SURVEYING (Elementary)

11/28/2014
SURVEYING
Surveying
- Art of determining and measuring distance,
direction and elevation
Types of Surveying
1.0 Plane Surveying
- mean surface of the earth is
considered as a plane or the earth’s
spherical shape is neglected.
2.0 Geodetic Surveying
- takes into account the shape of the
curvature of the earth.
Error – difference between the measured value

and the true value.
Mistakes – unintentional fault of conduct arising

from poor judgment or from confusion in the
mind of the observer.
Residual (deviation) – difference between the

measured value and the mean value.
Sources of Errors in Making Measurement

1. Natural Errors
2. Instrumental errors
3. Personal Errors
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Types of Errors
1. Systematic Error – (cumulative error) effects
can be eliminated by applying
corrections.
2. Accidental Errors – error w/c remain after
mistakes and systematic errors have
been eliminated.
Magnitude of Errors
1. Discrepancy – difference between 2
measured values of the same quantity.
2. Precision – denotes the repeatability
among various measurements of the
same quantity and is based upon the
refinement of measurement and size.
3. Accuracy – denotes absolute nearness to
the truth. It is the degree of conformity
with the standard.
Systematic Errors
1. Correction due to tape too long or too short
General Rule:
Tape is Too Short:
Laying out distances : ADD the correction
Measuring distance: SUBTRACT the correction
Tape is Too Long:

Laying out distance: SUBTRACT the correction
Measuring distance: ADD the correction
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Systematic Errors
2. Correction due to change in Temperature
α
α .
α . F

L = length of the tape in standard
temperature
Systematic Errors
3. Correction due to change in Pull

L = length of the tape in standard pull
A = cross sectional area of tape
E = modulus of elasticity of the tape
Systematic Errors
4. Correction due to Sag

W = weight per linear meter
L = unsupported length of the tape
P = actual pull
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Systematic Errors
5. Correction due to Slope

h = change in slope
S = slope distance
Systematic Errors
6. Correction due to Reduction to sea level
′

S = level distance at sea level
S’ = level distance above sea level
R = earth’s radius (R= 6,400km)
h = vertical distance at sea level
Problem 1. Using a 100 m tape that is 0.02 m too

short, the measures distance from A to B is 160.
42 m. What is the correct distance of line AB?
Problem 2. 30 m steel tape, known to be 30.006

(under standard conditions) was used to record
a measurement of 119.898 m. What is the
correct distance for erroneous tape length?
Problem 3. The correct distance between two points

is 220.45 m. Using a 100 m tape that is “x” m
too long, the length to be laid on the ground
should be 220.406 m. Find the value of “x”?
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Problem 4. A tape has a standard length at .A

line was measured at a temperature of . If
the coefficient of thermal expansion is
. / and its true horizontal length is
865.30. What is the measured length in meters?
Problem 5. A steel is 100 m long at a standard pull of

65 N. Compute the correction in mm if during
measurement the applied pull is 40 N. The tape
has a cross-sectional of . and
E=200Gpa. IF the measured length of the line is
865.30, what is the corrected distance?
Problem 6. A 50 m steel tape weighing 1.75 kg is

constantly supported at mid-length and at its
end points, and is used to measure a line AB
with steady pull of 6.5 kg. If the measured
length of AB is 349.60 m, determine the correct
length of line AB.
Problem 7. Find the correction for the horizontal

distance of 20,000 m, 10 m above sea level.
Problem 8. Slope distance AB and BC measures

450.60 m and 1,005.81m, respectively. The
difference in elevation are 5.3 m for points A
and B and 3.6m for points B and C. Line AB has
a rising slope and BC has a falling slope.
Determine the horizontal distance from pt. A to
pt. C.
Problem 9. A line was measured with a 50m tape.

There were 2 tallies, 8pins and the distance
from the last pin to the end was 2.25m Find the
length of the line in meters.
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Problem 10. A line 100 m long was paced by a

surveyor for four times with the following data.
142, 145.5, 145 and 146. Then another line was
paced for four times again with 893, 893.5, 891
and 895 paces. Determine the length of the
line.
ACCIDENTAL ERRORS
Probable Error of Single Observation (PEs)

. √
Probable Error of the Mean (PEm)

. √
Most Probable Value (MPV)

(mean)
∗
(weighted mean)
Where:
ACCIDENTAL ERRORS
Most Probable Value (MPV)

(mean)
∗
(weighted mean)
Where:
1. w=KN – weight of observation is directly
proportional to no. of observation
2. w = - weight of observation is
inversely proportional to the square of
the measurement is taken.
3. w = 1/d – weight of observation is inversely
proportional to the distance where
measurement is taken.
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Problem 11. Number of measurement as tabulated in

the table shown. Determine the most probable
error of the mean.
Distance in meters
612.12
612.14
612.16
612.18
612.20
Problem 12. Determine the most probable value in

the difference in elevation.
Elevation Distance km
62.12 m 2.8
62.85 m 3.8
63.16 m 3.0
Problem 13. Number of measurements as tabulated

in the table shown as shown. Determine the
most probable value of the measurements
having different values:
Distance Measurements
612.12 2
612.14 4
612.16 3
612.18 5
612.20 6
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Problem 14. Number of measurements as tabulated

in the table shown as shown. Determine the
most probable value of the measurements
having different values:
Distance Probable Error

612.12 0.2
612.14 0.4
612.16 0.3
612.18 0.5
612.20 0.6
Earth’s Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction

Correction (hcr)
. (elevation correction)
k (km) – level distance
Problem 15. An observer standing on the shoreline of

a lake can just see the top of a tower on an
island. If the eye of the observer is 1.655m
above the lake level and the top of the tower is
15.220m above lake level, how far is the tower
from the observer?
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Problem 16. Point A is in between points B and C, the

distance of B and C from point A are 1,000m
and 2,000m respectively. Measured from point
A the angle of elevation of point B is
while that of C as Ɵ. The difference in the
elevation of B and C is 44.4m. Considering the
effects of curvature and refraction, what is the
value of Ɵ?
HAVE A NICE DAY

AND
GOD BLESS TO ALL!!!

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11/28/2014

Error – difference between the measured value

Mistakes – unintentional fault of conduct arising

Residual (deviation) – difference between the

Sources of Errors in Making Measurement

Measuring distance: SUBTRACT the correction

Tape is Too Long:

Measuring distance: ADD the correction

Problem 1. Using a 100 m tape that is 0.02 m too

Problem 2. 30 m steel tape, known to be 30.006

Problem 3. The correct distance between two points

Problem 4. A tape has a standard length at .A

Problem 5. A steel is 100 m long at a standard pull of

Problem 6. A 50 m steel tape weighing 1.75 kg is

Problem 7. Find the correction for the horizontal

Problem 8. Slope distance AB and BC measures

Problem 9. A line was measured with a 50m tape.

Problem 10. A line 100 m long was paced by a

Most Probable Value (MPV)

Most Probable Value (MPV)

Problem 11. Number of measurement as tabulated in

Problem 12. Determine the most probable value in

Problem 13. Number of measurements as tabulated

Problem 14. Number of measurements as tabulated

Distance Probable Error

Earth’s Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction

Problem 15. An observer standing on the shoreline of

Problem 16. Point A is in between points B and C, the

HAVE A NICE DAY

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