descent bounce bounce ascent height
√ √
1 2 2 2 2 2
T
2 22 22 22 22 4
3 24 24 24 24 6
O
··· ··· ··· ··· ··· ···
The total travel time in seconds is
N
2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + 2 + 2 + ··· = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + · · ·
2
= 1 + 2(1 + + 2 + · · · )
2 1 2 1 +
= 1 + 2 =
1− 1−
√
Another method: We could use part (b). At the top of the bounce, the height is 2 = , so = and the result follows
from part (b).
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
986 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞
75. (1 + )− is a geometric series with = (1 + )−2 and = (1 + )−1 , so the series converges when
=2
(1 + )−1 1 ⇔ |1 + | 1 ⇔ 1 + 1 or 1 + −1 ⇔ 0 or −2. We calculate the sum of the
2
(1 + )−2 1 1
series and set it equal to 2: =2 ⇔ =2−2 ⇔ 1 = 2(1 + )2 − 2(1 + ) ⇔
1 − (1 + )−1 1+ 1+
√ √ √
22 + 2 − 1 = 0 ⇔ = −2 ±
4
12
= ± 3−1
2
. However, the negative root is inadmissible because −2 − 3−1
2
0.
√
So = 3−1
2
.
∞
∞ 1 1
LE
76. = ( ) is a geometric series with = ( )0 = 1 and = . If 1, it has sum , so = 10 ⇒
=0 =0 1 − 1 −
1
10 = 1 − ⇒ = 9
10
9
⇒ = ln 10 .
1 1 1
77. = 1+ 2 + 3 +···+ = 1 12 13 · · · 1 (1 + 1) 1 + 1
1 + 13 · · · 1 + 1 [ 1 + ]
SA
2
234 +1
= ··· =+1
123
Thus, + 1 and lim = ∞. Since { } is increasing, lim = ∞, implying that the harmonic series is
→∞ →∞
divergent.
R
78. The area between = −1 and = for 0 ≤ ≤ 1 is
1 1
+1 1 1
(−1 − ) = − = −
FO
0 +1 0 +1
( + 1) − 1
= =
( + 1) ( + 1)
We can see from the diagram that as → ∞, the sum of the areas
between the successive curves approaches the area of the unit square,
T
∞ 1
that is, 1. So = 1.
=1 ( + 1)
O
79. Let be the diameter of . We draw lines from the centers of the to
the center of (or ), and using the Pythagorean Theorem, we can write
N
2 2
12 + 1 − 12 1 = 1 + 12 1 ⇔
2 2
1 = 1 + 12 1 − 1 − 12 1 = 21 [difference of squares] ⇒ 1 = 12 .
Similarly,
2 2
1 = 1 + 12 2 − 1 − 1 − 12 2 = 22 + 21 − 21 − 1 2
= (2 − 1 )(1 + 2 ) ⇔
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 987
1 (1 − 1 )2 2 2 [1 − (1 + 2 )]2
2 = − 1 = , 1 = 1 + 12 3 − 1 − 1 − 2 − 12 3 ⇔ 3 = , and in general,
2 − 1 2 − 1 2 − (1 + 2 )
2
1− =1 1 1
+1 = . If we actually calculate 2 and 3 from the formulas above, we find that they are = and
2−
=1 6 2 ·3
1 1 1
= respectively, so we suspect that in general, = . To prove this, we use induction: Assume that for all
12 3·4 ( + 1)
1 1 1 1
≤ , = = − . Then = 1 − = [telescoping sum]. Substituting this into our
( + 1) +1 =1 +1 +1
2
1
1−
( + 1)2
LE
+1 1
formula for +1 , we get +1 = = = , and the induction is complete.
+2 ( + 1)( + 2)
2−
+1 +1
Now, we observe that the partial sums =1 of the diameters of the circles approach 1 as → ∞; that is,
SA
∞
∞ 1
= = 1, which is what we wanted to prove.
=1 =1 ( + 1)
80. || = sin , || = || sin = sin2 , | | = || sin = sin3 , . Therefore,
∞
sin
|| + || + | | + | | + · · · = sin = since this is a geometric series with = sin
=1 1 − sin
R
and |sin | 1 because 0 2 .
FO
81. The series 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + · · · diverges (geometric series with = −1) so we cannot say that
0 = 1 −1 + 1 −1 + 1 −1 + ···.
∞ 1 ∞ 1
82. If is convergent, then lim = 0 by Theorem 6, so lim 6= 0, and so is divergent by the Test for
=1 →∞ →∞ =1
Divergence.
T
∞ ∞
83. =1 = lim =1 = lim =1 = lim =1 = =1 , which exists by hypothesis.
→∞ →∞ →∞
O
84. If were convergent, then (1)( ) = would be also, by Theorem 8(i). But this is not the case, so
must diverge.
N
85. Suppose on the contrary that ( + ) converges. Then ( + ) and are convergent series. So by
Theorem 8(iii), [( + ) − ] would also be convergent. But [( + ) − ] = , a contradiction, since
is given to be divergent.
86. No. For example, take = and = (−), which both diverge, yet ( + ) = 0, which converges
with sum 0.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
988 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
87. The partial sums { } form an increasing sequence, since − −1 = 0 for all . Also, the sequence { } is bounded
since ≤ 1000 for all . So by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem, the sequence of partial sums converges, that is, the series
is convergent.
1 1 +1 − −1 +1 − −1 (−1 + ) − −1 1
88. (a) RHS = − = = = = = LHS
−1 +1 2 −1 +1 −1 +1 −1 +1 −1 +1
∞ 1 ∞ 1 1
(b) = − [from part (a)]
=2 −1 +1 =2 −1 +1
LE
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim − + − + − + ··· + −
→∞ 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 5 −1 +1
1 1 1 1
= lim − = −0 = = 1 because → ∞ as → ∞.
→∞ 1 2 +1 1 2 1·1
SA
∞ ∞
(c) = − [as above]
=2 −1 +1 =2 −1 +1
∞ 1 1
= −
=2 −1 +1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= lim − + − + − + − + ··· + −
1 3 2 4 3 5 4 6 −1 +1
R
→∞
1 1 1 1
= lim + − − = 1 + 1 − 0 − 0 = 2 because → ∞ as → ∞.
→∞ 1 2 +1
FO
1 1
89. (a) At the first step, only the interval 2
3 3
(length 13 ) is removed. At the second step, we remove the intervals 2
9 9
and
7 2 3
8
9 9
, which have a total length of 2 · 13 . At the third step, we remove 22 intervals, each of length 13 . In general,
1 1 2 −1
at the nth step we remove 2−1 intervals, each of length 3
, for a length of 2−1 · 3
= 1
3 3
. Thus, the total
T
∞ 2 −1 13
length of all removed intervals is 1
3 3 = 1 − 23 = 1 geometric series with = 1
3 and = 2
3
. Notice that at
=1
1 2
O
the th step, the leftmost interval that is removed is 3
3 , so we never remove 0, and 0 is in the Cantor set. Also,
the rightmost interval removed is 1 − 23 1 − 13 , so 1 is never removed. Some other numbers in the Cantor set
N
are 13 , 23 , 19 , 29 , 79 , and 89 .
1 2 1 3
(b) The area removed at the first step is 19 ; at the second step, 8 · 9
; at the third step, (8)2 · 9
. In general, the area
1 8 −1
removed at the th step is (8)−1 9
= 1
9 9
, so the total area of all removed squares is
−1
∞ 1 8 19
= = 1.
=1 9 9 1 − 89
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.2 SERIES ¤ 989
90. (a)
1 1 2 4 1 1 1000
2 2 3 1 4 1000 1
3 15 25 25 25 5005 5005
4 175 275 175 325 75025 25075
5 1625 2625 2125 2875 625375 375625
6 16875 26875 19375 30625 687813 313188
7 165625 265625 203125 296875 656594 344406
8 167188 267188 198438 301563 672203 328797
9 166406 266406 200781 299219 664398 336602
10 166797 266797 199609 300391 668301 332699
LE
11 166602 266602 200195 299805 666350 334650
12 166699 266699 199902 300098 667325 333675
The limits seem to be 53 , 83 , 2, 3, 667, and 334. Note that the limits appear to be “weighted” more toward 2 . In general, we
SA
1 + 22
guess that the limit is .
3
(b) +1 − = 12 ( + −1 ) − = − 12 ( − −1 ) = − 12 12 (−1 + −2 ) − −1
−1
= − 12 − 12 (−1 − −2 ) = · · · = − 12 (2 − 1 )
Note that we have used the formula = 12 (−1 + −2 ) a total of − 1 times in this calculation, once for each
R
between 3 and + 1. Now we can write
= 1 + (2 − 1 ) + (3 − 2 ) + · · · + (−1 − −2 ) + ( − −1 )
FO
−1
−1 −1
= 1 + (+1 − ) = 1 + − 12 (2 − 1 )
=1 =1
and so
∞
−1 1 1 + 22
lim = 1 + (2 − 1 ) − 12 = 1 + (2 − 1 ) = 1 + 23 (2 − 1 ) = .
→∞ =1 1 − (−12) 3
T
∞ 1 1 1 2 5 5 3 23
91. (a) For , 1 = = , 2 = + = , 3 = + = ,
=1 ( + 1)! 1 · 2 2 2 1 · 2 · 3 6 6 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 24
O
23 4 119 ( + 1)! − 1
4 = + = . The denominators are ( + 1)!, so a guess would be = .
24 1·2·3·4·5 120 ( + 1)!
N
1 2! − 1 ( + 1)! − 1
(b) For = 1, 1 = = , so the formula holds for = 1. Assume = . Then
2 2! ( + 1)!
( + 1)! − 1 +1 ( + 1)! − 1 +1 ( + 2)! − ( + 2) + + 1
+1 = + = + =
( + 1)! ( + 2)! ( + 1)! ( + 1)!( + 2) ( + 2)!
( + 2)! − 1
=
( + 2)!
Thus, the formula is true for = + 1. So by induction, the guess is correct.
( + 1)! − 1 1
∞
(c) lim = lim = lim 1 − = 1 and so = 1.
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! →∞ ( + 1)! =1 ( + 1)!
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
990 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
92. Let 1 = radius of the large circle, 2 = radius of next circle, and so on.
From the figure we have ∠ = 60◦ and cos 60◦ = 1 ||, so
|| = 21 and || = 22 . Therefore, 21 = 1 + 2 + 22 ⇒
1 = 32 . In general, we have +1 = 3 ,
1
so the total area is
1 1 1
= 12 + 322 + 332 + · · · = 12 + 322 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + · · ·
3 3 3
2 2 1 2 27 2
= 1 + 32 · = 1 + 8 2
1 − 19
1 tan 30◦ 1 1
Since the sides of the triangle have length 1, || = . Thus, 1 = 1
and tan 30◦ =
= √ ⇒ 2 = √ ,
LE
2
12 2 2 3 6 3
2 2 √
1 27 1 11 3
so = √ + √ = + = . The area of the triangle is , so the circles occupy about 831%
2 3 8 6 3 12 32 96 4
of the area of the triangle.
SA
11.3 The Integral Test and Estimates of Sums
2
1 1
1. The picture shows that 2 = ,
213 13
R
1
3 ∞
1 1
∞ 1 1
3 = , and so on, so . The
313 2 13 =2 13 1 13
FO
integral converges by (7.8.2) with = 13 1, so the series converges.
6
5
6 6
2. From the first figure, we see that 1
() . From the second figure, we see that 1
() . Thus, we
=1 =2
6 6
5
have .
T
1
()
=2 =1
O
N
3. The function () = −3 is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
∞
−2 1 1 1
−3 = lim −3 = lim = lim − 2 + = .
1 →∞ 1 →∞ −2 1
→∞ 2 2 2
∞
Since this improper integral is convergent, the series −3 is also convergent by the Integral Test.
=1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.3 THE INTEGRAL TEST AND ESTIMATES OF SUMS ¤ 991
4. The function () = −03 is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
∞
07 07 1
−03 = lim −03 = lim = lim − = ∞.
1 →∞ 1 →∞ 07 1
→∞ 07 07
∞
Since this improper integral is divergent, the series −03 is also divergent by the Integral Test.
=1
2
5. The function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
5 − 1
∞
2 2 2 2 2
= lim = lim ln(5 − 1) = lim ln(5 − 1) − ln 4 = ∞.
5 − 1 →∞ 1 5 − 1 →∞ 5 →∞ 5 5
LE
1 1
∞
2
Since this improper integral is divergent, the series is also divergent by the Integral Test.
=1
5 − 1
1
6. The function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
SA
(3 − 1)4
∞
1 −4 1 −3 1 1 1
= lim (3 − 1) = lim (3 − 1) = lim − + = .
1 (3 − 1)4 →∞ 1 →∞ (−3)3
1
→∞ 9(3 − 1)3 9 · 23 72
∞
1
Since this improper integral is convergent, the series is also convergent by the Integral Test.
=1
(3 − 1)4
R
7. The function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
2 + 1
∞
FO
1 2 1
= lim = lim ln( + 1) = lim [ln(2 + 1) − ln 2] = ∞. Since this improper
1 2 + 1 →∞ 1 2 + 1 →∞ 2
1 2 →∞
∞
integral is divergent, the series is also divergent by the Integral Test.
=1 2 + 1
3
8. The function () = 2 − is continuous, positive, and decreasing () on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
3
T
∞
3 3 1 3 1 1 1 1
2 − = lim 2 − = lim − − = − lim − − −1 = − 0− = .
1 →∞ 1 →∞ 3 1 3 →∞ 3 3
O
∞ 3
Since this improper integral is convergent, the series 2 − is also convergent by the Integral Test.
=1
3 3 3 (2 − 33 )
(): 0 () = 2 − (−32 ) + − (2) = − (−33 + 2) = 0 for 1
N
3
∞ 1 √
9. √ is a -series with = 2 1, so it converges by (1).
2
=1
∞
∞ 1
10. −09999 = is a -series with = 09999 ≤ 1, so it diverges by (1). The fact that the series begins with
=3 =3 09999
= 3 is irrelevant when determining convergence.
1 1 1 1 ∞ 1
11. 1 + + + + +··· = 3
. This is a -series with = 3 1, so it converges by (1).
8 27 64 125 =1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
992 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1 1 1 1 1 ∞ 1 1
12. + + + + +··· = . The function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞),
5 7 9 11 13 =1 2 + 3 2 +3
so the Integral Test applies.
∞
1 1
= lim = lim 12 ln(2 + 3) = lim 12 ln(2 + 3) − 1
2
ln 5 = ∞, so the series
1 2 + 3 →∞ 1 2 + 3 →∞ 1 →∞
∞ 1
diverges.
=1 2 + 3
1 1 1 1 1 ∞ 1 1
13. + + + + + ··· = . The function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on
3 7 11 15 19 =1 4 − 1 4 −1
[1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
LE
∞
1 1
= lim = lim 14 ln(4 − 1) = lim 14 ln(4 − 1) − 1
4
ln 3 = ∞, so the series
1 4 − 1 →∞ 1 4 − 1 →∞ 1 →∞
∞ 1
diverges.
=1 4 −1
SA
1 1 1 1
∞ 1 ∞ 1
14. 1 + √ + √ + √ + √ + · · · = √ = 32
. This is a -series with = 3
2
1, so it converges by (1).
2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 =1 =1
√ √
∞ +4 ∞ 4 ∞ 1 ∞ 4
∞ 1
15. 2
= 2
+ 2
= 32
+ 2
. 32
is a convergent -series with = 3
2 1.
=1 =1 =1 =1 =1
∞ 4 ∞ 1
is a constant multiple of a convergent -series with = 2 1, so it converges. The sum of two
R
2
=4 2
=1 =1
convergent series is convergent, so the original series is convergent.
FO
√
16. The function () = is continuous and positive on [1 ∞).
1 + 32
(1 + 32 ) 12 −12 − 12 32 12 1 −12
+ 12 − 32 1 − 232
0 () = 32 2
= 2 32 2
= √ 0 for ≥ 1, so is
(1 + ) (1 + ) 2 (1 + 32 )2
decreasing on [1 ∞), and the Integral Test applies.
∞ √ √
T
2 32 substitution
= lim = lim ln(1 + )
1 + 32 →∞ 1 1 + 32 →∞ 3 1 with = 1 + 32
1
O
2 32 2
= lim 3 ln(1 + ) − 3 ln 2 = ∞,
→∞
∞ √
so the series diverges.
1 + 32
N
=1
1
17. The function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so we can apply the Integral Test.
2 + 4
∞
1 1 1 −1 1 −1 −1 1
= lim = lim tan = lim tan − tan
1 2 + 4 →∞ 1 2 + 4 →∞ 2 2 1 2 →∞ 2 2
1 1
= − tan−1
2 2 2
∞ 1
Therefore, the series converges.
=1 2 + 4
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.3 THE INTEGRAL TEST AND ESTIMATES OF SUMS ¤ 993
1
18. The function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
2 + 2 + 2
∞
1 1
= lim = lim arctan( + 1)
1 2 + 2 + 2 →∞ 1 ( + 1)2 + 1 →∞ 1
= lim [arctan( + 1) − arctan 2] = − arctan 2,
→∞ 2
∞
1
so the series converges.
=1
2 + 2 + 2
3
19. The function () = is continuous and positive on [2 ∞), and is also decreasing since
4 +4
LE
(4 + 4)(32 ) − 3 (43 ) 122 − 6 2 (12 − 4 ) √
0 () = 4 2
= 4 2
= 0 for 4 12 ≈ 186, so we can use the
( + 4) ( + 4) (4 + 4)2
Integral Test on [2 ∞).
∞
3 3
= lim 14 ln(4 + 4) = lim 14 ln(4 + 4) − 1
ln 20 = ∞, so the series
SA
4
= lim 4 4
2 +4 →∞ 2 + 4 →∞ 2 →∞
∞
3 ∞
3
4
diverges, and it follows that 4
diverges as well.
=2
+4 =1
+4
3 − 4 2 1
20. The function () = = + [by partial fractions] is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [3 ∞) since it
2 − 2 −2
R
is the sum of two such functions, so we can apply the Integral Test.
∞
3 − 4 2 1
2
= lim + = lim 2 ln + ln( − 2) = lim [2 ln + ln( − 2) − 2 ln 3] = ∞.
FO
3 − →∞ 3 −2 →∞ 3 →∞
∞ 3 − 4
The integral is divergent, so the series 2
is divergent.
=3 −
1 1 + ln
21. () = is continuous and positive on [2 ∞), and also decreasing since 0 () = − 2 0 for 2, so we can
ln (ln )2
∞
1 ∞ 1
= lim [ln(ln )]2 = lim [ln(ln ) − ln(ln 2)] = ∞, so the series
T
use the Integral Test. diverges.
2 ln →∞ →∞ =2 ln
ln
O
22. The function () = is continuous and positive on [2 ∞), and also decreasing since
2
2 (1) − (ln )(2) − 2 ln 1 − 2 ln
0 () = = = 0 for 12 ≈ 165, so we can use the Integral Test
(2 )2 4 3
N
on [2 ∞).
∞
ln ln ln 1 by parts with
= lim = lim
− + 2
2 2 →∞ 2 2 2
→∞ 2
2 = ln , = (1 )
ln ln 2 1 H 1 ln 2 1 1 ln 2 + 1
= lim − + + − = lim − + − + = ,
→∞ 2 2 →∞ 1 2 2 2
∞
ln
so the series converges.
=2
2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
994 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
23. The function () = − = is continuous and positive on [1 ∞), and also decreasing since
· 1 − (1 − ) 1−
0 () = 2
= = 0 for 1 [and (1) (2)], so we can use the Integral Test on [1 ∞).
( ) ( )2
∞
by parts with
− = lim − = lim −− + − −
→∞ →∞ 1 = , =
1 1 1
1 1 1
= lim −− + −1 + −− = lim − + − +
→∞ 1 →∞
H 1 1 1 2
= lim − + − 0 + = ,
→∞
LE
∞
so the series − converges.
=1
2
24. The function () = − = is continuous and positive on [1 ∞), and also decreasing since
2
SA
2 2
· 1 − · 2 1 − 22
0 () = = 0 for 1
≈ 07, so we can use the Integral Test on [1 ∞).
(2 )2 2 2
∞ ∞
2 2 2 2 1 2
− = lim − = lim − 12 − = lim − 12 − + 12 −1 = , so the series −
1 →∞ 1 →∞ 1 →∞ 2 =1
converges.
R
1 1 1 1
25. The function () = = 2 − + [by partial fractions] is continuous, positive and decreasing on [1 ∞),
2 + 3 +1
so the Integral Test applies.
FO
∞
1 1 1 1
() = lim − + = lim − − ln + ln( + 1)
1 →∞ 1 2 +1 →∞ 1
1 +1
= lim − + ln + 1 − ln 2 = 0 + 0 + 1 − ln 2
→∞
∞ 1
The integral converges, so the series converges.
T
2 + 3
=1
26. The function () = is positive, continuous, and decreasing on [1 ∞). [Note that
O
4 + 1
4 + 1 − 44 1 − 34
0 () = = 0 on [1 ∞).] Thus, we can apply the Integral Test.
(4 + 1)2 (4 + 1)2
N
∞
1
(2) 1 1 1
= lim 2
= lim tan−1 (2 ) = lim [tan−1 (2 ) − tan−1 1] = − =
1 4 + 1 →∞ 1 1 + (2 )2 →∞ 2 1 2 →∞ 2 2 4 8
∞
so the series converges.
=1 4 + 1
cos
27. The function () = √ is neither positive nor decreasing on [1 ∞), so the hypotheses of the Integral Test are not
∞ cos
satisfied for the series √ .
=1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.3 THE INTEGRAL TEST AND ESTIMATES OF SUMS ¤ 995
cos2
28. The function () = is not decreasing on [1 ∞), so the hypotheses of the Integral Test are not satisfied for the
1 + 2
∞ cos2
series 2
.
=1 1 +
∞ 1
29. We have already shown (in Exercise 21) that when = 1 the series diverges, so assume that 6= 1.
=2 (ln )
1 + ln
() = is continuous and positive on [2 ∞), and 0 () = − 2 0 if − , so that is eventually
(ln ) (ln )+1
decreasing and we can use the Integral Test.
LE
∞
1 (ln )1− (ln )1− (ln 2)1−
= lim [for 6= 1] = lim −
2 (ln ) →∞ 1− 2 →∞ 1− 1−
This limit exists whenever 1 − 0 ⇔ 1, so the series converges for 1.
SA
1
30. () = is positive and continuous on [3 ∞). For ≥ 0, clearly decreases on [3 ∞); and for 0,
ln [ln(ln )]
it can be verified that is ultimately decreasing. Thus, we can apply the Integral Test.
∞
[ln(ln )]− [ln(ln )]−+1
= = lim = lim [for 6= 1]
3 ln [ln(ln )] →∞ 3 ln →∞ − + 1 3
R
−+1 −+1
[ln(ln )] [ln(ln 3)]
= lim − ,
→∞ − + 1 − + 1
FO
which exists whenever − + 1 0 ⇔ 1. If = 1, then = lim ln(ln(ln )) 3 = ∞. Therefore,
→∞
∞ 1
converges for 1.
=3 ln [ln(ln )]
31. Clearly the series cannot converge if ≥ − 12 , because then lim (1 + 2 ) 6= 0. So assume − 12 . Then
→∞
T
() = (1 + 2 ) is continuous, positive, and eventually decreasing on [1 ∞), and we can use the Integral Test.
∞
1 (1 + 2 )+1 1
(1 + 2 ) = lim · = lim [(1 + 2 )+1 − 2+1 ].
O
1 →∞ 2 +1 1 2( + 1) →∞
∞
This limit exists and is finite ⇔ + 1 0 ⇔ −1, so the series (1 + 2 ) converges whenever −1.
N
=1
ln ln
32. If ≤ 0, lim = ∞ and the series diverges, so assume 0. () = is positive and continuous and 0 () 0
→∞
for 1 , so is eventually decreasing and we can use the Integral Test. Integration by parts gives
∞ 1−
ln [(1 − ) ln − 1] 1
= lim (for =
6 1) = lim 1−
[(1 − ) ln − 1] + 1 , which exists
1 →∞ (1 − )2 1 (1 − )2 →∞
∞ ln
whenever 1 − 0 ⇔ 1. Thus,
converges ⇔ 1.
=1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
996 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
33. Since this is a -series with = , () is defined when 1. Unless specified otherwise, the domain of a function is the
set of real numbers such that the expression for () makes sense and defines a real number. So, in the case of a series, it’s
the set of real numbers such that the series is convergent.
∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 2
34. (a) 2
= 2
− 2 [subtract 1 ] = −1
=2 =1 1 6
∞ 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 1 1 2 49
(b) 2
= 2
= 2
− + 2 + 2 = −
=3 ( + 1) =4 =1 12 2 3 6 36
LE
∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1 1 2 2
(c) 2
= 2
= = =
=1 (2) =1 4 4 =1 2 4 6 24
4 4
∞ 3 ∞ 81 ∞ 1 94
35. (a) = 4
= 81 4
= 81 =
=1 =1 =1 90 10
SA
∞ 1 1 1 1 ∞ 1 4 1 1 4 17
(b) 4
= 4 + 4 + 4 + ··· = 4
= − + 4 [subtract 1 and 2 ] = −
=5 ( − 2) 3 4 5 =3 90 14 2 90 16
36. (a) () = 14 is positive and continuous and 0 () = −45 is negative for 0, and so the Integral Test applies.
∞ 1 1 1 1 1
R
4
≈ 10 = 4 + 4 + 4 + · · · + 4 ≈ 1082037.
=1 1 2 3 10
∞
1 1 1 1 1
FO
10 ≤ = lim = lim − 3 + 3 = , so the error is at most 00003.
10 4 →∞ −33
10
→∞ 3 3 (10) 3000
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1
(b) 10 + ≤ ≤ 10 + ⇒ 10 + ≤ ≤ 10 + ⇒
11 4 10 4 3(11)3 3(10)3
1082037 + 0000250 = 1082287 ≤ ≤ 1082037 + 0000333 = 1082370, so we get ≈ 108233 with
error ≤ 000005.
T
(c) The estimate in part (b) is ≈ 108233 with error ≤ 000005. The exact value given in Exercise 35 is 4 90 ≈ 1082323.
O
The difference is less than 0.00001
∞
1 1 1 1
(d) ≤ . So 000001 ⇒ ⇒ 33 105
N
3
= 5 ⇒ (10)5 3 ≈ 322,
4 33 33 10
that is, for 32.
1 2
37. (a) () = is positive and continuous and 0 () = − 3 is negative for 0, and so the Integral Test applies.
2
∞ 1 1 1 1 1
2
≈ 10 = 2 + 2 + 2 + · · · + 2 ≈ 1549768.
=1 1 2 3 10
∞
1 −1 1 1 1
10 ≤ = lim = lim − + = , so the error is at most 01.
10 2 →∞ 10 →∞ 10 10
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.3 THE INTEGRAL TEST AND ESTIMATES OF SUMS ¤ 997
∞ ∞
1 1
(b) 10 + ≤ ≤ 10 + ⇒ 10 + 1
11 ≤ ≤ 10 + 1
10 ⇒
11 2 10 2
1549768 + 0090909 = 1640677 ≤ ≤ 1549768 + 01 = 1649768, so we get ≈ 164522 (the average of 1640677
and 1649768) with error ≤ 0005 (the maximum of 1649768 − 164522 and 164522 − 1640677, rounded up).
(c) The estimate in part (b) is ≈ 164522 with error ≤ 0005. The exact value given in Exercise 34 is 2 6 ≈ 1644934.
The difference is less than 00003.
∞
1 1 1 1
(d) ≤ = . So 0001 if ⇔ 1000.
2 1000
LE
38. () = −2 is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies. Using (2),
∞ 1 −2
using parts with
≤ −2 = lim − 2 + 1 −2
→∞ 2 = , = −2
− 1 1 H 1 2 + 1
= lim + 2 − 2 + 2 =0+ − 0 + 2 =
SA
→∞ 22 2 4 4 22 4 42
2 + 1 5
To be correct to four decimal places, we want ≤ 5 . This inequality is true for = 6.
42 10
6 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 = 2
= 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 ≈ 01810.
=1
R
39. () = 1(2 + 1)6 is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [1 ∞), so the Integral Test applies. Using (2),
∞
−1 1
≤ (2 + 1)−6 = lim = . To be correct to five decimal places, we want
FO
→∞ 10(2 + 1)5 10(2 + 1)5
1 5 √
≤ 6 ⇔ (2 + 1)5 ≥ 20,000 ⇔ ≥ 1
2
5
20,000 − 1 ≈ 312, so use = 4.
10(2 + 1)5 10
4 1 1 1 1 1
4 = = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 ≈ 0001 446 ≈ 000145.
=1 (2 + 1)6 3 5 7 9
T
1 ln + 2
40. () = is positive and continuous and 0 () = − 2 is negative for 1, so the Integral Test applies.
(ln )2 (ln )3
O
∞
−1 1
Using (2), we need 001 = lim = . This is true for 100 , so we would have to add this
(ln )2 →∞ ln
ln
N
∞ 1
many terms to find the sum of the series to within 001, which would be problematic because
=2 (ln )2
100 ≈ 27 × 1043 .
∞
∞ 1
41. −1001 = 1001
is a convergent -series with = 1001 1. Using (2), we get
=1 =1
∞
−0001 1 1 1000
≤ −1001 = lim = −1000 lim = −1000 − = . We want
→∞ −0001
→∞ 0001 0001 0001
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
998 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1000 1000
0000 000 005 ⇔ 5 × 10−9 ⇔ 0001 ⇔
0001 5 × 10−9
1000
2 × 1011 = 21000 × 1011,000 ≈ 107 × 10301 × 1011,000 = 107 × 1011,301 .
2
ln 2 ln (1 − ln )
42. (a) () = is continuous and positive for 1, and since 0 () = 0 for , we can apply
3
∞ 2 2
ln ∞ ln
the Integral Test. Using a CAS, we get = 2, so the series also converges.
1 =1
2
∞
ln (ln )2 + 2 ln + 2
(b) Since the Integral Test applies, the error in ≈ is ≤ = .
LE
(ln )2 + 2 ln + 2
(c) By graphing the functions 1 = and 2 = 005, we see that 1 2 for ≥ 1373.
(d) Using the CAS to sum the first 1373 terms, we get 1373 ≈ 194.
SA
43. (a) From the figure, 2 + 3 + · · · + ≤ 1
() , so with
1 1 1 1 1 1
() = , + + + ··· + ≤ = ln .
2 3 4 1
1 1 1 1
Thus, = 1 + + + + · · · + ≤ 1 + ln .
2 3 4
R
(b) By part (a), 106 ≤ 1 + ln 106 ≈ 1482 15 and
109 ≤ 1 + ln 109 ≈ 2172 22.
FO
44. (a) The sum of the areas of the rectangles in the graph to the right is
+1
1 1 1
1+ + + · · · + . Now is less than this sum because
2 3 1
the rectangles extend above the curve = 1, so
+1
1 1 1 1
T
= ln( + 1) 1 + + + · · · + , and since
1 2 3
1 1 1
+ + · · · + − ln = .
O
ln ln( + 1), 0 1 +
2 3
(b) The area under () = 1 between = and = + 1 is
+1
N
= ln( + 1) − ln , and this is clearly greater than the area of
1
the inscribed rectangle in the figure to the right which is , so
+1
1
− +1 = [ln( + 1) − ln ] − 0, and so +1 , so { } is a decreasing sequence.
+1
(c) We have shown that { } is decreasing and that 0 for all . Thus, 0 ≤ 1 = 1, so { } is a bounded monotonic
sequence, and hence converges by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.4 THE COMPARISON TESTS ¤ 999
ln ln 1
45. ln = ln = ln = ln = . This is a -series, which converges for all such that − ln 1 ⇔
− ln
ln −1 ⇔ −1 ⇔ 1 [with 0].
∞ 1
46. For the series − ,
=1 +1
1 1 1 1 1
= − = − + − + − +··· + −
=1 +1 1 2 2 3 3 4 +1
−1 −1 −1 −1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + + + ··· + − = + ( − 1) + + + ··· + −
1 2 3 4 +1 2 3 4 +1
LE
∞ 1 1 1
Thus, − = lim = lim + ( − 1) − . Since a constant multiple of a divergent series
=1 +1 →∞ →∞ =2 +1
is divergent, the last limit exists only if − 1 = 0, so the original series converges only if = 1.
SA
11.4 The Comparison Tests
1. (a) We cannot say anything about . If for all and is convergent, then could be convergent or
divergent. (See the note after Example 2.)
(b) If for all , then is convergent. [This is part (i) of the Comparison Test.]
R
2. (a) If for all , then is divergent. [This is part (ii) of the Comparison Test.]
(b) We cannot say anything about . If for all and is divergent, then could be convergent or
FO
divergent.
1 1 ∞
1 ∞
1
3. for all ≥ 1, so converges by comparison with , which converges because it is a -series
3 + 8 3 =1
3 +8
=1
3
with = 3 1.
T
1 1 ∞
1 ∞
1
4. √ √ for all ≥ 2, so √ diverges by comparison with √ , which diverges because it is a -series
−1 =2
− 1 =2
O
with = 1
2
≤ 1.
+1 1
∞ +1
∞ 1
5. √ √ = √ for all ≥ 1, so √ diverges by comparison with √ , which diverges because it is a
N
=1 =1
p-series with = 1
2
≤ 1.
−1 1 ∞
−1 ∞
1
6. 3
3 3 = 2 for all ≥ 1, so 3
converges by comparison with 2
, which converges
+1 +1 =1
+ 1 =1
because it is a -series with = 2 1.
∞
9 9 9
9
∞ 9
7. = for all ≥ 1. 10 is a convergent geometric series || = 9
10 1 , so
3 + 10 10 10 =1 =1 3 + 10
converges by the Comparison Test.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1000 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞
6 6 6 6
∞ 6
8. = for all ≥ 1. 5
is a divergent geometric series || = 6
5
1 , so diverges by
5 −1 5 5 =1 =1 5 −1
the Comparison Test.
ln 1 ∞ ln ∞ 1
9. for all k ≥ 3 [since ln 1 for ≥ 3], so diverges by comparison with , which diverges because it
=3 =3
∞ ln
is a -series with = 1 ≤ 1 (the harmonic series). Thus, diverges since a finite number of terms doesn’t affect the
=1
convergence or divergence of a series.
sin2 1 ∞ sin2 ∞ 1
10. ≤ 3 = 2 for all ≥ 1, so converges by comparison with , which converges
LE
1+ 3 1+ 3 3 2
=1 1 + =1
because it is a -series with = 2 1.
√ √ √
3
3
13 1 ∞ 3
∞ 1
11. √ √ = 32 = 76 for all ≥ 1, so √ converges by comparison with 76
,
3 + 4 + 3 3 =1 3 + 4 + 3 =1
SA
which converges because it is a -series with = 7
6
1.
(2 − 1)(2 − 1) 2(2 ) 23 2 ∞ (2 − 1)( 2 − 1) ∞ 1
12. 2 2
2 2
= 5 = 2 for all ≥ 1, so 2 2
converges by comparison with 2 2
,
( + 1)( + 4) ( ) =1 ( + 1)( + 4) =1
which converges because it is a constant multiple of a -series with = 2 1.
R
1 + cos 2 ∞
2 ∞
1 + cos
13.
for all ≥ 1.
is a convergent geometric series (|| = 1
1), so converges by the
=1
=1
FO
Comparison Test.
1 1 1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
14. √
3
√
3
√
3
= 43 for all ≥ 1, so √
3
converges by comparison with 43
, which
4
3 + 1 34 4 =1
4
3 + 1 =1
converges because it is a -series with = 4
3
1.
4+1 4 · 4 4
∞ 4 ∞ 4
15. for all ≥ 1. is a divergent geometric series || = 4
1 , so
T
= 4 4 =4 3
3 − 2 3 3 =1 3 =1 3
∞ 4+1
diverges by the Comparison Test.
O
=1 3 − 2
1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
16. ≤ 2 for all ≥ 1, so converges by comparison with , which converges because it is a -series with
N
=1
=1
2
= 2 1.
1 1
17. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = √ and = :
2 + 1
1 ∞ 1
lim = lim √ = lim = 1 0. Since the harmonic series diverges, so does
→∞ →∞ 2
+1 →∞ 1 + (12 ) =1
∞ 1
√ .
=1 2 + 1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.4 THE COMPARISON TESTS ¤ 1001
2 1
18. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = √ and = √ :
+2
√
2 2 ∞ 1
lim = lim √ = lim √ = 2 0. Since √ is a divergent -series [ = 1
2 ≤ 1], the series
→∞ →∞ +2 →∞ 1 + 2 =1
∞ 2
√ is also divergent.
=1 +2
+1 1
19. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = 2 :
3 +
( + 1)2 2 + 1 + 1 ∞ 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = 1 0. Since is a convergent -series
→∞ →∞ (2 + 1) →∞ 2 + 1 →∞ 1 + 12 =1
2
LE
∞ +1
[ = 2 1], the series 3
also converges.
=1 +
2 + + 1 1
20. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = 2 :
4 + 2
SA
(2 + + 1)2 2 + + 1 1 + 1 + 12 ∞ 1
lim = lim 2 2
= lim 2
= lim 2
= 1 0. Since 2
is a convergent
→∞ →∞ ( + 1) →∞ +1 →∞ 1 + 1 =1
∞ 2 + + 1
-series [ = 2 1], the series 4 2
also converges.
=1 +
√
R
1+ 1
21. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = √ :
2+
√ √ √ √
1+ 2 + 2 1 + 1 ∞ 1
= 1 0. Since √ is a divergent -series
FO
lim = lim = lim = lim
→∞ →∞ 2+ →∞ (2 + ) →∞ 2 + 1 =1
√
∞ 1+
[ = 12 ≤ 1], the series also diverges.
=1 2 +
+2 1
22. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = 2 :
( + 1)3
T
2 ( + 2) 1 + 2 ∞ 1
lim = lim 3
= lim 3 = 1 0. Since 2
is a convergent (partial) -series [ = 2 1],
→∞ →∞ ( + 1) →∞ 1 + 1 =3
O
∞ +2
the series also converges.
=3 ( + 1)3
N
5 + 2 1
23. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = 3 :
(1 + 2 )2
5
3 (5 + 2) 53 + 24 14 +2 ∞ 1
lim = lim = lim · = lim
2 = 2 0. Since is a convergent
→∞ →∞ (1 + 2 )2 →∞ (1 + 2 )2 1(2 )2 →∞ 1
+1 =1
3
2
∞ 5 + 2
-series [ = 3 1], the series also converges.
=1 (1 + 2 )2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1002 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞
1 3
∞
+ 3 3 3 3 1 3 + 3
24.
= = , so the series diverges by comparison with ,
+2 +2 2 +2 2 · 2 2 2 =1
+ 2 2 =1 2
which is a constant multiple of a divergent geometric series [|| = 3
2
1]. Or: Use the Limit Comparison Test with
+ 3 3
= and = .
+ 2 2
+ 1 + 1 + 1 1 ∞
+ 1
25.
≥
=
= for ≥ 1, so the series diverges by comparison with the divergent
+ 1 + ( + 1) =1
+ 1
∞
1 + 1 1
harmonic series . Or: Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = .
+ 1
LE
=1
1 1
26. If = √ and = 2 , then
2 − 1
2 1 1 ∞ 1
lim = lim √ = lim √ = lim = = 1 0, so √ converges by the
SA
→∞ →∞ 2 − 1 →∞ 2
− 1 →∞ 1 − 12 1 =2 2 − 1
∞ 1
Limit Comparison Test with the convergent series
=2 .
2
2 2
1 1
27. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = 1+ − and = − : lim = lim 1 + = 1 0. Since
→∞ →∞
R
2
∞ ∞ 1 ∞ 1
− =
is a convergent geometric series || = 1
1 , the series 1 + − also converges.
=1 =1 =1
FO
1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
28. for all ≥ 1, so diverges by comparison with the harmonic series .
=1 =1
1 1 ∞ 1
29. Clearly ! = ( − 1)( − 2) · · · (3)(2) ≥ 2 · 2 · 2 · · · · · 2 · 2 = 2−1 , so ≤ −1 . −1
is a convergent geometric
! 2 =1 2
∞ 1
series || = 1
1 , so converges by the Comparison Test.
T
2
=1 !
! 1 · 2 · 3 · · · · · ( − 1) 1 2 ∞ 2 ∞ !
30. = ≤ · · 1 · 1 · · · · · 1 for ≥ 2, so since converges [ = 2 1], converges
O
· · · ··· · · =1 2
=1
also by the Comparison Test.
N
1 1
31. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = sin and = . Then and are series with positive terms and
sin(1) sin ∞
lim = lim = lim = 1 0. Since is the divergent harmonic series,
→∞ →∞ 1 →0 =1
∞
sin (1) also diverges. [Note that we could also use l’Hospital’s Rule to evaluate the limit:
=1
sin(1) H cos(1) · −12 1
lim = lim = lim cos = cos 0 = 1.]
→∞ 1 →∞ −12 →∞
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.4 THE COMPARISON TESTS ¤ 1003
1 1 1
32. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = . lim = lim 1+1 = lim 1 = 1
1+1 →∞ →∞ →∞
∞ 1 ∞ 1
since lim 1 = 1 by l’Hospital’s Rule , so diverges [harmonic series] ⇒ 1+1
diverges.
→∞ =1 =1
10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
33. = + + + ··· + ≈ 019926. Now 5 , so the error is
=1
5 + 5 5 + 15 5 + 25 5 + 35 5 + 105 5 + 5
∞
1 −1 −1 1 1
10 ≤ 10 ≤ = lim −5 = lim = lim + = = 0000 025.
10 5 →∞ 10 →∞ 44 10
→∞ 44 40,000 40,000
10
1 11 12 13 110 1
LE
34. 4
= 4 + 4 + 4 + ··· + 4
≈ 284748. Now 4 ≤ 4 for ≥ 1, so the error is
=1
1 2 3 10
− −
∞
10 ≤ 10 ≤ = lim −4 = lim = lim + = ≈ 0000 906.
10 4 →∞ 10 →∞ 33 10 →∞ 33 3000 3000
SA
10 cos2 1 cos2 2 cos2 3 cos2 10 cos2 1
35. 5− cos2 = + + + ··· + ≈ 007393. Now ≤ , so the error is
=1 5 52 53 510 5 5
∞ − −
1 5 5 5−10 1
10 ≤ 10 ≤ = lim 5− = lim − = lim − + = 10 64 × 10−8 .
10 5 →∞ 10 →∞ ln 5 10 →∞ ln 5 ln 5 5 ln 5
10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
R
36. = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 10 ≈ 019788. Now = , so the
=1 3 + 4 3 + 41 3 + 42 3 + 43 3 + 410 3 + 4 3 + 3 2 · 3
error is
FO
∞
1 1 − 1 3− 1 3− 1 3−10
10 ≤ 10 ≤ = lim · 3 = lim − = lim − +
10 2 · 3 →∞ 10 2 →∞ 2 ln 3 10 →∞ 2 ln 3 2 ln 3
1
= 77 × 10−6
2 · 310 ln 3
9 ∞ 9 ∞
37. Since ≤ for each , and since is a convergent geometric series || = 1
10
1 , 01 2 3 =
10 10 =1 10
=1 10
T
will always converge by the Comparison Test.
O
1
38. Clearly, if 0 then the series diverges, since lim = ∞. If 0 ≤ ≤ 1, then ln ≤ ln ⇒
→∞ ln
1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
≥ and diverges (Exercise 11.3.21), so diverges. If 1, use the Limit Comparison
N
ln ln =2 ln =2 ln
1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
Test with = and = . converges, and lim = lim = 0, so also converges.
ln =2 →∞ →∞ ln
=2 ln
(Or use the Comparison Test, since ln for .) In summary, the series converges if and only if 1.
39. Since converges, lim = 0, so there exists such that | − 0| 1 for all ⇒ 0 ≤ 1 for
→∞
all ⇒ 0 ≤ 2 ≤ . Since converges, so does 2 by the Comparison Test.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1004 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
40. (a) Since lim ( ) = 0, there is a number 0 such that | − 0| 1 for all , and so since
→∞
and are positive. Thus, since converges, so does by the Comparison Test.
ln 1 ln ln H 1 ∞ ln
(b) (i) If = 3
and = 2 , then lim = lim = lim = lim = 0, so 3
converges by
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ 1 =1
part (a).
ln 1 ln ln H 1 2
(ii) If = √ and = , then lim = lim √ = lim √ = lim √ = lim √ = 0. Now
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ 1(2 ) →∞
is a convergent geometric series with ratio = 1 [|| 1], so converges by part (a).
LE
41. (a) Since lim = ∞, there is an integer such that 1 whenever . (Take = 1 in Definition 11.1.5.)
→∞
Then whenever and since is divergent, is also divergent by the Comparison Test.
1 1 H 1
(b) (i) If = and = for ≥ 2, then lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = ∞,
ln →∞ →∞ ln →∞ ln →∞ 1 →∞
SA
∞ 1
so by part (a), is divergent.
=2 ln
ln 1 ∞
(ii) If = and = , then is the divergent harmonic series and lim = lim ln = lim ln = ∞,
=1 →∞ →∞ →∞
∞
so diverges by part (a).
R
=1
1 1 1
42. Let = and = . Then lim = lim = 0, but diverges while converges.
2 →∞ →∞
FO
1
43. lim = lim , so we apply the Limit Comparison Test with = . Since lim 0 we know that either both
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞
∞ 1
series converge or both series diverge, and we also know that diverges [-series with = 1]. Therefore, must be
=1
divergent.
T
ln(1 + ) 1
44. First we observe that, by l’Hospital’s Rule, lim = lim = 1. Also, if converges, then lim = 0 by
→0 →0 1 + →∞
O
ln(1 + ) ln(1 + )
Theorem 11.2.6. Therefore, lim = lim = 1 0. We are given that is convergent and 0.
→∞ →0
Thus, ln(1 + ) is convergent by the Limit Comparison Test.
N
45. Yes. Since is a convergent series with positive terms, lim = 0 by Theorem 11.2.6, and = sin( ) is a
→∞
sin( )
series with positive terms (for large enough ). We have lim = lim = 1 0 by Theorem 3.3.2. Thus,
→∞ →∞
is also convergent by the Limit Comparison Test.
46. Yes. Since converges, its terms approach 0 as → ∞, so for some integer , ≤ 1 for all ≥ . But then
∞ −1 ∞ −1 ∞
=1 = =1 + = ≤ =1 + = . The first term is a finite sum, and the second term
∞
converges since =1 converges. So converges by the Comparison Test.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.5 ALTERNATING SERIES ¤ 1005
11.5 Alternating Series
1. (a) An alternating series is a series whose terms are alternately positive and negative.
∞
∞
(b) An alternating series = (−1)−1 , where = | |, converges if 0 +1 ≤ for all and lim = 0.
=1 =1 →∞
(This is the Alternating Series Test.)
(c) The error involved in using the partial sum as an approximation to the total sum is the remainder = − and the
size of the error is smaller than +1 ; that is, | | ≤ +1 . (This is the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem.)
LE
2 2 2 2 2 ∞ 2 2
2. − + − + − ··· = (−1)+1 . Now = 0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the
3 5 7 9 11 =1 2 + 1 2 +1 →∞
series converges by the Alternating Series Test.
SA
2 4 6 8 10 ∞ 2 2 2 2
3. − + − + − + ··· = (−1) . Now lim = lim = lim = 6= 0. Since
5 6 7 8 9 =1 +4 →∞ →∞ + 4 →∞ 1 + 4 1
lim 6= 0 (in fact the limit does not exist), the series diverges by the Test for Divergence.
→∞
1 1 1 1 1 ∞ (−1)+1 1
4. − + − + −··· = . Now = 0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0,
ln 3 ln 4 ln 5 ln 6 ln 7 =1 ln( + 2) ln( + 2) →∞
R
so the series converges by the Alternating Series Test.
∞ ∞
(−1)−1 ∞
FO
1
5. = = (−1)−1 . Now = 0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the series
=1 =1
3 + 5 =1
3 + 5 →∞
converges by the Alternating Series Test.
∞ ∞
(−1)+1 ∞
1
6. = √ = (−1)+1 . Now = √ 0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the series
=0 =0
+1 =0
+1 →∞
T
converges by the Alternating Series Test.
O
∞
∞ 3 − 1
∞ 3 − 1 3
7. = (−1) = (−1) . Now lim = lim = 6= 0. Since lim 6= 0
=1 =1 2 + 1 =1 →∞ →∞ 2 + 1 2 →∞
(in fact the limit does not exist), the series diverges by the Test for Divergence.
N
∞
∞
2
∞
2 1
8. = (−1) = (−1) . Now lim = lim 2 = lim = 1 6= 0.
=1 =1
2 + + 1 =1 →∞ →∞ + + 1 →∞ 1 + 1 + 12
Since lim 6= 0, the series diverges by the Test for Divergence.
→∞
∞
∞
∞ 1
9. = (−1) − = (−1) . Now = 0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the series converges
=1 =1 =1 →∞
by the Alternating Series Test.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1006 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
√
10. = 0 for ≥ 1. { } is decreasing for ≥ 2 since
2 + 3
√ 0 (2 + 3) 1 −12
− 12 (2) 1 −12
2 [(2 + 3) − 4] 3 − 2
= 2
= 2 = √ 0 for 32 .
2 + 3 (2 + 3) (2 + 3)2 2 (2 + 3)2
√ √ √
1
∞
Also, lim = lim √ = lim √ √ = 0. Thus, the series (−1) converges by the
→∞ →∞ (2 + 3) →∞ 2 + 3 =1 2 + 3
Alternating Series Test.
2
11. = 0 for ≥ 1. { } is decreasing for ≥ 2 since
3+4
LE
0
2 (3 + 4)(2) − 2 (32 ) (23 + 8 − 33 ) (8 − 3 )
3
= 3 2
= 3 2
= 3 0 for 2. Also,
+4 ( + 4) ( + 4) ( + 4)2
1 ∞ 2
lim = lim 3
= 0. Thus, the series (−1)+1 3 converges by the Alternating Series Test.
→∞ 1 + 4 +4
SA
→∞ =1
12. = − = 0 for ≥ 1. { } is decreasing for ≥ 1 since (− )0 = (−− ) + − = − (1 − ) 0 for
H 1 ∞
1. Also, lim = 0 since lim
= lim = 0. Thus, the series (−1)+1 − converges by the Alternating
→∞ →∞ →∞ =1
Series Test.
R
∞
13. lim = lim 2 = 0 = 1, so lim (−1)−1 2 does not exist. Thus, the series (−1)−1 2 diverges by the
→∞ →∞ →∞ =1
FO
Test for Divergence.
∞
14. lim = lim arctan =
2
, so lim (−1)−1 arctan does not exist. Thus, the series (−1)−1 arctan diverges
→∞ →∞ →∞ =1
by the Test for Divergence.
T
sin + 12 (−1) 1
15. = √ = √ . Now = √ 0 for ≥ 0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the series
1+ 1+ 1+ →∞
O
∞ sin + 1
√2 converges by the Alternating Series Test.
=0 1+
N
cos
16. = = (−1) = (−1) . { } is decreasing for ≥ 2 since
2 2
1
(2− )0 = (−2− ln 2) + 2− = 2− (1 − ln 2) 0 for [≈ 14]. Also, lim = 0 since
ln 2 →∞
H 1 ∞ cos
lim
= lim = 0. Thus, the series converges by the Alternating Series Test.
→∞ 2 →∞ 2 ln 2 =1 2
∞
17. (−1) sin . = sin 0 for ≥ 2 and sin ≥ sin , and lim sin = sin 0 = 0, so the
=1 +1 →∞
series converges by the Alternating Series Test.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.5 ALTERNATING SERIES ¤ 1007
∞
18. (−1) cos . lim cos = cos(0) = 1, so lim (−1) cos does not exist and the series diverges by the Test
=1 →∞ →∞
for Divergence.
· · ··· · (−1) ∞
19. = ≥ ⇒ lim =∞ ⇒ lim does not exist. So the series (−1) diverges
! 1 · 2 · ··· · →∞ ! →∞ ! =1 !
by the Test for Divergence.
√ √ √ √
+1− +1+ ( + 1) − 1
20. = ·√ √ = √ √ = √ √ 0 for ≥ 1. { } is decreasing and
1 +1+ +1+ +1+
LE
∞ √ √
lim = 0, so the series (−1) + 1 − converges by the Alternating Series Test.
→∞ =1
21. The graph gives us an estimate for the sum of the series
SA
∞ (−08)
of −055.
=1 !
(08)
8 = ≈ 0000 004, so
8!
R
∞ (−08) 7 (−08)
≈ 7 =
! !
FO
=1 =1
≈ −08 + 032 − 00853 + 001706 − 0002 731 + 0000 364 − 0000 042 ≈ −05507
Adding 8 to 7 does not change the fourth decimal place of 7 , so the sum of the series, correct to four decimal places,
is −05507.
22. The graph gives us an estimate for the sum of the series
T
∞
(−1)−1 of 01.
=1 8
O
6
6 = ≈ 0000 023, so
86
N
∞ 5
(−1)−1 ≈ 5 = (−1)−1
=1 8 =1 8
≈ 0125 − 003125 + 0005 859 − 0000 977 + 0000 153 ≈ 00988
Adding 6 to 5 does not change the fourth decimal place of 5 , so the sum of the series, correct to four decimal places,
is 00988.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1008 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞ (−1)+1 1 1 1
23. The series satisfies (i) of the Alternating Series Test because 6 and (ii) lim 6 = 0, so the
=1 6 ( + 1)6 →∞
1 1
series is convergent. Now 5 = = 0000064 000005 and 6 = 6 ≈ 000002 000005, so by the Alternating Series
56 6
Estimation Theorem, = 5. (That is, since the 6th term is less than the desired error, we need to add the first 5 terms to get the
sum to the desired accuracy.)
∞ (− 1 ) ∞ 1 1 1
24. The series 3
= (−1) satisfies (i) of the Alternating Series Test because and
=1 =1 3 ( + 1)3+1 3
1 1 1
(ii) lim = 0, so the series is convergent. Now 5 = ≈ 00008 00005 and 6 = ≈ 00002 00005,
→∞ 3 5 · 35 6 · 36
LE
so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, = 5. (That is, since the 6th term is less than the desired error, we need to
add the first 5 terms to get the sum to the desired accuracy.)
∞ (−1)−1 1 1 1
25. The series satisfies (i) of the Alternating Series Test because 2 and (ii) lim 2 = 0,
SA
2 2 ( + 1) 2 2+1 2 →∞ 2
=1
1 1
so the series is convergent. Now 5 = = 000125 00005 and 6 = 2 6 ≈ 00004 00005, so by the Alternating
52 25 6 2
Series Estimation Theorem, = 5. (That is, since the 6th term is less than the desired error, we need to add the first 5 terms to
get the sum to the desired accuracy.)
R
∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 1
26. The series − = (−1) satisfies (i) of the Alternating Series Test because +1
and
=1 =1 ( + 1)
1 1 1
FO
(ii) lim = 0, so the series is convergent. Now 5 = 5 = 000032 000005 and 6 = 6 ≈ 000002 000005, so
→∞ 5 6
by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, = 5. (That is, since the 6th term is less than the desired error, we need to add
the first 5 terms to get the sum to the desired accuracy.)
1 1
27. 4 = = ≈ 0000 025, so
8! 40,320
T
∞ (−1) 3 (−1) 1 1 1
≈ 3 = =− + − ≈ −0459 722
=1 (2)! =1 (2)! 2 24 720
O
Adding 4 to 3 does not change the fourth decimal place of 3 , so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, the sum of
the series, correct to four decimal places, is −04597.
N
∞ (−1)+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
28. ≈ 9 = 6 − 6 + 6 − 6 + 6 − 6 + 6 − 6 + 6 ≈ 0985 552. Subtracting 10 = 1106 from 9
=1 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
does not change the fourth decimal place of 9 , so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, the sum of the series, correct
to four decimal places, is 09856.
∞
1 2 3 4 5
29. (−1) −2 ≈ 5 = − + 4 − 6 + 8 − 10 ≈ −0105 025. Adding 6 = 612 ≈ 0000 037 to 5 does not
=1
2
change the fourth decimal place of 5 , so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, the sum of the series, correct to four
decimal places, is −01050.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.5 ALTERNATING SERIES ¤ 1009
∞
(−1)−1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30.
≈ 6 = − 2
+ 3
− 4
+ 5
− 6
≈ 0223136. Adding 7 = ≈ 0000 0087 to 6
=1
4 4 2 · 4 3 · 4 4 · 4 5 · 4 6 · 4 7 · 47
does not change the fourth decimal place of 6 , so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, the sum of the series, correct
to four decimal places, is 02231.
∞ (−1)−1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31. = 1 − + − + ··· + − + − + · · · . The 50th partial sum of this series is an
=1 2 3 4 49 50 51 52
∞ (−1)−1
1 1 1 1
underestimate, since = 50 + − + − + · · · , and the terms in parentheses are all positive.
=1 51 52 53 54
The result can be seen geometrically in Figure 1.
LE
1 1 1
32. If 0, ≤ ({1 } is decreasing) and lim = 0, so the series converges by the Alternating Series Test.
( + 1) →∞
(−1)−1 ∞ (−1)−1
If ≤ 0, lim does not exist, so the series diverges by the Test for Divergence. Thus,
SA
→∞ =1
converges ⇔ 0.
1 ∞ (−1)
33. Clearly = is decreasing and eventually positive and lim = 0 for any . So the series converges (by
+ →∞ =1 +
the Alternating Series Test) for any for which every is defined, that is, + 6= 0 for ≥ 1, or is not a negative integer.
R
(ln ) (ln )−1 ( − ln )
34. Let () = . Then 0 () = 0 if so is eventually decreasing for every . Clearly
2
FO
(ln )
lim = 0 if ≤ 0, and if 0 we can apply l’Hospital’s Rule [[ + 1]] times to get a limit of 0 as well. So the series
→∞
∞ (ln )
(−1)−1 converges for all (by the Alternating Series Test).
=2
35. 2 = 1(2)2 clearly converges (by comparison with the -series for = 2). So suppose that (−1)−1
T
1
converges. Then by Theorem 11.2.8(ii), so does (−1)−1 + = 2 1 + 1
3
+ 1
5
+··· = 2 . But this
2 − 1
O
diverges by comparison with the harmonic series, a contradiction. Therefore, (−1)−1 must diverge. The Alternating
Series Test does not apply since { } is not decreasing.
N
36. (a) We will prove this by induction. Let () be the proposition that 2 = 2 − . (1) is the statement 2 = 2 − 1 ,
which is true since 1 − 1
2 = 1 + 12 − 1. So suppose that () is true. We will show that ( + 1) must be true as a
consequence.
1 1 1 1 1
2+2 − +1 = 2 + + − + = (2 − ) + −
2 + 1 2 + 2 +1 2 + 1 2 + 2
1 1
= 2 + − = 2+2
2 + 1 2 + 2
which is ( + 1), and proves that 2 = 2 − for all .
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1010 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
(b) We know that 2 − ln(2) → and − ln → as → ∞. So
2 = 2 − = [2 − ln(2)] − ( − ln ) + [ln(2) − ln ], and
lim 2 = − + lim [ln(2) − ln ] = lim (ln 2 + ln − ln ) = ln 2.
→∞ →∞ →∞
11.6 Absolute Convergence and the Ratio and Root Tests
+1
1. (a) Since lim = 8 1, part (b) of the Ratio Test tells us that the series is divergent.
→∞
+1
(b) Since lim = 08 1, part (a) of the Ratio Test tells us that the series is absolutely convergent (and
LE
→∞
therefore convergent).
+1
(c) Since lim = 1, the Ratio Test fails and the series might converge or it might diverge.
→∞
SA
1 ∞ (−1)−1
2. = √ 0 for ≥ 1, { } is decreasing for ≥ 1, and lim = 0, so √ converges by the Alternating
→∞ =1
∞ 1
Series Test. To determine absolute convergence, note that √ diverges because it is a -series with = 1
2 ≤ 1. Thus, the
=1
∞ (−1)−1
series √ is conditionally convergent.
R
=1
1 ∞ (−1)
3. = 0 for ≥ 0, { } is decreasing for ≥ 0, and lim = 0, so converges by the Alternating
5 + 1 →∞ =0 5 + 1
FO
1
Series Test. To determine absolute convergence, choose = to get
1 5 + 1 ∞ 1
lim = lim = lim = 5 0, so diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with the
→∞ →∞ 1(5 + 1) →∞ =1 5 +1
∞ (−1)
harmonic series. Thus, the series is conditionally convergent.
=0 5 + 1
T
1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
4. 0 3 for ≥ 1 and is a convergent -series ( = 3 1), so converges by comparison and
3 +1 =1
3 3
=1 + 1
O
∞
(−1)
the series is absolutely convergent.
=1
3 + 1
N
∞
sin 1 ∞ 1 sin
5. 0 for ≥ 1 and
is a convergent geometric series ( = 1
2
1), so
2 converges by
2 2 =1 2 =1
∞
sin
comparison and the series is absolutely convergent.
=1
2
∞
6. = 0 for ≥ 1, { } is decreasing for ≥ 2, and lim = 0, so (−1)−1 2 converges by the
2 +4 →∞ =1 +4
1
Alternating Series Test. To determine absolute convergence, choose = to get
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.6 ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE AND THE RATIO AND ROOT TESTS ¤ 1011
1 2 + 4 1 + 42 ∞
lim = lim 2
= lim 2
= lim = 1 0, so 2
diverges by the Limit
→∞ →∞ ( + 4) →∞ →∞ 1 =1 + 4
∞
Comparison Test with the harmonic series. Thus, the series (−1)−1 is conditionally convergent.
=1 2 + 4
+1
= lim + 1 · 5 = lim 1 · + 1 = 1 lim 1 + 1 = 1 (1) = 1 1, so the series is
∞
7. lim
→∞ →∞ 5+1 →∞ 5 5 →∞ 1 5 5 =1 5
absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
+1 (−2) +1
2
1 2
8. lim = lim · = lim (−2) = 2 lim = 2(1) = 2 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)2 (−2) →∞ ( + 1)2 →∞ (1 + 1)2
∞ (−2)
LE
is divergent by the Ratio Test.
=1 2
+1 (−1) 3+1 2 3 3 3 3 1 3 3
9. lim = lim · = lim − = lim = (1) = 1,
→∞ →∞ 2+1 ( + 1)3 (−1)−1 3 →∞ 2 ( + 1)3 2 →∞ (1 + 1)3 2 2
∞
SA
3
so the series (−1)−1 is divergent by the Ratio Test.
=1
2 3
+1 (−3)+1 (2 + 1)! 1 1
10. lim = lim ·
= lim (−3) = 3 lim
→∞ →∞ [2( + 1) + 1]! (−3) →∞ (2 + 3)(2 + 2) →∞ (2 + 3)(2 + 2)
= 3(0) = 0 1
R
∞ (−3)
so the series is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
=0 (2 + 1)!
∞
FO
+1 1 ! 1 1
11. lim = lim · = lim = 0 1, so the series is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! 1 →∞ + 1 =1
!
Since the terms of this series are positive, absolute convergence is the same as convergence.
+1 ( + 1)−(+1) + 1 −1 1 1 + 1 1 1
12. lim = lim = (1) = 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ − = →∞
lim
· = lim
→∞ 1
∞
T
− is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test. Since the terms of this series are positive, absolute convergence is the
=1
same as convergence.
O
+1 10+1 ( + 1) 42+1 10 + 1 5 ∞ 10
13. lim = lim
2+3
· = lim · = 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ ( + 2) 4 10 →∞ 42 + 2 8 =1 ( + 1)4
2+1
N
is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test. Since the terms of this series are positive, absolute convergence is the same as
convergence.
+1 ∞
14. lim = lim ( + 1)! · 100 = lim
+1
= ∞, so the series
!
diverges by the Ratio Test.
→∞ →∞ 100+1 ! →∞ 100 =1 100
+1 ( + 1) +1
(−3)−1 + 1 1 + 1
15. lim = lim · = lim · = lim = (1) = 1, so the
→∞ →∞ (−3) →∞ −3 3 →∞ 1 3 3
∞
series diverges by the Ratio Test. Or: Since lim | | = ∞, the series diverges by the Test for Divergence.
=1
(−3)−1 →∞
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1012 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
+1 ( + 1)10 (−10)+1 1 + 1 10 1
1
10
1 1
16. lim = lim · = lim = lim 1 + = (1) = 1,
→∞ →∞ (−10)+2 10 →∞ −10 10 →∞ 10 10
∞ 10
so the series +1
is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
=1 (−10)
+1
cos[( + 1)3] !
17. lim = lim · = lim cos[( + 1)3] = lim
= 0 1 (where
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! cos(3) →∞ ( + 1) cos(3) →∞ + 1
∞ cos(3)
0 ≤ 2 for all positive integers ), so the series is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
=1 !
+1
18. lim = lim ( + 1)! · = lim ( + 1) = lim 1 1
1, so the
LE
= lim =
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)+1 ! →∞ ( + 1)+1 →∞ ( + 1) →∞ (1 + 1)
∞ !
series
is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
=1
100 100
+1
( + 1) 100 100 +1
!
= lim 100 +1 100 1
SA
19. lim = lim · = lim 1 +
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! 100 100 →∞ + 1 →∞ + 1
=0·1=01
∞ 100 100
so the series is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
=1 !
+1 2
R
20. lim = lim [2( + 1)]! · (!) = lim (2 + 2)(2 + 1) = lim (2 + 2)(2 + 1) = 2 · 2 = 4 1,
→∞
→∞ [( + 1)!] 2 (2)! →∞ ( + 1)( + 1) →∞ (1 + 1)(1 + 1) 1·1
∞ (2)!
so the series diverges by the Ratio Test.
FO
2
=1 (!)
+1 (−1) ( + 1)! 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) +1
21. lim = lim ·
→∞ →∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)(2 + 1) (−1)−1 ! = →∞
lim
2 + 1
1 + 1 1
= lim = 1
→∞ 2 + 1 2
2! 3! 4! !
T
so the series 1 − + − + · · · + (−1)−1 + · · · is absolutely convergent by
1·3 1·3·5 1·3·5·7 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
the Ratio Test.
O
2 2·5 2·5·8 2 · 5 · 8 · 11
∞ 2 · 5 · 8 · 11 · · · · · (3 − 1)
22. + + + + ··· = .
3 3·5 3·5·7 3·5·7·9 =1 3 · 5 · 7 · 9 · · · · · (2 + 1)
N
+1
lim = lim 2 · 5 · 8 · · · · · (3 − 1)(3 + 2) · 3 · 5 · 7 · · · · · (2 + 1)
→∞ →∞ 3 · 5 · 7 · · · · · (2 + 1)(2 + 3) 2 · 5 · 8 · · · · · (3 − 1)
3 + 2 3 + 2 3
= lim = lim = 1
→∞ 2 + 3 →∞ 2 + 3 2
so the given series diverges by the Ratio Test.
+1
23. lim = lim 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2)(2 + 2) · ! = lim 2 + 2 = lim 2( + 1) = 2 1, so
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2) →∞ + 1 →∞ + 1
∞ 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2)
the series diverges by the Ratio Test.
=1 !
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.6 ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE AND THE RATIO AND ROOT TESTS ¤ 1013
+1 2+1 ( + 1)! 5 · 8 · 11 · · · · · (3 + 2) 2( + 1) 2
24. lim = lim · = →∞
lim = 1, so the
→∞ →∞ 5 · 8 · 11 · · · · · (3 + 2) (3 + 5) 2 ! 3 + 5 3
∞ 2 !
series (−1) is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
=1 5 · 8 · 11 · · · · · (3 + 2)
2 + 1 1 + 12 1 ∞ 2 + 1
25. lim
| | = lim 2
= lim 2
= 1, so the series is absolutely convergent by the
→∞ →∞ 2 + 1 →∞ 2 + 1 2 =1 22 + 1
Root Test.
(−2) 2 ∞ (−2)
26. lim | | = lim = →∞
lim = 0 1, so the series is absolutely convergent by the Root Test.
→∞ →∞ =1
LE
−1 −1
= lim 1 = 0 1, so the series (−1)
∞
(−1)
27. lim | | = lim (ln ) →∞ ln
is absolutely convergent by the Root
→∞ →∞ =2 (ln )
Test.
SA
−2 5 25 5 1 1
28. lim
| | = lim
= lim = 32 lim 5 = 32 lim
→∞ →∞ +1 →∞ ( + 1)5 →∞ +1 →∞ (1 + 1)5
= 32(1) = 32 1,
5
∞ −2
so the series diverges by the Root Test.
+1
R
=1
2 2
1 1 ∞ 1
29. lim | | = lim 1+ = lim 1 + = 1 [by Equation 3.6.6], so the series 1+
FO
→∞ →∞ →∞ =1
diverges by the Root Test.
∞
30. lim
| | = lim |(arctan ) | = lim arctan =
2
1, so the series (arctan ) diverges by the Root Test.
→∞ →∞ →∞ =0
∞ (−1)
1 1
31. converges by the Alternating Series Test since lim = 0 and is decreasing. Now ln , so
T
=2 ln →∞ ln ln
1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
, and since is the divergent (partial) harmonic series, diverges by the Comparison Test. Thus,
O
ln =2 =2 ln
∞ (−1)
is conditionally convergent.
=2 ln
N
∞
1 −
32. lim | | = lim = lim − 1 = lim 1 − 1 = 1 1, so the series 1−
is
→∞ →∞ 2 + 3 →∞ 3 + 2 →∞ 3 + 2 3 2 + 3
=1
absolutely convergent by the Root Test.
+1 (−9)+1 10+1 (−9)
33. lim = lim · = lim = 9 lim 1
=
9
(1) =
9
1, so the
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)10+2 (−9) →∞ 10( + 1) 10 →∞ 1 + 1 10 10
∞
(−9)
series is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
=1
10+1
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1014 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
+1 2+2
10+1 52 ( + 1)
34. lim = lim ( + 1)5 · = lim =
5
lim 1 +
1 5 5
= (1) = 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ 10+2 52 →∞ 10 2 →∞ 2 2
∞
52
diverges by the Ratio Test. Or: Since lim = ∞, the series diverges by the Test for Divergence.
=1
10+1 →∞
∞
H 1
35. lim
| | = lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = ∞, so the series
→∞ →∞ ln →∞ ln →∞ ln →∞ 1 →∞
=2
ln
diverges by the Root Test.
∞
sin(6) 1 1 sin(6)
36. √ ≤ √ 32 , so the series √ converges by comparison with the convergent -series
1+ 1+ 1+
LE
=1
∞ 1
32
( = 3
2
1). It follows that the given series is absolutely convergent.
=1
(−1) arctan 2 ∞ 2 ∞ 1 ∞ (−1) arctan
37. , so since = converges ( = 2 1), the given series
SA
2 2 2 2 2
=1 2 =1 =1
converges absolutely by the Comparison Test.
1
38. The function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [2 ∞).
ln
∞ ∞
1 1 (−1)
= lim = lim [ln(ln )]2 = lim [(ln(ln ) − ln(ln 2)] = ∞, so the series diverges
R
2 ln →∞ 2 ln →∞ →∞
=2
ln
1
by the Integral Test. Now { } = with ≥ 2 is a decreasing sequence of positive terms and lim = 0. Thus,
ln →∞
FO
∞
(−1) ∞
(−1)
converges by the Alternating Series Test. It follows that is conditionally convergent.
=2
ln =2
ln
+1 5 + 1 5
39. By the recursive definition, lim = lim = 1, so the series diverges by the Ratio Test.
→∞ →∞ 4 + 3 4
T
+1 2 + cos
40. By the recursive definition, lim = lim √ = 0 1, so the series converges absolutely by the Ratio Test.
→∞ →∞
O
∞ cos ∞ 1
41. The series = (−1) , where 0 for ≥ 1 and lim = .
=1 =1 →∞ 2
N
+1 +1 +1
= lim = 1 (1) = 1 1, so the series cos is
∞
lim = lim (−1)
·
→∞ →∞ +1
(−1) →∞ +1 2 2
=1
absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
+1 (−1)+1 ( + 1)! 1 2 · · · (−1)( + 1)
42. lim = lim
+1
· = lim +1
= lim
→∞ →∞ ( + 1) 1 2 · · · +1 (−1) ! →∞ +1 ( + 1) →∞ +1 ( + 1)
1 1 1 1 1 2
= lim = lim = lim = 1 = 1
→∞ +1 +1 →∞ +1 1 + 1 →∞ +1 (1 + 1) 2
∞ (−1) !
so the series
is absolutely convergent by the Ratio Test.
=1 1 2 3 · · ·
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.6 ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE AND THE RATIO AND ROOT TESTS ¤ 1015
1( + 1)3 3 1
43. (a) lim = lim
= lim = 1. Inconclusive
→∞ 13 →∞ ( + 1)3 →∞ (1 + 1)3
( + 1) 2
(b) lim +1 · = lim + 1 = lim 1 + 1 = 1 . Conclusive (convergent)
→∞ 2 →∞ 2 →∞ 2 2 2
√
(−3) 1
(c) lim √ · = 3 lim = 3 lim = 3. Conclusive (divergent)
→∞ + 1 (−3)−1 →∞ +1 →∞ 1 + 1
√
+ 1 1 + 2
1 1 2
+ 1
(d) lim · √ = lim 1+ · = 1. Inconclusive
→∞ 1 + ( + 1)2 →∞ 12 + (1 + 1)2
44. We use the Ratio Test:
LE
+1 [( + 1)!]2 /[( + 1)]! ( + 1)2
lim
= lim
= lim
→∞ →∞ 2
(!) /()! →∞ [( + 1)] [( + 1) − 1] · · · [ + 1]
( + 1)2
Now if = 1, then this is equal to lim = ∞, so the series diverges; if = 2, the limit is
→∞ ( + 1)
SA
( + 1)2 1
lim = 1, so the series converges, and if 2, then the highest power of in the denominator is
→∞ (2 + 2)(2 + 1) 4
larger than 2, and so the limit is 0, indicating convergence. So the series converges for ≥ 2.
+1
+1 ! 1
45. (a) lim = lim · = lim = || lim = || · 0 = 0 1, so by the Ratio Test the
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! →∞ + 1 →∞ + 1
R
∞
series converges for all .
=0 !
FO
(b) Since the series of part (a) always converges, we must have lim = 0 by Theorem 11.2.6.
→∞ !
+2 +3 +4
46. (a) = +1 + +2 + +3 + +4 + · · · = +1 1 + + + + ···
+1 +1 +1
+2 +3 +2 +4 +3 +2
= +1 1 + + + + ···
+1 +2 +1 +3 +2 +1
T
= +1 (1 + +1 + +2 +1 + +3 +2 +1 + · · · ) ()
2 3
+1
≤ +1 1 + +1 + +1 + +1 + ··· [since { } is decreasing] =
O
1 − +1
(b) Note that since { } is increasing and → as → ∞, we have for all . So, starting with equation (),
+1
N
= +1 (1 + +1 + +2 +1 + +3 +2 +1 + · · · ) ≤ +1 1 + + 2 + 3 + · · · = .
1−
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 661
47. (a) 5 = = + + + + = ≈ 068854. Now the ratios
=1 2 2 8 24 64 160 960
+1 2
= = = form an increasing sequence, since
( + 1)2+1 2( + 1)
+1 ( + 1)2 − ( + 2) 1
+1 − = − = = 0. So by Exercise 46(b), the error
2( + 2) 2( + 1) 2( + 1)( + 2) 2( + 1)( + 2)
6 1 6 · 26 1
in using 5 is 5 ≤ = = ≈ 000521.
1 − lim 1 − 12 192
→∞
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1016 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
+1 2
(b) The error in using as an approximation to the sum is = = . We want 000005 ⇔
1 − 12 ( + 1)2+1
1
000005 ⇔ ( + 1)2 20,000. To find such an we can use trial and error or a graph. We calculate
( + 1)2
11 1
(11 + 1)211 = 24,576, so 11 =
≈ 0693109 is within 000005 of the actual sum.
=1 2
10 1 2 3 10 +1 + 1 2 +1 1 1
48. 10 =
= + + + · · · + ≈ 1988. The ratios = = · = = 1 + form a
=1 2 2 4 8 1024 2+1 2 2
11 + 1 12 6
decreasing sequence, and 11 = = = 1, so by Exercise 46(a), the error in using 10 to approximate the sum
LE
2(11) 22 11
11
∞ 11 121
of the series
is 10 ≤ = 2048
6 = ≈ 00118.
=1 2 1 − 11 1 − 11 10,240
∞
49. (i) Following the hint, we get that | | for ≥ , and so since the geometric series converges [0 1],
SA
=1
∞ ∞
the series ∞
= | | converges as well by the Comparison Test, and hence so does =1 | |, so =1 is absolutely
convergent.
(ii) If lim
| | = 1, then there is an integer such that | | 1 for all ≥ , so | | 1 for ≥ . Thus,
→∞
∞
lim 6= 0, so =1 diverges by the Test for Divergence.
R
→∞
∞ 1 ∞ 1
(iii) Consider [diverges] and 2
[converges]. For each sum, lim | | = 1, so the Root Test is inconclusive.
=1 =1 →∞
FO
+1
[4( + 1)]! [1103 + 26,390( + 1)] (!) 396 4 4
50. (a) lim = lim ·
→∞ →∞ [( + 1)!]4 3964(+1) (4)! (1103 + 26,390)
(4 + 4)(4 + 3)(4 + 2)(4 + 1)(26,390 + 27,493) 44 1
= lim = = 4 1,
→∞ ( + 1)4 3964 (26,390 + 1103) 3964 99
∞ (4)! (1103 + 26,390)
so by the Ratio Test, the series converges.
T
=0 (!)4 3964
√
O
1 2 2 ∞ (4)! (1103 + 26,390)
(b) =
9801 =0 (!)4 3964
√
1 2 2 1103
N
With the first term ( = 0), ≈ · ⇒ ≈ 3141 592 73, so we get 6 correct decimal places of ,
9801 1
which is 3141 592 653 589 793 238 to 18 decimal places.
√
1 2 2 1103 4! (1103 + 26,390)
With the second term ( = 1), ≈ + ⇒ ≈ 3141 592 653 589 793 878, so
9801 1 3964
we get 15 correct decimal places of .
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.6 ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE AND THE RATIO AND ROOT TESTS ¤ 1017
−
51. (a) Since is absolutely convergent, and since +
≤ | | and ≤ | | (because and each equal
+ −
either or 0), we conclude by the Comparison Test that both and
+ −
must be absolutely convergent.
Or: Use Theorem 11.2.8.
−
and
(b) We will show by contradiction that both + must diverge. For suppose that + converged. Then so
+ 1 + 1 1
would − 2 by Theorem 11.2.8. But − 2 = 1
2 ( + | |) − 2
= 12 | |, which
diverges because is only conditionally convergent. Hence, can’t converge. Similarly, neither can
+ .
−
52. Let be the rearranged series constructed in the hint. [This series can be constructed by virtue of the result of
LE
Exercise 51(b).] This series will have partial sums that oscillate in value back and forth across . Since lim = 0
→∞
(by Theorem 11.2.6), and since the size of the oscillations | − | is always less than | | because of the way was
constructed, we have that = lim = .
→∞
SA
53. Suppose that is conditionally convergent.
(a) 2 is divergent: Suppose 2 converges. Then lim 2 = 0 by Theorem 6 in Section 11.2, so there is an
→∞
1
integer 0 such that ⇒ 2 | | 1. For , we have | | 2
, so | | converges by
R
1
comparison with the convergent -series . In other words, converges absolutely, contradicting the
2
assumption that is conditionally convergent. This contradiction shows that 2 diverges.
FO
Remark: The same argument shows that diverges for any 1.
∞ (−1)
(b) is conditionally convergent. It converges by the Alternating Series Test, but does not converge absolutely
=2 ln
1
by the Integral Test, since the function () = is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [2 ∞) and
ln
T
∞
(−1)
= lim = lim ln(ln ) = ∞ . Setting = for ≥ 2, we find that
ln →∞ ln →∞ ln
O
2 2 2
∞ ∞ (−1)
= converges by the Alternating Series Test.
=2 =2 ln
N
∞ (−1)−1
It is easy to find conditionally convergent series such that diverges. Two examples are and
=1
∞ (−1)−1
√ , both of which converge by the Alternating Series Test and fail to converge absolutely because | | is a
=1
-series with ≤ 1. In both cases, diverges by the Test for Divergence.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1018 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
11.7 Strategy for Testing Series
2 − 1 1
1. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = :
3 + 1
(2 − 1) 3 − 1 − 12 ∞ 1
lim = lim = lim 3 = lim = 1 0. Since is the divergent harmonic series, the
→∞ →∞ 3
+1 →∞ + 1 /
→∞ 1 + 1 3
=1
∞ 2 − 1
series 3
also diverges.
=1 + 1
−1 1 ∞ −1 ∞ 1
2. 3
3 3 = 2 for ≥ 1, so 3
converges by comparison with 2
, which converges because it
+1 +1 =1 + 1 =1
LE
is a p-series with = 2 1.
∞ 2 − 1
∞ 2 − 1
3. (−1) 3
= (−1) . Now = 3 0 for ≥ 2, { } is decreasing for ≥ 2, and lim = 0, so
=1 + 1 =1 +1 →∞
SA
∞ 2 − 1 ∞ 2 − 1
the series (−1) 3
converges by the Alternating Series Test. By Exercise 1, 3
diverges, so the series
=1 +1 =1 + 1
∞ 2 − 1
(−1) is conditionally convergent.
=1 3 + 1
2 − 1 1 − 12
∞ 2 − 1
4. lim | | = lim (−1) 2 = lim = 1 6= 0, so the series (−1) 2 diverges by the Test for
+ 1 →∞ 1 + 12
R
→∞ →∞ =1 +1
2 − 1
Divergence. Note that lim (−1) 2 does not exist.
→∞ +1
FO
H H ∞
5. lim = lim = lim = ∞, so lim 2 = ∞. Thus, the series diverges by the Test for Divergence.
→∞ 2 →∞ 2 →∞ 2 →∞ =1
2
2 2 1 0 ∞ 2
6. lim | | = lim
= lim = lim = = 0 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ (1 + )3 →∞ (1 + )3 →∞ (1 + 1)3 1 =1 (1 + )
3
T
converges by the Root Test.
1
7. Let () = √ . Then is positive, continuous, and decreasing on [2 ∞), so we can apply the Integral Test.
O
ln
√
1 = ln ,
Since √ = −12 = 212 + = 2 ln + , we find
ln =
N
∞ √ √ √
√ = lim √ = lim 2 ln = lim 2 ln − 2 ln 2 = ∞. Since the integral diverges, the
2 ln →∞ 2 ln →∞ 2 →∞
∞ 1
given series √ diverges.
=2 ln
4
+1 4 4
8. lim = lim ( + 1) · 4 = lim ( + 1) = 1 lim 1 + 1 =
1 1
(1) = 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ 4+1 4 →∞ 44 4 →∞ 4 4
∞ 4
(−1)−1 is absolutely convergent (and therefore convergent) by the Ratio Test.
=1 4
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.7 STRATEGY FOR TESTING SERIES ¤ 1019
2+2
+1 (2)! 2 ∞ 2
9. lim = lim · = lim = 0 1, so the series (−1) is absolutely
→∞ →∞ (2 + 2)! 2 →∞ (2 + 2)(2 + 1) (2)!
=0
convergent (and therefore convergent) by the Ratio Test.
3 (2 − 33 )
10. Let () = 2 − . Then is continuous and positive on [1 ∞), and 0 () = 0 for ≥ 1, so is
3
∞ 3
3
decreasing on [1 ∞) as well, and we can apply the Integral Test. 1 2 − = lim − 13 − 1
= 3 , so the integral
→∞ 1
converges, and hence, the series converges.
∞ 1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
11. + = + . The first series converges since it is a -series with = 3 1 and the second
3 3 =1
3 3
LE
=1 =1
series converges since it is geometric with || = 1
3
1. The sum of two convergent series is convergent.
1 1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
12. √ √ = 2 , so √ converges by comparison with the convergent -series 2
2 + 1 2 2
=1 + 1 =1
SA
( = 2 1).
+1
+1 ( + 1)2 ! 3( + 1)2 ∞ 3 2
13. lim = lim 3 · = lim = 3 lim
+1
= 0 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! 3 2 →∞ ( + 1)2 →∞ 2 =1 !
converges by the Ratio Test.
sin 2 1 1 1 ∞ sin 2
R
14.
≤ = , so the series
converges by comparison with the geometric series
1+2 1 + 2 2 2 =1 1 + 2
∞ 1 ∞ sin 2
with || = 1
1. Thus, the series converges absolutely, implying convergence.
FO
2
=1 2 =1 1 + 2
2−1 3+1 2 2−1 3 31 3 2·3 6 6
15. =
= = . By the Root Test, lim = lim = 0 1, so the series
2 →∞ →∞
∞ 2−1 3+1
∞ 6 ∞ 3 6
converges. It follows from Theorem 8(i) in Section 11.2 that the given series,
= ,
=1 =1 =1 2
T
also converges.
√
4 + 1 1
16. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = and = :
O
3 +
√ √
4 + 1 4 + 12 1 + 14 ∞ 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = 1 0. Since is the divergent harmonic
→∞ →∞ (2 + 1) →∞ (2 + 1)2 →∞ 1 + 12 =1
N
√
∞ 4 + 1
series, the series 3
also diverges.
=1 +
+1
17. lim = lim 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)(2 + 1) · 2 · 5 · 8 · · · · · (3 − 1) = lim 2 + 1
→∞ →∞ 2 · 5 · 8 · · · · · (3 − 1)(3 + 2) 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
→∞ 3 + 2
2 + 1 2
= lim = 1
→∞ 3 + 2 3
∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
so the series converges by the Ratio Test.
=1 2 · 5 · 8 · · · · · (3 − 1)
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1020 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1 ∞ (−1)−1
18. = √ for ≥ 2. { } is a decreasing sequence of positive numbers and lim = 0, so √ converges by
−1 →∞ =2 −1
the Alternating Series Test.
ln 2 − ln ln
19. Let () = √ . Then 0 () = 0 when ln 2 or 2 , so √ is decreasing for 2 .
232
ln 1 2 ∞ ln
By l’Hospital’s Rule, lim √ = lim √ = lim √ = 0, so the series (−1) √ converges by the
→∞ →∞ →∞
1 2 =1
Alternating Series Test.
√3
√
3
√
3
√3
−1 13 1 ∞ −1
LE
20. = √ √ √ = 32 = 76 , so the series √ converges by comparison with the
( + 1) ( + 1) =1 ( + 1)
∞ 1
convergent -series 76
= 7
6
1 .
=1
∞
SA
21. lim | | = lim (−1) cos(12 ) = lim cos(12 ) = cos 0 = 1, so the series (−1) cos(12 ) diverges by the
→∞ →∞ →∞ =1
Test for Divergence.
1 1
22. lim | | = lim = lim , which does not exist (the terms vary between 1
and 1). Thus, the series
→∞ →∞ 2 + sin →∞ 2 + sin 3
∞ 1
diverges by the Test for Divergence.
R
=1 2 + sin
1 1
23. Using the Limit Comparison Test with = tan and = , we have
FO
tan(1) tan(1) H sec2 (1) · (−12 )
lim = lim = lim = lim = lim sec2 (1) = 12 = 1 0. Since
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞ 1 →∞ −12 →∞
∞
∞
is the divergent harmonic series, is also divergent.
=1 =1
T
1 sin(1) sin ∞
24. lim = lim sin = lim = lim = 1 6= 0, so the series sin(1) diverges by the
→∞ →∞ →∞ 1 →0 + =1
Test for Divergence.
O
+1 2 2
= lim ( + 1)! ( + 1)! · +1 ∞ !
25. Use the Ratio Test. lim 2 · = lim 2 +2+1 = lim 2+1 = 0 1, so 2
→∞ →∞ (+1) ! →∞ ! →∞ =1
N
converges.
+1 2
1 + 2 + 22 1 ∞ 2 + 1
26. lim = lim +1 = lim + 2 + 2 · 5 = lim · =
1
1, so
→∞ →∞ →∞ 5+1 2
+1 →∞ 1 + 12 5 5 5
=1
converges by the Ratio Test.
∞
ln ln 1 H ∞ ln
27. = lim − − [using integration by parts] = 1. So converges by the Integral Test, and since
2 2 →∞ 1 =1
2
ln ln ln ∞ ln
3 = 2 , the given series converges by the Comparison Test.
( + 1) 3 =1 ( + 1)3
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.7 STRATEGY FOR TESTING SERIES ¤ 1021
∞ 1
1 ∞
28. Since is a decreasing sequence, 1 ≤ 11 = for all ≥ 1, and 2
converges ( = 2 1), so 2
=1 =1
converges by the Comparison Test. (Or use the Integral Test.)
∞
∞ 1
∞ 1
29. = (−1) = (−1) . Now = 0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the series
=1 =1 cosh =1 cosh →∞
converges by the Alternating Series Test.
1 2 2 ∞ 1
∞ 1
Or: Write = −
and
is a convergent geometric series, so is convergent by the
cosh + =1 =1 cosh
∞ 1
Comparison Test. So (−1) is absolutely convergent and therefore convergent.
LE
=1 cosh
√
5−
30. Let () = . Then () is continuous and positive on [1 ∞), and since 0 () = √ 0 for 5, () is
+5 2 ( + 5)2
√
SA
1
eventually decreasing, so we can use the Alternating Series Test. lim = lim 12 = 0, so the series
→∞ + 5 →∞ + 5−12
√
∞
(−1) converges.
=1 +5
5 (54) 3 5
31. lim = lim = [divide by 4 ] lim = ∞ since lim = 0 and lim = ∞.
→∞ 3 + 4 →∞ (34) + 1 →∞ 4 →∞ 4
R
→∞
∞ 5
Thus, diverges by the Test for Divergence.
=1 3 + 4
FO
(!) ! −1 −2 −3
32. lim | | = lim = lim
4 →∞ 4 = lim · · · · ( − 4)!
→∞ →∞ →∞
1 2 3
= lim 1− 1− 1− ( − 4)! = ∞,
→∞
∞ (!)
T
so the series 4
diverges by the Root Test.
=1
O
2 2
1 1 1 ∞
33. lim
| | = lim = lim = = 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ +1 →∞ [( + 1) ] lim (1 + 1) =1 +1
→∞
N
converges by the Root Test.
1 1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
34. 0 ≤ cos2 ≤ , so 2
≥ = . Thus, 2
diverges by comparison with , which is
+ cos + 2 =1 + cos =1 2
a constant multiple of the (divergent) harmonic series.
1 1 1 1
35. = = , so let = and use the Limit Comparison Test. lim = lim 1 = 1 0
1+1 · 1 →∞ →∞
∞ 1
[see Exercise 4.4.63], so the series diverges by comparison with the divergent harmonic series.
=1 1+1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1022 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
ln ln ln ln ln
36. Note that (ln ) = ln ln = = ln ln and ln ln → ∞ as → ∞, so ln ln 2 for sufficiently
1 1 ∞ 1
large . For these we have (ln )ln 2 , so ln
2 . Since 2
converges [ = 2 1], so does
(ln ) =2
∞ 1
by the Comparison Test.
=2 (ln )ln
∞ √
37. lim
| | = lim (21 − 1) = 1 − 1 = 0 1, so the series
2 − 1 converges by the Root Test.
→∞ →∞ =1
√
38. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = 2 − 1 and = 1. Then
21 − 1 21 − 1 H 21 · ln 2 · (−12 )
= lim (21 · ln 2) = 1 · ln 2 = ln 2 0.
LE
lim = lim = lim = lim
→∞ →∞ 1 →∞ 1 →∞ −12 →∞
∞ ∞ √
So since diverges (harmonic series), so does
2−1 .
=1 =1
√ 1 1
Alternate solution:
2−1 = [rationalize the numerator] ≥ ,
2(−1) + 2(−2) + 2(−3) + · · · + 21 + 1 2
SA
∞ 1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ √
and since = diverges (harmonic series), so does
2 − 1 by the Comparison Test.
=1 2 2 =1 =1
11.8 Power Series
R
∞
1. A power series is a series of the form =0 = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + · · · , where is a variable and the ’s are
constants called the coefficients of the series.
FO
More generally, a series of the form ∞ =0 ( − ) = 0 + 1 ( − ) + 2 ( − ) + · · · is called a power series in
2
( − ) or a power series centered at or a power series about , where is a constant.
2. (a) Given the power series ∞ =0 ( − ) , the radius of convergence is:
(i) 0 if the series converges only when =
(ii) ∞ if the series converges for all , or
T
(iii) a positive number such that the series converges if | − | and diverges if | − | .
In most cases, can be found by using the Ratio Test.
O
(b) The interval of convergence of a power series is the interval that consists of all values of for which the series converges.
Corresponding to the cases in part (a), the interval of convergence is: (i) the single point {}, (ii) all real numbers; that is,
N
the real number line (−∞ ∞), or (iii) an interval with endpoints − and + which can contain neither, either, or
both of the endpoints. In this case, we must test the series for convergence at each endpoint to determine the interval of
convergence.
3. If = (−1) , then
+1 (−1)+1 ( + 1)+1 + 1 1
lim
= lim || = ||. By the Ratio Test, the
→∞ →∞ (−1) = →∞
lim (−1)
= lim
→∞
1+
∞
series (−1) converges when || 1, so the radius of convergence = 1. Now we’ll check the endpoints, that is,
=1
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.8 POWER SERIES ¤ 1023
∞
∞
= ±1. Both series (−1) (±1) = (∓1) diverge by the Test for Divergence since lim |(∓1) | = ∞. Thus,
=1 =1 →∞
the interval of convergence is = (−1 1).
(−1)
4. If = √3
, then
√ √
+1 +1 +1 3
(−1) 3
lim = lim (−1)
√
· = lim √ = lim 3 1
|| = ||. By the Ratio Test,
→∞ →∞ 3
+1 (−1) →∞ 3 + 1 →∞ 1 + 1
∞ (−1) ∞ (−1)
the series √
3
converges when || 1, so = 1. When = 1, the series √3
converges by the Alternating
=1 =1
∞ 1
LE
Series Test. When = −1, the series √
3
diverges since it is a -series = 1
3
≤ 1 . Thus, the interval of convergence
=1
is (−1 1].
+1
+1 2 − 1
5. If = , then lim = lim · = lim
2 − 1
|| = lim
2 − 1
|| = ||. By
2 − 1 →∞ →∞ 2 + 1 →∞ 2 + 1 →∞ 2 + 1
SA
∞ ∞ 1
the Ratio Test, the series converges when || 1, so = 1. When = 1, the series diverges by
=1 2 − 1 =1 2 − 1
∞ 1 1 1 1 ∞ 1
comparison with since and diverges since it is a constant multiple of the harmonic series.
=1 2 2 − 1 2 2 =1
∞ (−1)
When = −1, the series converges by the Alternating Series Test. Thus, the interval of convergence is [−1 1).
R
=1 2 − 1
(−1)
6. If = , then
2
FO
2
+1 +1 +1
2 2
lim = lim (−1)
· = lim (−1) = lim
|| = 12 · || = ||.
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)2 (−1) →∞ ( + 1)2 →∞ +1
∞ (−1) ∞ (−1)
By the Ratio Test, the series 2
converges when || 1, so = 1. When = 1, the series converges
=1 =1 2
∞ 1
by the Alternating Series Test. When = −1, the series converges since it is a -series with = 2 1. Thus, the
T
2
=1
interval of convergence is [−1 1].
O
+1
+1 !
7. If = , then lim = lim · = lim = || lim 1
= || · 0 = 0 1 for all real .
! →∞ →∞ ( + 1)! →∞ + 1 →∞ + 1
So, by the Ratio Test, = ∞ and = (−∞ ∞).
N
8. Here the Root Test is easier. If = , then lim
| | = lim || = ∞ if 6= 0, so = 0 and = {0}.
→∞ →∞
9. If = , then
4 4
4
+1 +1 4 4 4 || || ||
lim = lim · = lim · = lim = 14 · = . By the
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)4 4+1 →∞ ( + 1)4 4 →∞ + 1 4 4 4
∞ || ∞ 1
Ratio Test, the series 4
converges when 1 ⇔ || 4 , so = 4. When = 4, the series 4
=1 4 4 =1
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1024 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞ (−1)
converges since it is a p-series ( = 4 1). When = −4, the series converges by the Alternating Series Test.
=1 4
Thus, the interval of convergence is [−4 4].
2
+1 2 +1
( + 1)2 +1 +1
10. If = 2 2 , then lim = lim = lim 2 || = 2 ||. By the Ratio Test,
→∞ →∞ 2 2 →∞
∞
the series 2 2 converges when 2 || 1 ⇔ || 12 , so = 12 . When = ± 12 , both series
=1
∞
∞
2 2 ± 12 = (±1) 2 diverge by the Test for Divergence since lim (±1) 2 = ∞. Thus, the interval of
=1 =1 →∞
LE
convergence is − 12 12 .
√
(−1) 4 +1 +1 +1 +1
11. If = √ , then lim = lim (−1) √ 4
·
= lim
· 4 || = 4 ||.
→∞ →∞ +1 (−1) 4 →∞ + 1
∞ (−1) 4
SA
By the Ratio Test, the series √ converges when 4 || 1 ⇔ || 14 , so = 14 . When = 14 , the series
=1
∞ (−1) ∞ 1
√ converges by the Alternating Series Test. When = − 14 , the series √ diverges since it is a p-series
=1 =1
= 12 ≤ 1 . Thus, the interval of convergence is − 14 14 .
∞ (−1)−1 +1 +1
5
= lim (−1) || || ||
R
12. If =
, then lim · = lim = 1· = .
=1 5 →∞ →∞ ( + 1) 5+1 (−1)−1 →∞ + 1 5 5 5
∞ (−1)−1 ||
By the Ratio Test, the series converges when 1 ⇔ || 5, so = 5. When = 5, the series
FO
=1 5 5
∞ (−1)−1 ∞ −1
converges by the Alternating Series Test. When = −5, the series diverges since it is a constant
=1 =1
multiple of the harmonic series. Thus, the interval of convergence is (−5 5].
13. If = , then
T
2 (2 + 1)
+1 ( + 1)+1 2 (2 + 1) 3 + 2 + + 1 ||
lim = lim
· = lim ·
O
→∞ →∞ 2+1 2
( + 2 + 2) →∞ 3 + 22 + 2 2
1 + 1 + 12 + 13 || ||
= lim · =
→∞ 1 + 2 + 22 2 2
N
∞ ||
By the Ratio Test, the series (2 + 1)
converges when 1 ⇔ || 2, so = 2. When = 2 the series
=1 2 2
∞ 1 ∞ (−1)
diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with = . When = −2, the series converges by the
=1 2 +1 2
=1 + 1
Alternating Series Test. Thus, the interval of convergence is [−2 2).
2+2 2
2 +1 !
14. If =
, then lim
= lim · 2 = lim = 0 1 for all real So, by the Ratio Test,
! →∞ →∞ ( + 1)! →∞ +1
= ∞ and = (−∞ ∞).
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.8 POWER SERIES ¤ 1025
( − 2) +1 +1
2 + 1 2 + 1
15. If = , then lim = lim ( − 2) · = | − 2| lim = | − 2|. By the
2
+1 →∞ →∞ 2
( + 1) + 1 ( − 2) →∞ ( + 1)2 + 1
∞ ( − 2)
Ratio Test, the series 2
converges when | − 2| 1 [ = 1] ⇔ −1 − 2 1 ⇔ 1 3. When
=0 + 1
∞ 1 ∞ 1
= 1, the series (−1) converges by the Alternating Series Test; when = 3, the series converges by
=0 2 +1 2
=0 + 1
∞ 1
comparison with the p-series 2
[ = 2 1]. Thus, the interval of convergence is = [1 3].
=1
(−1)
16. If = ( − 1) , then
(2 − 1)2
LE
+1 +1
( − 1)+1 (2 − 1) 2
lim = lim (−1) · = lim
2 − 1 | − 1|
· =
| − 1|
. By the Ratio Test, the
→∞ →∞ (2 + 1) 2+1 (−1) ( − 1) →∞ 2 + 1 2 2
∞ (−1) | − 1|
series
( − 1) converges when 1 ⇔ | − 1| 2 [ = 2] ⇔ −2 − 1 2 ⇔
=1 (2 − 1) 2 2
SA
∞ (−1)
−1 3. When = 3, the series converges by the Alternating Series Test. When = −1, the series
=1 2 − 1
∞ 1 1
diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with = . Thus, the interval of convergence is (−1 3].
=1 2 − 1
( + 2) ( + 2)+1 2 ln ln | + 2| | + 2|
17. If = , then lim · = lim · = since
2 ln →∞ 2+1 ln( + 1) ( + 2) →∞ ln( + 1) 2 2
R
ln ln H 1 +1 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = lim 1 + = 1. By the Ratio Test, the series
→∞ ln( + 1) →∞ ln( + 1) →∞ 1( + 1) →∞ →∞
FO
∞ ( + 2) | + 2|
converges when 1 ⇔ | + 2| 2 [ = 2] ⇔ −2 + 2 2 ⇔ −4 0.
=2 2 ln 2
∞ (−1) ∞ 1
When = −4, the series converges by the Alternating Series Test. When = 0, the series diverges by
=2 ln =2 ln
1
the Limit Comparison Test with = (or by comparison with the harmonic series). Thus, the interval of convergence is
T
[−4 0).
√
18. If = ( + 6) , then
O
8
√
+1 + 1 ( + 6)+1 8 + 1 | + 6|
lim = lim ·√ = lim ·
→∞ →∞ 8+1 ( + 6) →∞ 8
N
1 | + 6| | + 6|
= lim 1+ · =
→∞ 8 8
√
∞ | + 6|
By the Ratio Test, the series
( + 6) converges when 1 ⇔ | + 6| 8 [ = 8] ⇔
=1 8 8
∞ √
−8 + 6 8 ⇔ −14 2. When = 2, the series diverges by the Test for Divergence since
=1
√
∞ √
lim | | = lim = ∞ 0. Similarly, when = −14, the series (−1) diverges. Thus, the interval of
→∞ →∞ =1
convergence is (−14 2).
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1026 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
( − 2) | − 2|
19. If = , then lim | | = lim = 0, so the series converges for all (by the Root Test).
→∞ →∞
= ∞ and = (−∞ ∞).
(2 − 1)
20. If = √ , then
5
√
+1 (2 − 1)+1 5 |2 − 1| |2 − 1| 1 |2 − 1|
lim = lim √ · = lim = lim = .
→∞ →∞ 5+1 + 1 (2 − 1) →∞ 5 + 1 →∞ 5 1 + 1 5
∞ (2 − 1) |2 − 1|
By the Ratio Test, the series √ converges when 1 ⇔ |2 − 1| 5 ⇔ − 12 5
2 ⇔
=1 5 5
LE
∞ 1
− 52 − 1
2
5
2
⇔ −2 3, so = 52 . When = 3, the series √ is a divergent -series = 1
2
≤1 .
=1
∞ (−1)
When = −2, the series √ converges by the Alternating Series Test. Thus, the interval of convergence
=1
SA
is = [−2 3).
21. = ( − ) , where 0.
+1 +1
lim = lim ( + 1) | − | · = lim 1 +
1 | − |
=
| − |
.
→∞ →∞ +1 | − |
→∞
R
| − |
By the Ratio Test, the series converges when 1 ⇔ | − | [so = ] ⇔ − − ⇔
− + . When | − | = , lim | | = lim = ∞, so the series diverges. Thus, = ( − + ).
→∞ →∞
FO
22. = ( − ) , where 0.
ln
+1
+1 ( − )+1 ln ln
lim = lim · = lim · | − | = | − | since
→∞ →∞ ln( + 1) ( − ) →∞ ln( + 1)
ln ln H 1 +1 H 1
lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = 1. By the Ratio Test, the series
T
→∞ ln( + 1) →∞ ln( + 1) →∞ 1( + 1) →∞ →∞ 1
∞ 1 1 1 1 1
( − ) converges when | − | 1 ⇔ | − | ⇔ − − ⇔ − + ,
O
=2 ln
1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 1
so = . When = + , the series diverges by comparison with the divergent -series since
=2 ln =2 ln
N
1 ∞ (−1)
for ≥ 2. When = − , the series converges by the Alternating Series Test. Thus, the interval of
=2 ln
1 1
convergence is = − + .
+1
( + 1)! (2 − 1) +1
23. If = ! (2 − 1) , then lim = lim = lim ( + 1) |2 − 1| → ∞ as → ∞
→∞ →∞ !(2 − 1) →∞
1
for all 6= 12 . Since the series diverges for all 6= 12 , = 0 and = 2
.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.8 POWER SERIES ¤ 1027
2 2
24. = = = , so
2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · (2) 2 ! 2 ( − 1)!
+1 +1
2 ( − 1)!
lim = lim ( + 1) || · = lim
+ 1 ||
= 0. Thus, by the Ratio Test, the series converges for
→∞ →∞ 2+1 ! || →∞ 2 2
all real and we have = ∞ and = (−∞ ∞).
(5 − 4)
25. If = , then
3
3 3
+1 +1
3
lim = lim (5 − 4) · = lim |5 − 4|
= lim |5 − 4|
1
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)3 (5 − 4) →∞ +1 →∞ 1 + 1
LE
= |5 − 4| · 1 = |5 − 4|
∞ (5 − 4)
By the Ratio Test, 3
converges when |5 − 4| 1 ⇔ − 45 1
5
⇔ − 15 − 4
5
1
5
⇔
=1
∞ 1
3
5
1, so = 15 . When = 1, the series 3
is a convergent -series ( = 3 1). When = 35 , the series
=1
SA
∞ (−1)
3
converges by the Alternating Series Test. Thus, the interval of convergence is = 35 1 .
=1
2 +1 2+2 (ln )2 2 (ln )2
26. If = , then lim = lim · = lim = 2 .
(ln )2 →∞
→∞ ( + 1)[ln( + 1)]2 2 →∞ ( + 1)[ln( + 1)]2
∞ 2
R
By the Ratio Test, the series 2
converges when 2 1 ⇔ || 1, so = 1. When = ±1, 2 = 1, the
=2 (ln )
∞ 1
series converges by the Integral Test (see Exercise 11.3.22). Thus, the interval of convergence is = [−1 1].
FO
=2 (ln )2
27. If = , then
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
+1 +1 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) ||
= lim · = 0 1. Thus, by
lim
→∞ →∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)(2 + 1) = →∞
lim
2 + 1
T
∞
the Ratio Test, the series converges for all real and we have = ∞ and = (−∞ ∞).
=1 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
O
!
28. If = , then
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
+1 ( + 1)! +1 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) ( + 1) ||
lim = lim 1
N
· = →∞
lim = ||.
→∞ →∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)(2 + 1) ! 2 + 1 2
∞
By the Ratio Test, the series converges when 1
2
|| 1 ⇒ || 2 so = 2. When = ±2,
=1
! 2 [1 · 2 · 3 · · · · · ] 2 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · 2
| | = = = 1, so both endpoint series
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) [1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)] 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
diverge by the Test for Divergence. Thus, the interval of convergence is = (−2 2).
∞
29. (a) We are given that the power series is convergent for = 4. So by Theorem 4, it must converge for at least
=0
−4 ≤ 4. In particular, it converges when = −2; that is, ∞ =0 (−2) is convergent.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1028 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞
(b) It does not follow that =0 (−4)
is necessarily convergent. [See the comments after Theorem 4 about convergence at
the endpoint of an interval. An example is = (−1) (4 ).]
30. We are given that the power series ∞ =0 is convergent for = −4 and divergent when = 6. So by Theorem 4 it
converges for at least −4 ≤ 4 and diverges for at least ≥ 6 and −6. Therefore:
(a) It converges when = 1; that is, is convergent.
(b) It diverges when = 8; that is, 8 is divergent.
(c) It converges when = −3; that is, (−3 ) is convergent.
(d) It diverges when = −9; that is, (−9) = (−1) 9 is divergent.
LE
(!)
31. If = , then
()!
+1
( + 1)
lim = lim [( + 1)!] ()! || = lim ||
→∞
→∞ (!) [( + 1)]! →∞ ( + )( + − 1) · · · ( + 2)( + 1)
SA
( + 1) ( + 1) ( + 1)
= lim ··· ||
→∞ ( + 1) ( + 2) ( + )
+1 +1 +1
= lim lim · · · lim ||
→∞ + 1 →∞ + 2 →∞ +
1
= || 1 ⇔ || for convergence, and the radius of convergence is =
R
32. (a) Note that the four intervals in parts (a)–(d) have midpoint = 1
2 ( + ) and radius of convergence = 12 ( − ). We also
∞
FO
know that the power series has interval of convergence (−1 1). To change the radius of convergence to , we can
=0
change to . To shift the midpoint of the interval of convergence, we can replace with − . Thus, a power
∞ −
series whose interval of convergence is ( ) is , where = 12 ( + ) and = 12 ( − ).
=0
∞
(b) Similar to Example 2, we know that has interval of convergence [−1 1). By introducing the factor (−1)
T
=1
in , the interval of convergence changes to (−1 1]. Now change the midpoint and radius as in part (a) to get
O
∞ 1 −
(−1) as a power series whose interval of convergence is ( ].
=1
∞ 1 −
N
(c) As in part (b), is a power series whose interval of convergence is [ ).
=1
(d) If we increase the exponent on (to say, = 2), in the power series in part (c), then when = , the power series
∞ 1 −
2
will converge by comparison to the p-series with = 2 1, and the interval of convergence will
=1
be [ ].
33. No. If a power series is centered at , its interval of convergence is symmetric about . If a power series has an infinite radius
of convergence, then its interval of convergence must be (−∞ ∞), not [0 ∞).
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.8 POWER SERIES ¤ 1029
∞
34. The partial sums of the series =0 definitely do not converge
to () = 1(1 − ) for ≥ 1, since is undefined at = 1 and
negative on (1 ∞), while all the partial sums are positive on this
interval. The partial sums also fail to converge to for ≤ −1,
since 0 () 1 on this interval, while the partial sums are
either larger than 1 or less than 0. The partial sums seem to
converge to on (−1 1). This graphical evidence is consistent
with what we know about geometric series: convergence for
LE
|| 1, divergence for || ≥ 1 (see Examples 2 and 7 in Section 11.2).
(−1) 2+1
35. (a) If = , then
!( + 1)! 22+1
!( + 1)! 22+1 2
SA
+1 2+3 1
lim = lim · = 0 for all .
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)!( + 2)! 22+3 2+1 = 2 →∞lim
( + 1)( + 2)
So 1 () converges for all and its domain is (−∞ ∞).
(b), (c) The initial terms of 1 () up to = 5 are 0 = ,
2
3 5 7 9
R
1 = − , 2 = , 3 = − , 4 = ,
16 384 18,432 1,474,560
11
and 5 = − . The partial sums seem to
FO
176,947,200
approximate 1 () well near the origin, but as || increases,
we need to take a large number of terms to get a good
approximation.
∞ 3 +1 1
, so lim = ||3 lim
T
36. (a) () = 1 + , where = =0
=1 2 · 3 · 5 · 6 · · · · · (3 − 1)(3) →∞ →∞ (3 + 2)(3 + 3)
for all , so the domain is R.
O
(b), (c) 0 = 1 has been omitted from the graph. The
partial sums seem to approximate () well
N
near the origin, but as || increases, we need to
take a large number of terms to get a good
approximation.
To plot , we must first define () for the CAS. Note that for ≥ 1, the denominator of is
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1030 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
(3)! (3)! =1 (3 − 2)
2 · 3 · 5 · 6 · · · · · (3 − 1) · 3 = = , so = 3 and thus
1 · 4 · 7 · · · · · (3 − 2) =1 (3 − 2) (3)!
∞
=1 (3 − 2)
() = 1 + 3 . Both Maple and Mathematica are able to plot if we define it this way, and Derive
=1 (3)!
is able to produce a similar graph using a suitable partial sum of ().
Derive, Maple and Mathematica all have two initially known Airy functions, called AI·SERIES(z,m) and
BI·SERIES(z,m) from BESSEL.MTH in Derive and AiryAi and AiryBi in Maple and Mathematica (just Ai and
Bi in older versions of Maple). However, it is very difficult to solve for in terms of the CAS’s Airy functions, although
√
3 AiryAi() + AiryBi()
LE
in fact () = √ .
3 AiryAi(0) + AiryBi(0)
37. 2−1 = 1 + 2 + 2 + 23 + 4 + 25 + · · · + 2−2 + 22−1
= 1(1 + 2) + 2 (1 + 2) + 4 (1 + 2) + · · · + 2−2 (1 + 2) = (1 + 2)(1 + 2 + 4 + · · · + 2−2 )
SA
1 − 2 1 + 2
= (1 + 2) [by (11.2.3) with = 2 ] → as → ∞ by (11.2.4), when || 1.
1 − 2 1 − 2
1 + 2 1 + 2
Also 2 = 2−1 + 2 → since 2 → 0 for || 1. Therefore, → since 2 and 2−1 both
1 − 2 1 − 2
1 + 2 1 + 2
approach as → ∞. Thus, the interval of convergence is (−1 1) and () = .
1 − 2 1 − 2
R
38. 4−1 = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 0 4 + 1 5 + 2 6 + 3 7 + · · · + 3 4−1
0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 1 + 4 + 8 + · · · + 4−4 → as → ∞
1 − 4
FO
[by (11.2.4) with = 4 ] for 4 1 ⇔ || 1. Also 4 , 4+1 , 4+2 have the same limits (for example,
4 = 4−1 + 0 4 and 4 → 0 for || 1). So if at least one of 0 , 1 , 2 , and 3 is nonzero, then the interval of
0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
convergence is (−1 1) and () = .
1 − 4
39. We use the Root Test on the series . We need lim | | = || lim | | = || 1 for convergence, or
T
→∞ →∞
|| 1, so = 1.
O
40. Suppose 6= 0. Applying the Ratio Test to the series ( − ) , we find that
+1 +1
= lim = lim +1 ( − ) = lim | − | (∗) = | − |
(if lim | +1 | 6= 0), so the
→∞ ( − ) →∞ | +1 |
N
→∞ lim | +1 | →∞
→∞
| − |
series converges when 1 ⇔ | − | lim . Thus, = lim . If lim = 0
lim | +1 | →∞ +1 →∞ +1 →∞ +1
→∞
and | − | 6= 0, then (∗) shows that = ∞ and so the series diverges, and hence, = 0. Thus, in all cases,
= lim .
→∞ +1
41. For 2 3, diverges and
converges. By Exercise 11.2.85, ( + ) diverges. Since both series
converge for || 2, the radius of convergence of ( + ) is 2.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.9 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AS POWER SERIES ¤ 1031
√
42. Since converges whenever || , 2 = 2 converges whenever 2 ⇔ || , so the
√
second series has radius of convergence .
11.9 Representations of Functions as Power Series
∞
∞
1. If () = has radius of convergence 10, then 0 () = −1 also has radius of convergence 10 by
=0 =1
Theorem 2.
LE
∞
∞
2. If () = converges on (−2 2), then () = + +1 has the same radius of convergence
=0 =0 +1
(by Theorem 2), but may not have the same interval of convergence—it may happen that the integrated series converges at an
endpoint (or both endpoints).
SA
1
3. Our goal is to write the function in the form , and then use Equation (1) to represent the function as a sum of a power
1−
1 1
∞ ∞
series. () = = = (−) = (−1) with |−| 1 ⇔ || 1, so = 1 and = (−1 1).
1+ 1 − (−) =0 =0
∞
∞
R
5 1
4. () = =5 =5 (42 ) = 5 4 2 . The series converges when 42 1 ⇔
1 − 42 1 − 42 =0 =0
||2 1
⇔ || 12 , so = 1
and = − 12 12 .
FO
4 2
∞
2 2 1 2 ∞ 1
5. () = = = or, equivalently, 2 +1
. The series converges when 1,
3− 3 1 − 3 3 =0 3 =0 3 3
that is, when || 3, so = 3 and = (−3 3).
4 4 1 4 1 4 ∞ 2 ∞ 2+2
6. () = or, equivalently, (−1) +1 .
T
= = = −
2 + 3 3 1 + 23 3 1 − (−23) 3 =0 3 =0 3
2
The series converges when − 1, that is, when || 32 , so = 32 and = − 32 32 .
O
2 2 1 2 1 2 ∞ 4 ∞ (−1) 4+2
7. () = = = = − or, equivalently, .
N
4 + 16 16 1 + 4 16 16 1 − [−(2)]4 16 =0 2 =0 24+4
4
The series converges when − 1 ⇒ 1 ⇒ || 2, so = 2 and = (−2 2).
2 2
1 ∞ ∞
8. () = = = (−22 ) or, equivalently, (−1) 2 2+1 . The series converges when
22 + 1 1 − (−22 ) =0 =0
−22 1 ⇒ 2 1 ⇒ || √1 , so = √1 and = − √1 √1 .
2
2 2 2 2
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1032 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
−1 +2−3 3 32 3 1
9. () = = =1− =1− =1− ·
+2 +2 +2 2 + 1 2 1 − (−2)
3 ∞ 3 3 ∞ 1 ∞ (−1) 3
=1− − =1− − − =− − .
2 =0 2 2 2 =1 2 2 =1 2+1
∞
The geometric series − converges when − 1 ⇔ || 2, so = 2 and = (−2 2).
=0 2 2
1 1
Alternatively, you could write () = 1 − 3 and use the series for found in Example 2.
+2 +2
2 ∞ (−1) 2
1 1 ∞
10. () = [ 0] = = − 2 = . The geometric series
2 + 2 2 1 − (−2 2 ) =0 =0 2+1
2 2
LE
∞
− 2 converges when − 2 1 ⇔ || , so = and = (− ).
=0
2 − 4 2 − 4
11. () = = = + ⇒ 2 − 4 = ( − 3) + ( − 1). Let = 1 to get
2 − 4 + 3 ( − 1)( − 3) −1 −3
SA
−2 = −2 ⇔ = 1 and = 3 to get 2 = 2 ⇔ = 1. Thus,
∞
2 − 4 1 1 −1 1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
= + = + = −
− = −1 − .
2 − 4 + 3 −1 −3 1 − −3 1 − (3) =0 3 =0 3 =0 3+1
We represented as the sum of two geometric series; the first converges for ∈ (−1 1) and the second converges for
∈ (−3 3). Thus, the sum converges for ∈ (−1 1) =
R
2 + 3 2 + 3
12. () = = = + ⇒ 2 + 3 = ( + 2) + ( + 1). Let = −1 to get 1 =
2 + 3 + 2 ( + 1)( + 2) +1 +2
and = −2 to get −1 = − ⇔ = 1. Thus,
FO
2 + 3 1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
2 + 3 + 2 +1 +2 1 − (−) 2 1 − (−2)
∞ 1 ∞
∞ 1
= (−) + − = (−1) 1 + +1
=0 2 =0 2 =0 2
We represented as the sum of two geometric series; the first converges for ∈ (−1 1) and the second converges for
∈ (−2 2). Thus, the sum converges for ∈ (−1 1) =
T
∞
1 −1
13. (a) () = 2 = =− (−1) [from Exercise 3]
(1 + ) 1 + =0
O
∞
∞
= (−1)+1 −1 [from Theorem 2(i)] = (−1) ( + 1) with = 1.
=1 =0
In the last step, note that we decreased the initial value of the summation variable by 1, and then increased each
N
occurrence of in the term by 1 [also note that (−1)+2 = (−1) ].
∞
1 1 1 1
(b) () = = − = − (−1)
( + 1)
[from part (a)]
(1 + )3 2 (1 + )2 2 =0
∞
∞
= − 12 (−1) ( + 1)−1 = 1
2 (−1) ( + 2)( + 1) with = 1.
=1 =0
2 1 1 ∞
(c) () = = 2 · = 2 · (−1) ( + 2)( + 1) [from part (b)]
(1 + )3 (1 + )3 2 =0
1 ∞
= (−1) ( + 2)( + 1)+2 [continued]
2 =0
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.9 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AS POWER SERIES ¤ 1033
To write the power series with rather than +2 , we will decrease each occurrence of in the term by 2 and increase
1 ∞
the initial value of the summation variable by 2. This gives us (−1) ()( − 1) with = 1.
2 =2
1
14. (a) = − ln(1 − ) + and
1−
1 2 3 ∞
= (1 + + 2 + · · · ) = + + +··· + = + for || 1.
1− 2 3 =1
∞ ∞
So − ln(1 − ) = + and letting = 0 gives 0 = . Thus, () = ln(1 − ) = − with = 1.
=1 =1
LE
∞ ∞ +1
(b) () = ln(1 − ) = − =− .
=1 =1
1 1 ∞
(12) ∞ 1
∞ 1
(c) Letting = gives ln = − ⇒ ln 1 − ln 2 = −
⇒ ln 2 =
.
2 2 =1
=1 2 =1 2
SA
∞
1 1 1 ∞ +1 ∞
15. () = ln(5 − ) = − =− =− = − = −
5− 5 1 − 5 5 =0 5 5 =0 5 ( + 1) =1 5
Putting = 0, we get = ln 5. The series converges for |5| 1 ⇔ || 5, so = 5.
∞ (3 )2+1 ∞ 6+3+2 ∞ 6+5
16. () = 2 tan−1 (3 ) = 2 (−1) [by Example 7] = (−1) = (−1) for
R
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1
3
1 ⇔ || 1, so = 1.
FO
1 1
∞
17. We know that = = (−4) . Differentiating, we get
1 + 4 1 − (−4) =0
−4 ∞ ∞
2
= (−4) −1 = (−4)+1 ( + 1) , so
(1 + 4) =1 =0
− −4 − ∞ ∞
() = 2
= · 2
= (−4)+1 ( + 1) = (−1) 4 ( + 1)+1
(1 + 4) 4 (1 + 4) 4 =0
T
=0
for |−4| 1 ⇔ || 14 , so = 14 .
O
∞
∞
1 1 1 ∞ 1 1 1
18. = = = +1
. Now = ⇒
2− 2(1 − 2) 2 =0 2 =0 2 2 − =0 2+1
∞
N
1
∞ 1 1 1
= −1
and = −1
⇒
(2 − )2 =1 2
+1 (2 − )2 =1 2+1
2 ∞ 1 ∞ ( + 2)( + 1)
3
= +1
( − 1)−2 = .
(2 − ) =2 2 =0 2+3
3
3 3 2 3
∞ ( + 2)( + 1) ∞ ( + 2)( + 1)
Thus, () = = 3
= · 3
= +3
= +3
2− (2 − ) 2 (2 − ) 2 =0 2 =0 2+4
for 1 ⇔ || 2, so = 2.
2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1034 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1 ∞
19. By Example 5, = ( + 1) . Thus,
(1 − )2 =0
1+ 1 ∞ ∞
() = 2
= 2
+ 2
= ( + 1) + ( + 1)+1
(1 − ) (1 − ) (1 − ) =0 =0
∞
∞
= ( + 1) + [make the starting values equal]
=0 =1
∞
∞
∞
=1+ [( + 1) + ] = 1 + (2 + 1) = (2 + 1) with = 1.
=1 =1 =0
1 ∞
20. By Example 5, 2
= ( + 1) , so
(1 − ) =0
∞
LE
1 2 ∞
= ( + 1)
⇒ = ( + 1)−1 . Thus,
(1 − )2 =0 (1 − )3 =1
2 + 2 2 2 2
() = 3
= 3
+ 3
= · + ·
(1 − ) (1 − ) (1 − ) 2 (1 − )3 2 (1 − )3
SA
2
∞ ∞ ∞ ( + 1) ∞ ( + 1)
= ( + 1)−1 + ( + 1)−1 = +1 +
2 =1 2 =1 =1 2 =1 2
∞ ( − 1) ∞ ( + 1)
= + [make the exponents on equal by changing an index]
=2 2 =1 2
∞ 2 − ∞ 2 +
= + + [make the starting values equal]
=2 2 =2 2
R
∞
∞
=+ 2 = 2 with = 1
=2 =1
FO
2 1 ∞ ∞
21. () = 2 =2
= 2 (−2 ) = (−1) 2+2 . This series converges when −2 1 ⇔
+1 1 − (−2 ) =0 =0
2 1 ⇔ || 1, so = 1. The partial sums are 1 = 2 ,
2 = 1 − 4 , 3 = 2 + 6 , 4 = 3 − 8 , 5 = 4 + 10 , .
Note that 1 corresponds to the first term of the infinite sum,
T
regardless of the value of the summation variable and the value of the
exponent. As increases, () approximates better on the
O
interval of convergence, which is (−1 1).
∞ ∞ 4
22. From Example 6, we have ln(1 + ) = (−1)−1 with || 1, so () = ln(1 + 4 ) = (−1)−1 with
N
=1 =1
4
1 ⇔ || 1 [ = 1]. The partial sums are 1 = 4 , 2 = 1 − 1 8 , 3 = 2 + 1 12 , 4 = 3 − 1 16 ,
2 3 4
5 = 4 + 15 20 , . Note that 1 corresponds to the first term of
the infinite sum, regardless of the value of the summation variable
and the value of the exponent. As increases, () approximates
better on the interval of convergence, which is [−1 1]. (When
= ±1, the series is the convergent alternating harmonic series.)
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.9 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AS POWER SERIES ¤ 1035
1+
23. () = ln = ln(1 + ) − ln(1 − ) = + = +
1− 1+ 1− 1 − (−) 1−
∞
∞
= (−1) + = [(1 − + 2 − 3 + 4 − · · · ) + (1 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + · · · )]
=0 =0
∞ 22+1
∞
= (2 + 22 + 24 + · · · ) = 22 = +
=0 =0 2 + 1
∞ 22+1 ∞ 1
But (0) = ln 11 = 0, so = 0 and we have () = with = 1. If = ±1, then () = ±2 ,
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 +1
1
which both diverge by the Limit Comparison Test with = .
LE
2 23 25
The partial sums are 1 = , 2 = 1 + , 3 = 2 + , .
1 3 5
As increases, () approximates better on the interval of
SA
convergence, which is (−1 1).
∞
∞
24. () = tan−1 (2) = 2 =2 (−1) 42 = 2 (−1) 4 2
1 + 42 =0 =0
∞ (−1) 4 2+1 ∞ (−1) 22+1 2+1
R
= +2 = [ (0) = tan−1 0 = 0, so = 0]
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1
∞ 1
The series converges when 42 1 ⇔ || 12 , so = 12 . If = ± 12 , then () = (−1) and
FO
=0 2 + 1
∞ 1
() = (−1)+1 , respectively. Both series converge by the Alternating Series Test. The partial sums are
=0 2 + 1
2 23 3 25 5
1 = , 2 = 1 − , 3 = 2 + , .
1 3 5
T
O
N
As increases, () approximates better on the interval of convergence, which is − 12 12 .
∞ 8+2
1 ∞ ∞ 1
25. 8
= · 8
= (8
) = 8+1
⇒ 8
= + . The series for converges
1− 1− =0 =0 1− =0 8 + 2 1 − 8
when 8 1 ⇔ || 1, so = 1 for that series and also the series for (1 − 8 ). By Theorem 2, the series for
also has = 1.
1 − 8
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1036 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1 ∞ ∞ ∞ 3+2
26. 3
=· 3
= (−3 ) = (−1) 3+1 ⇒ 3
= + (−1) . The series for
1+ 1 − (− ) =0 =0 1+ =0 3 + 2
1
converges when −3 1 ⇔ || 1, so = 1 for that series and also for the series . By Theorem 2, the
1 + 3 1 + 3
series for also has = 1.
1 + 3
∞ ∞ +2
27. From Example 6, ln(1 + ) = (−1)−1 for || 1, so 2 ln(1 + ) = (−1)−1 and
=1 =1
+3
∞
2 ln(1 + ) = + (−1)−1
. = 1 for the series for ln(1 + ), so = 1 for the series representing
( + 3)
LE
=1
2 ln(1 + ) as well. By Theorem 2, the series for 2 ln(1 + ) also has = 1.
∞ 2+1 tan−1 ∞ 2
28. From Example 7, tan−1 = (−1) for || 1, so = (−1) and
SA
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1
−1
tan ∞ 2+1
= + (−1) . = 1 for the series for tan−1 , so = 1 for the series representing
=0 (2 + 1)2
tan−1 tan−1
as well. By Theorem 2, the series for also has = 1.
R
1 ∞ ∞
29. = = (−3 ) = (−1) 3+1 ⇒
1 + 3 1 − (−3 ) =0 =0
FO
∞
∞ 3+2
= (−1) 3+1 = + (−1) . Thus,
1 + 3 =0 =0 3 + 2
03 03
2 5 8 11 (03)2 (03)5 (03)8 (03)11
= 3
= − + − + ··· = − + − + ···.
0 1+ 2 5 8 11 0 2 5 8 11
The series is alternating, so if we use the first three terms, the error is at most (03)1111 ≈ 16 × 10−7 . So
T
≈ (03)22 − (03)55 + (03)88 ≈ 0044 522 to six decimal places.
30. We substitute 2 for in Example 7, and find that
O
∞ (2)2+1
∞ 2+1
arctan(2) = (−1) = (−1)
=0 2 + 1 =0 22+1 (2 + 1)
N
∞ 2+2
=+ (−1)
=0 22+1 (2 + 1)(2 + 2)
Thus,
12 12
2 4 6 8 10
= arctan(2) = − 3 + 5 − 7 + 9 − ···
0 2(1)(2) 2 (3)(4) 2 (5)(6) 2 (7)(8) 2 (9)(10) 0
1 1 1 1 1
= 3 − 7 + 11 − 15 + 19 − ···
2 (1)(2) 2 (3)(4) 2 (5)(6) 2 (7)(8) 2 (9)(10)
[continued]
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.9 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AS POWER SERIES ¤ 1037
The series is alternating, so if we use four terms, the error is at most 1(219 · 90) ≈ 21 × 10−8 . So
1 1 1 1
≈ − + − ≈ 0061 865 to six decimal places.
16 1536 61,440 1,835,008
Remark: The sum of the first three terms gives us the same answer to six decimal places, but the error is at most
11,835,008 ≈ 55 × 10−7 , slightly too large to guarantee the desired accuracy.
31. We substitute 2 for in Example 6, and find that
2
∞
−1 (2 )
∞ 2+1 ∞ 2+2
ln(1 + ) = (−1) = (−1)−1 = + (−1)−1
(2 + 2)
LE
=1 =1 =1
Thus,
02 02
4 6 8 10 (02)4 (02)6 (02)8 (02)10
≈ ln(1 + 2 ) = − + − + ··· = − + − +···
0 1(4) 2(6) 3(8) 4(10) 0 4 12 24 40
SA
The series is alternating, so if we use two terms, the error is at most (02)8 24 ≈ 11 × 10−7 . So
(02)4 (02)6
≈ − ≈ 0000 395 to six decimal places.
4 12
03
03
2 03
∞
∞ (−1) 4+3
∞ (−1) 34+3
32. = 2 (−1) 4 = =
R
0 1 + 4 0 =0 =0 4 + 3 0 =0 (4 + 3)10
4+3
3 7 11
3 3 3
= − + −···
3 × 103 7 × 107 11 × 1011
FO
311
The series is alternating, so if we use only two terms, the error is at most ≈ 0000 000 16. So, to six decimal
11 × 1011
03
2 33 37
places, 4
≈ 3
− ≈ 0008 969.
0 1+ 3 × 10 7 × 107
T
3 5 7 (02)3 (02)5 (02)7
33. By Example 7, arctan = − + − + · · · , so arctan 02 = 02 − + − +···.
3 5 7 3 5 7
O
(02)7
The series is alternating, so if we use three terms, the error is at most ≈ 0000 002.
7
(02)3 (02)5
Thus, to five decimal places, arctan 02 ≈ 02 −
N
+ ≈ 0197 40.
3 5
∞ (−1) 2 ∞ (−1) 22−1
34. () = ⇒ 0 () = [the first term disappears], so
=0 (2)! =1 (2)!
∞ (−1) (2)(2 − 1)2−2 ∞ (−1) 2(−1) ∞ (−1)+1 2
00 () = = = [substituting + 1 for ]
=1 (2)! =1 [2( − 1)]! =0 (2)!
∞ (−1) 2
=− = − () ⇒ 00 () + () = 0.
=0 (2)!
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1038 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞ (−1) 2 ∞ (−1) 22−1 ∞ (−1) 2(2 − 1)2−2
35. (a) 0 () = 2 2
00 () = 2 2
, and 000 () = , so
=0 2 (!) =1 2 (!) =1 22 (!)2
∞ (−1) 2(2 − 1)2 ∞ (−1) 22 ∞ (−1) 2+2
2 000 () + 00 () + 2 0 () = 2 2
+ 2 2
+
=1 2 (!) =1 2 (!) =0 22 (!)2
∞ (−1) 2(2 − 1)2 ∞ (−1) 22 ∞ (−1)−1 2
= + +
=1
2
2 (!)2
=1
2
2 (!)2
=1 2
2−2 [( − 1)!]2
∞ (−1) 2(2 − 1)2 ∞ (−1) 22 ∞ (−1) (−1)−1 22 2 2
= 2 2
+ 2 2
+
=1 2 (!) =1 2 (!) =1 22 (!)2
∞ 2(2 − 1) + 2 − 22 2 2
= (−1)
22 (!)2
LE
=1
2
∞ 4 − 2 + 2 − 42 2
= (−1) =0
=1 22 (!)2
1
∞ (−1) 2
1 1
2 4 6
(b) 0 () = = 1 − + − + · · ·
SA
2 2
0 0 =0 2 (!) 0 4 64 2304
1
3 5 7 1 1 1
= − + − +··· = 1 − + − + ···
3·4 5 · 64 7 · 2304 0 12 320 16,128
Since 16,128
1
≈ 0000062, it follows from The Alternating Series Estimation Theorem that, correct to three decimal places,
1 1 1
() ≈ 1 − 12
0 0
+ 320 ≈ 0920.
R
∞ (−1) 2+1 ∞ (−1) (2 + 1) 2 ∞ (−1) (2 + 1) (2) 2−1
36. (a) 1 () = 2+1
, 10 () = 2+1
, and 100 () = .
=0 ! ( + 1)! 2 =0 ! ( + 1)! 2 =1 ! ( + 1)! 22+1
FO
2 100 () + 10 () + 2 − 1 1 ()
∞ (−1) (2 + 1)(2)2+1 ∞ (−1) (2 + 1)2+1
= 2+1
+
=1 ! ( + 1)! 2 =0 ! ( + 1)! 22+1
∞ (−1) 2+3
∞ (−1) 2+1
+ −
=0 ! ( + 1)! 22+1 =0 ! ( + 1)! 22+1
T
∞ (−1) (2 + 1)(2)2+1 ∞ (−1) (2 + 1)2+1
= 2+1
+
=1 ! ( + 1)! 2 =0 ! ( + 1)! 22+1
O
∞ (−1) 2+1
∞ (−1) 2+1 Replace with − 1
− −
=1 ( − 1)! ! 22−1 =0 ! ( + 1)! 22+1 in the third term
N
∞ (2 + 1)(2) + (2 + 1) − ()( + 1)22 − 1 2+1
= − + (−1) =0
2 2 =1 ! ( + 1)! 22+1
∞ (−1) 2
(b) 0 () = ⇒
2 (!)2
=0 2
∞ (−1) (2)2−1 ∞ (−1)+1 2( + 1)2+1
00 () = 2 = [Replace with + 1]
=1
2
2 (!) =0 22+2 [( + 1)!]2
∞ (−1) 2+1
=− [cancel 2 and + 1; take −1 outside sum] = −1 ()
=0 22+1 ( + 1)! !
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.9 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS AS POWER SERIES ¤ 1039
∞ ∞ −1 ∞ −1 ∞
37. (a) () = ⇒ 0 () = = = = ()
=0 ! =1 ! =1 ( − 1)! =0 !
(b) By Theorem 9.4.2, the only solution to the differential equation () = () is () = , but (0) = 1,
so = 1 and () = .
Or: We could solve the equation () = () as a separable differential equation.
|sin | 1 ∞ sin sin cos
38. 2
≤ 2 , so converges by the Comparison Test. = , so when = 2
=1 2 2
∞ ∞ cos(2) ∞ 1
[ an integer], 0 () = = , which diverges [harmonic series]. 00 () = − sin , so
LE
=1 =1 =1
∞
∞
00 () = − sin , which converges only if sin = 0, or = [ an integer].
=1 =1
+1 2
+1 2
SA
39. If = 2 , then by the Ratio Test, lim
= lim · = || lim = || 1 for
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)2 →∞ + 1
∞
= 1 which is a convergent -series ( = 2 1), so the interval of
∞
convergence, so = 1. When = ±1, 2 2
=1 =1
convergence for is [−1 1]. By Theorem 2, the radii of convergence of 0 and 00 are both 1, so we need only check the
∞ ∞ −1
R
∞
endpoints. () = 2
⇒ 0 () = 2
= , and this series diverges for = 1 (harmonic series)
=1 =1 =0 + 1
∞ −1
FO
and converges for = −1 (Alternating Series Test), so the interval of convergence is [−1 1). 00 () = diverges
=1 + 1
at both 1 and −1 (Test for Divergence) since lim = 1 6= 0, so its interval of convergence is (−1 1).
→∞ +1
∞ ∞
∞ 1 1 1
40. (a) −1 = = = =− (−1) = , || 1.
=1 =0 =0 1 − (1 − )2 (1 − )2
T
∞
∞ 1
(b) (i)
= −1
= [from part (a)] = for || 1.
=1 =1 (1 − )2 (1 − )2
O
∞ ∞ 12
(ii) Put = 1
2
in (i):
= 12 = = 2.
=1 2 =1 (1 − 12)2
N
∞
∞
∞ 1
(c) (i) ( − 1) = 2 ( − 1)−2 = 2 −1 = 2
=2 =2 =1 (1 − )2
2 22
= 2 3
= for || 1.
(1 − ) (1 − )3
∞ 2 − ∞ 2(12)2
(ii) Put = 1
2
in (i):
= ( − 1) 12 = = 4.
=2 2 =2 (1 − 12)3
∞ 2 ∞ 2 − ∞
(iii) From (b)(ii) and (c)(ii), we have
=
+
= 4 + 2 = 6.
=1 2 =1 2 =1 2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1040 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
2+1
∞ 1
41. By Example 7, tan−1 = for || 1. In particular, for = √ , we
(−1)
=0 2 + 1 3
√ 2+1
1 ∞ 1 3
∞ 1 1 1
have = tan−1 √ = (−1) = (−1) √ , so
6 3 =0 2 + 1 =0 3 3 2 + 1
6 ∞ (−1) √ ∞ (−1)
= √ = 2 3 .
3 =0 (2 + 1)3 =0 (2 + 1)3
12 12 √ √
1 3 2 1 3
42. (a) = − = , = √ − , =
0 2 − + 1 0 ( − 12)2 + 34 2 2 3 2 2
0 √ √
32 2 3 0 2
= = tan−1 √ = √ 0− − = √
LE
√ (34)(2 + 1) 3 6
−1 3 −1 3 3 3 3
1 1
(b) = ⇒
3 + 1 ( + 1)(2 − + 1)
1 1 1 ∞
= ( + 1) = ( + 1) = ( + 1) (−1) 3
2 − + 1 1 + 3 1 − (−3 )
SA
=0
∞
∞
= (−1) 3+1 + (−1) 3 for || 1 ⇒
=0 =0
∞ 3+2
∞ 3+1
=+ (−1) + (−1) for || 1 ⇒
2
−+1 =0 3 + 2 =0 3 + 1
12 ∞ (−1)
∞ 1 1 1 2 1
R
= (−1) + = + .
0 2 − + 1 =0 4 · 8 (3 + 2) 2 · 8 (3 + 1) 4 =0 8 3 + 1 3 + 2
√
3 3 ∞ (−1) 2 1
By part (a), this equals √ , so = + .
FO
3 3 4 =0 8 3 + 1 3 + 2
11.10 Taylor and Maclaurin Series
∞ () () (8) (5)
1. Using Theorem 5 with ( − 5) , = , so 8 = .
=0 ! 8!
T
2. (a) Using Equation 6, a power series expansion of at 1 must have the form (1) + 0 (1)( − 1) + · · · . Comparing to the
O
given series, 16 − 08( − 1) + · · · , we must have 0 (1) = −08. But from the graph, 0 (1) is positive. Hence, the given
series is not the Taylor series of centered at 1.
N
(b) A power series expansion of at 2 must have the form (2) + 0 (2)( − 2) + 12 00 (2)( − 2)2 + · · · . Comparing to the
given series, 28 + 05( − 2) + 15( − 2)2 − 01( − 2)3 + · · · , we must have 12 00 (2) = 15; that is, 00 (2) is positive.
But from the graph, is concave downward near = 2, so 00 (2) must be negative. Hence, the given series is not the
Taylor series of centered at 2.
3. Since () (0) = ( + 1)!, Equation 7 gives the Maclaurin series
∞ () (0) ∞ ( + 1)! ∞
= = ( + 1) . Applying the Ratio Test with = ( + 1) gives us
=0 ! =0 ! =0
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.10 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES ¤ 1041
+1 +1
lim = lim ( + 2) = || lim + 2 = || · 1 = ||. For convergence, we must have || 1, so the
→∞ →∞ ( + 1) →∞ + 1
radius of convergence = 1.
(−1) !
4. Since () (4) = , Equation 6 gives the Taylor series
3 ( + 1)
∞ () (4) ∞ (−1) ! ∞ (−1)
( − 4) =
( − 4) =
( − 4) , which is the Taylor series for
=0 ! =0 3 ( + 1) ! =0 3 ( + 1)
centered at 4. Apply the Ratio Test to find the radius of convergence .
+1 (−1)+1 ( − 4)+1 3 ( + 1) (−1)( − 4)( + 1)
lim = lim · = lim
LE
→∞ →∞ 3+1 ( + 2) (−1) ( − 4) →∞ 3( + 2)
1 +1 1
= | − 4| lim = | − 4|
3 →∞ + 2 3
For convergence, 1
3
| − 4| 1 ⇔ | − 4| 3, so = 3.
SA
5. Using Equation 6 with = 0 to 4 and = 0, we get
() () () (0)
4 () (0) 0 1 2 3 4
0 0 ( − 0) = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4
=0 ! 0! 1! 2! 3! 4!
1 ( + 1) 1
= + 2 + 12 3 + 16 4
2 ( + 2) 2
R
3 ( + 3) 3
4 ( + 4) 4
FO
3 () (2) 1 1
6. ( − 2) = 3 ( − 2)0 − 9 ( − 2)1
() () () (2) =0 ! 0! 1!
2 6
1
0 1
3
+ 27
( − 2)2 − 81
( − 2)3
1+ 2! 3!
1 = 1
− 19 ( − 2) + 1
( − 2)2 − 1
( − 2)3
1 − − 19 3 27 81
(1 + )2
2
T
2
2 27
(1 + )3
6 6
3 − − 81
O
(1 + )4
3 () (8) 1
2
7. ( − 8) = ( − 8)0 + 12 ( − 8)1
N
() () () (8) =0 ! 0! 1!
2 10
√
0 3
2 − 288
( − 8)2 + 6912
( − 8)3
2! 3!
1 1
1 12 =2+ 1
( − 8) − 1
( − 8)2 + 5
( − 8)3
323 12 288 20,736
2 2
2 − 53 − 288
9
10 10
3 6912
2783
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1042 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
4 () (1) 0 1 1
8. ( − 1) = ( − 1)0 + ( − 1)1 − ( − 1)2
() () () (1) =0 ! 0! 1! 2!
0 ln 0 2 6
+ ( − 1)3 − ( − 1)4
3! 4!
1 1 1
2
= ( − 1) − 12 ( − 1)2 + 13 ( − 1)3 − 14 ( − 1)4
2 −1 −1
3 23 2
4
4 −6 −6
9.
() () () (6)
LE
0 sin 12
√
1 cos 32
2 − sin −12
√
3 − cos − 32
SA
√ √
3 () (6) 12 0 32 1 12 2 32 3
− = − + − − − − −
=0 ! 6 0! 6 1! 6 2! 6 3! 6
√ √
1 3 1 2 3 3
= + − − − − −
2 2 6 4 6 12 6
R
6 () (0) 1 2 8 32 6
10. ( − 0) = 0 − 2 + 4 −
() () () (0) =0 ! 0! 2! 4! 6!
FO
0 cos2 1 = 1 − 2 + 13 4 − 2 6
45
1 −2 cos sin = − sin 2 0
2 −2 cos 2 −2
3 4 sin 2 0
4 8 cos 2 8
5 −16 sin 2 0
T
6 −32 cos 2 −32
O
00 (0) 2 000 (0) 3 (4) (0) 4
11. (1 − )−2 = (0) + 0 (0) + + + +···
() () () (0) 2! 3! 4!
N
0 (1 − )−2 1 = 1 + 2 + 62 2 + 24 3
6
+ 120 4
24
+···
1 2(1 − )−3 2
∞
= 1 + 2 + 32 + 43 + 54 + · · · = ( + 1)
−4 =0
2 6(1 − ) 6
3 24(1 − )−5 24 +1 +1
lim = lim ( + 2) = || lim + 2 = || (1) = || 1
4 120(1 − )−6 120 →∞ →∞ ( + 1) →∞ + 1
.. .. .. for convergence, so = 1.
. . .
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.10 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES ¤ 1043
00 (0) 2
12. ln(1 + ) = (0) + 0 (0) +
() () () (0) 2!
0 ln(1 + ) 0 000 (0) 3 (4) (0) 4 (5) (0) 5
+ + + + ···
3! 4! 5!
1 (1 + )−1 1
−2 = 0 + − 12 2 + 26 3 − 6 4
24
+ 24 5
120
−···
2 − (1 + ) −1
2 3 4 5 ∞ (−1)−1
3 2(1 + )−3 2
=− + − + − ··· =
4 −6(1 + )−4 −6 2 3 4 5 =1
−5 +1
5 24(1 + ) 24 +1
lim = lim · = lim
||
= || 1 for convergence,
.. .. .. →∞ →∞ + 1 →∞ 1 + 1
. . .
so = 1.
LE
Notice that the answer agrees with the entry for ln(1 + ) in Table 1, but we obtained it by a different method. (Compare with
Example 11.9.6.)
00 (0) 2 000 (0) 3 (4) (0) 4
SA
13. cos = (0) + 0 (0) + + + + ···
() () () (0) 2! 3! 4!
1 2 1
0 cos 1 =1− + 4 − · · ·
2! 4!
1 − sin 0
∞ 2
2 − cos −1 = (−1) [Equal to (16).]
=0 (2)!
3 sin 0 2+2
+1 (2)!
R
= lim 2
4 cos 1 lim · = lim =01
→∞ →∞ (2 + 2)! 2 →∞ (2 + 2)(2 + 1)
.. .. ..
. . . for all , so = ∞.
FO
∞ () (0) ∞ (−2)
14. −2 = = .
() () () (0) =0 ! =0 !
0 −2 1
+1 +1 +1
−2 lim = lim (−2)
·
! = lim 2 ||
1 −2 −2 →∞ →∞ ( + 1)! (−2) →∞ + 1
−2
2 4 4
T
= 0 1 for all , so = ∞
3 −8−2 −8
4 16−2 16
O
.. .. ..
. . .
N
∞ () (0) ∞ (ln 2)
15. 2 = = .
() () () (0) =0 ! =0 !
0 2 1
+1 +1 +1
lim = lim (ln 2)
·
!
1 2 (ln 2) ln 2 →∞ →∞ ( + 1)! (ln 2)
2
2 2 (ln 2) (ln 2)2 (ln 2) ||
= lim = 0 1 for all , so = ∞.
3 2 (ln 2)3 (ln 2)3 →∞ +1
4 2 (ln 2)4 (ln 2)4
.. .. ..
. . .
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1044 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
00 (0) 2 000 (0) 3 (4) (0) 4
16. cos = (0) + 0 (0) + + + + ···
() () () (0) 2! 3! 4!
3 3 5 7
0 cos 0 = 0 + 1 + 0 − + 0 + 5 + 0 − 7 + · · ·
3! 5! 7!
1 − sin + cos 1
1 3 1 1
2 − cos − 2 sin 0 =− + 5 − 7 + · · ·
2! 4! 6!
3 sin − 3 cos −3
∞ 1
= (−1) 2+1
4 cos + 4 sin 0 =0 (2)!
5 − sin + 5 cos 5
+1 +1 2+3
lim = lim (−1)
·
(2)!
6 − cos − 6 sin 0 →∞ →∞ (2 + 2)! (−1) 2+1
7 sin − 7 cos −7
2
LE
.. .. .. = lim = 0 1 for all , so = ∞.
. . . →∞ (2 + 2)(2 + 1)
0 if is even
∞ 2+1
17. () (0) = so sinh = .
() () () (0) 1 if is odd =0 (2 + 1)!
SA
0 sinh 0 2+1
Use the Ratio Test to find . If = , then
1 cosh 1 (2 + 1)!
2 sinh 0 2+3
+1 (2 + 1)! 1
lim
= lim · = 2 · lim
3 cosh 1 →∞ →∞ (2 + 3)! 2+1 →∞ (2 + 3)(2 + 2)
4 sinh 0 = 0 1 for all , so = ∞.
R
.. .. ..
. . .
FO
1 if is even ∞ 2
18. () (0) = so cosh = .
() () () (0) 0 if is odd =0 (2)!
0 cosh 1 2
Use the Ratio Test to find . If = , then
1 sinh 0 (2)!
2 cosh 1 2+2
+1 (2)! 1
lim
= lim · 2 = 2 · lim
3 sinh 0 →∞ →∞ (2 + 2)! →∞ (2 + 2)(2 + 1)
T
.. .. .. = 0 1 for all , so = ∞
. . .
O
19. () () = 0 for ≥ 6, so has a finite expansion about = 2.
() () () (2)
5 () (2)
0 5 + 23 + 50 () = 5 + 23 + = ( − 2)
N
=0 !
1 54 + 62 + 1 105
50 105 184 252
2 3
20 + 12 184 = ( − 2)0 + ( − 2)1 + ( − 2)2 + ( − 2)3
0! 1! 2! 3!
3 602 + 12 252 240 120
( − 2)4 +
+ ( − 2)5
4 120 240 4! 5!
5 120 120 = 50 + 105( − 2) + 92( − 2)2 + 42( − 2)3
6 0 0 + 10( − 2)4 + ( − 2)5
7 0 0 A finite series converges for all so = ∞
.. .. ..
. . .
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.10 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES ¤ 1045
20.
() () () (−2)
0 6 − 4 + 2 50
5 3
1 6 − 4 −160
4 2
2 30 − 12 432
3 1203 − 24 −912
4 3602 − 24 1416
5 720 −1440
6 720 720
7 0 0
LE
8 0 0
.. .. ..
. . .
() () = 0 for ≥ 7, so has a finite expansion about = −2.
SA
6 () (−2)
() = 6 − 4 + 2 = ( + 2)
=0 !
50 160 432 912
= ( + 2)0 − ( + 2)1 + ( + 2)2 − ( + 2)3
0! 1! 2! 3!
1416 1440 720
+ ( + 2)4 − ( + 2)5 + ( + 2)6
R
4! 5! 6!
= 50 − 160( + 2) + 216( + 2)2 − 152( + 2)3 + 59( + 2)4 − 12( + 2)5 + ( + 2)6
A finite series converges for all so = ∞.
FO
∞ () (2)
21. () = ln = ( − 2)
() () () (2) =0 !
0 ln ln 2 ln 2 1 −1 2
= ( − 2)0 + ( − 2)1 + ( − 2)2 + ( − 2)3
0! 1! 21 2! 22 3! 23
1 1 12
T
−6 24
2 −12 −122 + ( − 2)4 + ( − 2)5 + · · ·
4! 24 5! 25
3 23 223
∞ ( − 1)!
O
4 −64 −624 = ln 2 + (−1)+1 ( − 2)
=1 ! 2
5 245 2425
∞ 1
.. .. .. = ln 2 + (−1)+1 ( − 2)
2
N
. . . =1
+1 (−1)+2 ( − 2)+1 2 (−1)( − 2) | − 2|
lim
= lim · = lim = lim
→∞ →∞ ( + 1) 2+1 (−1)+1 ( − 2) →∞ ( + 1)2 →∞ + 1 2
| − 2|
= 1 for convergence, so | − 2| 2 and = 2.
2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1046 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1 ∞ () (−3)
22. () = = ( + 3)
() () () (−3) =0 !
0 1 −13 −13 −132 −233
= ( + 3)0 + ( + 3)1 + ( + 3)2
1 −12 −132 0! 1! 2!
2 23 −233 −634 −2435
+ ( + 3)3 + ( + 3)4 + · · ·
3 −64 −634 3! 4!
∞ −!3+1 ∞ ( + 3)
4 245 −2435 = ( + 3) = −
.. .. .. =0 ! =0 3+1
. . .
+1 +1
3+1
lim = lim ( + 3) | + 3| | + 3|
1 for convergence,
LE
· = lim =
→∞ →∞ 3+2 ( + 3) →∞ 3 3
so | + 3| 3 and = 3.
∞ () (3)
23. () = 2 = ( − 3)
SA
() () () (3) =0 !
0 2 6 6 26 46
= ( − 3)0 + ( − 3)1 + ( − 3)2
1 22 26 0! 1! 2!
2 2 2
2 46 86 166
+ ( − 3)3 + ( − 3)4 + · · ·
3! 4!
3 23 2 86
∞ 2 6
R
4 24 2 166 = ( − 3)
=0 !
.. .. ..
. . .
FO
+1 6
+1 ( − 3)+1
lim = lim 2 ·
! = lim 2 | − 3| = 0 1 for all , so = ∞.
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! 2 ( − 3) →∞ + 1
6
∞ () (2)
24. () = cos = −
() () () (2) =0 ! 2
T
0 cos 0 −1 1 1 3 −1 5 1 7
= − + − + − + − + ···
1 − sin −1 1! 2 3! 2 5! 2 7! 2
O
∞ (−1)+1 2+1
2 − cos 0
= −
3 sin 1 =0 (2 + 1)! 2
4 cos 0
2+3
N
+1 (−1)+2 − (2 + 1)!
5 − sin −1 2
lim = lim
·
→∞ →∞ (2 + 3)! 2+1
6 − cos 0 (−1)+1 −
2
7 sin 1
2
.. .. .. −
. . . 2
= lim = 0 1 for all , so = ∞.
→∞ (2 + 3)(2 + 2)
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.10 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES ¤ 1047
∞ () ()
25. () = sin = ( − )
() () () () =0 !
0 sin 0 −1 1 −1 1
= ( − )1 + ( − )3 + ( − )5 + ( − )7 + · · ·
1! 3! 5! 7!
1 cos −1
∞ (−1)+1
2 − sin 0 = ( − )2+1
=0 (2 + 1)!
3 − cos 1
4 sin 0 +1 (−1)+2 ( − )2+3 (2 + 1)!
lim
= lim ·
→∞ →∞ (2 + 3)! (−1)+1 ( − )2+1
5 cos −1
6 − sin 0 ( − )2
= lim = 0 1 for all , so = ∞.
→∞ (2 + 3)(2 + 2)
7 − cos 1
LE
.. .. ..
. . .
√ ∞ () (16)
26. () = = ( − 16)
() () () (16) =0 !
SA
√ 4 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 4 = ( − 16)0 + · · ( − 16)1 − · 3 · ( − 16)2
1 −12 1 1 0! 2 4 1! 4 4 2!
1 2
·
2 4 3 1 1 15 1 1
+ · · ( − 16)3 − · · ( − 16)4 + · · ·
1 1 8 45 3! 16 47 4!
2 − 14 −32 − · 3
4 4 1 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)
= 4 + ( − 16) + (−1)−1 ( − 16)
3 1 8 =2 2 42−1 !
R
3 −52
3 8
·
8 45 1 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)
= 4 + ( − 16) + (−1)−1 ( − 16)
15 1 8 =2 25−2 !
4 − 15
16
−72 − ·
16 47
FO
.. .. ..
. . .
+1 +1
25−2 !
lim = lim (−1) 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)( − 16) ·
→∞ →∞ 25+3 ( + 1)! (−1)−1 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)( − 16)
(2 − 1) | − 16| | − 16| 2 − 1 | − 16|
= lim = lim = ·2
25 ( + 1) 32 →∞ 1 + 1 32
T
→∞
| − 16|
= 1 for convergence, so | − 16| 16 and = 16.
16
O
27. If () = cos , then (+1) () = ± sin or ± cos . In each case, (+1) () ≤ 1, so by Formula 9 with = 0 and
N
1
= 1, | ()| ≤ ||+1 . Thus, | ()| → 0 as → ∞ by Equation 10. So lim () = 0 and, by Theorem
( + 1)! →∞
8, the series in Exercise 13 represents cos for all
28. If () = sin , then (+1) () = ± sin or ± cos . In each case, (+1) () ≤ 1, so by Formula 9 with = 0 and
1
= 1, | ()| ≤ | − |+1 . Thus, | ()| → 0 as → ∞ by Equation 10. So lim () → 0 and, by
( + 1)! →∞
Theorem 8, the series in Exercise 25 represents sin for all
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1048 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
29. If () = sinh , then for all , (+1) () = cosh or sinh . Since |sinh | |cosh | = cosh for all , we have
(+1)
() ≤ cosh for all . If is any positive number and || ≤ , then (+1) () ≤ cosh ≤ cosh , so by
cosh
Formula 9 with = 0 and = cosh , we have | ()| ≤ ||+1 . It follows that | ()| → 0 as → ∞ for
( + 1)!
|| ≤ (by Equation 10). But was an arbitrary positive number. So by Theorem 8, the series represents sinh for all .
30. If () = cosh , then for all , (+1) () = cosh or sinh . Since |sinh | |cosh | = cosh for all , we have
(+1)
() ≤ cosh for all . If is any positive number and || ≤ , then (+1) () ≤ cosh ≤ cosh , so by
LE
cosh
Formula 9 with = 0 and = cosh , we have | ()| ≤ ||+1 . It follows that | ()| → 0 as → ∞ for
( + 1)!
|| ≤ (by Equation 10). But was an arbitrary positive number. So by Theorem 8, the series represents cosh for all .
3 3 7
1 1
√
∞ 14 −4 −4 −4
SA
31. 4 1 − = [1 + (−)]14 = (−) = 1 + 14 (−) + 4
(−)2 + 4
(−)3 + · · ·
=0 2! 3!
1 ∞ (−1)−1 (−1) · [3 · 7 · · · · · (4 − 5)]
=1− +
4 =2 4 · !
1 ∞ 3 · 7 · · · · · (4 − 5)
=1− −
4 =2 4 · !
R
and |−| 1 ⇔ || 1, so = 1.
√ 13
∞ 13
FO
32. 3 8 + = 3
8 1+ =2 1+ =2
8 8 =0 8
2 2 5
1 3 − 3 2
1 1
3
−3 −3 3
=2 1+ + + +···
3 8 2! 8 3! 8
∞ (−1)−1 · [2 · 5 · · · · · (3 − 4)]
1
=2 1+ +
24 =2 3 · 8 · !
T
1 ∞ (−1)−1 [2 · 5 · · · · · (3 − 4)]
=2+ +2
12 =2 24 · !
O
and 1 ⇔ || 8, so = 8.
8
N
1 1 1 −3 1 ∞ −3
33. 3 = 3 = 1+ = . The binomial coefficient is
(2 + ) [2(1 + 2)] 8 2 8 =0 2
−3 (−3)(−4)(−5) · · · · · (−3 − + 1) (−3)(−4)(−5) · · · · · [−( + 2)]
= =
! !
(−1) · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · · · · · ( + 1)( + 2) (−1) ( + 1)( + 2)
= =
2 · ! 2
1 1 ∞ (−1) ( + 1)( + 2) ∞ (−1) ( + 1)( + 2)
Thus, 3 = = for 1 ⇔ || 2, so = 2.
(2 + ) 8 =0 2 2 =0 2+4 2
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.10 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES ¤ 1049
3 1 1 5
3 3
∞
4 3 −4 2 −4 −4 3
34. (1 + )34 =
=1+ + 4
+ 4
+ ···
=0 4 2! 3!
3 ∞ (−1)−1 · 3 · [1 · 5 · 9 · · · · · (4 − 7)]
=1+ +
4 =2 4 · !
for || 1, so = 1.
2 2+1
∞ 2+1 ∞
∞ 1
35. arctan = (−1) , so () = arctan( ) =
2
(−1) = (−1) 4+2 , = 1.
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1 =0 2 +1
2+1
∞ 2+1 ∞ ∞ 2+1
LE
36. sin = (−1) , so () = sin = (−1) 4
= (−1) 2+1 2+1 , = ∞.
=0 (2 + 1)! 4 =0 (2 + 1)! =0 4 (2 + 1)!
∞ 2
∞ (2)2 ∞ 22 2
37. cos = (−1) ⇒ cos 2 = (−1) = (−1) , so
SA
=0 (2)! =0 (2)! =0 (2)!
∞ 22 2+1
() = cos 2 = (−1) , = ∞.
=0 (2)!
∞ ∞ (3) ∞ (2) ∞ 3 ∞ 2 ∞ 3 − 2
38. = , so () = 3 − 2 = − = − = , = ∞.
=0 ! =0 ! =0 ! =0 ! =0 ! =0 !
R
1 2
∞ 2
∞ 2 ∞ 4
39. cos = (−1) ⇒ cos 12 2 = (−1) 2
= (−1) 2 , so
(2)! (2)! 2 (2)!
FO
=0 =0 =0
∞ 1
() = cos 12 2 = (−1) 4+1 , = ∞.
=0 22 (2)!
∞
∞ 3 ∞ 3+2
40. ln(1 + ) = (−1)−1 ⇒ ln(1 + 3 ) = (−1)−1 , so () = 2 ln(1 + 3 ) = (−1)−1 ,
=1 =1 =1
T
= 1.
41. We must write the binomial in the form (1+ expression), so we’ll factor out a 4.
O
−12
2 ∞ − 12 2
√ = = = 1+ =
2 4 2 =0 4
N
4+ 2 4(1 + 2 4) 2 1 + 2 4
1 3 2 2 1 3 5 2 3
1 2 −2 −2 −2 −2 −2
= 1 + −2 + + +···
2 4 2! 4 3! 4
∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) 2
= + (−1)
2 2 =1 2 · 4 · !
∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) 2+1 2 ||
= + (−1) 3+1
and 1 ⇔ 1 ⇔ || 2, so = 2.
2 =1 ! 2 4 2
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1050 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
2 2 2 −12 2 ∞ − 12
42. √ = = √ 1+ = √
2+ 2 (1 + 2) 2 2 2 =0 2
1 3 1 3 5
2 −2 −2 2 −2 −2 −2 3
= √ 1 + − 12 + + +···
2 2 2! 2 3! 2
2 2 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
= √ +√ (−1)
2 2 =1 ! 22
2
∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) +2
= √ + (−1) 2+12
and 1 ⇔ || 2, so = 2.
2 =1 ! 2 2
LE
∞ (−1) (2)2
∞ (−1) (2)2
∞ (−1)+1 22−1 2
1 1 1
43. sin2 = (1 − cos 2) = 1− = 1−1− = ,
2 2 =0 (2)! 2 =1 (2)! =1 (2)!
=∞
SA
∞ (−1) 2+1
∞ (−1) 2+1
∞
− sin 1 1 1 (−1)+1 2+3
44. = 3 − = 3 −− = 3 −
3 =0 (2 + 1)! =1 (2 + 1)! =0 (2 + 3)!
1 ∞ (−1) 2+3 ∞ (−1) 2
= =
3 =0 (2 + 3)! =0 (2 + 3)!
and this series also gives the required value at = 0 (namely 16); = ∞.
R
(16)
∞ 2
45. cos = (−1) ⇒
(2)!
FO
=0
∞ (−1) (2 )2 ∞ (−1) 4
() = cos(2 ) = =
=0 (2)! =0 (2)!
= 1 − 12 4 + 1 8
24
− 1
720
12 +···
The series for cos converges for all , so the same is true of the series for
(), that is, = ∞. Notice that, as increases, () becomes a better
T
approximation to ().
O
∞
46. ln(1 + ) = (−1)−1 ⇒
=1
N
∞ (−1)−1 (2 ) ∞ (−1)−1 2
() = ln(1 + 2 ) = =
=1 =1
= 2 − 12 4 + 13 6 − 14 8 + · · ·
The series for ln(1 + ) has = 1 and 2 1 ⇔ || 1,
so the series for () also has = 1. From the graphs of and
the first few Taylor polynomials, we see that () provides a
closer fit to () near 0 as increases.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.10 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES ¤ 1051
(11)
∞ ∞ (−) ∞
47. = , so − = = (−1) , so
=0 ! =0 ! =0 !
∞ 1 +1
() = − = (−1)
=0 !
= − 2 + 12 3 − 16 4 + 1 5
24
− 1
120
6 + ···
∞
= (−1)−1
=1 ( − 1)!
The series for converges for all , so the same is true of the series
for (); that is, = ∞. From the graphs of and the first few Taylor
polynomials, we see that () provides a closer fit to () near 0 as increases.
LE
∞ 2+1
48. From Table 1, tan−1 = (−1) , so
=0 2 + 1
∞ (3 )2+1 ∞ 6+3
() = tan−1 (3 ) = (−1) = (−1)
SA
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1
= 3 − 13 9 + 15 15 − 17 21 + · · ·
The series for tan−1 has = 1 and 3 1 ⇔ || 1,
so the series for () also has = 1. From the graphs of and
the first few Taylor polynomials, we see that () provides a
R
closer fit to () near 0 as increases.
∞ 2 2 4 6
49. 5◦ = 5◦ = radians and cos = (−1) =1− + − + · · · , so
FO
180◦ 36 =0 (2)! 2! 4! 6!
(36)2 (36)4 (36)6 (36)2 (36)4
cos =1− + − + · · · . Now 1 − ≈ 099619 and adding ≈ 24 × 10−6
36 2! 4! 6! 2! 4!
does not affect the fifth decimal place, so cos 5◦ ≈ 099619 by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem.
√ ∞ 2 3
50. 1 10 = −110 and = = 1++ + + · · · , so
T
=0 ! 2! 3!
1 (110)2 (110)3 (110)4 (110)5
−110 = 1 − + − + − + · · · . Now
10 2! 3! 4! 5!
O
1 (110)2 (110)3 (110)4 (110)5
1− + − + ≈ 090484 and subtracting ≈ 83 × 10−8 does not affect the fifth
10 2! 3! 4! 5!
N
decimal place, so −110 ≈ 090484 by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem.
1 3 1 3 5
√ −12 − 2 − 2 2 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 2 3
51. (a) 1 1 − 2 = 1 + −2 = 1 + − 12 −2 + − + − + ···
2! 3!
∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
=1+ 2
=1 2 · !
1 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
(b) sin−1 = √ = + + 2+1
1−2
=1 (2 + 1)2 · !
∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
=+ 2+1 since 0 = sin−1 0 = .
=1 (2 + 1)2 · !
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1052 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1 5 1 5 9
√
∞ − 14 1 −4 −4 2 −4 −4 −4 3
52. (a) 1 4 1 + = (1 + )−14 =
= 1− + + + ···
=0 4 2! 3!
1 ∞ 1 · 5 · 9 · · · · · (4 − 3)
=1− + (−1)
4 =2 4 · !
√ √ √
(b) 1 4 1 + = 1 − 14 + 5 2
32 − 15 3
128 + 195 4
2048 − · · · . 1 4 11 = 1 4 1 + 01, so let = 01. The sum of the first four
terms is then 1 − 14 (01) + 5
32
(01)2 ≈ 0976. The fifth term is 2048
− 15
128
(01)3 195
(01)4 ≈ 0000 009 5, which does not
√
affect the third decimal place of the sum, so we have 1 4 11 ≈ 0976. (Note that the third decimal place of the sum of the
first three terms is affected by the fourth term, so we need to use more than three terms for the sum.)
1 1 1
LE
√
∞
2
∞
2 ∞
2 3+1
53. 1 + 3 = (1 + 3 )12 = (3 ) = 3 ⇒ 1 + 3 = + ,
=0 =0 =0 3 + 1
with = 1.
2+1 (2 )2+1 4+2
SA
∞ ∞ ∞
54. sin = (−1) ⇒ sin(2 ) = (−1) = (−1) ⇒
=0 (2 + 1)! =0 (2 + 1)! =0 (2 + 1)!
∞ 4+4
∞ 4+5
2 sin(2 ) = (−1) ⇒ 2 sin(2 ) = + (−1) , with = ∞.
=0 (2 + 1)! =0 (2 + 1)!(4 + 5)
(16)
∞ 2
∞ 2 cos − 1 ∞ 2−1
55. cos = (−1) ⇒ cos − 1 = (−1) ⇒ = (−1) ⇒
(2)! (2)! (2)!
R
=0 =1 =1
cos − 1 ∞ 2
= + (−1) , with = ∞.
=1 2 · (2)!
FO
∞ 2+1
∞ (2 )2+1 ∞ 4+2
56. arctan = (−1) ⇒ arctan(2 ) = (−1) = (−1) ⇒
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1
∞ 4+3
arctan(2 ) = + (−1) , with = 1.
=0 (2 + 1)(4 + 3)
T
∞ 2+1 ∞ 2+4
57. arctan = (−1) for || 1, so 3 arctan = (−1) for || 1 and
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1
O
∞ 2+5
3 arctan = + (−1) . Since 1
2
1, we have
=0 (2 + 1)(2 + 5)
12
∞ (12)2+5 (12)5 (12)7 (12)9 (12)11
3 arctan = (−1) + · · · . Now
N
= − + −
0 =0 (2 + 1)(2 + 5) 1·5 3·7 5·9 7 · 11
(12)5 (12)7 (12)9 (12)11
− + ≈ 00059 and subtracting ≈ 63 × 10−6 does not affect the fourth decimal place,
1·5 3·7 5·9 7 · 11
12
so 0 3 arctan ≈ 00059 by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem.
∞ 2+1 ∞ 8+4
58. sin = (−1) for all , so sin(4 ) = (−1) for all and
=0 (2 + 1)! =0 (2 + 1)!
∞ 8+5
sin(4 ) = + (−1) . Thus,
=0 (2 + 1)! (8 + 5)
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.10 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES ¤ 1053
1
∞ 1 1 1 1 1
sin(4 ) = (−1) = − + − + · · · . Now
0 =0 (2 + 1)! (8 + 5) 1! · 5 3! · 13 5! · 21 7! · 29
1 1 1 1
− + ≈ 01876 and subtracting ≈ 684 × 10−6 does not affect the fourth decimal place, so
1! · 5 3! · 13 5! · 21 7! · 29
1
0
sin(4 ) ≈ 01876 by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem.
√
∞ 1 ∞ 1
4+1
59. 1 + 4 = (1 + 4 )12 = 2 ( ) , so
4 4
1 + = + 2 and hence, since 04 1,
=0 =0 4 + 1
we have
04
∞ (04)4+1 1
LE
= 1 + 4 = 2
0 =0 4 + 1
1
1 3 1 3 5
(04)1 1
(04)5 − 12 (04)9 1
− 2 − 2 (04)13 1
− 2 − 2 − 2 (04)17
= (1) + 2 + 2 + 2
+ 2
+ ···
0! 1! 5 2! 9 3! 13 4! 17
(04)5 (04)9 (04)13 5(04)17
SA
= 04 + − + − +···
10 72 208 2176
(04)9 (04)5
Now ≈ 36 × 10−6 5 × 10−6 , so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, ≈ 04 + ≈ 040102
72 10
(correct to five decimal places).
12
05 05
∞ (−1) 2+2 ∞ (−1) 2+3 ∞ (−1)
R
2
60. 2 − = = = 2+3
and since the term
0 0 =0 ! =0 !(2 + 3) 0 =0 !(2 + 3)2
1 1 (−1) 1 1
with = 2 is 0001, we use = − ≈ 00354.
FO
1792 !(2 + 3)22+3 24 160
=0
− ln(1 + ) − ( − 12 2 + 13 3 − 14 4 + 15 5 − · · · ) 1 2
− 13 3 + 14 4 − 15 5 + · · ·
61. lim 2
= lim 2
= lim 2
→0 →0 →0 2
= lim ( 12 − 13 + 14 2 − 15 3 + · · · ) = 1
2
→0
since power series are continuous functions.
T
1 2 1 4 1 6
1 − cos 1 − 1 − 2! + 4! − 6! + ···
62. lim = lim
→0 1 + − 1 + + 1 2 + 1 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 + 1 6 + · · ·
O
→0 1 + −
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
1 2 1 4 1 6
2!
− 4! + 6! − ···
= lim
→0 − 1 2 − 1 3 − 1 4 − 1 5 − 1 6 − ···
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
N
1 1 2 1 4 1
2! − 4! + 6! − · · · 2 −0
= lim 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 = = −1
→0 − 2! − 3!
− 4! − 5! − 6! − ··· − 12 − 0
since power series are continuous functions.
1 3 1 5 1 7
sin − + 16 3 − 3! + 5! − 7! + · · · − + 16 3
63. lim = lim
→0 5 →0 5
1 5 1 7
5!
− 7! + · · · 1 2 4 1 1
= lim = lim − + −··· = =
→0 5 →0 5! 7! 9! 5! 120
since power series are continuous functions.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1054 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
√
1 + − 1 − 12 1 + 12 − 18 2 + 161 3
− · · · − 1 − 12 − 1 2 + 16
1 3
− ···
64. lim 2
= lim 2
= lim 8
→0 →0 →0 2
= lim − 18 + 16 1
− · · · = − 18 since power series are continuous functions.
→0
3 − 3 + 3 tan−1 3 − 3 + 3 − 13 3 + 15 5 − 17 7 + · · ·
65. lim = lim
→0 5 →0 5
3 − 3 + 3 − 3 + 35 5 − 37 7 + · · · 3 5
− 37 7 + · · ·
= lim 5
= lim 5
→0 →0 5
3
= lim 5 − 37 2 + · · · = 35 since power series are continuous functions.
→0
tan − + 13 3 + 2 5
+ ··· − 1 3
+ 2 5
+ ··· 2 2
66. lim 15 3 15 1 1
LE
= lim = lim = lim + + ··· =
→0 3 →0 3 →0 3 →0 3 15 3
since power series are continuous functions.
2 24 6 2 4
67. From Equation 11, we have − = 1 − + − + · · · and we know that cos = 1 − + − · · · from
1! 2! 3! 2! 4!
SA
2
Equation 16. Therefore, − cos = 1 − 2 + 12 4 − · · · 1 − 12 2 + 24
1 4
− · · · . Writing only the terms with
2
degree ≤ 4, we get − cos = 1 − 12 2 + 1 4
24
− 2 + 12 4 + 12 4 + · · · = 1 − 32 2 + 25 4
24
+ ···.
1 (16) 1
68. sec = = .
cos 1 − 12 2 + 24
1 4
− ···
1 + 12 2 + 5 4
24
+···
R
1 − 12 2 + 1 4
24
− ··· 1
1 − 12 2 + 1 4
24
−···
FO
1 2 1 4
2
− 24
+···
1 2 1 4
2
− 4
+···
5 4
24
+···
5 4
24
+···
···
T
From the long division above, sec = 1 + 12 2 + 5 4
24
+ ···.
(15)
O
69. = .
sin − 16 3 + 120
1
5 − · · ·
1 + 16 2 + 7
360
4 +···
3 5
− 16 + 1
− ···
N
120
− 16 3 + 1
120
5
−···
1 3
6
− 1
120
5 +···
1 3 1 5
6
− 36
+···
7
360
5 +···
7
360
5 +···
···
From the long division above, = 1 + 16 2 + 7
360
4
+···.
sin
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.10 TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN SERIES ¤ 1055
2 3 2 3 4
70. From Table 1, we have = 1 ++ + + · · · and that ln(1 + ) = − + − + · · · . Therefore,
1! 2! 3! 2 3 4
2 3 2 3 4
= ln(1 + ) = 1 + + + + ··· − + − + · · · . Writing only terms with degree ≤ 3,
1! 2! 3! 2 3 4
we get ln(1 + ) = − 12 2 + 13 3 + 2 − 12 3 + 12 3 + · · · = + 12 2 + 13 3 + · · · .
71. = (arctan )2 = − 13 3 + 15 5 − 17 7 + · · · − 13 3 + 15 5 − 17 7 + · · · . Writing only the terms with
degree ≤ 6, we get (arctan )2 = 2 − 13 4 + 15 6 − 13 4 + 19 6 + 15 6 + · · · = 2 − 23 4 + 23 6
45 + ···.
72. = sin2 = ( sin ) sin = + 2 + 13 3 + · · · − 16 3 + · · · [from Example 13]. Writing only the terms
with degree ≤ 4, we get sin2 = 2 − 16 4 + 3 + 13 4 + · · · = 2 + 3 + 16 4 + · · · .
LE
4
∞ 4 ∞ − 4
73. (−1) = = − , by (11).
=0 ! =0 !
2
∞ (−1) 2 ∞ √
SA
6
2 ,
74. 2
= (−1) = cos 6 = 3
by (16).
=0 6 (2)! =0 (2)!
∞ 3 ∞
−1 (35)
3 8
75. (−1)−1 = (−1) = ln 1 + [from Table 1] = ln
=1 5 =1 5 5
∞ 3 ∞ (35)
76. = = 35 , by (11).
=0 5! =0 !
R
2+1
∞ (−1) 2+1 ∞ (−1)
77. = 4
= sin 4 = √1 , by (15).
2+1 (2 + 1)! 2
=0 4 =0 (2 + 1)!
FO
(ln 2)2 (ln 2)3 ∞ (− ln 2) −1
78. 1 − ln 2 + − + ··· = = − ln 2 = ln 2 = 2−1 = 12 , by (11).
2! 3! =0 !
9 27 81 31 32 33 34 ∞ 3 ∞ 3
79. 3 + + + + ··· = + + + +··· = = − 1 = 3 − 1, by (11).
2! 3! 4! 1! 2! 3! 4! =1 ! =0 !
T
1 1 1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ (12)2+1 1
80. − 3
+ 5
− 7
+··· = (−1) 2+1
= (−1) = tan−1 [from Table 1]
1·2 3·2 5·2 7·2 =0 (2 + 1)2 =0 2 + 1 2
O
() ()
81. If is an th-degree polynomial, then () () = 0 for , so its Taylor series at is () = ( − ) .
=0 !
() ()
N
Put − = 1, so that = + 1. Then ( + 1) = .
=0 !
() ()
This is true for any , so replace by : ( + 1) =
=0 !
(58) (0)
82. The coefficient of 58 in the Maclaurin series of () = (1 + 3 )30 is . But the binomial series for () is
58!
3 30
∞ 30 3
(1 + ) = , so it involves only powers of that are multiples of 3 and therefore the coefficient of 58 is 0.
=0
So (58) (0) = 0.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1056 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
83. Assume that | 000 ()| ≤ , so 000 () ≤ for ≤ ≤ + . Now 000 () ≤ ⇒
00 () − 00 () ≤ ( − ) ⇒ 00 () ≤ 00 () + ( − ). Thus, 00 () ≤ [ 00 () + ( − )] ⇒
0 () − 0 () ≤ 00 ()( − ) + 12 ( − )2 ⇒ 0 () ≤ 0 () + 00 ()( − ) + 12 ( − )2 ⇒
0
() ≤ 0 () + 00 ()( − ) + 12 ( − )2 ⇒
() − () ≤ 0 ()( − ) + 12 00 ()( − )2 + 16 ( − )3 . So
() − () − 0 ()( − ) − 12 00 ()( − )2 ≤ 1
6
( − )3 . But
2 () = () − 2 () = () − () − 0 ()( − ) − 12 00 ()( − )2 , so 2 () ≤ 16 ( − )3 .
LE
A similar argument using 000 () ≥ − shows that 2 () ≥ − 16 ( − )3 . So |2 (2 )| ≤ 16 | − |3 .
Although we have assumed that , a similar calculation shows that this inequality is also true if .
2 2
−1 if 6= 0 () − (0) −1 1
84. (a) () = so 0 (0) = lim = lim = lim 12 = lim 12 = 0
0 if = 0 →0 −0 →0 →0 →0 2
SA
(using l’Hospital’s Rule and simplifying in the penultimate step). Similarly, we can use the definition of the derivative and
l’Hospital’s Rule to show that 00 (0) = 0, (3) (0) = 0, , () (0) = 0, so that the Maclaurin series for consists
entirely of zero terms. But since () 6= 0 except for = 0, we see that cannot equal its Maclaurin series except
at = 0.
R
(b) From the graph, it seems that the function is extremely flat at the origin.
In fact, it could be said to be “infinitely flat” at = 0, since all of its
FO
derivatives are 0 there.
∞
∞
85. (a) () = ⇒ () = −1 , so
0
=0 =1
T
0 ∞ −1 ∞ −1 ∞
(1 + ) () = (1 + ) = +
=1 =1 =1
O
∞ ∞ Replace with + 1
= ( + 1) +
=0 +1 =0
in the first series
N
∞ ( − 1)( − 2) · · · ( − + 1)( − ) ∞ ( − 1)( − 2) · · · ( − + 1)
= ( + 1) + ()
=0 ( + 1)! =0 !
∞ ( + 1)( − 1)( − 2) · · · ( − + 1)
= [( − ) + ]
=0 ( + 1)!
∞ ( − 1)( − 2) · · · ( − + 1) ∞
= = = ()
=0 ! =0
()
Thus, 0 () = .
1+
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
LABORATORY PROJECT AN ELUSIVE LIMIT ¤ 1057
(b) () = (1 + )− () ⇒
0 () = −(1 + )−−1 () + (1 + )− 0 () [Product Rule]
()
= −(1 + )−−1 () + (1 + )− [from part (a)]
1+
= −(1 + )−−1 () + (1 + )−−1 () = 0
(c) From part (b) we see that () must be constant for ∈ (−1 1), so () = (0) = 1 for ∈ (−1 1).
Thus, () = 1 = (1 + )− () ⇔ () = (1 + ) for ∈ (−1 1).
√
86. Using the binomial series to expand 1 + as a power series as in Example 9, we get
LE
√ ∞ (−1)−1 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)
1 + = (1 + )12 = 1 + + , so
2 =2 2 · !
12 1 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)
1 − 2 = 1 − 2 − 2 and
2 =2 2 · !
SA
1 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)
1 − 2 sin2 = 1 − 2 sin2 − 2 sin2 . Thus,
2 =2 2 · !
2 2
1 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)
= 4 1 − 2 sin2 = 4 1 − 2 sin2 − 2
sin2
0 0 2 =2 2 · !
2
2
∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)
= 4 − 1 −
2 2 ! 2
R
=2
2
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
where = sin2 = by Exercise 7.1.50.
2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · 2 2
FO
2 1 ∞ 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 3)
2
1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)
= 4 1− · −
2 2 2 =2 ! 2 2 · 4 · 6 · · · · · 2
2 ∞ 2 12 · 32 · 52 · · · · · (2 − 3)2 (2 − 1)
= 2 1 − −
·
4 =2 2 ! · 2 · !
2
2 ∞ 2
1 · 3 · · · · · (2 − 3)
= 2 1 − − (2 − 1)
T
4
=2 4 !
2 34 56
(256 − 642 − 124 − 56 − · · · )
O
= 2 1 − − − − ··· =
4 64 256 128
LABORATORY PROJECT An Elusive Limit
N
() sin(tan ) − tan(sin )
1. () = =
() arcsin(arctan ) − arctan(arcsin ) ()
1 11838
The table of function values were obtained using Maple with 10 digits of
01 09821
precision. The results of this project will vary depending on the CAS and
001 20000
precision level. It appears that as → 0+ , () → 10
3
. Since is an even 0001 33333
function, we have () → 10
as → 0. 00001 33333
3
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1058 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
2. The graph is inconclusive about the limit of as → 0.
3. The limit has the indeterminate form 00 . Applying l’Hospital’s Rule, we obtain the form 0
0
six times. Finally, on the seventh
(7) () −168
application we obtain lim = = 1.
LE
→0 (7) () −168
() CAS − 1 7 − 29 9
+ ···
4. lim () = lim = lim 30 756
→0 () →0 − 1 7 + 13 9
756
→0
30 + ···
1 7 29 9
− − + · · · 7 1
− 30 − 29 2
+ ··· −1
SA
= lim 30 756
= lim 756
= 30
1 = 1
→0 − 1 7 + 13 9
+ · · · 7 →0 − 1 + 13 2
756
30 756
30 + ··· − 30
Note that (7) () = (7) () = − 30
7!
= − 5040
30
= −168, which agrees with the result in Problem 3.
5. The limit command gives the result that lim () = 1.
→0
R
6. The strange results (with only 10 digits of precision) must be due to the fact that the terms being subtracted in the numerator
and denominator are very close in value when || is small. Thus, the differences are imprecise (have few correct digits).
FO
11.11 Applications of Taylor Polynomials
1. (a)
() () () (0) ()
0 sin 0 0
T
1 cos 1
2 − sin 0
O
3 − cos −1 − 16 3
4 sin 0 − 16 3
5 cos 1 − 16 3 + 1
120
5
N
() (0)
Note: () =
=0 !
(b)
0 () 1 () = 2 () 3 () = 4 () 5 ()
4
07071 0 07854 07047 07071
2
1 0 15708 09248 10045
0 0 31416 −20261 05240
(c) As increases, () is a good approximation to () on a larger and larger interval.
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.11 APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS ¤ 1059
2. (a)
() () () (0) ()
0 tan 0 0
2
1 sec 1
2
2 2 sec tan 0
3 4 sec2 tan2 + 2 sec4 2 + 13 3
() (0)
(b) Note: () =
LE
0 () 1 () = 2 () 3 () =0 !
6
05774 0 05236 05714
4
1 0 07854 09469
3 17321 0 10472 14300
SA
(c) As increases, () is a good approximation to () on a larger and larger interval. Because the Taylor polynomials
are continuous, they cannot approximate the infinite discontinuities at = ±2. They can only approximate tan
on (−2 2).
3.
() () () (1)
R
0
1
FO
2
3
3 () (1)
3 () = ( − 1)
=0 !
= ( − 1)0 + ( − 1)1 + ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)3
0! 1! 2! 3!
T
= + ( − 1) + 12 ( − 1)2 + 16 ( − 1)3
4.
O
() () () (6)
0 sin 12
√
N
1 cos 32
2 − sin −12
√
3 − cos − 32
3 () (6)
3 () = −
=0 ! 6
√ √
12 0 32 1 12 2 32 3
= − + − − − + −
0! 6 1! 6 2! 6 3! 6
√ √
1 3 1 2 3 3
= + − − − − −
2 2 6 4 6 12 6
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1060 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
5.
() () () (2)
0 cos 0
1 − sin −1
2 − cos 0
3 sin 1
3 () (2)
3 () = − 2
=0 !
3
= − − 2 + 16 − 2
LE
6.
() () () (0)
−
0 sin 0
−
1 (cos − sin ) 1
SA
−
2 −2 cos −2
3 2− (cos + sin ) 2
3 () (0)
3 () = = − 2 + 13 3
=0 !
R
7.
() () () (1)
0 ln 0
FO
1 1 1
2
2 −1 −1
3
3 2 2
3 () (1)
3 () = ( − 1)
=0 !
T
1 −1 2
=0+ ( − 1) + ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)3
1! 2! 3!
O
= ( − 1) − 12 ( − 1)2 + 13 ( − 1)3
8.
() () () (0)
N
0 cos 0
1 − sin + cos 1
2 − cos − 2 sin 0
3 sin − 3 cos −3
3 () (0)
3 () =
=0 !
1 −3 3 1
=0+ +0+ = − 3
1! 3! 2
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.11 APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS ¤ 1061
9.
() () () (0)
0 −2 0
−2
1 (1 − 2) 1
−2
2 4( − 1) −4
−2
3 4(3 − 2) 12
3 () (0)
3 () = = 0
1 · 1 + 11 1 + −4 2
2 + 12 3
6 = − 22 + 23
=0 !
10.
() () () (1)
LE
0 tan−1
4
1 1
1 2
1 + 2
−2
2 − 12
(1 + 2 )2
SA
62 − 2 1
3 2
(1 + 2 )3
3 () (1) 12 −12 12
3 () = ( − 1) = + ( − 1)1 + ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)3
=0 ! 4 1 2 6
=
4
+ 12 ( − 1) − 14 ( − 1)2 + 1
12
( − 1)3
R
11. You may be able to simply find the Taylor polynomials for
() = cot using your CAS. We will list the values of () (4)
FO
for = 0 to = 5.
0 1 2 3 4 5
()
(4) 1 −2 4 −16 80 −512
5 () (4)
T
5 () = − 4
=0 !
2 3 4 5
= 1 − 2 − 4 + 2 − 4 − 83 − 4 + 10
− 4 − 64
− 4
O
3 15
For = 2 to = 5, () is the polynomial consisting of all the terms up to and including the − 4 term
12. You may be able to simply find the Taylor polynomials for
N
√
() = 3
1 + 2 using your CAS. We will list the values of () (0)
for = 0 to = 5.
0 1 2 3 4 5
() 2
(0) 1 0 3
0 − 83 0
5 () (0)
5 () = = 1 + 13 2 − 19 4
=0 !
For = 2 to = 5, () is the polynomial consisting of all the terms up to and including the term.
Note that 2 = 3 and 4 = 5 .
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1062 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
13. (a) () = 1 ≈ 2 ()
() () () (1)
1 1 2
0 1 1 = ( − 1)0 − ( − 1)1 + ( − 1)2
0! 1! 2!
1 −12 −1 = 1 − ( − 1) + ( − 1)2
3
2 2 2
3 −64
(b) |2 ()| ≤ | − 1|3 , where | 000 ()| ≤ . Now 07 ≤ ≤ 13 ⇒ | − 1| ≤ 03 ⇒ | − 1|3 ≤ 0027.
3!
Since | 000 ()| is decreasing on [07 13], we can take = | 000 (07)| = 6(07)4 , so
LE
6(07)4
|2 ()| ≤ (0027) = 0112 453 1.
6
1
(c) From the graph of |2 ()| = − 2 (), it seems that the error is less than
SA
0038 571 on [07 13].
R
14. (a) () = −12 ≈ 2 ()
() ()
() (4)
12 116 3128
( − 4)0 − ( − 4)1 + ( − 4)2
FO
0 −12 1
2
=
0! 1! 2!
1 − 12 −32 1
− 16
= 1
2
− 1
16
( − 4) + 3
256
( − 4)2
3 −52 3
2 4
128
15 −72
3 −8
(b) |2 ()| ≤ | − 4|3 , where | 000 ()| ≤ . Now 35 ≤ ≤ 45 ⇒ | − 4| ≤ 05 ⇒ | − 4|3 ≤ 0125.
T
3!
15
Since | 000 ()| is decreasing on [35 45], we can take = | 000 (35)| = , so
8(35)72
O
15
|2 ()| ≤ (0125) ≈ 0000 487.
6 · 8(35)72
N
(c) From the graph of |2 ()| = −12 − 2 (), it seems that the error is less
than 0000 343 on [35 45].
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.11 APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS ¤ 1063
29 827
15. (a) () = 23 ≈ 3 () = 1 + 23 ( − 1) − ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)3
2! 3!
() () () (1)
= 1 + 23 ( − 1) − 19 ( − 1)2 + 81 4
( − 1)3
0 23 1
1 2 −13
3
2
3
(b) |3 ()| ≤ | − 1|4 , where (4) () ≤ . Now 08 ≤ ≤ 12 ⇒
4!
2 − 29 −43 − 29
| − 1| ≤ 02 ⇒ | − 1|4 ≤ 00016. Since (4) () is decreasing
8 −73 8
3 27 27
4 − 56 −103 on [08 12], we can take = (4) (08) = 56
81
(08)−103 , so
81
56
81
(08)−103
|3 ()| ≤ (00016) ≈ 0000 096 97.
24
(c)
LE
From the graph of |3 ()| = 23 − 3 (), it seems that the
error is less than 0000 053 3 on [08 12].
SA
16. (a) () = sin ≈ 4 ()
() () () (6) √ 2 √ 3 4
= 12 + 23 − 6 − 14 − 6 − 3
12
− 6 + 1
48
− 6
0 sin 12
√
1 cos 32
R
2 − sin −12
√
3 − cos − 32
FO
4 sin 12
5 cos
5
(b) |4 ()| ≤ − 6 , where (5) () ≤ . Now 0 ≤ ≤ 3 ⇒ − 6 ≤ − 6 ≤ 6 ⇒ − 6 ≤
6
⇒
5!
− 5 ≤ 5 . Since (5) () is decreasing on 0 , we can take = (5)
(0) = cos 0 = 1, so
6 6 3
1 5
T
|4 ()| ≤ ≈ 0000 328.
5! 6
(c)
O
From the graph of |4 ()| = |sin − 4 ()|, it seems that the
error is less than 0000 297 on 0 3 .
N
17. (a) () = sec ≈ 2 () = 1 + 12 2
() ()
() (0)
0 sec 1
1 sec tan 0
2 sec (2 sec2 − 1) 1
2
3 sec tan (6 sec − 1)
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1064 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
(b) |2 ()| ≤ ||3 , where (3) () ≤ . Now −02 ≤ ≤ 02 ⇒ || ≤ 02 ⇒ ||3 ≤ (02)3 .
3!
(3) () is an odd function and it is increasing on [0 02] since sec and tan are increasing on [0 02],
(3) (02)
so (3) () ≤ (3) (02) ≈ 1085 158 892. Thus, |2 ()| ≤ (02)3 ≈ 0001 447.
3!
(c)
From the graph of |2 ()| = |sec − 2 ()|, it seems that the
error is less than 0000 339 on [−02 02].
LE
18. (a) () = ln(1 + 2) ≈ 3 ()
() () () (1)
49 1627
= ln 3 + 23 ( − 1) − ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)3
SA
0 ln(1 + 2) ln 3 2! 3!
2
1 2(1 + 2)
3 (b) |3 ()| ≤ | − 1|4 , where (4) () ≤ . Now 05 ≤ ≤ 15 ⇒
4!
2 −4(1 + 2)2 − 49
−05 ≤ − 1 ≤ 05 ⇒ | − 1| ≤ 05 ⇒ | − 1|4 ≤ 16 ,
1
and
3 16(1 + 2)3 16
27
6 1 1
4 −96(1 + 2)4 letting = 05 gives = 6, so |3 ()| ≤ · = = 0015 625.
4! 16 64
R
(c)
FO
From the graph of |3 ()| = |ln(1 + 2) − 3 ()|, it seems that the
error is less than 0005 on [05 15].
2 2 2
19. (a) () = ≈ 3 () = 1 + = 1 + 2
2!
T
() ()
() (0)
2
0 1 (b) |3 ()| ≤ ||4 , where (4) () ≤ . Now 0 ≤ ≤ 01 ⇒
4!
O
2
1 (2) 0
4 ≤ (01)4 , and letting = 01 gives
2 2
2 (2 + 4 ) 2
2 001 (12 + 048 + 00016)
(12 + 83 ) (01)4 ≈ 000006.
N
3 0 |3 ()| ≤
2
24
4 (12 + 482 + 164 )
(c)
2
From the graph of |3 ()| = − 3 (), it appears that the
error is less than 0000 051 on [0 01].
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.11 APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS ¤ 1065
20. (a) () = ln ≈ 3 () = ( − 1) + 12 ( − 1)2 − 16 ( − 1)3
() ()
() (1)
0 ln 0 (b) |3 ()| ≤ | − 1|4 , where (4) () ≤ . Now 05 ≤ ≤ 15 ⇒
4!
1 ln + 1 1
| − 1| ≤ 12 ⇒ | − 1|4 ≤ 16 1
. Since (4) () is decreasing on
2 1 1
3 −1 2
−1 [05 15], we can take = (4) (05) = 2(05)3 = 16, so
3
4 2 |3 ()| ≤ 16 1
24 (116) = 24 = 00416.
(c)
LE
From the graph of |3 ()| = | ln − 3 ()|, it seems that the error
is less than 00076 on [05 15].
SA
2 −4 1
21. (a) () = sin ≈ 4 () = ( − 0)2 + ( − 0)4 = 2 − 4
() () 2! 4! 6
() (0)
0 sin 0
(b) |4 ()| ≤ ||5 , where (5) () ≤ . Now −1 ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒
1 sin + cos 0 5!
2 2 cos − sin 2 || ≤ 1, and a graph of (5) () shows that (5) () ≤ 5 for −1 ≤ ≤ 1.
R
3 −3 sin − cos 0 5 1
Thus, we can take = 5 and get |4 ()| ≤ · 15 = = 00416.
4 −4 cos + sin −4 5! 24
FO
5 5 sin + cos
(c)
From the graph of |4 ()| = | sin − 4 ()|, it seems that the
error is less than 00082 on [−1 1].
T
O
22. (a) () = sinh 2 ≈ 5 () = 2 + 8 3
3!
+ 32 5
5!
= 2 + 43 3 + 4 5
15
() () () (0)
0 sinh 2 0
N
(b) |5 ()| ≤
6!
||6 , where (6) () ≤ . For in [−1 1], we have
1 2 cosh 2 2
|| ≤ 1. Since (6) () is an increasing odd function on [−1 1], we see
2 4 sinh 2 0
3 8 cosh 2 8 that (6) () ≤ (6) (1) = 64 sinh 2 = 32(2 − −2 ) ≈ 232119,
4 16 sinh 2 0 so we can take = 23212 and get |5 ()| ≤ 23212
720
· 16 ≈ 03224.
5 32 cosh 2 32
6 64 sinh 2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1066 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
(c)
From the graph of |5 ()| = |sinh 2 − 5 ()|, it seems that the
error is less than 0027 on [−1 1].
3 4
23. From Exercise 5, cos = − − − 2 + 3 (), where |3 ()| ≤
2
+ 1
6
− 2 with
4!
(4)
() = |cos | ≤ = 1. Now = 80◦ = (90◦ − 10◦ ) = 2 − 18
= 4
9
radians, so the error is
4 4
3 ≤ 1
≈ 0000 039, which means our estimate would not be accurate to five decimal places. However,
LE
9 24 18
3 = 4 , so we can use 4 4 ≤ 1 5 ≈ 0000 001. Therefore, to five decimal places,
9 120 18
1 3
cos 80◦ ≈ − − 18 + 6 − 18 ≈ 017365.
√ 2 √ 3 4
SA
24. From Exercise 16, sin = 1
+ 23 − 6 − 14 − 6 − 123 − 6 + 48
2
1
− 6 + 4 (), where
5
|4 ()| ≤ − 6 with (5) () = |cos | ≤ = 1. Now = 38◦ = (30◦ + 8◦ ) = 6 + 2 45
radians,
5!
so the error is 4 38 ≤ 1 2 5 ≈ 0000 000 44, which means our estimate will be accurate to five decimal places.
180 120 45
√ 1 2 2 √3 2 3
1 2 4
Therefore, to five decimal places, sin 38◦ = 12 + 23 2 45
− 4 45 − 12 45 + 48 45
≈ 061566.
R
25. All derivatives of are , so | ()| ≤ ||+1 , where 0 01. Letting = 01,
( + 1)!
FO
01
(01) ≤ (01)+1 000001, and by trial and error we find that = 3 satisfies this inequality since
( + 1)!
3 (01) 00000046. Thus, by adding the four terms of the Maclaurin series for corresponding to = 0, 1, 2, and 3,
we can estimate 01 to within 000001. (In fact, this sum is 110516 and 01 ≈ 110517.)
∞ ∞ (04)
26. From Table 1 in Section 11.10, ln(1 + ) = (−1)−1 for || 1. Thus, ln 14 = ln(1 + 04) = (−1)−1 .
T
=1 =1
Since this is an alternating series, the error is less than the first neglected term by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem,
O
and we find that |6 | = (04)66 ≈ 00007 0001. So we need the first five (nonzero) terms of the Maclaurin series for the
desired accuracy. (In fact, this sum is approximately 033698 and ln 14 ≈ 033647.)
N
1 3 1
27. sin = − + 5 − · · · . By the Alternating Series
3! 5!
Estimation Theorem, the error in the approximation
1 1
sin = − 3 is less than 5 001 ⇔
3! 5!
5
120(001) ⇔ || (12)15 ≈ 1037. The curves
= − 16 3 and = sin − 001 intersect at ≈ 1043, so
the graph confirms our estimate. Since both the sine function
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.11 APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS ¤ 1067
and the given approximation are odd functions, we need to check the estimate only for 0. Thus, the desired range of
values for is −1037 1037.
1 2 1 1
28. cos = 1 − + 4 − 6 + · · · . By the Alternating Series
2! 4! 6!
1 6
Estimation Theorem, the error is less than − 0005 ⇔
6!
6 720(0005) ⇔ || (36)16 ≈ 1238. The curves
= 1 − 12 2 + 1 4
24 and = cos + 0005 intersect at ≈ 1244,
LE
so the graph confirms our estimate. Since both the cosine function
and the given approximation are even functions, we need to check
the estimate only for 0. Thus, the desired range of values for is −1238 1238.
SA
3 5 7
29. arctan = − + − + · · · . By the Alternating Series
3 5 7
Estimation Theorem, the error is less than − 17 7 005 ⇔
7
035 ⇔ || (035)17 ≈ 08607. The curves
= − 13 3 + 15 5 and = arctan + 005 intersect at
R
≈ 09245, so the graph confirms our estimate. Since both the
arctangent function and the given approximation are odd functions,
FO
we need to check the estimate only for 0. Thus, the desired
range of values for is −086 086.
∞ () (4) ∞ (−1) ! ∞ (−1)
30. () = ( − 4) =
( − 4) =
( − 4) . Now
=0 ! =0 3 ( + 1) ! =0 3 ( + 1)
∞ (−1) ∞
T
(5) = = (−1) is the sum of an alternating series that satisfies (i) +1 ≤ and
=0 3 (+ 1) =0
(ii) lim = 0, so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, |5 (5)| = | (5) − 5 (5)| ≤ 6 , and
O
→∞
1 1
6 = = ≈ 0000196 00002 ; that is, the fifth-degree Taylor polynomial approximates (5) with error less
36 (7) 5103
N
than 00002.
31. Let () be the position function of the car, and for convenience set (0) = 0. The velocity of the car is () = 0 () and the
(0) 2
acceleration is () = 00 (), so the second degree Taylor polynomial is 2 () = (0) + (0) + = 20 + 2 . We
2
estimate the distance traveled during the next second to be (1) ≈ 2 (1) = 20 + 1 = 21 m. The function 2 () would not be
accurate over a full minute, since the car could not possibly maintain an acceleration of 2 ms2 for that long (if it did, its final
speed would be 140 ms ≈ 313 mih!).
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1068 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
32. (a) The linear approximation is
() () () (20)
1 () = (20) + 0 (20)( − 20) = 20 [1 + ( − 20)]
0 20 (−20) 20
1 20 (−20) 20 The quadratic approximation is
2 (−20) 2
2 20 20 00 (20)
2 () = (20) + 0 (20)( − 20) + ( − 20)2
2
= 20 1 + ( − 20) + 12 2 ( − 20)2
(b) (c)
LE
SA
From the graph, it seems that 1 () is within 1% of (), that
is, 099() ≤ 1 () ≤ 101(), for −14◦ C ≤ ≤ 58◦ C.
−2
33. = 2 − = 2 − 2 = 2 1− 1+ .
( + )2 (1 + )2
R
We use the Binomial Series to expand (1 + )−2 :
2 3 2 3
FO
2·3 2·3·4
= 2 1− 1−2 + − +··· = 2 2 −3 +4 − ···
2! 3!
1
≈ 2 ·2 = 2 · 3
when is much larger than ; that is, when is far away from the dipole.
T
1 2 1 2 1
34. (a) + = − [Equation 1] where
O
= 2 + ( + )2 − 2( + ) cos and = 2 + ( − )2 + 2( − ) cos (2)
Using cos ≈ 1 gives
N
= 2 + ( + )2 − 2( + ) = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 − 2 − 22 = 2 =
1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 − 1
and similarly, = . Thus, Equation 1 becomes + = − ⇒ + = .
(b) Using cos ≈ 1 − 12 2 in (2) gives us
= 2 + ( + )2 − 2( + ) 1 − 12 2
= 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 − 22 + 2 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.11 APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS ¤ 1069
Anticipating that we will use the binomial series expansion (1 + ) ≈ 1 + , we can write the last expression for as
2 2
1 + 2
+ 2 and similarly, = 1 − 2 − 2 . Thus, from Equation 1,
1 2 1 2 1 −1 2 1
+ = − ⇔ 1 −1
+ 2 = · − · ⇔
−12 −12
1 2 2 2
1 + 2 + 2 + 1 − 2 − 2
−12 −12
2 2 1 2
= 1 − 2 − 2 − 1 + 2 + 2
LE
−1
Approximating the expressions for −1
and by the first two terms in their binomial series, we get
1 2 2 2
1 − 12 2 + 2 + 1 + 12 2 − 2
SA
2 2 1 2
= 1 + 12 2 − 2 − 1 − 12 2 + 2 ⇔
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
− + 2 + + − 2 = + − 2 − + + 2 ⇔
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
R
1 2 2 1
+ = − + + 2 + + 2 + − 2 − − 2
2 2 2 2
2 − 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
FO
= + + 2 + + − 2 −
2 2
2 − 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
= + + + + − −
2 2
2 2
2 − 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
= + 2 2 + + −
2 2
T
From Figure 8, we see that sin = . So if we approximate sin with , we get = and 2 = 2 2 and hence,
O
Equation 4, as desired.
35. (a) If the water is deep, then 2 is large, and we know that tanh → 1 as → ∞. So we can approximate
N
tanh(2) ≈ 1, and so 2 ≈ (2) ⇔ ≈ (2).
(b) From the table, the first term in the Maclaurin series of
() () () (0)
tanh is , so if the water is shallow, we can approximate
0 tanh 0
2 2 2 √
tanh ≈ , and so 2 ≈ · ⇔ ≈ . 1 sech2 1
2 2
2 −2 sech tanh 0
2 2
3 2 sech (3 tanh − 1) −2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1070 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
(c) Since tanh is an odd function, its Maclaurin series is alternating, so the error in the approximation
3 3
2 2 | 000 (0)| 2 1 2
tanh ≈ is less than the first neglected term, which is = .
3! 3
3 3
1 2 1 1 3
If 10, then 2 · = , so the error in the approximation 2 = is less
3 3 10 375
3
than · ≈ 00132.
2 375
36. First note that
√ √ 2
LE
2 2
2 + − =2 2 1+ 2 −
2 1 √
≈ 2 1 + 2 · +··· − use the binomial series 1 + 12 + · · · for 1 +
2
2 2
SA
=2 + + ··· − ≈
2
√ 2
since for large the other terms are comparatively small. Now = 2 2 + 2 − ≈ by the preceding
approximation.
37. (a) is the length of the arc subtended by the angle , so = ⇒
R
= . Now sec = ( + ) ⇒ sec = + ⇒
FO
= sec − = sec() − .
(b) First we’ll find a Taylor polynomial 4 () for () = sec at = 0.
() () () (0)
0 sec 1
1 sec tan 0
T
2
2 sec (2 tan + 1) 1
2
3 sec tan (6 tan + 5) 0
O
4 2
4 sec (24 tan + 28 tan + 5) 5
Thus, () = sec ≈ 4 () = 1 + 2!
1
( − 0)2 + 4!
5
( − 0)4 = 1 + 12 2 + 24 . By part (a),
5 4
N
2 4
1 5 1 2 5 4 2 54
≈ 1+ + − =+ · 2 + · 4 − = + .
2 24 2 24 2 243
(c) Taking = 100 km and = 6370 km, the formula in part (a) says that
= sec() − = 6370 sec(1006370) − 6370 ≈ 0785 009 965 44 km.
2 54 1002 5 · 1004
The formula in part (b) says that ≈ + = + ≈ 0785 009 957 36 km.
2 243 2 · 6370 24 · 63703
The difference between these two results is only 0000 000 008 08 km, or 0000 008 08 m!
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
SECTION 11.11 APPLICATIONS OF TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS ¤ 1071
2
2 −12
38. (a) 4 =4 1 + −2 sin2
0 1 − 2 sin2 0
2 1
1 · 3 2 1
· 3 · 5 3
=4 1 − −2 sin2 + 2 2 −2 sin2 − 2 2 2 −2 sin2 + · · ·
0 2 2! 3!
2
1 2 2 1·3 4 4 1·3·5 6 6
=4 1+ sin + sin + sin + · · ·
0 2 2·4 2·4·6
1 1 2 1·3 1·3 4 1·3·5 1·3·5 6
=4 + · + · + · +···
2 2 2 2 2·4 2·4 2 2·4·6 2·4·6 2
[split up the integral and use the result from Exercise 7.1.50]
LE
12 12 · 32 12 · 32 · 52
= 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 2 4 + 2 2 2 6 + · · ·
2 2 ·4 2 ·4 ·6
(b) The first of the two inequalities is true because all of the terms in the series are positive. For the second,
12 12 · 32 12 · 32 · 52 12 · 32 · 52 · 72
SA
= 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 2 4 + 2 2 2 6 + 2 2 2 2 8 + · · ·
2 2 ·4 2 ·4 ·6 2 ·4 ·6 ·8
≤ 2 1 + 14 2 + 14 4 + 14 6 + 14 8 + · · ·
1
The terms in brackets (after the first) form a geometric series with = 14 2 and = 2 = sin2
2 0
1.
2 4 4 − 32
R
So ≤ 2 1+ 2
= 2 .
1− 4 − 42
(c) We substitute = 1, = 98, and = sin(10◦ 2) ≈ 008716, and the inequality from part (b) becomes
FO
201090 ≤ ≤ 201093, so ≈ 20109. The estimate ≈ 2 ≈ 20071 differs by about 02%.
If 0 = 42◦ , then ≈ 035837 and the inequality becomes 207153 ≤ ≤ 208103, so ≈ 20763.
The one-term estimate is the same, and the discrepancy between the two estimates increases to about 34%.
39. Using () = () + () with = 1 and = , we have () = 1 () + 1 (), where 1 is the first-degree Taylor
T
polynomial of at . Because = , () = ( ) + 0 ( )( − ) + 1 (). But is a root of , so () = 0
O
and we have 0 = ( ) + 0 ( )( − ) + 1 (). Taking the first two terms to the left side gives us
( ) 1 ()
0 ( )( − ) − ( ) = 1 (). Dividing by 0 ( ), we get − − = 0 . By the formula for Newton’s
0 ( ) ( )
N
1 ()
method, the left side of the preceding equation is +1 − , so |+1 − | = 0 . Taylor’s Inequality gives us
( )
| 00 ()|
|1 ()| ≤ | − |2 . Combining this inequality with the facts | 00 ()| ≤ and | 0 ()| ≥ gives us
2!
|+1 − | ≤ | − |2 .
2
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1072 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
APPLIED PROJECT Radiation from the Stars
8−5 −5
1. If we write () = = ( ) , then as → 0+ , it is of the form ∞∞, and as → ∞ it is of the form
( )
−1 −1
00, so in either case we can use l’Hospital’s Rule. First of all,
H −5−6 2 −6 −4
lim () = lim =5 lim =5 lim =0
→∞ →∞ ( ) →∞ ( ) →∞ ( )
−
( )2
Also, H −4 H −4−5 2 −3
LE
lim () = 5 lim ( ) = 5 lim = 20 2 lim ( )
→0+ →0+ →0+ ( ) →0+
−
( )2
This is still indeterminate, but note that each time we use l’Hospital’s Rule, we gain a factor of in the numerator, as well as a
constant factor, and the denominator is unchanged. So if we use l’Hospital’s Rule three more times, the exponent of in the
SA
numerator will become 0. That is, for some { }, all constant,
H −3 H −2 H −1 H 1
lim () = 1 lim = 2 lim = 3 lim = 4 lim =0
→0+ →0+ ( ) →0+ ( ) →0+ ( ) →0+ ( )
2 3
2. We expand the denominator of Planck’s Law using the Taylor series = 1 + + + + · · · with = , and use
R
2! 3!
the fact that if is large, then all subsequent terms in the Taylor expansion are very small compared to the first one, so we can
FO
approximate using the Taylor polynomial 1 :
8−5 8−5 8−5 8
() = = ≈ =
( ) − 1 1
2
1
3 4
1+ + + + ··· − 1 1+ −1
2! 3!
which is the Rayleigh-Jeans Law.
T
3. To convert to m, we substitute 106 for in both laws. The first figure shows that the two laws are similar for large . The
O
second figure shows that the two laws are very different for short wavelengths (Planck’s Law gives a maximum at
≈ 051 m; the Rayleigh-Jeans Law gives no minimum or maximum.).
N
4. From the graph in Problem 3, () has a maximum under Planck’s Law at ≈ 051 m.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW ¤ 1073
5.
As gets larger, the total area under the curve increases, as we would expect: the hotter the star, the more energy it emits.
Also, as increases, the -value of the maximum decreases, so the higher the temperature, the shorter the peak wavelength
(and consequently the average wavelength) of light emitted. This is why Sirius is a blue star and Betelgeuse is a red star: most
LE
of Sirius’s light is of a fairly short wavelength; that is, a higher frequency, toward the blue end of the spectrum, whereas most
of Betelgeuse’s light is of a lower frequency, toward the red end of the spectrum.
11 Review
SA
1. False. See Note 2 after Theorem 11.2.6.
∞
∞ 1
2. False. The series − sin 1 = is a -series with = sin 1 ≈ 084 ≤ 1, so the series diverges.
=1 =1 sin 1
R
3. True. If lim = , then as → ∞, 2 + 1 → ∞, so 2+1 → .
→∞
FO
4. True by Theorem 11.8.4.
Or: Use the Comparison Test to show that (−2) converges absolutely.
5. False. For example, take = (−1)(6 ).
6. True by Theorem 11.8.4.
3 3 3
T
+1 1 1 1
7. False, since lim = lim · = lim · = lim = 1.
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)3 1 →∞ ( + 1)3 13 →∞ (1 + 1)3
O
+1 1 ! 1
8. True, since lim = lim · = lim = 0 1.
→∞ →∞ ( + 1)! 1 →∞ + 1
9. False. See the note after Example 11.4.2.
N
1 ∞ ∞ (−1)
10. True, since = −1 and = , so −1 = .
=0 ! =0 !
11. True. See (9) in Section 11.1.
12. True, because if | | is convergent, then so is by Theorem 11.6.3.
000 (0) 1
13. True. By Theorem 11.10.5 the coefficient of 3 is = ⇒ 000 (0) = 2.
3! 3
Or: Use Theorem 11.9.2 to differentiate three times.
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1074 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
14. False. Let = and = −. Then { } and { } are divergent, but + = 0, so { + } is convergent.
15. False. For example, let = = (−1) . Then { } and { } are divergent, but = 1, so { } is convergent.
16. True by the Monotonic Sequence Theorem, since { } is decreasing and 0 ≤ 1 for all ⇒ { } is bounded.
17. True by Theorem 11.6.3. [ (−1) is absolutely convergent and hence convergent.]
+1
18. True. lim 1 ⇒ converges (Ratio Test) ⇒ lim = 0 [Theorem 11.2.6].
→∞ →∞
∞ 09
19. True. 099999 = 09 + 09(01)1 + 09(01)2 + 09(01)3 + · · · = (09)(01)−1 = = 1 by the formula
LE
=1 1 − 01
for the sum of a geometric series [ = 1 (1 − )] with ratio satisfying || 1.
20. True. Since lim = 2, we know that lim +3 = 2. Thus, lim (+3 − ) = lim +3 − lim = 2 − 2 = 0.
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
SA
21. True. A finite number of terms doesn’t affect convergence or divergence of a series.
∞
∞ 01 1
22. False. Let = (01) and = (02) . Then = (01) = = = ,
=1 =1 1 − 01 9
∞
∞ 02 1 ∞ ∞ 002 1
= (02) = = = , and = (002) = = , but
=1 =1 1 − 02 4 =1 =1 1 − 002 49
R
= 1
9
· 1
4
= 1
36
.
FO
2 + 3 2 + 3 23 + 1 1
1. converges since lim = lim = .
1 + 23 →∞ 1 + 23 →∞ 13 + 2 2
9+1 9 9
T
2. =
= 9 · 10 , so lim = 9 lim 10 = 9 · 0 = 0 by (11.1.9).
10 →∞ →∞
O
3
3. lim = lim = lim = ∞, so the sequence diverges.
→∞ →∞ 1 + 2 →∞ 12 + 1
4. = cos(2), so = 0 if is odd and = ±1 if is even. As increases, keeps cycling through the values
N
0, 1, 0, −1, so the sequence { } is divergent.
sin 1
5. | | = ≤ , so | | → 0 as → ∞. Thus, lim = 0. The sequence { } is convergent.
2 + 1 2 + 1 →∞
ln ln ln H 1 2
6. = √ . Let () = √ for 0. Then lim () = lim √ = lim √ = lim √ = 0.
→∞ →∞ →∞ 1(2 ) →∞
Thus, by Theorem 11.1.3, { } converges and lim = 0.
→∞
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW ¤ 1075
4 4
3 3
7. 1+ is convergent. Let = 1 + . Then
1 3
− 2
ln(1 + 3) H 1 + 3 12
lim ln = lim 4 ln(1 + 3) = lim = lim = lim = 12, so
→∞ →∞ →∞ 1(4) →∞ −1(42 ) →∞ 1 + 3
4
3
lim = lim 1+ = 12 .
→∞ →∞
−10
(−10) 10 10 · 10 · 10 · · · · · 10 10 · 10 · · · · · 10 10
8. converges, since = · ≤ 1010 → 0 as → ∞, so
! ! 1 · 2 · 3 · · · · · 10 11 · 12 · · · · · 11
LE
(−10)
lim = 0 [Squeeze Theorem]. Or: Use (11.10.10).
→∞ !
9. We use induction, hypothesizing that −1 2. Note first that 1 2 = 1
3
(1 + 4) = 5
3
2, so the hypothesis holds
for = 2. Now assume that −1 2. Then = 13 (−1 + 4) 13 ( + 4) 13 (2 + 4) = 2. So +1 2,
SA
and the induction is complete. To find the limit of the sequence, we note that = lim = lim +1 ⇒
→∞ →∞
= 13 ( + 4) ⇒ = 2.
4 H 43 H 122 H 24 H 24
10. lim = lim = lim = lim = lim = 0
→∞ →∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
R
Then we conclude from Theorem 11.1.3 that lim 4 − = 0.
→∞
From the graph, it seems that 124 −12 01, but 4 − 01
FO
whenever 12. So the smallest value of corresponding to
= 01 in the definition of the limit is = 12.
1 ∞ ∞ 1
11. 3 = 2 , so converges by the Comparison Test with the convergent -series [ = 2 1].
T
3 +1 3
=1 + 1 =1
2
2 + 1 1 3 + 1 + 12
O
12. Let = 3
and = , so lim = lim 3 = lim = 1 0.
+1 →∞ →∞ + 1 →∞ 1 + 13
∞
∞
Since is the divergent harmonic series, also diverges by the Limit Comparison Test.
N
=1 =1
3
+1 3 ∞ 3
13. lim = lim ( + 1) · 5 = lim 1+
1 1 1
· = 1, so converges by the Ratio Test.
→∞ →∞ 5+1 3 →∞ 5 5 =1 5
1
14. Let = √ . Then is positive for ≥ 1, the sequence { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the series
+1 →∞
∞ (−1)
√ converges by the Alternating Series Test.
=1 +1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1076 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
1
15. Let () = √ . Then is continuous, positive, and decreasing on [2 ∞), so the Integral Test applies.
ln
∞ ln √ ln
1 1
() = lim √ = ln , = = lim −12 = lim 2
2 →∞ 2 ln →∞ ln 2 →∞ ln 2
√ √
= lim 2 ln − 2 ln 2 = ∞
→∞
∞ 1
so the series √ diverges.
=2 ln
1 ∞
16. lim = , so lim ln = ln 13 6= 0. Thus, the series ln diverges by the Test for
→∞ 3 + 1 3 →∞ 3 + 1 =1 3 + 1
LE
Divergence.
cos 3 1 1 5 ∞
17. | | = ≤
= , so | | converges by comparison with the convergent geometric
1 + (12) 1 + (12) (12) 6 =1
∞
∞
SA
5
series 6
= 5
6 1 . It follows that converges (by Theorem 11.6.3).
=1 =1
2 2 1 1 ∞ 2
18. lim | | = lim 2
= lim
2
= lim 2
= 1, so 2
converges by the
→∞ →∞ (1 + 2 ) →∞ 1 + 2 →∞ 1 + 2 2 =1 (1 + 2 )
Root Test.
R
+1 5 !
19. lim = lim 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1)(2 + 1) · = lim
2 + 1 2
= 1, so the series
→∞ →∞ 5 +1 ( + 1)! 1 · 3 · 5 · · · · · (2 − 1) →∞ 5( + 1) 5
FO
converges by the Ratio Test.
∞ (−5)2 ∞ 1 25 +1 25+1 2 · 9 252 25
20. = . Now lim = lim · = lim = 1,
=1 2 9
=1
2 9 →∞ →∞ ( + 1)2 · 9+1 25 →∞ 9( + 1)2 9
so the series diverges by the Ratio Test.
√ √
∞
T
21. = 0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the series (−1)−1
converges by the Alternating
+1 →∞ =1 + 1
Series Test.
O
√ √
+1− −1 2
22. Use the Limit Comparison Test with = = √ √ (rationalizing the numerator) and
+1+ −1
N
√
1 2
∞ ∞
= 32
. lim = lim √ √ = 1, so since converges = 3
2 1 , converges also.
→∞ →∞ +1+ −1 =1 =1
∞
23. Consider the series of absolute values: −13 is a p-series with = 1
3
≤ 1 and is therefore divergent. But if we apply the
=1
1 ∞
Alternating Series Test, we see that = √
3
0, { } is decreasing, and lim = 0, so the series (−1)−1 −13
→∞ =1
∞
converges. Thus, (−1)−1 −13 is conditionally convergent.
=1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW ¤ 1077
∞
(−1)−1 −3 = −3 is a convergent p-series [ = 3 1]. Therefore, (−1)−1 −3 is absolutely convergent.
∞ ∞
24.
=1 =1 =1
+1 (−1) +1
( + 2)3+1 22+1 +2 3 1 + (2) 3 3
25. = · = · = · → 1 as → ∞, so by the Ratio
22+3 (−1) ( + 1)3 + 1 4 1 + (1) 4 4
∞ (−1) ( + 1)3
Test, is absolutely convergent.
=1 22+1
√ √ √ √
H 1(2 ) (−1)
26. lim = lim = lim = ∞. Therefore, lim 6= 0, so the given series is divergent by the
→∞ ln →∞ 1 →∞ 2 →∞ ln
Test for Divergence.
LE
∞ (−3)−1 ∞ (−3)−1 ∞ (−3)−1 ∞ (−3)−1
−1
1 1 ∞ 3 1 1
27. = = = = − =
=1 23 3
=1 (2 ) =1 8 8 =1 8−1 8 =1 8 8 1 − (−38)
1 8 1
= · =
8 11 11
SA
∞ 1 ∞ 1 1
28. = − [partial fractions].
=1 ( + 3) =1 3 3( + 3)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − = + + − − − (telescoping sum), so
=1 3 3( + 3) 3 6 9 3( + 1) 3( + 2) 3( + 3)
∞ 1 1 1 1 11
R
= lim = + + = .
=1 ( + 3) →∞ 3 6 9 18
∞
29. [tan−1 ( + 1) − tan−1 ] = lim
FO
=1 →∞
= lim [(tan−1 2 − tan−1 1) + (tan−1 3 − tan−1 2) + · · · + (tan−1 ( + 1) − tan−1 )]
→∞
= lim [tan−1 ( + 1) − tan−1 1] =
2
−
4
=
4
→∞
∞ (−1)
√ 2 √
∞
1 ∞ 1 ∞ 2
30. = (−1) · = (−1) · = cos since cos = (−1)
T
32 (2)! (2)! 32 (2)! 3 3 (2)!
=0 =0 =0 =0
for all .
O
2 3 4 ∞ ∞ (−) ∞
31. 1 − + − + −··· = (−1) = = − since = for all .
2! 3! 4! =0 ! =0 ! =0 !
N
326 326 326105 417 326 416,909
32. 417326 = 417 + + + · · · = 417 + = + =
105 108 1 − 1103 100 99,900 99,900
∞ ∞ (−)
1 1
33. cosh = ( + − ) = +
2 2 =0 ! =0 !
1 2 3 4 2 3 4
= 1++ + + +··· + 1 − + − + −···
2 2! 3! 4! 2! 3! 4!
2 4 2
1 1 ∞ 1
= 2+2· +2· + · · · = 1 + 2 + ≥ 1 + 2 for all
2 2! 4! 2 =2 (2)! 2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1078 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞
34. (ln ) is a geometric series which converges whenever |ln | 1 ⇒ −1 ln 1 ⇒ −1 .
=1
∞ (−1)+1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
35. 5
=1− + − + − + − +···.
=1 32 243 1024 3125 7776 16,807 32,768
1 1 ∞ (−1)+1 7 (−1)+1
Since 8 = = 0000031, ≈ ≈ 09721.
85 32,768 =1 5 =1 5
5 1 1 1 ∞ 1
36. (a) 5 = 6
= 1 + 6 + · · · + 6 ≈ 1017305. The series 6
converges by the Integral Test, so we estimate the
=1 2 5 =1
∞ −5 ∞
5−5
remainder 5 with (11.3.2): 5 ≤ = 0000064. So the error is at most 0000064.
LE
= − =
5 6 5 5 5
∞
1 1
(b) In general, ≤ = . If we take = 9, then 9 ≈ 101734 and 9 ≤ ≈ 34 × 10−6 .
6 55 5 · 95
∞ 1 9 1
SA
So to five decimal places, 5
≈ 5
≈ 101734.
=1 =1
Another method: Use (11.3.3) instead of (11.3.2).
∞ 1 8 1 1 1
37.
≈
≈ 018976224. To estimate the error, note that , so the remainder term is
=1 2 + 5 =1 2 + 5 2 + 5 5
∞ ∞ 1 159
R
1
8 =
= = 64 × 10−7 geometric series with = 1
59
and = 1
5
.
=9 2+5 =9 5 1 − 15
FO
+1 +1
(2)! ( + 1) ( + 1)1
38. (a) lim = lim ( + 1) · = lim = lim
+1 1
→∞
→∞ [2( + 1)]! →∞ (2 + 2)(2 + 1) →∞ 2(2 + 1)
1 1
= lim 1+ =·0=01
→∞ 2(2 + 1)
so the series converges by the Ratio Test.
T
(b) The series in part (a) is convergent, so lim = lim = 0 by Theorem 11.2.6.
→∞ →∞ (2)!
+ 1
O
+1 1
39. Use the Limit Comparison Test. lim = lim = lim 1 + = 1 0.
→∞ →∞ →∞
+ 1
N
Since | | is convergent, so is , by the Limit Comparison Test.
+1 +1 2 5 1 || || ∞
40. lim = lim
2 · = lim 2 = , so by the Ratio Test, (−1) 2
→∞ →∞ ( + 1) 5+1 →∞ (1 + 1) 5 5 =1 5
|| ∞ 1
converges when 1 ⇔ || 5, so = 5. When = −5, the series becomes the convergent -series 2
with
5 =1
∞ (−1)
= 2 1. When = 5, the series becomes , which converges by the Alternating Series Test. Thus, = [−5 5].
=1 2
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW ¤ 1079
+1 | + 2|+1 4 | + 2| | + 2|
41. lim = lim · = lim = 1 ⇔ | + 2| 4, so = 4.
→∞ →∞ ( + 1) 4+1 | + 2| →∞ + 1 4 4
∞ ( + 2)
| + 2| 4 ⇔ −4 + 2 4 ⇔ −6 2. If = −6, then the series becomes
=1 4
∞ (−4) ∞ (−1)
= , the alternating harmonic series, which converges by the Alternating Series Test. When = 2, the
=1 4 =1
∞ 1
series becomes the harmonic series , which diverges. Thus, = [−6 2).
=1
+1 2 +1
( − 2)+1 ( + 2)! 2 ∞ 2 ( − 2)
42. lim = lim · = lim | − 2| = 0 1, so the series
LE
→∞ →∞ ( + 3)! 2 ( − 2) →∞ + 3 =1 ( + 2)!
converges for all . = ∞ and = (−∞ ∞).
+1 √
+1 2 ( − 3)+1 + 3 +3
43. lim = lim √ · = 2 | − 3| lim = 2 | − 3| 1 ⇔ | − 3| 12 ,
→∞ 2 ( − 3) +4
SA
→∞ +4 →∞
∞ 2 ( − 3)
so = 12 . | − 3| 1
2
⇔ − 12 − 3 1
2
⇔ 5
2
72 . For = 72 , the series √ becomes
=1 +3
∞ 1 ∞ 1 ∞ (−1)
√ = 12
, which diverges = 1
2
≤ 1 , but for = 52 , we get √ , which is a convergent
=0 +3 =3 =0 +3
alternating series, so = 52 72 .
R
+1
(2 + 2)! +1
(!)2 (2 + 2)(2 + 1)
44. lim = lim · = lim || = 4 ||.
→∞ [( + 1)!]2 (2)! →∞ ( + 1)( + 1)
FO
→∞
To converge, we must have 4 || 1 ⇔ || 14 , so = 14 .
45.
() () () 6
1
0 sin 2
√
T
3
1 cos 2
2 − sin − 12
√
O
3 − cos − 23
1
4 sin 2
.. .. ..
. . .
N
00 (3)
6 2 3 (4) 4
sin = + 0
− + − + 6 − + 6 − + ···
6 6 6 2! 6 3! 6 4! 6
√
1 1 2 1 4 3 1 3
= 1− − + − − ··· + − − − +···
2 2! 6 4! 6 2 6 3! 6
√
1 ∞ 1 2 3
∞ 1 2+1
= (−1) − + (−1) −
2 =0 (2)! 6 2 =0 (2 + 1)! 6
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1080 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
46.
() () () 3
1
0 cos 2
√
1 − sin − 23
2 − cos − 12
√
3
3 sin 2
1
4 cos 2
.. .. ..
. . .
00 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
cos = + 0 − + 3 − + 3 − + 3 − + ···
LE
3 3 3 2! 3 3! 3 4! 3
√
1 1 2 1 4 3 1 3
= 1− − + − − ··· + − − + − −···
2 2! 3 4! 3 2 3 3! 3
√
1 ∞ 1 2 3 ∞ 1 2+1
= (−1) − + (−1)+1 −
SA
2 =0 (2)! 3 2 =0 (2 + 1)! 3
1 1
∞ ∞ 2
∞
47. = = (−) = (−1) for || 1 ⇒ = (−1) +2 with = 1.
1+ 1 − (−) =0 =0 1 + =0
∞ 2+1
48. tan−1 = (−1) with interval of convergence [−1 1], so
=0 2 + 1
R
∞ (2 )2+1 ∞ 4+2
tan−1 (2 ) = (−1) = (−1) , which converges when 2 ∈ [−1 1] ⇔ ∈ [−1 1].
=0 2 + 1 =0 2 + 1
Therefore, = 1.
FO
1
49. = − ln(4 − ) + and
4−
∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 ∞ +1
= = =
=
+ . So
4− 4 1 − 4 4 =0 4 4 =0 4 4 =0 4 ( + 1)
1 ∞ +1 ∞ +1 ∞
ln(4 − ) = − + = − + = − + . Putting = 0, we get = ln 4.
4 =0 4 ( + 1) =0 4
+1 ( + 1)
=1 4
T
∞
Thus, () = ln(4 − ) = ln 4 −
. The series converges for |4| 1 ⇔ || 4, so = 4.
=1 4
O
Another solution:
ln(4 − ) = ln[4(1 − 4)] = ln 4 + ln(1 − 4) = ln 4 + ln[1 + (−4)]
N
∞ (−4) ∞ ∞
= ln 4 + (−1)+1 [from Table 1] = ln 4 + (−1)2+1 = ln 4 −
.
=1 =1 4 =1 4
∞ ∞ (2) ∞ 2 ∞ 2 +1
50. = ⇒ 2 = ⇒ 2 = = , =∞
=0 ! =0 ! =0 ! =0 !
∞ (−1) 2+1 ∞ (−1) (4 )2+1 ∞ (−1) 8+4
51. sin = ⇒ sin(4 ) = = for all , so the radius of
=0 (2 + 1)! =0 (2 + 1)! =0 (2 + 1)!
convergence is ∞.
∞ ∞ [(ln 10)] ∞ (ln 10)
52. = ⇒ 10 = (ln 10) = = , =∞
=0 ! =0 ! =0 !
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW ¤ 1081
1 1 1 −14
53. () = √
4
= = √
1 1
14 = 2 1 − 16
16 − 4
16(1 − 16) 4 1
16 1 − 16
1 5 9
1 1 − 14 − 54 2 −4 −4 −4 3
= 1+ − − + − + − +···
2 4 16 2! 16 3! 16
1
∞ 1 · 5 · 9 · · · · · (4 − 3) 1
∞ 1 · 5 · 9 · · · · · (4 − 3)
= +
= +
2 =1 2 · 4 · ! · 16 2 =1 26+1 !
for − 1 ⇔ || 16, so = 16.
16
−5 ∞ −5 (−5)(−6) (−5)(−6)(−7)
54. (1 − 3) = (−3) = 1 + (−5)(−3) + (−3)2 + (−3)3 + · · ·
=0 2! 3!
LE
∞ 5 · 6 · 7 · · · · · ( + 4) · 3
=1+ for |−3| 1 ⇔ || 13 , so = 13 .
=1 !
∞ 1 ∞ ∞ −1 ∞ −1 1 ∞ −1
55. = , so = = = −1 + = + and
=0 ! =0 ! =0 ! =1 ! =1 !
SA
∞
= + ln || + .
=1 · !
1 1 1 1 3
4 12 ∞ 1
4
1 4 −2 4 2 −2 −2
56. (1 + ) = 2 ( ) = 1 + 2 + 2
( ) + 2 (4 )3 + · · ·
=0 2! 3!
= 1 + 12 4 − 18 8 + 16
1 12
−···
R
1 1
so 0 (1 + 4 )12 = + 10 1 5
− 721 9 1
+ 208 13 − · · · 0 = 1 + 1
10
− 1
72
+ 1
208
−···.
This is an alternating series, so by the Alternating Series Test, the error in the approximation
FO
1
0
(1 + 4 )12 ≈ 1 + 10 1 1
− 72 ≈ 1086 is less than 208
1
, sufficient for the desired accuracy.
1
Thus, correct to two decimal places, 0 (1 + 4 )12 ≈ 109.
√ 12 14 38
57. (a) ≈ 3 () = 1 + ( − 1) − ( − 1)2 + ( − 1)3
() () () (1) 1! 2! 3!
12 = 1 + 12 ( − 1) − 18 ( − 1)2 + 1
( − 1)3
T
0 1 16
1 −12 1
1
2 2 (b)
1 −32
− 14
O
2 −4
3 −52 3
3 8
8
15 −72
4 − 16 − 15
16
N
.. .. ..
. . .
(c) |3 ()| ≤ | − 1|4 , where (4) () ≤ with (4) () = − 15
16
−72
. Now 09 ≤ ≤ 11 ⇒
4!
15
−01 ≤ − 1 ≤ 01 ⇒ ( − 1)4 ≤ (01)4 , and letting = 09 gives = , so
16(09)72
15
|3 ()| ≤ (01)4 ≈ 0000 005 648 ≈ 0000 006 = 6 × 10−6 .
16(09)72 4!
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1082 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
(d)
√
From the graph of |3 ()| = | − 3 ()|, it appears that
the error is less than 5 × 10−6 on [09 11].
58. (a) sec ≈ 2 () = 1 + 12 2
() ()
() (0)
0 sec 1
LE
1 sec tan 0
2 3
2 sec tan + sec 1
3 3
3 sec tan + 5 sec tan 0
.. .. ..
. . .
SA
(b)
R
FO
(c) |2 ()| ≤ ||3 , where (3) () ≤ with (3) () = sec tan3 + 5 sec3 tan .
3!
3 14 3
Now 0 ≤ ≤
6
⇒ 3 ≤ 6
, and letting =
6
gives = 14
3
, so |2 ()| ≤ ≈ 0111648.
3·6 6
(d)
T
From the graph of |2 ()| = |sec − 2 ()|, it appears that
O
the error is less than 002 on 0 6 .
N
∞ 2+1 3 5 7 3 5 7
59. sin = (−1) = − + − + · · · , so sin − = − + − + · · · and
=0 (2 + 1)! 3! 5! 7! 3! 5! 7!
sin − 1 2 4 sin − 1 2 4 1
= − + − + · · · . Thus, lim = lim − + − + · · · =− .
3 3! 5! 7! →0 3 →0 6 120 5040 6
2 ∞ −2
60. (a) = = = [binomial series]
( + )2 (1 + )2 =0
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 REVIEW ¤ 1083
(b) We expand = 1 − 2 () + 3 ()2 − · · · .
This is an alternating series, so by the Alternating Series
Estimation Theorem, the error in the approximation =
is less than 2, so for accuracy within 1% we want
2 2( + )2
2 ( + )2 001 ⇔ 3
001.
This inequality would be difficult to solve for , so we substitute = 6,400 km and plot both sides of the inequality.
It appears that the approximation is accurate to within 1% for 31 km.
LE
∞
∞
∞
61. () = ⇒ (−) = (−) = (−1)
=0 =0 =0
∞
∞
(a) If is an odd function, then (−) = − () ⇒ (−1) = − . The coefficients of any power series
=0 =0
SA
are uniquely determined (by Theorem 11.10.5), so (−1) = − .
If is even, then (−1) = 1, so = − ⇒ 2 = 0 ⇒ = 0. Thus, all even coefficients are 0, that is,
0 = 2 = 4 = · · · = 0.
∞
∞
(b) If is even, then (−) = () ⇒ (−1) = ⇒ (−1) = .
R
=0 =0
If is odd, then (−1) = −1, so − = ⇒ 2 = 0 ⇒ = 0. Thus, all odd coefficients are 0,
FO
that is, 1 = 3 = 5 = · · · = 0.
∞ 2 ∞ (2 ) ∞ 2 ∞ 1
62. = ⇒ () = = = = 2 . By Theorem 11.10.6 with = 0, we also have
=0 ! =0 ! =0 ! =0 !
∞ () (0) (2) (0) 1 (2)!
() = . Comparing coefficients for = 2, we have = ⇒ (2) (0) = .
=0 ! (2)! ! !
T
O
N
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1084 ¤ CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES
LE
SA
R
FO
T
O
N
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
PROBLEMS PLUS
1. It would be far too much work to compute 15 derivatives of . The key idea is to remember that () (0) occurs in the
3 5
coefficient of in the Maclaurin series of . We start with the Maclaurin series for sin: sin = − + − ···.
3! 5!
9 15 (15) (0) 1
Then sin(3 ) = 3 − + − · · · , and so the coefficient of 15 is = . Therefore,
3! 5! 15! 5!
15!
(15) (0) = = 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 = 10,897,286,400.
5!
LE
2. We use the problem-solving strategy of taking cases:
Case (i): If || 1, then 0 ≤ 2 1, so lim 2 = 0 [see Example 11.1.11]
→∞
2
−1 0−1
and () = lim
SA
= = −1.[]
→∞ 2 + 1 0+1
2 − 1 1−1
Case (ii): If || = 1, that is, = ±1, then 2 = 1, so () = lim = lim = 0.
→∞ 2 + 1 →∞ 1 + 1
2 − 1 1 − (12 ) 1−0
Case (iii): If || 1, then 2 1, so lim 2 = ∞ and () = lim = lim = = 1.
→∞ →∞ 2 + 1 →∞ 1 + (12 ) 1+0
1 if −1
R
0 if = −1
Thus, () = −1 if −1 1
FO
0 if = 1
1 if 1
The graph shows that is continuous everywhere except at = ±1.
2 tan 1 − tan2
3. (a) From Formula 14a in Appendix D, with = = , we get tan 2 = , so cot 2 = ⇒
T
2
1 − tan 2 tan
1 − tan2
2 cot 2 = = cot − tan . Replacing by 12 , we get 2 cot = cot 12 − tan 12 , or
tan
O
tan 12 = cot 12 − 2 cot .
∞ 1
(b) From part (a) with in place of , tan = cot − 2 cot −1 , so the th partial sum of tan is
N
2−1 2 2 2 =1 2
2
tan(2) tan(4) tan(8) tan(2 )
= + + +··· +
2 4 8 2
cot(2) cot(4) cot(2) cot(8) cot(4)
= − cot + − + − + ···
2 4 2 8 4
cot(2 ) cot(2−1 ) cot(2 )
+
− −1
= − cot + [telescoping sum]
2 2 2
cot(2 ) cos(2 ) cos(2 ) 2 1 1
Now
=
= · → · 1 = as → ∞ since 2 → 0
2 2 sin(2 ) sin(2 )
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° 1085
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1086 ¤ CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS
for 6= 0. Therefore, if 6= 0 and 6= where is any integer, then
∞ 1 1 1
tan = lim = lim − cot + cot = − cot +
=1 2 2 →∞ →∞ 2 2
If = 0, then all terms in the series are 0, so the sum is 0.
2 2 2 2 2 2
4. |2 | = 2, |3 | = 2 + 22 , |4 | = 2 + 22 + 22 , |5 |2 = 2 + 22 + 22 + 23 , ,
2
| |2 = 2 + 22 + 22 + · · · + (2−2 )2 [for ≥ 3] = 2 + (4 + 42 + 43 + · · · + 4−2 )
4(4−2 − 1) 6 4−1 − 4 2 4−1
=2+ [finite geometric sum with = 4, = 4] = + = +
4−1 3 3 3 3
LE
√
| +1 | 2−1 4−1 1 √
So tan ∠ +1 = = = = → 3 as → ∞.
| | 2 4−1
2 4−1 2 1
+ + +
3 3 3 3 3 · 4−1 3
Thus, ∠ +1 →
3
as → ∞.
SA
5. (a) At each stage, each side is replaced by four shorter sides, each of length
0 = 3 0 = 1
1
3
of the side length at the preceding stage. Writing 0 and 0 for the
1 = 3 · 4 1 = 13
number of sides and the length of the side of the initial triangle, we 2 = 3 · 4 2
2 = 132
generate the table at right. In general, we have = 3 · 4 and 3 = 3 · 43 3 = 133
.. ..
= 13 , so the length of the perimeter at the th stage of construction . .
R
is = = 3 · 4 · 13 = 3 · 43 .
−1
4 4
FO
(b) = −1 = 4 . Since 43 1, → ∞ as → ∞.
3 3
(c) The area of each of the small triangles added at a given stage is one-ninth of the area of the triangle added at the preceding
stage. Let be the area of the original triangle. Then the area of each of the small triangles added at stage is
1
= · = . Since a small triangle is added to each side at every stage, it follows that the total area added to the
9 9
T
4−1
figure at the th stage is = −1 · = 3 · 4−1 ·
= · 2−1 . Then the total area enclosed by the snowflake
9 3
O
1 4 42 43
curve is = + 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · = + · + · 3 + · 5 + · 7 + · · · . After the first term, this is a
3 3 3 3
N
4 3 9 8
geometric series with common ratio , so = + =+ · = . But the area of the original equilateral
9 1 − 49 3 5 5
√ √ √
1 3 8 3 2 3
triangle with side 1 is = · 1 · sin = . So the area enclosed by the snowflake curve is · = .
2 3 4 5 4 5
1
6. Let the series = 1 + 1
2 + 1
3 + 1
4 + 1
6 + 1
8 + 1
9 + 1
12 + · · · . Then every term in is of the form , , ≥ 0, and
2 3
furthermore each term occurs only once. So we can write
∞
∞ 1 ∞ ∞ 1 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1 1 1 3
= = = = 1 · 1 =2· 2
=3
=0 =0 2 3 =0 =0 2
3
=0 2
=0 3
1− 2
1− 3
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 1087
7. (a) Let = arctan and = arctan . Then, from Formula 14b in Appendix D,
tan − tan tan(arctan ) − tan(arctan ) −
tan( − ) = = =
1 + tan tan 1 + tan(arctan ) tan(arctan ) 1 +
−
Now arctan − arctan = − = arctan(tan( − )) = arctan since −2 −
2
.
1 +
(b) From part (a) we have
120 1 28,561
− 239 28,441
arctan 120 1
− arctan 239 = arctan 119
= arctan = arctan 1 =
119
1 + 120 · 1
119 239
28,561
28,441
4
+
LE
(c) Replacing by − in the formula of part (a), we get arctan + arctan = arctan . So
1 −
1
+ 15
4 arctan 15 = 2 arctan 15 + arctan 15 = 2 arctan 5 5
= 2 arctan 12 5
= arctan 12 5
+ arctan 12
1 − 15 · 15
5 5
+
= arctan 12 12
= arctan 120
SA
5 5 119
1− 12 · 12
Thus, from part (b), we have 4 arctan 15 − arctan 239
1
= arctan 120 1
119 − arctan 239 = 4.
3 5 7 9 11
(d) From Example 7 in Section 11.9 we have arctan = − + − + − + · · · , so
3 5 7 9 11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
R
arctan = − + − + − +···
5 5 3 · 53 5 · 55 7 · 57 9 · 59 11 · 511
This is an alternating series and the size of the terms decreases to 0, so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem,
FO
the sum lies between 5 and 6 , that is, 0197395560 arctan 15 0197395562.
1 1 1 1
(e) From the series in part (d) we get arctan = − + − · · · . The third term is less than
239 239 3 · 2393 5 · 2395
26 × 10−13 , so by the Alternating Series Estimation Theorem, we have, to nine decimal places,
1
arctan 239 ≈ 2 ≈ 0004184076. Thus, 0004184075 arctan 239
1
0004184077.
T
(f ) From part (c) we have = 16 arctan 15 − 4 arctan 239
1
, so from parts (d) and (e) we have
O
16(0197395560) − 4(0004184077) 16(0197395562) − 4(0004184075) ⇒
3141592652 3141592692. So, to 7 decimal places, ≈ 31415927.
N
8. (a) Let = arccot and = arccot where 0 − . Then
1 1
1 1 + tan tan · + 1 cot cot
cot( − ) = = = cot cot ·
tan( − ) tan − tan 1 1 cot cot
−
cot cot
1 + cot cot 1 + cot(arccot ) cot(arccot ) 1 +
= = =
cot − cot cot(arccot ) − cot(arccot ) −
1 +
Now arccot − arccot = − = arccot(cot( − )) = arccot since 0 − .
−
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1088 ¤ CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS
1 +
(b) From part (a), we want arccot(2 + + 1) to equal arccot . Note that 1 + = 2 + + 1 ⇔
−
= 2 + = ( + 1), so if we let = + 1 and = , then − = 1. Therefore,
1 + ( + 1)
arccot(2 + + 1) = arccot(1 + ( + 1)) = arccot = arccot − arccot( + 1)
( + 1) −
Thus, we have a telescoping series with th partial sum
= [arccot 0 − arccot 1] + [arccot 1 − arccot 2] + · · · + [arccot − arccot( + 1)] = arccot 0 − arccot( + 1).
∞
Thus, arccot(2 + + 1) = lim = lim [arccot 0 − arccot( + 1)] =
2
−0=
2
.
=0 →∞ →∞
LE
2 −
9. We want arctan to equal arctan . Note that 1 + = 2 ⇔ = 2 − 1 = ( + 1)( − 1), so if we
2 1 +
let = + 1 and = − 1, then − = 2 and 6= −1. Thus, from Problem 7(a),
2 −
arctan 2 = arctan = arctan − arctan = arctan( + 1) − arctan( − 1). Therefore,
SA
1 +
2
arctan 2 = [arctan( + 1) − arctan( − 1)]
=1 =1
= [arctan( + 1) − arctan + arctan − arctan( − 1)]
=1
R
= [arctan( + 1) − arctan ] + [arctan − arctan( − 1)]
=1 =1
= [arctan( + 1) − arctan 1] + [arctan − arctan 0] [since both sums are telescoping]
FO
= arctan( + 1) − 4
+ arctan − 0
2 2 3
Now arctan 2 = lim arctan 2 = lim arctan( + 1) − + arctan = − + = .
=1 →0 =1 →∞ 4 2 4 2 4
Note: For all ≥ 1, 0 ≤ arctan( − 1) arctan( + 1)
2
, so − 2 arctan( + 1) − arctan( − 1)
2
, and the
identity in Problem 7(a) holds.
T
10. Let’s first try the case = 1: 0 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 1 = −0 ⇒
√ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ + +1
O
lim 0 + 1 + 1 = lim 0 − 0 + 1 = 0 lim − +1 √ √
→∞ →∞ →∞ + +1
−1
= 0 lim √ √ =0
+ +1
N
→∞
In general we have 0 + 1 + · · · + = 0 ⇒ = −0 − 1 − · · · − −1 ⇒
√ √ √ √
lim 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + · · · + +
→∞
√ √ √ √ √ √
= lim 0 + 1 + 1 + · · · + −1 + − 1 − 0 + − 1 + − · · · − −1 +
→∞
√ √ √ √ √ √
= 0 lim − + + 1 lim + 1 − + + · · · + −1 lim +−1− +
→∞ →∞ →∞
Each of these limits is 0 by the same type of simplification as in the case = 1. So we have
√ √ √ √
lim 0 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + · · · + + = 0 (0) + 1 (0) + · · · + −1 (0) = 0
→∞
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 1089
1
∞
11. We start with the geometric series , || 1, and differentiate:
=
=0 1 −
∞
∞ 1 1
∞ ∞
−1 = = = for || 1 ⇒ = −1 =
=1 =0 1 − (1 − )2 =1 =1 (1 − )2
for || 1. Differentiate again:
∞ (1 − )2 − · 2(1 − )(−1) +1
∞ 2 +
2 −1 = 2
= = ⇒ 2 = ⇒
=1 (1 − ) (1 − )4 (1 − )3 =1 (1 − )3
∞ 2 + (1 − )3 (2 + 1) − (2 + )3(1 − )2 (−1) 2 + 4 + 1
3 −1 = 3
= 6
= ⇒
=1 (1 − ) (1 − ) (1 − )4
LE
∞ 3 + 42 +
3 = , || 1. The radius of convergence is 1 because that is the radius of convergence for the
=1 (1 − )4
geometric series we started with. If = ±1, the series is 3 (±1) , which diverges by the Test For Divergence, so the
interval of convergence is (−1 1).
SA
12. Place the -axis as shown and let the length of each book be . We want to
show that the center of mass of the system of books lies above the table,
that is, . The -coordinates of the centers of mass of the books are
1 = , 2 = + , 3 = + + , and so on.
2 2( − 1) 2 2( − 1) 2( − 2) 2
R
Each book has the same mass , so if there are books, then
FO
1 + 2 + · · · + 1 + 2 + · · · +
= =
1
= + + + + + +···
2 2( − 1) 2 2( − 1) 2( − 2) 2
+ + + ··· + + +
2( − 1) 2( − 2) 4 2 2
−1 −2 2 1 1 2 − 1
T
= + + ··· + + + = ( − 1) + =
2( − 1) 2( − 2) 4 2 2 2 2 2
O
This shows that, no matter how many books are added according to the given scheme, the center of mass lies above the table.
It remains to observe that the series 12 + 14 + 16 + 18 + · · · = 12 (1) is divergent (harmonic series), so we can make the top
N
book extend as far as we like beyond the edge of the table if we add enough books.
2
1 −1 ( + 1)( − 1)
13. ln 1 − = ln = ln = ln[( + 1)( − 1)] − ln 2
2 2 2
= ln( + 1) + ln( − 1) − 2 ln = ln( − 1) − ln − ln + ln( + 1)
−1 −1
= ln− [ln − ln( + 1)] = ln − ln .
+1
1 −1
Let = ln 1 − 2 = ln − ln for ≥ 2. Then
=2 =2 +1
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°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1090 ¤ CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS
1 2 2 3 −1 1
= ln − ln + ln − ln + · · · + ln − ln = ln − ln , so
2 3 3 4 +1 2 +1
∞ 1 1 1
ln 1 − 2 = lim = lim ln − ln = ln − ln 1 = ln 1 − ln 2 − ln 1 = − ln 2 (or ln 12 ).
=2 →∞ →∞ 2 + 1 2
14. First notice that both series are absolutely convergent (p-series with 1.) Let the given expression be called . Then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 + + + +··· 1 + 2 · − + + 2 · − + ···
2 3 4 2 2 3 4 4
= =
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 − + − +··· 1 − + − + ···
2 3 4 2 3 4
LE
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 − + − +··· + 2 · +2 · + 2 · + ···
2 3 4 2 4 6
=
1 1 1
1 − + − + ···
2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 + + + + · · · 1 + + + + · · ·
SA
2 4 6 8 2−1 2 3 4
=1+ =1+ = 1 + 21−
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 − + − + ··· 1 − + − +···
2 3 4 2 3 4
1
Therefore, = 1 + 21− ⇔ − 21− = 1 ⇔ (1 − 21− ) = 1 ⇔ = .
1 − 21−
√ √
15. If is the length of a side of the equilateral triangle, then the area is = 1
· 3
= 3 2
and so 2 = √4 .
R
2 2 4 3
Let be the radius of one of the circles. When there are rows of circles, the figure shows that
√ √ √
FO
= 3 + + ( − 2)(2) + + 3 = 2 − 2 + 2 3 , so = √ .
2 + 3−1
( + 1)
The number of circles is 1 + 2 + · · · + = , and so the total area of the circles is
2
( + 1) 2 ( + 1) 2
= = √ 2
2 2 4 + 3−1
T
√
( + 1) 4 3 ( + 1)
= √ 2 = √ 2 √ ⇒
2 4 + 3−1 + 3−1 2 3
O
( + 1)
= √ 2 √
+ 3−1 2 3
N
1 + 1
= √ 2 √ → √ as → ∞
1+ 3 − 1 2 3 2 3
( − 1)( − 2)−1 − ( − 3)−2
16. Given 0 = 1 = 1 and = , we calculate the next few terms of the sequence:
( − 1)
1 · 0 · 1 − (−1)0 1 2 · 1 · 2 − 0 · 1 1 3 · 2 · 3 − 1 · 2 1 1
2 = = , 3 = = , 4 = = . It seems that = ,
2·1 2 3·2 6 4·3 24 !
1 1
so we try to prove this by induction. The first step is done, so assume = and −1 = . Then
! ( − 1)!
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 1091
( − 1) −2
−
( − 1) − ( − 2)−1 ! ( − 1)! ( − 1) − ( − 2) 1
+1 = = = = and the induction is
( + 1) ( + 1) [( + 1)()]( − 1)! ( + 1)!
∞ ∞ 1
complete. Therefore, = = .
=0 =0 !
17. (a) The x-intercepts of the curve occur where sin = 0 ⇔ = ,
an integer. So using the formula for disks (and either a CAS or
sin2 = 12 (1 − cos 2) and Formula 99 to evaluate the integral),
the volume of the nth bead is
LE
= (−1) (−10 sin )2 = (−1) −5 sin2
= 250
101
(−(−1)5 − −5 )
(b) The total volume is
SA
∞
∞
∞
0
−5 sin2 = = 250
101
[−(−1)5 − −5 ] = 250
101
[telescoping sum].
=1 =1
∞
Another method: If the volume in part (a) has been written as = 250 −5 5
101
( − 1), then we recognize
=1
as a geometric series with = 250
101
(1 − −5 ) and = −5
R
18. (a) Since is defined as the midpoint of −4 −3 , = 1
2 (−4 + −3 ) for ≥ 5. So we prove by induction that
1
2
+ +1 + +2 + +3 = 2. The case = 1 is immediate, since 1
2
· 0 + 1 + 1 + 0 = 2. Assume that the result
FO
holds for = − 1, that is, 12 −1 + + +1 + +2 = 2. Then for = ,
1
2
+ +1 + +2 + +3 = 12 + +1 + +2 + 12 (+3−4 + +3−3 ) [by above]
= 12 −1 + + +1 + +2 = 2 [by the induction hypothesis]
Similarly, for ≥ 5, = 12 (−4 + −3 ), so the same argument as above holds for , with 2 replaced by
T
1
2 1
+ 2 + 3 + 4 = 1
2
· 1 + 1 + 0 + 0 = 32 . So 12 + +1 + +2 + +3 = 3
2
for all .
1
(b) lim + +1 + +2 + +3 = 1
lim + lim +1 + lim +2 + lim +3 = 2. Since all
O
→∞ 2 2 →∞ →∞ →∞ →∞
the limits on the left hand side are the same, we get 7
lim
2 →∞
=2 ⇒ lim = 47 . In the same way,
→∞
4
N
7
lim
2 →∞ = 3
2 ⇒ lim = 37 , so = 3
7 7
.
→∞
∞ 2+1 1
19. By Table 1 in Section 11.10, tan−1 = (−1) for || 1. In particular, for = √ , we
=0 2 + 1 3
√ 2+1
1 ∞
1 3 ∞ 1 1 1
have = tan −1
√ = (−1) = (−1)
√ , so
6 3 =0 2 + 1 =0 3 3 2 +1
6 ∞ (−1) √ ∞ (−1) √ ∞ (−1) ∞ (−1)
= √
=2 3
=2 3 1+
⇒
= √ − 1.
3 =0 (2 + 1)3 =0 (2 + 1)3 =1 (2 + 1)3 =1 (2 + 1)3 2 3
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1092 ¤ CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS
(1 − )
20. (a) Using = + + 2 + · · · + −1 = ,
1−
1 1 − (−)2 1 − 2
1 − + 2 − 3 + · · · + 2−2 − 2−1 = = .
1 − (−) 1+
1 1
1 − 2
(b) (1 − + 2 − 3 + · · · + 2−2 − 2−1 ) = ⇒
0 0 1+
1 1 1 2
2 3 4 2−1 2
− + − + ··· + − = − ⇒
2 3 4 2 − 1 2 0 0 1 + 0 1 +
1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1
1 − + − + ··· + − = −
LE
2 3 4 2 − 1 2 0 1 + 0 1 +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) Since 1 − = , − = ··· − = , we see from part (b) that
2 1·2 3 4 3·4 2 − 1 2 (2 − 1)(2)
1 1 2
1 1 1
+ +··· + − =− . Thus,
SA
1·2 3·4 (2 − 1)(2) 0 1+ 0 1+
1 1 2 1
1 1 1
2
1 · 2 + 3 · 4 + · · · + (2 − 1)(2) − =
0 1+ 0 1+ 0
2
since 2 for 0 ≤ 1 .
1+
1 1 1 2+1 1
R
2 1
(d) Note that = ln(1 + ) = ln 2 and = = . So part (c) becomes
0 1 + 0 0 2 + 1 0 2 +1
1 1 1 1
2 + 1 . In other words, the th partial sum of the given series
FO
1 · 2 + + · · · + − ln 2
3·4 (2 − 1)(2)
1 1 1 1 1
satisfies | − ln 2| . Thus, lim = ln 2, that is, + + + + · · · = ln 2.
2 + 1 →∞ 1·2 3·4 5·6 7·8
2 3 4
21. Let () denote the left-hand side of the equation 1 + + + + + · · · = 0. If ≥ 0, then () ≥ 1 and there are
2! 4! 6! 8!
2 4 6 8
T
no solutions of the equation. Note that (−2 ) = 1 − + − + − · · · = cos . The solutions of cos = 0 for
2! 4! 6! 8!
2
0 are given by = − , where is a positive integer. Thus, the solutions of () = 0 are = − − , where
O
2 2
is a positive integer.
N
22. Suppose the base of the first right triangle has length . Then by repeated use of the Pythagorean theorem, we find that the base
√ √
of the second right triangle has length 1 + 2 , the base of the third right triangle has length 2 + 2 , and in general, the nth
√ √ √
right triangle has base of length − 1 + 2 and hypotenuse of length + 2 . Thus, = tan−1 1 − 1 + 2 and
∞
∞ 1 ∞ 1
= tan−1 √ = tan−1 √ . We wish to show that this series diverges.
=1 =1 − 1 + 2 =0 + 2
1
∞ ∞ 1
First notice that the series √ diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with the divergent p-series √
=1 + 2
=1
√ √
1 + 2 1
= 1
2
≤ 1 since lim √ = lim √ = lim 2
= lim = 1 0. Thus,
→∞ 1 →∞ + 2 →∞ + →∞ 1 + 2
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 1093
∞ 1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
√ also diverges. Now tan−1 √ diverges by the Limit Comparison Test with √ since
+ 2 + 2 + 2
=0 =0 =0
√ √
tan−1 1 + 2 tan−1 1 + 2 tan−1 (1) √
lim √ = lim √ = lim = + 2
→∞ 1 + 2 →∞ 1 + 2 →∞ 1
tan−1 H 1(1 + 2 )
= lim = 1 = lim =10
→0+ →0+ 1
∞
Thus, is a divergent series.
=1
23. Call the series . We group the terms according to the number of digits in their denominators:
1
LE
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= + +··· + + + +··· + + +··· + +···
1 2
8 9
11 99
111 999
1 2 3
Now in the group , since we have 9 choices for each of the digits in the denominator, there are 9 terms.
9 −1
Furthermore, each term in is less than 10−1
1
[except for the first term in 1 ]. So 9 · 10−1
1
= 9 10 .
SA
∞ 9 −1
Now 9 10 is a geometric series with = 9 and = 9
10 1. Therefore, by the Comparison Test,
=1
∞
∞ 9 −1 9
= 9 10 = 1 − 910
= 90.
=1 =1
∞
24. (a) Let () = = 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + · · · . Then
R
2
=
1−− =0
= (1 − − 2 )(0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + · · · )
FO
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + 5 5 + · · ·
− 0 − 1 2 − 2 3 − 3 4 − 4 5 − · · ·
− 0 2 − 1 3 − 2 4 − 3 5 − · · ·
= 0 + (1 − 0 ) + (2 − 1 − 0 )2 + (3 − 2 − 1 )3 + · · ·
Comparing coefficients of powers of gives us 0 = 0 and
T
1 − 0 = 1 ⇒ 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
2 − 1 − 0 = 0 ⇒ 2 = 1 + 0 = 1 + 0 = 1
O
3 − 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 3 = 2 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
In general, we have = −1 + −2 for ≥ 3. Each is equal to the th Fibonacci number, that is,
N
∞
∞
∞
= =
=0 =1 =1
(b) Completing the square on 2 + − 1 gives us
2 2 √ 2
1 1 1 5 1 5
2 + + −1− = + − = + −
4 4 2 4 2 2
√ √ √ √
1 5 1 5 1+ 5 1− 5
= + + + − = + +
2 2 2 2 2 2
[continued]
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1094 ¤ CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS
− −
So = 2 = √ √ . The factors in the denominator are linear,
1 − − 2 +−1 + 1+ 5
+ 1− 5
2 2
so the partial fraction decomposition is
− √ √
1− 5 1+ 5
√ √ = √ + √ −= + 2
+ + 2
1+ 5 1− 5 1+ 5 1− 5
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
√ √ √ √
If = −1 +
2
5
, then − −1 +2 5
= 5 ⇒ = 1 −√ 5
2 5
.
√ √ √ √
If = −1 −
2
5
, then − −1 −
2
5
= − 5 ⇒ = 1 +√ 5
−2 5
. Thus,
√ √ √ √
LE
1+ 5 1− 5 1+ 5 2 1− 5 2
√ √ √ √ √ √
−2 5 2 5 −2 5 1+ 5 2 5 1− 5
= √ + √ = √ · + √ ·
1 − − 2 1+ 5 1− 5 1+ 5 2 1− 5 2
+ + + √ + √
2 2 2 1 + 5 2 1 − 5
√ √
−1 5 1 5 1 ∞ 2 1 ∞ 2
SA
= + =− √ − √ + √ − √
2 2 5 =0 1+ 5 5 =0 1− 5
1+ √ 1+ √
1+ 5 1− 5
1 ∞ −2 −2
= √ √ − √
5 =0 1 − 5 1+ 5
√ √
1 ∞ (−2) 1 + 5 − (−2) 1 − 5
= √ √ √ [the = 0 term is 0]
R
5 =1 1− 5 1+ 5
√ √
1 ∞ (−2) 1 + 5 − 1 − 5
= √
FO
5 =1 (1 − 5)
√ √
1 ∞ 1+ 5 − 1− 5
= √ [(−4) = (−2) · 2 ]
5 =1 2
√ √
∞ 1+ 5 − 1− 5
From part (a), this series must equal , so =
√ , which is an explicit formula for
T
=1 2 5
the nth Fibonacci number.
O
3 6 9 4 7 10 2 5 8
25. = 1 + + + +···, = + + + + ···, = + + +···.
3! 6! 9! 4! 7! 10! 2! 5! 8!
Use the Ratio Test to show that the series for , , and have positive radii of convergence (∞ in each case), so
N
Theorem 11.9.2 applies, and hence, we may differentiate each of these series:
32 65 98 2 5 8
= + + + ··· = + + +··· =
3! 6! 9! 2! 5! 8!
3 6 9 4 7 10
Similarly, =1+ + + + · · · = , and =+ + + + · · · = .
3! 6! 9! 4! 7! 10!
So 0 = , 0 = , and 0 = . Now differentiate the left-hand side of the desired equation:
3
( + 3 + 3 − 3) = 32 0 + 3 2 0 + 32 0 − 3(0 + 0 + 0 )
= 32 + 3 2 + 32 − 3(2 + 2 + 2 ) = 0 ⇒
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS ¤ 1095
3 + 3 + 3 − 3 = . To find the value of the constant , we put = 0 in the last equation and get
13 + 03 + 03 − 3(1 · 0 · 0) = ⇒ = 1, so 3 + 3 + 3 − 3 = 1.
1
26. To prove: If 1, then the nth partial sum = of the harmonic series is not an integer.
=1
Proof: Let 2 be the largest power of 2 that is less than or equal to and let be the product of all the odd positive integers
that are less than or equal to . Suppose that = , an integer. Then 2 = 2 . Since ≥ 2, we have ≥ 1, and
hence, 2 is an even integer. We will show that 2 is an odd integer, contradicting the equality 2 = 2
and showing that the supposition that is an integer must have been wrong.
LE
1 2
2 = 2 = . If 1 ≤ ≤ and is odd, then is an odd integer since is one of the odd integers
=1 =1
2
that were multiplied together to form . Thus, is an even integer in this case. If 1 ≤ ≤ and is even, then we can
SA
2 2
write = 2 , where 2 is the largest power of 2 dividing and is odd. If , then = · = 2− , which is
2
an even integer, the product of the even integer 2− and the odd integer . If = , then = 1, since 1 = ≥ 2 ⇒
= 2 ≥ 2 · 2 = 2+1 , contrary to the choice of 2 as the largest power of 2 that is less than or equal to . This shows that
R
2 2
= only when = 2 . In that case, = , an odd integer. Since is an even integer for every except 2 and
FO
2
is an odd integer when = 2 , we see that 2 is an odd integer. This concludes the proof.
T
O
N
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
1096 ¤ CHAPTER 11 PROBLEMS PLUS
LE
SA
R
FO
T
O
N
c 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
°
FOR INSTRUCTOR USE ONLY
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