Geosynthetic Institute GRI

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Revision 8: September 10, 2015

Revision Schedule on pg. 12

GRI Test Method GM18**

Standard Specification for

“Test Methods, Test Properties and Testing Frequencies for Flexible Polypropylene (fPP
and fPP-R) Nonreinforced and Reinforced Geomembranes”

This specification was developed by the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI), with the
cooperation of the member organizations for general use by the public. It is completely optional
in this regard and can be superseded by other existing or new specifications on the subject matter
in whole or in part. Neither GRI, the Geosynthetic Institute, nor any of its related institutes,
warrant or indemnifies any materials produced according to this specification either at this time
or in the future.

1. Scope

1.1 This specification covers flexible polypropylene geomembranes which are

nonreinforced (fPP) in thicknesses of 30 mils (0.75 mm), 40 mils (1.02 mm), 60
mils (1.52 mm) and also scrim reinforced (f PP-R) in thicknesses of 36 mils (0.91
mm ) and 45 mils (1.14 mm) and 60 mils (1.52 mm).

1.2 This specification sets forth a set of physical, mechanical and endurance properties
that must be met or exceeded by the geomembrane being manufactured.

1.3 In the context of quality systems and management, this specification represents
manufacturing quality control (MQC).

Note 1: Manufacturing quality control represents those actions taken by a

manufacturer to ensure that the product represents the stated
objective and properties set forth in this specification.

1.4 This standard specification is intended to ensure good quality and performance of
fPP and fPP-R geomembranes in general applications, but may not be adequate for

*This Registered GRI standard is developed by the Geosynthetic Research Institute through consultation and review
by the member organizations. This specification will be reviewed at least every two-years, or on an as-required
basis. In this regard it is subject to change at any time. The most recent revision date is the effective version.
Copyright © 2009 Geosynthetic Institute
All rights reserved
GM18 - 1 of 12 Rev. 8: 9/10/15
 the complete specification of a specific situation. Additional tests, or more
restrictive values for the tests indicated, may be necessary under conditions of a
particular application.

1.5 This specification does not cover installation considerations which are independent
of the manufacturing of the geomembrane.

Note 2: For information on installation techniques, users of this standard

are referred to the geosynthetics literature, which is abundant on
the subject.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards

D 751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics

D 1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and
Sheeting
D 1603 Test Method for Carbon Black in Olefin Plastics
D 2136 Test Method for Coated Fabrics – Low Temperature Bend Test
D 4218 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black Content in
Polyethylene Compounds by the Muffle-Furnace Technique
D 4439 Standard Terminology for Geosynthetics
D 4833 Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geotextiles,
Geomembranes and Related Products
D 4873 Guide for Identification, Storage and Handling of Geosynthetics
D 5199 Test Method for Measuring Nominal Thickness of Geotextiles and
Geomembranes
D 5261 Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geotextiles
D 5323 Practice for Determination of 2% Secant Modulus for Polyethylene
Geomembranes
D 5538 Standard Practice for Thermoplastic Elastomers – Terminology and
Abbreviations
D 5617 Test Method for Multi-Axial Tensile Test for Geosynthetics
D 5884 Test Method for Determining the Tearing Strength of Internally
Reinforced Geomembranes
D 6636 Determination of Ply Adhesion Strength of Reinforced Geomembranes
D 6693 Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced
Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
D 7004 Test Method for Garb Tensile Properties of Reinforced Geomembranes
D 7238 Test Method for Effect of Exposure of Unreinforced Polyolefin
Geomembrane Using Fluorescent UV Condensation Apparatus

2.2 GRI Standards

GM 16 Test Method for Observation of Surface Cracking of Geomembranes

GM18 - 2 of 12 Rev. 8: 9/10/15

 GM 23 Test Method for Observation of Surface Chalking of Geomembranes
(draft)

2.3 Other References

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Technical Guidance Document "Quality

Control Assurance and Quality Control for Waste Containment Facilities,"
EPA/600/R-93/182, September 1993, 305 pgs.

Koerner, R. M., Hsuan, Y. G. and Koerner, G. R. (2008), “Freshwater and

Geosynthetics: A Perfect Marriage,” Proc. 1st Pan American Geosynthetics
Conference, March 2-5, 2008, Cancun, Mexico, IFAI Publisher, Roseville, MN
(on CD).

3. Definitions

Manufacturing Quality Control (MQC) - A planned system of inspections that is used to

directly monitor and control the manufacture of a material which is factory originated.
MQC is normally performed by the manufacturer of geosynthetic materials and is
necessary to ensure minimum (or maximum) specified values in the manufactured
product. MQC refers to measures taken by the manufacturer to determine compliance
with the requirements for materials and workmanship as stated in certification documents
and contract specifications.
ref. EPA/600/R-93/182

Manufacturing Quality Assurance (MQA) - A planned system of activities that provides

assurance that the materials were constructed as specified in the certification documents
and contract specifications. MQA includes manufacturing facility inspections,
verifications, audits and evaluation of the raw materials (resins and additives) and
geosynthetic products to assess the quality of the manufactured materials. MQA refers to
measures taken by the MQA organization to determine if the manufacturer is in
compliance with the product certification and contract specifications for the project.
ref. EPA/600/R-93/182

Formulation, n - The mixture of a specific combination of ingredients identified by type,

properties and quantity. For flexible polypropylene geomembranes a formulation is
defined as the exact percentages and types of resin(s), additives, and carbon black or
colorants.

Note 3: The geomembrane focused upon in this standard specification shall

be formulated from virgin flexible polypropylene, in amounts
greater than 85% by weight of the total polymer content. The
remaining 15% shall be comprised of compatible polymers and/or
pigments, stabilizers, and colorants that are suitably compounded
to satisfy the physical, mechanical and endurance requirements in
the specification; see ASTM Practice D 5538 for definitions. The

GM18 - 3 of 12 Rev. 8: 9/10/15

 formulations shall not contain fillers (such as talc or calcium
carbonate) postconsumer (PCR) plastics, or any other ingredients
that could interfere with the long-term durability of the
geomembrane. No more than 10% rework resin is allowed for the
production of the geomembrane and, if used, it shall be fully
compatible with the parent material.

Flexible Polypropylene, n. [per ASTM D4439] – a material having a 2% secant modulus

of less than 300 MPa (40,000 lb/in.2) as determined by ASTM D5323 produced by
polymerization of propylene with or without other alpha olefin monomers.

Rework, n - Polymer which has been converted into a geosynthetic material and then
ground into chips for reintroduction into the extruder without leaving the plant, e.g., edge
trim, out-of-spec thickness material, etc.

Chalking, n. – Formation of powdery deposit on the surface of a coating that has been
exposed to some form of degradation. It is commonly found on coatings that have been
exposed outdoors to sun and rain. The powder is in fact the pigment and extender that
remains after the binder has been destroyed by weathering. (BS 3900-H6: ISO 4628/6)

Note 4: In addition to the coatings referred to above, chalking is also found

in geomembranes when exposed outdoors and in geomembranes
when incubated in laboratory weatherometers.

Minimum Average, n. - Many index test methods, such as thickness, mass, puncture, tear,
etc., require a number of test readings to be taken across an individual roll or panel
immediately after it is manufactured and then averaged accordingly. The particular
standard calls out this practice in de tail. For a full field project, however, m any rolls or
panels are required and the minimum average is the minimum of all the specific average
values of the individual rolls or panels. In this regard, “minimum average” is invariably
lower than the “average of the average” values which has sometimes been reported in the
past.

4. Material Classification and Formulation

4.1 This specification covers flexible polypropylene geomembranes which are

nonreinforced (fPP) and scrim reinforced, hence the designation fPP-R.

4.2 The flexible polypropylene resin from which the geomembrane is made shall
conform to the definition presented in Section 3.

4.3 The flexible polypropylene resin shall be virgin material with no more than 10%
rework. If rework is used, it must be an approved formulation similar to the
parent material.

4.4 No post consumer resin (PCR) of any type shall be added to the formulation.

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 4.5 For reinforced flexible polypropylene, the fabric reinforcement (also called the
“scrim”) shall be present so as to give the desired specification values to be
presented in the next section.

Note 5: Fabric scrims are sometimes 1000 denier in either a 9  9 weft-

inserted or a 10  10 basket pattern (i.e., 9 or 10 yarns per inch of
width in both machine and cross-machine directions). They are
usually made from high tenacity polyester resin. Other patterns
and polymers are also possible. Reinforced geomembranes are
sometimes referred to as “supported” geomembranes.

5. Physical, Mechanical and Endurance Property Requirements

5.1 The geomembrane shall conform to the test property requirements prescribed in
Tables 1(a) and 1(b). Table 1(a) is in U. S. Standard units and Table 1(b) is in SI
(metric) units. The conversion from U. S. Standard to SI (metric) units is soft. It
is to be understood that the table refers to the latest revision of the referenced test
methods and practices.

Note 6: The tensile strength properties of unreinforced fPP geomembranes

in this specification were originally based on ASTM D 638 which
uses a laboratory testing temperature of 23C  2C. Since ASTM
Committee D35 on Geosynthetics adopted ASTM D 6693 (in place
of D 638), this GRI Specification follows accordingly. The
difference is that D 6693 uses a testing temperature of 21C  2C.
The numeric values of strength and elongation were not changed in
this specification. If a dispute arises in this regard, the original
temperature of 23C  2C should be utilized for testing purposes.

Note 7: There are several tests that could have been included in this
specification which are omitted because it is felt that they are
outdated, irrelevant, or generate information that is not necessary
to evaluate on a routine MQC basis. The following tests have been
purposely omitted:

 Volatile Loss  Water Absorption

 Dimensional Stability  Ozone Resistance
 Coeff. of Linear Expansion  Modulus of Elasticity
 Resistance to Soil Burial  Hydrostatic Resistance
 Low Temperature Impact  Tensile Impact
 Wide Width Tensile  Field Seam Strength
 Water Vapor Transmission  Mullen Burst
 Carbon Black Dispersion  Various Toxicity Tests
 Oxidative Induction Time (Standard and High Pressure)

GM18 - 5 of 12 Rev. 8: 9/10/15

 Note 8: There are several tests which are included in this standard because
they are relevant and important in the context of current
manufacturing processes. The following incubation methods and
subsequent test methods have been purposely added:

 Ultraviolet Resistance by UV Fluorescent Method

 Multi-Axial Burst

Note 9: There are other tests in this standard, focused on a particular

property, which are updated to current standards. The following
are in this category:

 Tensile Strength Properties

 Mass per Unit Area
 Thickness
 Tear Resistance
 Puncture Resistance
 Ply Adhesion

Note 10: There are several GRI tests currently included in this standard.
Since these topics are not covered in ASTM standards, this is
necessary. They are the following:

 Surface Cracking
 Surface Chalking

5.2 Details of the endurance-related procedure, i.e., the UV Fluorescent Method per
ASTM D7238 (mod. to 70°C) incubation procedure, are as follows:

This simulated weathering exposure device uses UV fluorescent tubes at 0.78

(W/(m2·nm) with 340 nm wavelength bulbs (UVA-340) and measures the change
in properties of the removed test specimens. The cycle cam is set to provide 24
hour cycles as follows: 20 hours UV cycle at 70C followed by 4 hour
condensation at 60C. This procedure requires an initial and unexposed
determination of the as-received properties, i.e., before incubation. The
nonreinforced specimens are evaluated for their retained strength and elongation
behavior. The reinforced specimens are evaluated for their cracking and chalking
behavior.

Note 11: Earlier versions of this specification had the endurance criteria
(oven aging and UV weathering) based on reduction of oxidative
inductive time (OIT) from the as -received value. This was
subsequently found to be not fully reliable so this reinstated
specification is now based completely on UV weathering using the
fluorescent tube method (ASTM D 7238). The 20,000 light hour
exposure time is admittedly long, however, is felt to be in keeping

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 with both nonexposed and exposed applications of fPP and fPP-R
geomembranes.

Note 12: At an irradiance level of 0.78 W/(m2⋅nm) and at 340 nm

wavelength, the radiant exposure (RE) of a successful
geomembrane passing 20,000 light hours is as follows:

RE = 0.78 × 20,000 (60 × 60) × (1/1000)

2
= 56,160 kJ/(m ⋅nm) at 340 nm

Note 13: Earlier versions of this specification had the endurance criteria
based on black versus other colors. This version does not
distinguish on the basis of color and all colors must meet the
criteria given.

5.3 As noted in the adoption and revision schedule included on Page 10, this
specification was suspended in 2004 and then withdrawn in 2007. During this
time and up to its reinstatement in 2009 considerable research on the durability
criterion has been undertaken by the institute. This effort resulted in the 20,000
light hour requirement per ASTM D7238 at 70°C; see Koerner, et al. (2008).
Related research activities are given in the following notes:

Note 14: There have been field reports that imposed tensile stresses have
caused premature failures in both fPP and fPP-R geomembranes.
At the institute we have evaluated two types of such stresses (wide
width and over rollers) and not found issues in products that passed
20,000 light hours of incubation. That said, further research might
still be considered.

Note 15: There have been field reports that abrupt corners in the products
during factory folding have caused premature failures in both fPP
and fPP-R geomembranes. At the institute we have evaluated 90°,
180°, and corner (or dead) folds in numerous aggressive solutions at
50°C for 1000 hours and not found issues in products that passed
20,000 light hours of incubation. That said, further research might
still be considered.

Note 16: There have been field re ports that chlorine and chloride compounds
(even in minute quantities) have caused premature failures in both
fPP and fPP-R geomembranes. At the institute we have evaluated a
number of chemical solutions (tap water, 1% sulfuric acid, 10 M
calcium chloride, 10% Igepal, 10 M lime 10% hydrogen peroxide
and 10% bleach solution) at 50°C for 1000 hours and not found
issues in products that passed 20,000 light hours of incubation. That
said, further research might still be considered.

GM18 - 7 of 12 Rev. 8: 9/10/15

 5.4 The various properties of the fPP and fPP-R geomembranes shall be tested at the
minimum frequencies shown in Table 1. If the specific manufacturer's quality
control guide is more stringent and is certified accordingly, it must be followed in
like manner.

Note 17: This specification is focused on manufacturing quality control

(MQC). Conformance testing and manufacturing quality assurance
(MQA) testing are at the discretion of the purchaser and/or quality
assurance engineer, respectively.

6. Workmanship and Appearance

6.1 Smooth fPP geomembrane shall have good and uniform appearance qualities. It
shall be free from such defects that would affect the specified properties of the
geomembrane.

6.2 Scrim reinforced fPP-R geomembrane shall generally have a uniform undulating
appearance. It shall be free from irregular yarns, yarns that are bunched together,
yarns crossing over one another, and such defects that would affect the specified
properties of the geomembrane.

6.3 For fPP-R geomembranes there is to be no exposed scrim except for roll ends. A
0.375  0.25 in. (10  6 mm) edge encapsulation on each side is required.

6.4 General manufacturing procedures shall be performed in accordance with the

manufacturer's internal quality control guide and/or documents.

7. MQC Sampling

7.1 Sampling shall be in accordance with the specific test methods listed in Table 1.
If no sampling protocol is stipulated in the particular test method, then test
specimens shall be taken evenly spaced across the entire roll width.

7.2 The number of tests shall be in accordance with the appropriate test methods
listed in Table 1.

7.3 The average of the test results should be calculated per the particular standard
cited and compared to the minimum value listed in these tables. For the entire lot,
or complete field project, of rolls or panels the values listed are the minimum
average values and are designated as "min. ave." (See Section 3 for definition)

8. MQC Retest and Rejection

8.1 If the results of any test do not conform to the requirements of this specification,
retesting to determine acceptance or rejection should be done in accordance with
the manufacturing protocol as set forth in the manufacturer's quality manual.

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9. Packaging and Marking

9.1 The geomembrane shall be rolled onto a substantial core or core segments and
held firm by dedicated straps/slings, or other suitable means. The rolls must be
adequate for safe transportation to the point of delivery, unless otherwise
specified in the contract or order.

9.2 The geomembrane can also be folded in an accordion manner and placed on a
wooden pallet. The entire package is to be protected by a cardboard enclosure
and the entire assembly banded together with plastic strapping.

9.3 Identify the product per ASTM D4873, which also includes information on
storage and handling.

Note 18: It is considered to be good practice to archive samples of the final

geomembrane. At the least, the manufacturer and owner should
retain samples along with the “cut sheets” of original physical,
mechanical, and endurance testing values. The samples should be
stored in a sealed zip-locked polyethylene bag and properly labeled
and dated.

10. Certification

10.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order, a manufacturer's

certification that the material was manufactured and tested in accordance with this
specification, together with a report of the test results, shall be furnished at the
time of shipment.

Note 19: The authentication and certification of the test methods,

procedures, and resulting values of any or all properties in Table 1
should be communicated between th e parties involved. This can
be between any, or all, of the following; manufacturer, specifier,
purchaser, owner, and/or regulator.

Note 20: The authentication that the precise formulation of the material
shipped to the job site is the same as that originally tested should
be communicated between the parties involved. By precise
formulation is meant the type and amount of resin(s), as well as the
types and amounts of all additives; recall Note 3.

GM18 - 9 of 12 Rev. 8: 9/10/15

 U. S. Standard Units

Table 1(a) – Flexible Polypropylene Nonreinforced (fPP) and Reinforced (fPP-R) Geomembranes

Property Test Method fPP fPP fPP fPP-R fPP-R fPP-R Testing
ASTM or GRI 30 mils 40 mils 60 mil 36 mils 45 mils 60 mil Frequency
(minimum)
Mass per Unit Area – lb/ft2 (min. ave.) D5261 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.18 0.24 15,000 lb
Thickness D5199
 Nominal (mils) 30 40 60 36 45 60 per roll
 min. ave. (mils) 27 36 54 32 40 54
Tensile Strength
 dumbbell(1) – lb/in. (min. ave.) D6693-IV 60 72 96 - - - 15,000 lb
 grab(1) – lb (min. ave.) D7004 - - - 200 250 300 15,000 lb
Tensile Elongation
 dumbbell(1,2) - % (min. ave.) D6693-IV 700 700 700 - - - 15,000 lb
 grab(1) - % (min. ave.) D7004 - - - 22 22 22 15,000 lb
Multiaxial Elongation - % D5617 120 120 120 - - - formulation
Tear Resistance
 nonreinforced(1) – lb (min. ave.) D1004 10 12 18 - - - 15,000 lb
 reinforced(1) – lb (min. ave.) D5884 - - - 55 55 55 15,000 lb
Puncture Resistance – lb (min. ave.) D4833 25 30 40 75 85 100 15,000 lb
Ply Adhesion – lb/in. (min. ave.) D6636 - - - 15 15 15 15,00 lb
Low Temperature Flexibility - F D2136(3) -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 formulation
Carbon Black Content(4) - % D4218 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 45,000 lb
Ultraviolet Light Resistance(5,6) D7238 @ 70°C per formulation
(a) % strength retained after 20,000 light hrs. D6693-IV  50  50
- or -
(b) % elongation retained after 20,000 light hrs. D6693-IV  50  50
- and -
(c) Surface Cracking Observation after 20,000 light hrs. GM16 none none
(d) Surface Chalking (or Powdering) after 20,000 light hrs. GM23 minor minor
(1) Test methods modified to 20 in./min. for unreinforced and 12 in./min. for reinforced
(2) Calculation based on a 2.0 in. gage length
(3) Using 1/8 in. mandrel for 4-hours.
(4) Applicable only to black geomembranes. Also D1603 is an acceptable method to determine carbon black content.
(5) The conditions of the UV Fluorescent exposure method should be 20 hr. UV cycle at 70C followed by 4 hr. condensation at 60C.
(6) See Section 5.2 for fPP-R geomembranes.

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 SI (METRIC) UNITS
Table 1(b) – Flexible Polypropylene Nonreinforced (fPP) and Reinforced (fPP-R) Geomembranes

Property Test Method fPP fPP fPP fPP-R fPP-R fPP-R Testing
ASTM or GRI 0.76 mm 1.02 mm 1.52 0.91 mm 1.14 mm 1.52 Frequency
mm mm (minimum)
Mass per Unit Area – kg/m2 (min. ave.) D5261 0.59 0.78 0.98 0.73 0.88 1.17 7500 kg
Thickness D5199
 Nominal (mils) 0.76 1.02 1.52 0.91 1.14 1.52 per roll
 min. ave. (mils) 0.68 .92 1.37 0.82 1.03 1.37
Tensile Strength
 dumbbell(1) – kN/m (min. ave.) D6693-IV 11 13 17 - - - 7500 kg
 grab(1) – N (min. ave.) D7004 - - - 890 1110 1340 7500 kg
Tensile Elongation
 dumbbell(1,2) - % (min. ave.) D6693-IV 700 700 700 - - - 7500 kg
 grab(1) - % (min. ave.) D7004 - - - 22 22 22 7500 kg
Multiaxial Elongation - % D5617 120 120 120 - - - formulation
Tear Resistance
 nonreinforced(1) – N (min. ave.) D1004 45 53 80 - - - 7500 kg
 reinforced(1) – N (min. ave.) D5884 - - - 245 245 245 7500 kg
Puncture Resistance – N (min. ave.) D4833 110 130 180 330 380 440 7500 kg
Ply Adhesion – kN/m (min. ave.) D6636 - - - 2.6 2.6 2.6 7500 kg
Low Temperature Flexibility - C D2136(3) -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 formulation
Carbon Black Content(4) - % D4218 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 2-15 22,000 kg
Ultraviolet Light Resistance(5,6) D7238 @ 70°C per formulation
(a) % strength retained after 20,000 light hrs. D6693-IV  50  50
- or -
(b) % elongation retained after 20,000 light hrs. D6693-IV  50  50
- and -
(c) Surface Cracking Observation after 20,000 light hrs. GM16 none none
(d) Surface Chalking (or Powdering) after 20,000 light hrs. GM23 minor minor
(1) Test methods modified to 500 mm/min. for unreinforced and 12 in./min. for reinforced
(2) Calculation based on a 50 mm gage length
(3) Using 32 mm mandrel for 4-hours.
(4) Applicable only to black geomembranes. Also D1603 is an acceptable method to determine carbon black content.
(5) The conditions of the UV Fluorescent exposure method should be 20 hr. UV cycle at 70C followed by 4 hr. condensation at 60C.
(6) See Section 5.2 for fPP-R geomembranes.

GM18 - 11 of 12 Rev. 8: 9/10/15

 Adoption and Revision Schedule

for

fPP Specification per GRI-GM18

“Test Properties, Testing Frequency and Recommended Warrant for Flexible Polypropylene
(fPP and fPP-R) Nonreinforced and Reinforced Geomembranes”

Adopted: February 18, 2002

Revision 1: June 23, 2003: Adopted ASTM D 6693, in place of ASTM D 638 for tensile
strength testing. Also added Note 5.

Revision 2: August 12, 2003: S.I. conversion errors in mass corrected

Suspended: May 3, 2004

Withdrawn: January 22, 2007

Revision 3: March 20, 2009: Changed endurance criteria from OIT testing to 50% percent
strength and elongation retained (for nonreinforced fPP) and no cracking or
chalking (for reinforced fPP-R) after 20,000 light hours of UV-fluorescent
exposure per ASTM D 7238 at 70°C. Numerous notes have been added as well as
editorial corrections. Also removed recommended warranty from the
specification.

Revision 4: June 18, 2009: Corrected calculation for radiant exposure (RE).

Revision 5: February 1, 2011: Added 60 mil (1.52 mm) fPP and fPP-R to the specification.

Revision 6: December 17, 2012: Editorial changes.

Revision 7: August 4, 2014: Reviewed range of C.B. Content from 2-3% to 2-15%
recognizing that thermoset resins can be added up to 15% per Note 3.

Revision 8: September 10, 2015: Changed thickness description from “lowest individual
specimen” to “minimum average” in Tables 1a and 1b.

GM18 - 12 of 12 Rev. 8: 9/10/15