PREFABRICATED REINFORCEMENT HANDBOOK Lowres PDF

I
Prefabricated
Reinforcement
H a n d b o o k
The Prefabricated Reinforcement Handbook is published by the Productivity Development Unit, Technology
Development Division of the Construction Industry Development Board .
©Construction Industry Development Board, November 1997
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the information presented in this Handbook. The Handbook
should always be reviewed by those using it with regard to the full circumstances of its particular application .
Accordingly, no liability for negligence or otherwise can be accepted by CIDB, the members of its committee,
its servants or agents.
FOREWORD
The use of prefabricated reinforcement is an efficient and cost-effective option for projects having to
use in-situ construction, particularly in respect of minimising wastage and overcoming site constraints. It is
especially beneficial to Singapore's construction industry which is acutely short of skilled workers. Together
with other buildable features, it will help to raise construction productivity, improve quality and reduce our
heavy reliance on foreign workers.
This handbook is another effort by the industry to help engineers increase the buildability of their
designs. It identifies the areas where prefabricated reinforcement can be used and promotes the use of
standardised meshes and cages. The Handbook helps engineers by providing necessary design tables,
construction details where relevant and annotations of prefabricated reinforcement. Some design examples
are also provided.
I wish to thank members of the Steering Committee for their valuable feedback to this Handbook. I
also wish to record my appreciation to TEG Engineering Consultants, Ho & Chang Consultants, B.R.C.
Weldmesh (S.E.A.) Pte Ltd and Eastern Wire Pte Ltd who prepared most of the draft. I am confident that this
Handbook will contribute to a better understanding and wider application of prefabricated reinforcement
in the construction industry.
Tan Ee Ping
Chairman of Steering Committee
Prefabricated Reinforcement Handbook
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Prefabricated Reinforcement Handbook was developed jointly by CIDB, TEG Engineering
Consultants, Ho & Chang Consultants, B.R.C. Weldmesh (S.E.A) Pte Ltd and Eastern Wire Pte Ltd.
Cl DB would like to thank the chairman and members of the Steering Committee for their contributions
towards the development of this Handbook.
Steering Committee
Name Organization
Chairman Mr Tan Ee Ping Tan Ee Ping & Partners
Members Dr Kog Yue Choong Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner (S .E.Asia) Pte Ltd
(also representing Association of Consulting Engineers Singapore)
Mr Lam Siew Wah Construction Industry Development Board
Mr Tan Tian Chong Construction Industry Development Board
Mr Gan Eng Oon DP Architects Pte Ltd
Mr Shum Chee Hoong Housing & Development Board
Mr Graeme Forrest-Brown Maunsell Consultants (Singapore) Pte Ltd
Mr Shahzad Nasim Meinhardt Pte Ltd
Mr Ong Chan Leng Public Works Department
Mr K Srivelan Public Works Department
Mr Poon Hin Kong Real Estate Developers' Association of Singapore
Mr Eddie Wong Real Estate Developers' Association of Singapore
Mr Lai Huen Poh RSP Architects Planners & Engineers (Pte) Ltd
Mr Lee Kut Cheung RSP Architects Planners & Engineers (Pte) Ltd
Mr Chuang Shaw Peng Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Mr Edward D' Silva Singapore Institute of Architects
Mdm Chia Oi Leng ST Architects & Engineers Pte Ltd
Dr Tan Guan TY Lin South East Asia Pte Ltd
Secretariat Mr Ang Lion Aik Construction Industry Development Board
Ms Phua Hui Chun Construction Industry Development Board
CIDB would also like to thank the following people for their valuable comments.
EJ Consultants Pte Ltd
Obayashi (Singapore) Pte Ltd
Singapore Technologies Construction Pte Ltd
;;
CONTENTS PAGE
APPENDIX
(A) WELDED WIRE FABRIC DIMENSIONS 76

(B) WELDED WIRE FABRIC TABLES 77-78
(C) TYPES OF FABRIC LAP 79
(D) BEAM LINK CAGE CONVERSION TABLE FOR PLAIN MILD 80
STEEL BAR
(E) COLUMN LINK CAGE CONVERSION TABLE FOR PLAIN MILD 81
STEEL BAR
(F) LIST OF REINFORCEMENT FABRICATORS 82
iv
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this Handbook is to promote the wider use of prefabricated reinforcement (welded
wire fabric and prefabricated cages) by providing useful guidelines to engineers in the design of structural
elements using such reinforcement. The wider use of prefabricated reinforcement will raise productivity,
reduce site labour and shorten construction time.
SCOPE OF THE HANDBOOK
This Handbook contains tables of welded wire fabric and prefabricated cages. Design of reinforcement
is based on BS8110: Structural Use of Concrete: Part 1: 1985, including subsequent revisions up to 1993.
Prefabricated reinforcement can be used in slabs, columns, beams, walls, drains and pilecaps. Detailing of
reinforcement in two-dimensional and isometric views and guidelines on installation are also provided.
WELDED WIRE FABRIC (WWF)
Welded Wire Fabric is manufactured using automatic welding machines, where parallel series of
high strength cold drawn reinforcing wires are welded together in a square or rectangular grid . It uses
electrical resistance welding process to fuse the intersecting wires into a homogeneous section and fix a ll
wires in their proper position. Plain wires, deformed wires or a combination of both may be used in welded
wire fabric .
In Singapore, WWF are manufactured in accordance to Singapore Standards SS 32: Welded Steel
Fabric for the Reinforcement of Concrete. The characteristic yield strength of WWF is 485 N/mm 2 . Most of
the local manufacturers have their WWF certified to the Singapore Quality Mark Scheme ensuring consistent
quality of the product. However, engineers may also obtain a copy of test certificates from the supplier to
ensure that the strength of the wire meets the requirements.
Currently, the four most commonly used preferred WWF are:
"A" Series: Square fabrics with wires at 200 mm spacing in both directions.
"B" Series: Rectangular fabrics with main w ire spacing of 100 mm and cross
wire spacing of 200 mm.
"D" Series: Square fabric with wires at 100 mm spacing in both directions.
" E" Series: Square fabric w ith wires at 150 mm spacing in both directions.
A, D and E fabrics series have equal sizes of wire and spacing in both directions. They are used
where the structures they reinforced have to be equally strong in both directions, therefore providing similar
areas of steel. B series fabrics are generally used in structures where the principal steel is in one direction,
and the steel in the other direction is the minimum required by BS 8110. Standard sheet sizes of 6 m (length)
by 2.4 m (width) are usually available ex-stock. Cut-to-size sheets are also readily ava ilable from the supplier
in flat sheets or bent to required shape.
"Engineered" fabric series and "Designer" fabric series may also be fabricated by varying the diameter,
spacing and position of the wire. In this Handbook, a new series of Designer fabric is introduced to increase
the choices of WWF available. Engineers may also specify their own Designer Fabric or Engineered fabric
in consultation with the suppliers.
2
I
PREFABRICATED CAGES
Prefabricated reinforcement improves site productivity and shortens construction time. Off-site
fabrication, in the controlled environment of a factory, has the benefit of much higher productivity, better
quality control and far less wastage of material. The contractor avoids keeping large quantity of material on
site, minimises the tedious tasks of manual cutting, bending, laying and fixing of steel bars in the traditional
manner.
WWF as described earlier is the most common prefabricated reinforcement used. WWF can be
made from different types of reinforcement steel and is available up to the size of 16 mm diameter, e.g.
main wire Tempcore bar Tl6 and cross wire cold drawn wire H 10.
WWF in the form of beam link cages or column link cages is ideal for forming a quick skeleton of
reinforcement onto which the main reinforcement can be secured. This form of cages is widely used in HDB
projects and is starting to be used in the private sector.
Apart from the flat sheets and bent fabric where the intersections are resistance welded, flat, bent or
3-dimensional prefabricated reinforcement can also be formed using a mig welder to spot weld the
reinforcement bars and/or WWF cages together. These assemblies are rigid enough for transport to site
without damage and they can be lifted and dropped into the formwork ready to be concreted . With a mig
welder it is possible to produce prefabricated reinforcement with diameters larger than 16 mm. This Handbook
provides information on the use of prefabricated column cages, beam cages, pile caps and other structural
elements. Engineers should check with the manufacturer for more information on design considerations,
detailing and supply of the prefabricated reinforcement.
3
GUIDE TO SECTIONS
The following Sections feature design guidelines and examples using prefabricated reinforcement
for slabs, beams, columns, walls, pilecaps and other applications. Design assumptions as well as relevant
details are also provided .
New annotations such as S2Tl0-200 (beam link cage), 3LH10-175 (column close link cage),
WA 125-A 10 (wall type), 1RP150 (single pile type for precast reinforced concrete driven pile) and 5BP600
(5 pilegroup type for bored pile) have been introduced in an attempt to standardise the specifications of
these prefabricated reinforcement.
4
SECTION ONE
SLAB
REINFORCEMENT
SECTION ONE: SLAB REINFORCEMENT
This Section enables engineer to select welded wire fabric (WWF) from design tables based on the design considerations
shown below for one-way and two-way continuous slabs.
1.1 Design Considerations
1. 25mm nominal cover to steel reinforcement is adopted .

2. 2.7 kN/m 2 is taken as Superimposed Dead Loads (including dead load for finishes, partition, services, etc.).
3. Concrete Grade 30 is adopted in the design for Table 'SA 1' to Table 'SA 18'.
4. Design criteria complies to BS 8110: Part 1: 1985: Section Three.
5. Design Tables are categorised based on shortest slab span, Lx criteria followed by ultimate design loads
(excluding slab self weight) as shown in Table 'A' below.
TABLE 'A'
Slab Span, Lx Ultimate Design Loads, W Design Table

(kN/m 2 )
ws 8.6 'SAl'
8.6 < w s 11.8 'SA2'
11.8 < w s 15.8 'SA3'

Lx S 3.0
15.8 < w s 23.8 'SA4'
23.8 < w s 27.8 'SA5'
27.8 < w s 35.8 'SA6'
w s 8.6 'SA7'
8.6 < w s 11.8 'SA8'
11.8 < w s 15 .8 'SA9'

3.0 < Lx S 3.6 15.8 < w s 23.8 'SAlO'
23.8 < w s 27.8 'SAll'
27.8 < w s 35.8 'SA12'
w s 8.6 'SA13'
8.6 < w s 11.8 'SA14'
11.8 < w s 15.8 'SA15'

3.6 < Lx S 4.8
15.8 < w s 23.8 'SA16'
23.8 < w s 27.8 'SA17'
27.8 < w s 35.8 'SA18'
6. Mesh provided in Table 'SA 1' to Table 'SA 18' are designed based on the longest slab span dimension, Lx and
highest end of ultimate design load category, W of the Table 'A' above.
7. Engineer shall consider the continuity effect if adjacent slab panels are of different thickness and/or having
drop affecting the design effective depth .
8. Extra allowance of reinforcement areas i.e. 50mm has been provided to the designed required steel area
when selecting the mesh.
5
1.2 Examples On Slab Design
EXAMPLE (1)
Design Data :
Slab sizes: ly= 6.5 m, lx = 3.0 m.
1. Slab type: Two Adjacent Edges Discontinuous.
2. Design live load, ll = 3.0 kN/m 2
Superimposed Dead load, SDL = 2.7 kN/m 2
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Design Method:
Step l: For lx= 3.0 m ==> Table 'SA 1' to Table 'SA6'
Step 2: Calculate the ultimate design load (excluding slab self-weight),
w = ( 1.4 X SDL) + ( 1.6 X ll) = ( 1.4 X 2.7) + ( 1.6 X 3.0)
= 8.58 kN/m 2
W < 8.6 kN/m 2 ==>go to Table 'SA 1'
Step 3: Span Ratio= ly/lx = 6.5/ 3.0 = 2.17 > 2.0 ==>One-Way Slab==> Column "9"
Slab Panel Type : Two Adjacent Edges Discontinuous ==> Row "4"
RESULT==> 125 mm thick slab with
WWF B8 (Top Mesh - lx Direction), WWF A7 (Top Mesh - ly Direction ) and
WWF B6 (Bottom Mesh) satisfying deflection, shear a nd moment criteria.
(Note: If engineer prefers other slab thickness to be used, the design has to be extended to Step 4.)
Step 4: Work out the self-weight difference between the sla b thickness preferred and one recomme nded in the
Design Table 'SA 1'.
For instance, slab thickness 150 mm is preferred.
• New additional weight due to increase in slab thickness
= (0.15- 0.125) x 24 = 0.6 kN/m 2
• New ultimate design load = (1.4 x 0.6 + 8.58) = 9.42 kN/m 2 ==>go to Table 'SA2 '
• Repeat Step 3=> read Column "9" & Row "4"
• RESULT==> 125 mm thick slab with
WWF B8 (Top Mesh - lx Direction), WWF B6 (Top Mesh- ly Direction) and
WWF B8 (Bottom Mesh) satisfying deflection, shear and moment criteria.
Therefore, engineer can use the preferred slab thickness 150 mm with the above designed mesh.
EXAMPLE (2) :
Design Data:
1. Slab Sizes: ly = 6.0 m, lx = 4.0 m.
2. Slab Type: Interior Panel.
3. Design live load, ll = 6.0 kN/m 2
Superimposed Dead load, SOL= 5.0 kN/ m2
Design Method:
+
Step l: For lx = 4.0 m=> Table 'SA 13 ' to Table 'SA 18'
Step 2: Calculate the ultimate design load (excluding slab self-weight),
w = (1.4 X SOL) + ( 1.6 X ll) = ( 1.4 X 5.0) + ( 1.6 X 6.0)
= 16.6 kN/m 2
15.8 kN/m 2 < W.:::. 23.8 kN/m 2 ~go to Table 'SA 16'
Step 3: Span Ratio= ly/lx = 6/4 = 1.5 < 2.0 ~Two-Way Slab~ Column "6"
Slab Type: Interior Panel ~ Row "1"
• RESULT ~ 175 mm thick slab with
WWF DA 10/ 10 (Top Mesh- lx Direction), WWF B8 (Top Mesh - ly Direction) and
WWF DE9/8 (Bottom Mesh) satisfying deflection, shear and moment criteria.
Step 4: Slab thickness 225 mm is preferred.
• New additional weight due to increase in slab thickness
= (0.225- 0.175) x 24 = 1.2 kN/m 2
• 'New' ultimate design load = (1.4 x 1.2 + 16.6 ) = 18.28 kN/ m2 ==>go to Table 'SA 16'
• RESULT ~ 225 mm thick slab with
WWF OA 10/ 10 (Top Mesh - lx Direction), WWF B8 (Top Mesh - ly Di rection ) and
WWF DE9 / 8 (Bottom Mesh) satisfying deflection, shear and moment criteria.
6
1.3 Slab Design Tables
SLAB SPAN Lx .s_ 3.0m

Concrete
TABLE SA 1 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) W-< 8.6 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTION THREE
TYPES OF SLAB PANEL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
1. INTERIOR PANELS Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 B6 B6 B6 B6
B6
Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 B6
Bottom mesh A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 B6
2. ONE SHORT EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7
Bottom mesh A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 B6 B6
3. ONE LONG EDG E Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 B6 B6 B6 B8
B6 B6 B8 B8
Bottom mesh A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 B6 B6
4. TWO ADJACENT Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B8
B6 B6 B6 B6 B8 B8 B8
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh A7 A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
5. TWO SHORT EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
Bottom mesh A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 B6 B6 B6 B6
6. TWO LONG EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7
7. THREE EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B6 B6 B6 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7
Bottom mesh A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7
(ONESHORT EDGE
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
9. FOUR EDGES Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh B6 B6 B6 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8
7
SLAB SPAN Lx~ 3.0m
Concrete
TABLE SA2 ' Grade
ULTIMATE (SOL +LL) 8.6 kN/m2 < W-< 11.8 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985 : SECTION THREE

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B8 B8
Bottom mesh A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 B6 B6 B6 B6
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B8 B8 B8
Bottom mesh A7 A7 A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
3. ONE LONG EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 12 5 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) B8
B6 B6 B6 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8
4. TWO ADJACENT Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 12 5 125 125
EDGE Top mesh (lx direction)
DISCONTINUOUS B6 B6 B8 B8 B8 B8 88 88 B8
Top mesh (ly direction) B6 86 B6 86 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
Bottom mesh A7 86 B6 86 B6 B6 B8 B8 B8
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B8 B8 B8 B8
Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A7 B5 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7
Bottom mesh A7 B6 B6 86 B6 86 B6 B6 B6
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7
Top mesh (ly direction) B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
Bottom mesh A7 B6 B6 B8 B8 88 B8 B8 B8
DISCONTINUOUS
DISCONTINUOUS A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7
(ONE SHORT EDGE Top mesh (lx direction)
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) B6 86 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh 88 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8
8
SLAB SPAN Lx.::; 3.0m
Concrete
TABLE SA3 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 11.8 kN/m2 < W-< 15.8 kN/m 2 30N/mm 2

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 BS
1 ONE LONG EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTIN UOUS Top mesh (lx direction) B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh B6 B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTIN UOUS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9
Bottom mesh B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A? A? A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A?
Bottom mesh B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A? A? A7 A7 A? AS AS AS
Bottom mesh B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) A? A7 A7 A7 A7 A? A? A? A?
Bottom mesh E7 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
S. THREE EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A? A7 A7 A? A? A? AS AS
(ONE SHORT EDGE
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS B6 B6
Bottom mesh AS BS BS BS BS BS B9 BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A? AS AS AS AS
Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A? A7 A? A7 AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh A9 D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S BS BS BS BS
9
SLAB SPAN Lx ~ 3.0m
Concrete
TABLE SA4 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 15.8 kN/m 2 < W-< 23.8 kN/m 2 30N/mm 2
TYPES OF SLAB PANEL (Ly/ Lx) Ratio ONE-WAY

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
2. ONE SHORTEDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
3. ONE LONG EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B9 B10 B10
Bottom mesh B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9
DISCONTINUOUS D7 DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S B9 B9 B9
Bottom mesh BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
5. TWO SHORTEDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B9
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B9
DISCONTI NUOUS
(ONELONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh D7 D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE SHORT EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh ES DES/S BS BS BS B9 B9 B10 B10
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Top mesh (ly direction) A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh E9 DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE1 0/S DE10/S
JO
SLAB SPAN Lx.::; 3.0m
Concrete
TABLE SAS Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 23.8 kN/m2 < W-< 27 .8 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAY SLABDESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTION THREE
TYPES OF SLAB PAN EL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
1. INTERIOR PANELS Thickness (mm) 125
125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B9
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) D7 A10 DES/S DES/S DES/S EA10/10 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S B9 B9 B9 B9
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS B6 B6 B6 B6
DISCONTINUOUS E9 EA10/10 AA 13110 AA13/10 EA10/10 DE9/S DE9/S AA13/10 AA13/10
Bottom mesh ES D7 DES/S DES/S BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) BS B8 BS BS B9 B9 B9 B9 B9
Bottom mesh A9 D7 D7 D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh A9 DES/S BS BS BS B9 B9 B10 B10
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONELONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BS B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B10 B10 B10
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh D7 E9 EA10/10 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S EA10/10 EA10110
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONESHORT EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 B9 BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh D7 EA10/10 AA13/1 0 DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE1 0/S DE10/S DE10/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Top mesh (ly direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh A10 EA10/10 EA10/10 AA13/10 AA13110 AA13/10 DA10/10 DA10/10 DA10110
ll
SLABSPAN Lx.::; 3.0m
Concrete
TABLE SA6 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 27.8 kN/m 2 < W-< 35.8 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAYSLABDESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTIONTHREE

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
1. INTERIOR PANELS Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 150 150 150
125
Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 89 89 89
Top mesh (ly direction) 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88
Bottom mesh 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88 88
2 ONE SHORT EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) EAl0/10 EAl0/10 EAl0/10 AA13/1 0 DE8/8 AA13/10 DE9/8 DE9/8 DE9/8
Top mesh (ly direction) 88 88 88 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8
Bottom mesh E8 D7 DE8/8 DE8/8 B8 DE8/8 B8 B8 B8
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) EAl0/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DE9/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 DEl 0/8 DEl0/8 DEl0/8
Bottom mesh D7 DE8/8 DE8/8 B8 B8 B8 B9 B9 B9
DISCONTINUOUS ElO El l AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DAl 0/10 DAl0/10 EA13/10 EA13/10
Top mesh (ly direction) B8 B8 B8 B8 B8 B8 B9 B8 88
Bottom mesh DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 EAl0/10 DE9/8 DE9/8 DE9/8
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) B8 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9
Bottom mesh D7 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A8 A8 A8 A8 A8 A8
A7 A8 A8
Bottom mesh D7 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 DEl0/8 EA13/10 EA13/10 EA13/10
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) B8 B9 B9 B10 Bl 0 BlO B11 Bl l Bll
Bottom mesh D7 E9 EAl0/10 EAl 0/10 EAl0/10 AA13/1 0 AA13/10 AA1311 0 AA13/10
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE SHORT EDGE
Bottom mesh Al l EAl0/1 0 AA13/10 AA 13/10 DAl0/10 DA10/10 EA13/10 DE1 1/9 DEll /9
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh D8 A12 A13 E1 2 E12 E13 Dl l D12 D1 2
12
SLAB SPAN 3.0m < Lx.::; 3. 6m
Concrete
TABLE SA7 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) W-< 8.6 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN INACCORDANCE TO BS8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTIONTHREE

SLAB
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS
Bottom mesh A7 A7 A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
2. ONE SHORT EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 . 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh A7 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS
EDGE
Top mesh (lx direction) E7 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh AS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
S. TH REE EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE SHORT EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS B6 B6 B6
Bottom mesh AS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS
Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS
J3
SLAB SPAN 3.0m < Lx.::; 3.0m
Concrete
TABLE SAS Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 8.6 kN /m2 < W-< 11.8kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANC ETO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985 : SECTION THREE
TYPES OF SLAB PAN EL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
1. INTERIOR PANELS Thickness (mm} 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
Top mesh (lx direction} B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS
Top mesh (ly direction} B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
Bottom mesh E6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS
2 ONE SHORT EDGE Thickness (mm} 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 '125 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction} BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 BS BS BS BS
3. ONE LONG EDGE Thickness (mm} 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction} BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 BS BS
4. TWO ADJACENT Thickness (mm} 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 150 150
EDGE Top mesh (lx direction}
DISCONTINUOUS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Top mesh (ly direction} BS BS BS BS BS BS B6 B6 B6
5. TWO SHORT EDGE Thickness (mm} 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction} BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Top mesh (ly direction} A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7
6. TWO LONG EDGE Thickness (mm} 125 125 125 150 150 150 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction} A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS
Top mesh (ly direction} BS BS BS B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
Bottom mesh B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9
7. THREE EDGE Thickness (mm} 125 125 125 125 125 125 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction} BS BS BS BS B9 B9 BS BS BS
CONTINUOUS} Top mesh (ly direction} A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS
S. THREE EDGE Thickness (mm} 125 125 125 150 150 150 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction} A7 A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS
(ONE SHORT EDGE
CONTINUOUS} Top mesh (ly direction} BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh BS BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 B9
9. FOUR EDGES Thickness (mm} 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction} AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Top mesh (ly direction} AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh A9 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
J4
SLAB SPAN 3.0m < Lx .s 3.6m
Concrete
TABLE SA9 Grade
ULTIMATE (SOL +LL) 11.8 kN/m2 < W-< 15.8 kN/m2
30N/mm 2

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
1. INTERIORPANELS Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125
Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
2. ONE SHORT EDGE Thickness (mm) 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 . 125
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) DE7/S DE7/S DE7/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) DE7/7 A10 DES/S BS BS BS B9 B9 B9
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS B6 B6 B6 B6 B6 B6
Bottom mesh B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS B9 BS BS
Top mesh (ly direction) A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 AS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS B6 B6
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B9 B9 B9
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh D7 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A7 AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
(ONESHORT EDGE
Bottom mesh D7 BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B10 B1 0
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS B10
Top mesh (ly direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS B10
Bottom mesh D7 DES/S DES/S EA 10/10 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
15
SLAB SPAN 3.0m < Lx .:::;3.6m
Concrete
TABLE SAlO Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 15.8 kN /m2 < W-< 23.8 kN/m2
30N/mm 2

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DES/S DES/S EA10110 BS BS B9 B9 B9
2. ONE SHORT EDGE Th ickness (mm) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S EA 10/10 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S AA13/10 DE10/S DE10/S DE10/S
DISCONTINUOUS E9 EA10/10 AA 13/10 AA13110 AA13110 DA10/10 DA10/10 EA13110 EA13/10
Bottom mesh ES D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S EA 1011 0 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B9 B9 B9
Bottom mesh A9 D7 D7 A10 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh A9 DES/S DES/S DES/S B9 B9 B10 B10 B10
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS B9 B10 B10 B10 B11 B10 B10
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
Bottom mesh A10 EA10/10 EA10/10 EA10110 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE SHORT EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 B9 B9 89 BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh D7 EA10/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DA10/10 DE9/S DE10/S DE10/S DE10/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh DS E11 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DA10110 DA10/10 EA 13/10 EA 13/10
J6
SLABSPAN 3.0m < Lx s 3.4m Concrete
TABLE SA11 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 23.8 kN/m2 < W-< 27.8 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAYSLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985 : SECTIONTHREE

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) ES D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
2. ONESHORT EDGE Thickness (mm) 150 150 150 150 150 150 175 175 175
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) DE9/S
DES/S DES/S DES/S EA10/10 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
Top mesh (ly direction) BS 8S BS BS 8S 8S BS BS BS
Bottom mesh BS BS BS BS BS BS BS 8S BS
3. ONELONG EDGE Thickness (mm) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) DE 10/S EA 13/1 0 DE11/S DE 11/S
DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE10/S
Top mesh (ly direction) 8S BS BS BS BS BS BS BS 8S
Bottom mesh BS BS 8S 8S B9 B9 B9 B10 B10
DISCONTINUOUS DES/9 DE9/9 DE9/9 DE10/S DE1 0/9 AA13/10 DA10/1 0 DA10/10 DA10/10
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS 8S BS
Bottom mesh D7 DES/S DES/S EA10/10 DE9/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) BS 8S B9 B9 B9 B9 B10 810 B10
Bottom mesh D7 A10 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS 8S BS
Bottom mesh D7 DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S AA13/10 DE10/S EA13/10 EA13/10
7. THREEEDGE Thickness (mm) 150 150 150 150 150 175 175 175 175
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) B9 B10 B10 B10 B1 1 810 B1 0 B11 81 1
Bottom mesh DES/9 DES/9 DE9/9 DE9/9 DE9/9 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
S. THREEEDGE Thickness (mm) 150 150 175 175 175 175 175 175 175
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE SHORT EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 BS BS BS 8S 8S BS 8S
Bottom mesh DES/9 DE9/9 DE9/S DE9/S AA12/10 DE10/S A13/10 EA13/10 EA13/10
DISCONTINUOUS
Rnttnm mP'h A12 DE9/9 DE9/9 DE10/9 DE1 0/9 DE10/9 DE11 /9 DE11 /9 DE11/9
17
SLAB SPAN 3.0m < Lx s) .6m Concrete
TABLE SA 12 Grade
ULTI MATE (SDL +LL) 27 .8 kN/m2 < W-< 35 .8 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TYPES OF SLABPANEL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS B9 B9 B9 B10 B1 0 B10 B9
Top mesh (ly direction) B6 B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh A9 D7 D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DES/S
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) BS B9 B9 B9 B10 B1 0 B11 B11 B1 0
Bottom mesh D7 D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DES/S
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) BS B9 B10 B10 B11 B11 B11 B11
B10
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS B8 BS BS
Bottom mesh D7 DES/S DES/S DE9/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE10/S DE10/S
DISCONTINUOUS B10 B10 B11 B1 0 B10 B1 1 B11 B11 B11
Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 B9 BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh EA10/10 EA 10/10 AA13/10 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE10/S DE10/S DE10/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) B9 B9 B10 B10 B10 B1 1 B11 B10 B10
Bottom mesh E9 EA 10/10 EA10/10 EA 10/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DE9/S DE9/S
Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 B9 BS BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh E9 AA13/10 AA 13/10 DE10/S DE10/S DE 11 /S DE 11/S DE12/S DE 12/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh E10 E11 E10 E11 E11 E11 DE10/9 DE11 /9 DE11 /9
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE SHORT EDGE
Bottom mesh E1 0 E11 DE10/9 DE10/9 DE11 /9 DE11 /9 DE12/9 DE12/9 DE12/9
9. FOUR EDGES Th ickness (mm) 150 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh A13 A13 D10 D11 D11 D12 D12 D13 B13
J8
SLAB SPAN 3.6m < Lx _s 4.8m
Concrete
TABLE SA13 Grade
ULTIMATE(SDL +LL) W-< 8.6 kN/m2
30N/mm 2

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) E7 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
2. ONESHORT EDGE Thickness (mm) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B9 B9
BS
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS B6 B6 B6
Bottom mesh B6 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DES/S DES/S EA10110 DE9/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS
5. TWO SHORT EDGE Thickness (mm) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 1so
DISCONTINUOUS BS 89 89
Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS D6 D6
Bottom mesh BS BS BS BS BS BS 89 89 89
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B9 B9 B9
Bottommesh A9 DE7/7 DE7/7 DE717 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS AS D6 D6
(ONESHORT EDGE
Bottom mesh ES DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S B9 B9
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS D6 D6 D6
Top mesh (ly direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh D7 DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
J9
SLAB SPAN 3.6m < Lx -< 4.8m
Concrete
TABLE SA14 8.6 kN/m2 < W< 11.8 kN/m2 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL)
30N/mm2
TWO-WAYSLAB DESIG N IN ACCORDANCE TOBS 8110: PART 1: 1985 : SECTIONTHREE
TYPES OF SLAB PANEL ONE-WAY

(Ly/ Lx ) Ratio
SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) D7 D7 A10 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE9/8 B8 B8
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE9/8 DE8/8 EA10/10 EA10/10
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DE8/8 EA10/10 DE8/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 AA1 3/10 DE10/8 DE10/8
Bottom mesh 88 B8 88 B8 88 88 B8 B9 B9
DISCONTINUOUS EA10/10 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 DE10/8 DE10/8 DE1 0/8
Top mesh (ly direction) B8 B8 88 88 88 B8 BB BB BB
Bottom mesh D7 B8 B8 B8 88 BB B9 B9 B9
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) 88 B9 89
B8 B8 BB 88 BB B9
Top mesh (ly direction) AB A8 AB A8 AB A8 AB AB AS
Bottom mesh E8 D7 BB B8 BB BB B8 BB 88
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) AB A8 AB AS AB D6 D6 D6 D6
Top mesh (ly direction) BB 88 BB B8 BB B8 B8 BB BB
Bottom mesh EB 88 BB B9 B9 B9 B9 B10 B10
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BB B9 B9 B9 B10 B10 810 810 810
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) AB AS AB AB AB A8 A8 A8 A8
Bottom mesh D7 A10 DEB/8 DEB/8 DEB/8 DEB/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 DE9/8
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE SHORT EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) A8 AB A8 A8 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) 88 BB BB B8 88 B8 B8 B8 B8
Bottom mesh D7 DE8/8 DE8/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 DE9/8 AA1 3/10 DE10/8 DE10/8
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) A8 A8 AB D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
Top mesh (ly direction) AS AS AS D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh DE8/9 ElO DE9/9 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DA10/10 DA10/10 DA10/10
20
SLABSPAN 3.6m < Lx _s 4.8m
Concrete
TABLE SA15 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 11 .8 kN/m2< W-< 15.8 kN/m2
30N/mm 2
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN INACCORDANCETO BS8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTIONTHREE

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
1. INTERIORPANELS Thickness (mm) 150 150 150 175 175 175 175 175 175
Top mesh (lx direction) D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S EA10110 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS B6 B6
Bottom mesh BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS . BS
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) EAl0/10 DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S AA13/10
AA13/10
Bottom mesh D7 BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS
1 ONE LONG EDGE Thickness (mm) 150 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) EA10/10 DES/S DE9/S DE9/S AA13/10 DE10/S DE10/S EA 13/10 EA13/10
Bottom mesh D7 BS BS BS BS B9 B9 B10 B10
EDGE
Top mesh (lx direction) EA 10110 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DA10/1 0 DA10/10 DA10/10 DA10/1 0 DA10/10
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) BS BS B9 B9 B9 B9 B10 B10 B10
Bottom mesh D7 D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S DES/S EA10/10 EA 10/10
6. TWO LONG EDGE Thickness (mm) 175 17S m 700 700 700 700 700 700
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS AS D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh D7 DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S AA13/10 EA13/10 EA 13/10 EA1 3/10
DISCONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) AS AS AS AS AS AS D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh E9 EA 10/10 EA1 0/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13110 AA13/10
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction)
(ONE SHORT EDGE AS AS AS AS D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 B9 B9 BS BS BS BS BS
Bottom mesh E9 EA10/10 AA13/10 DA10/10 AA13/10 DA10/10 EA13/100 EA 13/10 EA 13/10
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) AS D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
Top mesh (ly direction) AS D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh A12 A12 E11 E1 2 E1 2 D10 E13 D11 D11
2J
SLAB SPAN 3.6m < Lx.:::; 4.8m
Concrete
TABLE SA16 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 15.8 kN/m2 < W-< 23 .8 kN/m2 30N/mm2
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985 : SECTIONTH REE

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
1. INTERIOR PANELS Thickness (mm) 175 175 175 200
175 175 175 175 200
Top mesh (lx direction) E9 EAl0/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DA10/10 DAl0/1 0 DE1 0/S DEl OiS
Bottom mesh ES D7 DES/S DES/S DES/S DE9/S DE9/S B9 B9
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) ElO Ell E1 1 E12 E12 AA13/10 DAl 0/10 DA 10110 DAl0/10
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS BS BS BS BS BS BS B8
Bottom mesh DES/8 DES/S DE8/8 EAl0/10 DE9/8 DES/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/8
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) ElO A13 E12 B11 DAl0/10 EA 13/10 DEll /9 DEll /9 DEll /9
Top mesh (ly direction) BS BS B8 B9 B8 B8 B8 BS BS
Bottom mesh DE8/8 DES/S DE9/S DE11 /9 DE9/S DE9/S DE10/S DE1 0/S DEl0/8
EDGE
Top mesh (lx direction) E1 1 E12 E12 D10 E13 E13 D12 D12 D12
DISCONTINUOUS
Bottom mesh DE8/9 DE9/9 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA13/10 DAl 0/10 DAl 0/10 EA13110 EA 13/10
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) B9 B10 BlO BlO BlO BlO Bl O Bll Bl l
Top mesh (ly direction) AS AS AS AS AS D6 D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh DE8/9 DES/9 DE9/9 DE9/9 DE9/9 AA13/10 AA1 3/1 0 AA13/10 AA13/10
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) AS AS D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 D7 D7
Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 BS BS BS
Bottom mesh DE8/9 DE9/9 AA13/10 DE10/10 EA 13/10 EA13/10 DEll iS DE 11/S DE 11/8
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) Bl O BlO B11 B11 Bl l B1 2 B12 B12 B12
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh DS A12 E11 A13 E12 E1 2 DlO E1 3 E13
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) AS D6 - D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9 A9
(ONE SHORT EDGE
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) BlO BlO B10 B10 BlO BlO B9 B9 B9
Bottom mesh A12 E11 E12 E13 E13 D1 2 DE12/9 DE12/9 DE12/9
9. FOUR EDGES Thickness (mm) 200 200 200 200 200 200 22 5 225 22 5
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9 A9
Top mesh (ly direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9 A9
Bottom mesh E11 E12 E13 D11 D1 2 D12 D12 D12 D1 2
22
SLABSPAN 3.6m< Lx.:; 4.8m
Concrete
TABLE SA17 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 23 .8 kN/m2 < W-< 27.8 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN INACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTIONTHREE
TYPES OF SLABPANEL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
Top mesh (lx direction) All A1 2 El l E1 2 E12 E1 2 DAl 0/10 EA13/10 EA13/10
Bottom mesh D7 DES/S DES/S EAl0/10 DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S DE9/S
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) El l A13 E12 DlO E1 3 E12 E13 E13 E13
Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 BS BS BS B8
Bottom mesh EAl0/1 0 EA 10/1 0 AA13/10 AA13/10 AA1 3/10 DE9/8 DE9/8 AA13/10 AA13/1 0
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) El l A12 E12 E13 E13 Dll D12 D13 D13
Top mesh (ly direction) B9 B9 B8 B8 BS B8 B8 B8 B8
Bottom mesh EA10/10 AA13/10 DE9/8 DE9/8 AA 13/10 DEl 0/8 EA1 3/10 EA13/1 0 EA13/10
DISCONTINUOUS E12 E12 E13 E13 Dl l D12 D12 D13 D13
Top mesh (ly direction) BlO B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B9
Bottom mesh A1 2 DE9/9 DE9/9 DEl0/9 DEl0/9 DEl 0/9 DEl l /9 DEl l /9 DEl l /9
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) BlO BlO Bl O Bl O Bl O Bll Bl l Bl l Bll
Top mesh (ly direction) AS D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh E10 DE8/9 El O DE9/9 DE9/9 DE9/9 DE10/9 DE10/9 DEl 0/9
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) AS D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9 A9
Top mesh (ly direction) Bl O B9 B9 B9 B9 B9 B8 B8 B8
Bottom mesh ElO DE9/9 DEl 0/9 DE ll/9 DEll /9 DE12/9 DEl l /8 DE 11/8 DE1118
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) BlO Bll Bl l B12 B12 B12 DE13/8 B1 2 B1 2
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9
Bottom mesh A12 E11 E12 E12 Dl O E1 3 E1 3 E13 E1 3
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9 A9 A9
(ONE SHORT EDGE
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) BlO BlO Bl O BlO Bl 0 BlO Bl O BlO B10
Bottom mesh A12 E12 E13 E13 D1 2 D12 D12 D13 D13
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) D6 D6 A9 A9 A9 A9 A9 A9 A9
Top mesh (ly direction) D6 D6 A9 A9 A9 A9 A9 A9 A9
Bottom mesh E12 E13 E13 Dl l D12 D12 D13 D13 D13
23
SLAB SPAN 3.6m < Lx ~ 4.8m
Concrete
TABLE SA18 Grade
ULTIMATE (SDL +LL) 27.8 kN/m2 < W-< 35.8 kN/m2 30N/mm 2
TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985 : SECTIONTHREE

SLAB
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0
1. INTERIOR PANELS Thickness (mm) 200
175 175 175 175 175 200 200 200
Top mesh (lx direction) Ell E1 2 DlO E13 Dl l E13 Dll D12 D12
Bottom mesh E9 El 0 DE9/9 DEl 0/90 DE l0/9 AA 13110 DAl 0/10 DA 10110 DAl0/10
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) E12 E12 Dl O E13 E1 3 Dl l D12 D12 D12
Bottom mesh A12 DE9/9 DE9/9 DE9/9 DE l0/9 DEl0/9 DE l0/9 DEll /9 DEll /9
3. ONE LONG EDGE Thickness (mm) 175 200 200 200 200 200 200 225 22 5
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) E12 Dl O E13 D12 D12 D13 D13 D13 D13
Bottom mesh A12 DE9/9 DEl 0/9 DEl0/9 DEl l /9 DEll /9 DE 12/9 DEll /9 DEll /9
DISCONTINUOUS E12 E13 D1 2 D12 D13 D13 D13 D13 D13
Top mesh (ly direction) Bl O BlO Bl O BlO BlO BlO B9 B9 B9
Bottom mesh El l A13 E1 2 E13 E13 D11 Dl l D1 2 D12
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) Bl O Bll Bl l B11 Bll B12 B12 B12 B12
Top mesh (ly direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 D6
Bottom mesh A12 Ell Ell E12 E12 E12 E13 E13 E13
DISCONTINUOUS Top mesh (lx direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9 D7 D7
Top mesh (ly direction) Bl O BlO Bl O Bl O Bl O B9 B9 B9 B9
Bottom mesh A12 E12 E13 D1 2 D13 D12 D1 3 DE 13/9 DE13/9
DISCONTINUOUS
(ONE LONG EDGE Top mesh (lx direction) Bl l B12 DE13/8 DE13/8 DE 13/8 DE13/8 DE13/8 DE13/8 DE13/8
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9 A9 D7 D7
Bottom mesh E12 Dl O E13 Dll E13 E13 D12 D11 Dl l
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) D6 D6 D6 D6 A9 A9 D7 D7 D7
(ONE SHORT EDGE
CONTINUOUS) Top mesh (ly direction) B11 Bll B11 Bll B1 1 Bl l Bl O BlO BlO
Bottom mesh A13 E13 D12 D13 D12 D13 D1 3 D13 D13
DISCONTINUOUS
Top mesh (lx direction) D6 D6 A9 A9 A9 A9 D7 Al O AlO
Top mesh (ly direction) D6 D6 A9 A9 A9 A9 D7 A10 Al O
Bottommesh E13 D12 D12 D13 D13 D13 D13 D13 D13
24
1.4 Illustration On Use Of Mesh
SINGLE-BEND FABRIC
L1
I I
-
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
I I
-' I I
I I
I I 1 MAIN WIRES
I I
CROSS WIRES
I I (SINGLE BEND)
~
- - - v- -_j L _ __ __ -
Plan of Top Reinforcement at Slab Isometric View
DOUBLE-BEND FABRIC
Ll
II
.----
I
I
I
I
I
I DOUBLE BEND
-'
'iI
I
I
I
[._
L __ _ __ _
v- --- --- -
Plan of Top Reinforcement at Slab Isometric View
ANCHORAGE LENGTH
~
+ SLAB
l
I
I
SLAB
MAIN WIRES MAIN WIRES
CROSS WlRES CROSS WlRES
Anchorage length to
Engineer' s Requiremen_t ~
f----
BEAM I WALL BEAM I WALL
Main Wires Cross Wires

Anchoro ge length to
Engineer's Requirement
25
LX1 LX2 LX3
fLL I I I -'-I
I I II I
I I II I
I I II ~ I
I _l____~ II --y I
1 ~ 1 II I
I L---:r:::: __ _j L ____ ::::
· c..:::-_j=:-t- -+
I~ ,-- 1 ----, ,- -- -- I
I
: :: ~l ::
I II ~ II ~
:
I
I II II --y I
I IIII I
I IIII I
~ -~L ____ _jL ___ 7 - ~
!J
TYPICAL LAYOUT PLAN FOR ONE-JAY &: TWO-JAY SLAB
LXI LX2 LX3
1/3 LXI 1/3 LXI 1/3 LX2 1/3 LX2 1/4 LX3 1/4 LX3
~II
L~ESH [ [
LJ LMESH LMESH MESH J
MESH J
SECTION X - X
LY2 LYI
1/4 LY2 1/4 LY2 1/4 LYI 1/4 LYI
(l_
0
"'oj_ I
~
LMESH MESH J
ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT -
TO ENGINEER S REQUIREMENT
LMESH MESHJ
L
SECTION Y - Y
LYl LY2
1/3 LY1 1/3 LY2
,---- CONTINUTY BAR

30% of Equival nt Area of Bottom Mesh (for Continuous Slab)
50% of Equival nt Area of Bottom Mesh (for Simply-Supported Slab)
~~~~~~~~~~~
k w LMESH
TYPICAL DETAIL OF CONTINUTY BAR IN THE MAIN DIRECTION

(For Bottom Mesh not anchoring into Beam)
LYl LY2
1/4 LY1 1/4 LY2
L MESH
TYPICAL DETAIL IN THE SECONDARY DIRECTION

(For One-Way Slab)
26
L1
1/3 L1 1/3 L1
0
~
r- TOP MESH
+" 1[]
II I
~
'------ BOTTOM MESH ~
DROP > 100 AT SUPPORT
8
TOP MESH v
a.
~----=Cr=~~==~
. _!
BOTTOM MESH
DROP ~ 100 AT SUPPORT
Anchorage Anchorage
8
TOP MESH- v
a.
0
3
+ II
.all j..
L BOTTOM MESH
~
ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT
TO ENGINEER'S REQUIREMENT
TYPICAL DETAIL OF DROP AT SLAB
Lap
L-BEND FOR TOP MESH
ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT
250 (EXAMPLE)
'--------- ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT

TYPICAL SCUPPER DRAIN DETAIL
27
SUSPENDED SLABS
View through section
Top
Location of supports
Sheets moy be produced with longitudinal reinforcement

ot specific centres to match spacing of metal deck ribs.
In the example shown, the longitudinal reinforcement is ot
150mm centres. Because mesh con be supplied in larger
and wider sheets than standards, fewer laps are necessary
Flying ends and sidewires avoid build up af reinforcement
ot lap positions.
28
Flying ends allow mesh made from larger
diameter reinforcement to rest in the same
plane, thus avoiding o build - up of reinforcement
at lop positions. This makes for the accurate
location of mesh in o single Ioyer of reinforcement,
improved achievement of cover and more rapid fixing.
FLYING ENDS LAP DETAILS

Flying end
• •
Lap
I~ ~I
Lap detail showing flying end to
permit 'nesting' in the some plane
The use of larger mesh leads to fewer

lops, hence less reinforcement is used.
The mesh can be laid lengthways across
the bay to eliminate longitudinal laps.
Flying ends running down the boy allow
'nesting' of the mots.
29
SECTION TWO
BEAM
REINFORCEMENT
SECTION TWO: BEAM REINFORCEMENT
This Section provides guidelines on specifying prefabricated reinforcement link cages and capping links.
2.1 Design And Detailing Considerations
1. Annotation for beam link cage :-
Numbers of Link
Link
Type per Beam
Link
Material
Link
Diameter
- Link Spacing, Sv
(mm)
Cross-Section (mm)
S, L n R, T, D, H 10, 13 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250, 300
For Specifying Beam Link Cage :-

Example ( 1): ~Rl.Q-200 ====> detailed as U - lJ
consists of 1 number Open Link Cage of 1Omm diameter Plain Mild Steel Bar at 200mm spacing.
Example (2): ~A Q 11 - 150 ====> detailed as lffJf](JJr - moDJ

consists of 4 number Open Link Cage of 13mm diameter Deformed Hard Draw n W ire at 150mm spacing.
Example (3): ~ J t! 11- 250 ====> detailed as lf[][Jr - ro 01

consists of 3 number Open Link Cage of 13mm diameter Plain Hard Drawn Wire at 250mm spacing.
Example (4): l JI lQ - 250 ====>detailed as lrrJ[]Jr - fDD1

consists of 3 number Close Link Cage of lOmm diameter Tem pcore Deformed Bar at 250mm spacing.
Notes: rliJ
( 1) Internal beam links shall not overlap each others ==> rLO.JJ or rn
(2) Digit " 1" between alphabets " S" and "R" in Example ( 1) above is omitted and is not required w hen specifying 1 number link
per beam cross-section.
2. Annotation for beam capping link:-
Open Link Link Diameter - Recommended Capping Link Spacing, S.

Link Material (mm) (mm)
s R, T, D, H 10, 13 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250,300
Example ( 1 ): ~ t! lQ- 300

consists of 1 number top beam capping link of 1Omm diameter Plain Hard Drawn Wire at 300mm spacing.
3. Legends :- (a) Prefix ' S' denotes open link cage (e.g . .S.R, .S.T, .S.D, .S.H)
(b) Prefix 'L' denotes close link cage (e.g. lR, lT, lD, lH)
(c) R' denotes links using Plan Mild Steel Bar (fy. = 250 N/ mm 2 )
(d) T' denotes links using Tempcore Deformed Bar (fyv = 460 N/mm 2 )
(e) D' denotes links using Deformed Hard Drawn Wire (fyv = 485 N / mm 2 )
(f) H' denotes links using Plain Hard Drawn Wire (fyv = 485 N/ mm 2 )
4. Engineer shall avoid specifying link cage using Plain Mild Steel Bar, ' R' and Plain Hard Drawn Wire, ' H' to
avoid confusion when applying.
5. Engineer shall note and design accordingly the link cage when beam is subjected to torsion.
6. Conversion table of beam link cage for Plain Mild Steel Bar to other type of link material is shown in the
Appendix.
7. When adopting for prefabricated reinforcement bars cage, engineer shall consider and liaise with fabricators,
if necessary, to verify the feasible cage size, lapping and lifting requirements.
30
2.2 Illustration On Use Of Beam Cage
BEAM OPEN STIRRUP CAGE AND CAPPING IJNK
Overall Length Varies {max. = 2200) ~q

...cg
rS Copping Unk with
Carrier Wires
100 TYP.
1·{50 loiiN.) r
' - Carrier Wires

{Engineer shall note and take into
ELEVATION consideration of the Carrier Wires SECTION
in his design and detailing)
Lerend 0
1-
D = Beam Depth
B = Beam Width
TC = Top Cover
BC = Bottom Cover
SC = Side Cover = 25mm (minimum)
TC + BC = 85mm
Cl Cl
~ ~ LJ
Position of Open Stirrup Position of Cappin' Link
POSITIONS OF CARRIER WIRES ( To verify with supplier )
OR OR
Position (1) Position (2) Position (3)
USE OF CAPPING IJNK ( To .eer's Requirement )

n-
r Capping Unk {optional),
if only 2 nos. main top
reinforcement is required
Top of Beam/Slob
:::=-:1=~~=-:;::::::j
n· Copping Unk with Carrier
Wires shall be used, if only
more than 2 nos. main top
reinforcement required
Capping Unk with
Carries Wires
shall be used
y Top of Beam
Cl Cl
Slab Reinft.
Slab Reinft. Slab Reinft. 0
~ Case (1)
~(2) Case
~ Case (3)
31
EXAMPLES OF BEAM OPEN IJNK AND CAPPING LINK
Example '1' (ForB < 200nun) Example '2' (For 200mm ~ B < 400mm)
n- Capping Link with Carrier Wires

(if necessory)
~Capping
~ 1 ~
Link with Carrier Wires
(if necessory)
LJ
Example '3' (For 400mm ,< B < 600mm) Example '4' (For 600mm < B ~ 750mm)
r-Copping Link with Carrier Wires

(if necessary)
-i
Example '5' (For 750mm < B ,< 950mm) Example '6' (For 950mm < B ~ 1100mm)
]--Copping Link with Carrier Wre

(if necessary)
--i
D D
11--1---11---ll-- ---ll->---f+- 4 Nos. Links 11-*- -+ofl--- 11-*- --11--f.._ 5 Nos. Links
eg. S4T10-250 eg. S5T10- 250
...__ ~~~~~~ rooom

B
(I) Internal links shall not overlap as sholfll in the diagram.

(2) Examples above indicate maximum numbers of link for a specific width
of beam. Numbers of link required shall be determined by Engineer.
(3) Le~end : Sl = Distance between tension bars shall not be greater than
160mm for zero percentage of moment distribution.
S2 = Maximum lateral spacing of link legs shall not more than
effective beam deoth.
32
EXAMPLES OF BEAM OPEN UNK AND CAPPING UNKS
SUPPORTING PRECAST SLABS
Example '1' : Double Link Cage System

(For Narrow Beam)
Example '2' : Multiple Link Cage System

(For Wide Beam)
S2 S2 S2 S2
S1 Sl Sl S1 S1
Example '3' : Capping Link Cage
Le~end : Sl = Distance between tension bars shall not be greater than

160mm for zero percentage of moment distribution.
S2 = Maximum lateral spacing of link legs shall not more than
effective beam depth.
33
(.)
.c.
2.3 Laying Sequence Of Prefabricated Beam Cage
INSTALLATION SEQUENCE (1) : BEAMS TB 1+TB2+ TB3
, . /.®
®-,., /
/@
//
./
///
CONNECTION BARS
~ /®
'~
INSTALLATION SEQUENCE (2) : BEAMS TBH TB5
•
®
<t
INSTALLATION SEQUENCE (3) : BEAM TB6
• CCNNECTION BARS
CONNECTION BARS
CONNECTION BARS
SECTION THREE
COLUMN
REINFORCEMENT
2.4 Bean-Column Intersection Detail
Link nongor bars

- slop shari of Top support bars
column face Primar.y Beam bars
placed above
Secondary Beam bars
PRIMARY
BEAM
Bottom span bars

- Secondary Beam bars
slop short of column face
Bottom span bars

- Primary Beam bars
\ .
'-- Column hnk cage
slop short of column face with Main Reinforcement Bars
slroighl through junction
BEAM-COLUMN INTERSECTION DETAIL
35
t
SECTION THREE : COLUMN REINFORCEMENT
This Section enables engineer to specify from the design tables, column link cage for various sizes of column using
T 13 and T 16 as the main vertical reinforcement bars. T 16 diameter bar is the maximum bar size which is currently
available by machine fabrication . Larger bar size can be introduced by manual fabrication .
The link cage can also be used independently without the main reinforcement bars if so desired .
To achieve higher column capacity, engineer may install additional vertical reinforcement bars to the cage and/or
use higher grades of concrete.
1. Annotation for column reference number with its specific steel reinforcement cage are shown in the following
examples.
Example ( 1 ): CA25/ 25-Tl from Column Design Table 'CA2', where,

CA -Denotes reinforced concrete column designed based on Grade 30 concrete
25/25 -Denotes 250mm x 250mm reinforced concrete square column
T1 -Denotes specific main vertical reinforcement bars 4T13 with 1 number complete close link indicated as LRS-150 are used
Example (2) : CA35/ 60-T6 from Column Design Table 'CA24', where,
CA - Denotes rectangular reinforced concrete column designed based on Grade 30 concrete
35/ 60 -Denotes 350mm x 600mm reinforced concrete rectangular column
T6 -Denotes specific main vertical reinforcement bars 14T16 with 1 number complete close link and 2 numbers "C" link
indicated as 3 LR8-175 are used
2. The derivation of Design Ultimate Vertical Load, N (in kN) in the design tables is in accordance to Clause
(3 .8 .4 .4) in BS 8110 : Part 1: 1985 : Section Three for short braced column supporting an approximately
symmetrical arrangement of beams, and assumed to be pinned at each floor. Engineer shall exercise his own
judgement when using the design tables such as when bending or unbraced condition is to be taken into
consideration .
N (in kN) = 0.35 feu Ac + 0.67 Asc fy

where,
f'" -Denotes characteristic strength of concrete used (N/mm 2 )

-Denotes net cross-section area of concrete in a column (mm 2 )
-Denotes area of main vertical reinforcement bars (mm 2 )
-Denotes characteristic strength of steel reinforcement bars (460 N/mm 2 )
3. Annotation for column link cage:-
Numbers of Close Link Link - Link Spacing, S.

Link Link Material Diameter (mm)
{mm}
n L R, D,H 6, 8, 10, 13 100, 125,150,200,250, 300
Example ( 1 ): lRlQ- 200

consists of 1 number complete close link cage of 1Omm diameter Plain Mild Steel Bar at 200mm spacing .
Example (2): ;H.Q.U-150
consists of 1 number complete close link cage and 2 numbers "C" link of 13mm diameter Deformed Hard
Draw n Wire at 150mm spacing .
Example (3): .Qltl.ii -ill
consists of 1 number complete close link cage and 5 numbers "C" link of 8mm diameter Plain Hard Drawn
Wire at 125mm spacing.
NOTE:- "C" link is considered as one link in the annotation above.
36
3.2 Column Design Tables
Column Size: 200 mm x 200 mm

Column Design Table: CAl
Concrete Grade: 30 N/mm 2
Column Vert Reinf Asc (prov'd) Asc (prov'd ) Link Cage Ult Vert Load Steel/Concrete
Ref. No. Prov'd (mm 2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA20/20-T1 4T13 531 1.33 LR8-150 580 151

CA20/20-T2 4T1 6 804 2.01 LR8-175 660 198

Column Design Table: CA2
Concrete Grade: 30 N/ mm 2
Column Vert Reinf Asc (prov'd) Asc (prov'd) Link Cage Ult Vert Load Steel/Concrete
CA25/25-T1 4T13 53 1 0.85 LR8-150 810 105

CA25/25-T2 4T16 804 1.29 LR8-175 900 134

Concrete Grade: 30 N/mm2
Column Vert Reinf Asc (prov'd) Asc (prov'd) Link Cage UIt Vert Load Steel/Concrete
Ref. No . Prov'd (mm 2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA30/30-T1 4T13 53 1 0.59 LR8-150 11 00 79

CA30/30-T2 6T13 796 0.88 LR8-150 1180 102
CA30/30-T3 8T16 1062 1.18 LR8-150 1260 125
CA30/30-T4 4T1 6 804 0.89 LR8-175 1180 98
CA30/30-T5 6T1 6 1206 1.34 LR8-175 1300 133
CA30/30-T6 8T16 1608 1.79 LR8-175 1420 168
Column Size: 350 mm x 350mm

CA35/35-T1 4T13 53 1 0.43 LR8-150 1440 62

CA35/35-T2 6T13 796 0.65 LR8-150 1520 79
CA35/35-T3 8T13 1062 0.87 LR8-150 1600 96
CA35/35-T4 4T16 804 0.66 LR8-175 1530 76
CA35/35-T5 6T16 1206 0.98 LR8-175 1650 102
CA35/35-T6 8T1 6 1608 1.31 LR8-175 1770 127

CA40/40-T1 8T13 10,62 0.66 LR8-150 2000 77

CA40/40-T2 12T13 1593 1.00 LR8-150 2150 103
CA40/40-T3 4T16 804 0.50 LR8-175 1920 61
CA40/40-T4 8T16 1608 1.01 LR8-175 2160 100
CA40/40-T5 12T16 2413 1.51 LR8-175 2400 140
38
Column Vert Reinf Asc (prov'd) Asc (prov'd) Link Cage Ult Vert Load Stee l/Concrete
CA45/45-T1 8T1 3 1062 0.52 LR8- 150 2440 63

CA45/45-T2 12T1 3 1593 0.79 LR8- 150 2600 84
CA45/45-T3 4T1 6 804 0.40 LR8- 175 2370 50
CA45/45-T4 8T1 6 1608 0.79 LR8-1 75 2610 82
CA45/45-T5 12T16 24 13 1.19 LR8- 175 2840 11 3

Column Design Table: CAl
Co ncrete Grade: 30 N/ mm 2
CA50/50-T1 8T1 3 1062 0.42 3 LR8- 150 2940 ' 63

CA50/50-T2 12T13 1593 0.64 3 LR8-150 3100 80
CA50/50-T3 16T1 3 2124 0.85 3 LR8-1 50 3260 96
CA50/50-T4 8T1 6 1608 0.64 3 LR8-175 3100 76
CA50/50-T5 12T 16 24 13 0.97 3 LR8-17 5 3340 101
CA50/50-T6 16T16 32 17 1.29 3 LR8- 175 3580 127

Column Design Table: CAB
Ref. No. Prov'd (mm 2 ) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA60/60-T 1 12T13 1593 0.44 5 LR8-150 4250 68

CA60/60-T2 16T1 3 2124 0.59 5 LR8-1 50 44 10 80
CA60/60-T3 20T1 3 2655 0.74 5 LR8- 150 4570 91
CA60/60-T4 8T1 6 1608 0.45 5 LR8-17 5 4260 57
CA60/60-T5 12T16 24 13 0.67 5 LR8, 17 5 4500 81
CA60/60-T6 16T1 6 32 17 0.89 5 LR8- 175 4740 99
CA60/60-T7 20T1 6 402 1 1.12 5 LR8-175 4980 116

CA20/40-T1 4T1 3 53 1 0.66 LR8- 150 1000 89

CA20/40-T2 8T1 3 1062 1.33 LR8- 150 11 60 14 1
CA20/40-T3 4T16 804 1.01 LR8- 175 1080 11 0
CA20/40-T4 8T1 6 1608 2.01 LRS- 175 1320 189
39
CA20/50-Tl 6T13 796 0.80 2 LR8- 150 1290 102

CA20/50-T2 10T13 1327 1.33 2 LR8-150 1450 144
CA20/50-T3 6T16 1206 1.21 2 LR8- 175 141 0 129
CA20/50-T4 10T16 20 11 2.01 2 LR8- 175 1650 192

Column Design Table: CA 11
CA20/60-Tl 8T13 1062 0.88 3 LR8-1 50 1580 11 2

CA20/60-T2 12T13 1593 1.33 3 LR8-150 1730 146
CA20/60-T3 8T16 1608 1.34 3 LR8-175 1740 142
CA20/60-T4 12T16 2413 2.01 3 LR8-175 1980 194

CA20/70-Tl 8T13 1062 0.76 3 LR8-150 1790 99

CA20/70-T2 10T13 1327 0.95 3 LR8-150 1870 114
CA20/70-T3 14T13 1858 1.33 3 LR8-150 2020 144
CA20/70-T4 8T16 1608 1.1 5 3 LR8- 175 1950 125
CA20/70-T5 10T1 6 2011 1.44 3 LR8-175 2070 147
CA20/70-T6 14T1 6 28 15 2.0 1 3 LR8-1 75 23 10 192

CA20/80-Tl 8T13 1062 0.66 3 LR8-150 2000 90

CA20/80-T2 12T13 1593 1.00 3 LR8-150 2150 116
CA20/80-T3 16T13 2124 1.33 3 LR8-150 23 10 142
CA20/80-T4 8T16 1608 1.01 3 LR8-175 2160 11 2
CA20/80-T5 12T1 6 2413 1.51 3 LR8- 175 2400 151
CA20/80-T6 16T16 3217 2.01 3 LR8-1 75 2640 191
40
Concrete Grade: 30 N/ mm2
Ref.No. Prov'd (mm 2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN ) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA20/ 100-Tl 12Tl 3 1593 0.80 5 LR8-150 2570 104
CA20/ 1OO-T2 16Tl 3 2 124 1.06 5 LR8- 150 2730 125

CA20/ 1OO-T3 20T13 2655 1.33 5 LR8- 150 2890 145
CA20/ 100-T 4 12T16 24 13 1.2 1 5LR8- 175 2820 130

CA20/ 1OO-T5 16T16 3217 1.61 5LR8-175 3060 162
CA20/ 1OO-T6 20T1 6 402 1 2.01 5 LR8- 175 3300 193

Ref. N o. Prov'd (mm 2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA25/40-Tl 4T1 3 53 1 0.53 LR8- 150 1210 74

CA25/40-T2 8T1 3 1062 1.06 LR8-150 1370 ,115
CA25/40-T3 4T1 6 804 0.80 LR8- 175 1290 91
CA25/40-T4 8T1 6 1608 1.61 LR8- 175 1530 154

Ref. No. Prov'd (mm2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN ) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA25/50-Tl 6T1 3 796 0.64 2 LR8-150 1550 85

CA25/50-T2 10T1 3 1327 1.06 2 LR8-150 1710 11 8
CA25/50-T3 6T1 6 1206 0.97 2 LR8- 175 1670 106
CA25/50-T4 10T16 201 1 1.61 2 LR8- 175 1910 157
Column Size: 250 mm x 60 0 mm

Concrete Grade: 30 N/m m2
Ref.No. Prov'd (mm 2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN ) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA25/60-T1 8T1 3 1062 0.7 1 3 LR8-150 1890 93

CA25/60-T2 12T13 1593 1.06 3 LR8-150 2050 121
CA25/60-T3 8T16 1608 1.07 3 LR8-175 2050 116
CA25/60-T4 12T1 6 2413 1.61 3 LR8-175 2290 158

CA25/70-T1 8T1 3 1062 0.61 3 LR8-150 2150 83

CA25/70-T2 10T1 3 1327 0.76 3 LR8- 150 2230 94
CA25/70-T3 14T1 3 1858 1.06 3 LR8-150 2390 11 8
CA25/70-T4 8T1 6 1608 0.92 3 LR8-175 2320 102
3 LR8-1 75
CA25/70-T5 10T1 6 2011 11 5 2440 120 I[.
CA25/70-T6 14T1 6 281 5 1.61 3 LR8-1 75 2680 156
41
Column Vert Reinf Asc (prov'd) Asc (prov'd) Lin k Cage Ult Vert Load Steel/Concrete
Ref. No. Prov'd (m m2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA35/50-T1 6T13 796 0.46 2 LR8-150 2070 65

CA35/50-T2 10T13 1327 0.76 2 LR8- 150 2230 89
CA35/50-T3 12T1 3 1593 0.91 2 LR8-150 2310 101
CA35/50-T4 6T16 1206 0.69 2 LR8-175 2200 80
CA35/50-T5 10T16 2011 11 5 2 LR8-175 2440 11 6
CA35/50-T6 12T16 2413 138 2 LR8-175 2560 134

Column Vert Reinf Asc (prov'd) Asc (prov'd ) Lin k Cage UIt Vert Load Steel/Concrete
Ref. No. Prov'd (m m2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA35/60-T1 8T1 3 1062 0.5 1 3 LR8-1 50 2520 71

CA35/60-T2 12T13 1593 0.76 3 LR8-150 2680 91
CA35/60-T3 14T13 1858 0.88 3 LR8-150 2760 101
CA35/60-T4 8T16 1608 0.77 3 LR8-17 5 2680 87
CA35/60-T5 12T16 2413 1.15 3 LR8-175 2920 117
CA35/60-T6 14T16 2815 134 3 LR8-175 3040 133

Ref.No. Prov'd (mm 2) (%) Prov'd Capacity (kN) Prov'd (kg/ m3)
CA45/60-T1 12T13 1593 0. 59 5 LR8-1 50 3310 85

CA45/60-T2 16T1 3 2124 0.79 5 LR8-150 3470 101
CA45/60-T3 12T16 2413 0.89 5 LR8-175 3550 104
CA45/60-T4 16T16 32 17 1.19 5 LR8-175 3790 127
43
3.3 Illustration On Use Of Column Cage
REQUIREMENT OF COLUMN UNK CAGE

1. ALTERNATE OUTER t.AAJN BARS SfW..L BE TIED BY 2. All ALTERNATE t.AAJN BARS SfW..L BE TIED BY
'C' LINKS IF THE SPACING ARE EQUAL OR LESS 'C' LINKS IF THE SPACING EXCEEDS 150mm
~ 150mm ( FOR a,< 150mm ) ( FOR b >... 150mm )
Ia a a a a a b b b b b b
I' I' 'I ·1· ·1
t.AAJN BARS~ c: Ei: J t.AAJNMRS-w=c cEit J

COMPLETE CLOSED Ll:_]
(denoted by a prefix 'L')
l 'C' LINK COMPLETE CLOSED LINKS
(denoted by a prefix 'L")
_j l 'C' LINK
EXAMPLES OF COLUMN UNK CAGE

CARRIER WIRES
CONCRETE COVER TO LINKS
.---1--t----t--il • (TYPICAL)
• . . •
COMPLETE CLOSED LINK
{TYPICAL)
• :~
• • •
'.
C LINK {TYPICAL)
Enmple '1' Example '2'
Single Column Link Cage Double Column Link Cage
CONSISTS OF ONE COMPLETE CLOSED LINK CONSISTS OF ONE COMPLETE CLOSED LINK AND ONE 'C' LINK
( e.g. LR10-200 ) 0 ( e.g. 2LDB-200 ) C::O
' •
--~
•
Example '3'
Triple Column Link Cage
• ~
CONSISTS OF ONE COMPLETE CLOSED LINK AND TWO 'C' LINKS

( e.g. 3LH10-175 ) n:tr • •
=
Example '4'
'I'tro "Interlocking" Column Link
Cages for L-Shaped Columns
CONSISTS OF TWO COMPLETE CLOSED LINKS AND TWO 'C' LINKS
(e.g. 4LH10-250) ~
Example '5'
'I'tro "Inttrlocking" Column Link
Cages for T-Shaped Columns
CONSISTS OF TWO COMPLETE CLOSED LINKS AND THREE 'C' LINKS
( •.g. 5LDIJ-150) ~
44
MAIN VERTICAL
REINFORCING BARS
CARRIER WIRES
FOR HOLDINGS
PURPOSE ONLY
COLUMN LINKS
NOTE:
MAIN VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT BARS CAN BE
FURTHER INCORPORATED WITHIN THE COLUMN
CAGE IF NEED ARISES TO INCREASE THE COLUMN
LOAD CAPACITY
45
SECTION FOUR
SECTION FOUR: WALL REINFORCEMENT
This Section enables engineer to specify from the design tables, a new range of WWF for various sizes of reinforced
concrete walls. Only 1Omm and 13mm diameter of bars with 150mm and 200mm spacing in either main, cross or
both directions of the welded wire fabric series are considered in the design.
Other mesh series if required may be used subject to the engineer's requirement.
To achieve high load capacity, engineer may install additional vertical reinforcement bars to the mesh and/ or use
higher grades of concrete.
1. Annotation for wall reference number with its specific mesh are shown in the following examples.
Example ( 1): WA 125-A 10 from Building Wall Design Table ' WA 1', where,
W - Denotes reinforced concrete wall
A -Denotes wall design ba sed on Grade 30 concrete
125 -Denotes 125mm thick reinforced concrete wall
A 10 - Denotes A 10 Standard WWF is used for both sides of wall
Example (2): WB300-DA 13d/ 10 from Building Wall Design Table ' WB5 ', where,
W - Denotes reinforced concrete wall
B - Denotes wall design based on Grade 35 concrete
300 - Denotes 300mm thick reinforced concrete wall
DA 13d/ 10 -Denotes DA 13d/ 10 Designer WWF is used for both sides bf wall
2. Nominal concrete cover of 25mm is used in the design unless otherwise specified by engineer.
3. Concrete characteristic strength of 30 N/mm 2 and 35 N/mm 2 are adopted in the Design Table 'WA 1' to
Table 'WAS' and Table 'WB 1' to Table 'WB8' respectively.
4. The derivation of Design Ultimate Vertical Load, N (in kN) in the design table is in accordance to Clause
(3.9.3 .6.1) in BS 8110: Part 1: 1985: Section Three for stocky braced reinforced wall supporting approximately
symmetrical arrangement of slabs and beams, and assumed to be pinned at each floor. Engineer shall exercise
his own judgement when using the design tables such as when bend ing or unbraced cond ition is to be taken
into consideration.
N (in kN) = 0.35 feu Ac + 0.67 Asc fy

where,
feu -Denotes characteristic strength of concrete used (N/mm 2 )
A -Denotes net cross-section area of concrete in a column (mm 2 )
Ac -Denotes area of main vertical reinforcement bars (mm 2 )
fy - Denotes characteristic strength of welded wire fabric wires (485 N/mm 2 )
5. "C" links are to be provided and specified by Engineer whenever necessary.
6. Steel/Concrete content (in kg/ m3 ) and its percentage are an estimated values without taking into account of
lapping zone.
7. Engineer shall consider and liaise with fabricators, whenever necessary, for any other available mesh, and to
verify the necessary lapping and lifting requirements.
46
4.2 Wall Design Tables
Building Wall Design Table: Thickness: 125 mm
WA1 Concrete Grade : 30 N/m m 2
Wall WWF Ult Vert Load % of Vertical Reinf Steel/Concrete

Ref No. Size Capacity (KNm} (kg/m 3}
% of Horizontal Reinf
WA 125-A 10 A10 0.63 99
1560
0.63
WA 125-AA 13110 AA 13/10 1730 1.06 133
0.63
WA 125-DA 10/10 DA1 0/10 1810 1.26 148
0.63
WA 125-EA13/10 EA13/10 1900 1.49 160
0.63
WA 125-EA1Od/10 EA10d/10 2000 1.76 181
0.63
WA125-B13 B13 2150 2.12 216
0.63
WA 125-DA1Od/1 0 DA10d/10 2300 2.5 1 247
0.63
WA 125-EA13d/1 0 EA13d/10 2480 2.97 27 1
0.63
WA 125-DA13d/10 DA13d/10 2980 4. 25 382
0.63
Building Wall Design Table: Thickn ess: 150 mm
WA2 Concrete Grade : 30 N/m m 2

Ref No. Size Capacity (KNm} (kg/m 3}
WA150-A10 A10 0.52 82
1820
0.52
WA 150-AA 13110 AA13/10 1990 0.88 11 0
0.52
WA 150-DA10/10 DA10110 2070 1.05 123
0.52
WA150-EA 13/10 EA13/10 21 60 1.24 134
0. 52
WA150-EA10d/10 EA10d/10 2270 1.47 151
0.52
WA150-B13 B13 24 10 1.77 180
0.52
WA150-DA1Od/10 DA1 0d/10 2560 2.09 206
0.52
WA 150-EA13d/10 EA13d/10 2740 2.48 226
0.52
WA 150-DA13d/1 0 DA 13d/10 3240 3.54 318
0.52
47
WA3 Concrete Grade : 30 N/mm 2
Wall WWF Ult Vert load % of Vertical Reinf Steel/Concrete

Ref No. Size Capacity (KNm) (kg/m 3)
WA175-A10 A10 0.45 71
2080
0.45
WA 175-AA 13/10 AA13/10 2250 0.76 95
0.45
WA 175-DA 10/10 DA10/10 2330 0.90 106
0.45
WA 175-EA13/10 EA13/10 2420 1.06 114
0.45
WA 175-EA 1Od/1 0 EA 10d/10 2530 1.26 129
0.45
WA175-813 813 2670 1.52 154
0.45
WA 175-DA 1Od/1 0 DA10d/10 2830 1.80 176
0.45
WA 125-EA13d/10 EA 13d/10 30 10 2.12 194
0.45
WA 175-DA13d/10 DA13d/10 3510 3.03 273
0.45
WA4 Concrete Grade : 30 N/mm 2

WA200-AA 13/10 AA 13/10 0.66 83
2520
0.39
WA200-DA 10/1 0 DA 10/10 2590 0.79 93
0.39
WA200-EA 13/1 0 EA13/10 2680 0.93
100
0.39
WA200-EA 1Od/1 0 EA10d/10 2790 1.10 113
0.39
WA200-8 13 813 2930 1.33 135
0.39
WA200-DA1Od/10 DA10d/10 3090 1. 57 154
0.39
WA200-EA 13d/1 0 EA 13d/10 3270 1.86 170
0.39
WA200-DA13d/10 DA3d/10 3770 2.65 239
0.39
48
WAS Concret e Grade : 30 N/m m2

WA225-EA10/10 EA10/10 0.49 64
271 0
0.35
WA225-AA 13/10 AA13/10 2780 0.59 74
0.35
WA225-DA 10/10 DA10/10 2860 0.70 82
0.35
WA225-EA13/10 EA13/10 2950 0.83 89
0.35
WA225-EA10d/10 EA10d/10 3050 0.98 101
0.35
WA225-B13 B13 3200 1.1 8 120
0.35
WA225-DA1Od/10 DA10d/10 3350 1.40 137
0.35
WA225-EA 13d/10 EA13d/10 3530 1.65 151
0.35
WA225-DA13d/10 DA13d/10 4030 2.36 212
0.35
Building Wall Design Table: Th ickness: 250 mm
WAG Concrete Grade : 30 N/m m2

WA250-EA 10/10 EA10/10 0.44 58
2970
0.3 1
WA250-AA 13/10 AA 13/10 3040 0.53 66
0.31
WA2 50-DA10/10 DA10/10 31 20 0.63 74
0.3 1
WA250-EA13/10 EA 13/10 3210 0.74 80
0.3 1
WA250-EA1Od/1 0 EA10d/10 33 20 0.88 90
0.3 1
WA250-B13 B13 3460 1.06 108
0.31
WA250-DA1Od/10 DA10d/10 3610 1.26 123
0.31
WA250-EA13d/1 0 EA13d/10 3790 1.49 136
0.3 1
WA2 50-DA13d/10 DA 13d/10 4290 2.1 2 191
0.31
49
WB1 Concrete Grade : 30 N/mm 2

WB125-A10 A10 0.63 99
1780
0.63
WB 125-AA 13/10 AA13/10 1950 1.06 133
0.63
WB 125-DA 10/10 DA 10/10 2020 1.26 148
0.63
WB125-EA13/10 EA13/ 10 2110 1.49 160
0.63
WB 125-EA1Od/10 EA 10d/10 2220 1.76 181
0.63
WB 125-B13 B13 2360 2.12 216
0.63
WB 125-DA 1Od/1 0 DA10d/10 25 10 2.51 247
0.63
WB125-EA 13d/1 0 EA13d/10 2690 2.97 27 1
0.63
WB125-DA 13d/10 DA1 3d/10 3190 4.2 5 382
0.63

WB 150-A 10 A1 0 0.52 82
2080
0.52
WB 150-AA 13/10 AA1 3/10 2250 0.88 110
0.52
WB 150-DA 10/10 DA 10/10 2330 1.05 123
0.52
WB150-EA 13/10 EA13/10 2420 1.24 134
0. 52
WB 150-EA 1Od/10 EA10d/10 2530 1.47 151
0.52
WB 150-813 B13 2670 1.77 180
0.52
WB 150-DA 1Od/10 DA10d/10 2820 2.09 206
0.52
WB 150-EA 13d/10 EA 13d/10 3000 2.48 226
0.52
WB 150-DA 13d/10 DA13d/10 3500 3.54 318
0.52
51
Building Wall Design Table: Th ickness: 225 mm
WBS Concrete Grade : 35 N/mm 2

Ref No. Size Capacity {KNm) {kg/m 3)
W8225-EA 10110 EA10/10 0.49 64
3100
0.35
W8225-AA 13/10 AA 13110 3170 0.59 74
0.35
W8225-DA 10110 DA10/10 3250 0.70 82
0.35
W8225-EA 13/10 EA13/10 3340 0.83 89
0.35
W8225-EA 1Od/1 0 EA10d/10 3440 0.98 101
0.35
W8225-8 13 813 3590 1.18 120
0.35
W8225-DA 1Od/1 0 DA10d/10 3740 1.40 137
0.35
W8225-EA 13d/1 0 EA 13d/10 3920 1.65 151
0.35
W8225-DA 13d/10 DA13d/10 4420 2.36 212
0.35
WB6 Concrete Grade : 30 N/ mm 2

Ref No. Size Capacity {KNm) {kg/m 3)
W8250-EA 10/10 EA10/10 0.44 58
3410
0.3 1
W82 50-AA 13/10 AA 13110 3480 0.53 66
0.31
W8250-DA10/10 DA10/10 3550 0.63 74
0.31
W8250-EA13/10 EA13/10 3640 0.74 80
0.31
W8250-EA 1Od/1 0 EA10d/10 3750 0.88 90
0.3 1
W8250-813 813 3890 1.06 108
0.31
W8250-DA 1Od/10 DA10d/10 4040 1.26 123
0.3 1
W8250-EA 13d/1 0 EA13d/10 4220 1.49 136
0.31
W8250-DA13d/10 DA13d/10 4720 2.12 191
0.31
53
Building Wall Design Table: Thi ckness: 275 mm

WB275- EA 10/10 EA10/10 0.40 52
3710
0.29
WB275-AA 13/10 AA 13/10 3780 0.48 60
0.29
WB275-DA10/10 DA 10/10 3860 0.57 67
0.29
WB275-EA13/10 EA13/10 3950 0.68 73
0.29
WB275- EA1Od/10 EA10d/10 4060 0.80 82
0.29
WB275- B13 B13 4200 0.97 98
0.29
WB275-DA 1Od/10 DA 10d/1 0 4350 1.14 112
0.29
WB275-EA 13d/10 EA13d/10 4530 1.35 123
0.29
WB275-DA13d/1 0 DA13d/10 5030 1.93 174
0.29

WB300-AA 13/10 AA13 /10 4090 0.44 55
0.26
WB300-DA 10/1 0 DA 10/10 4170 0.52 62
0.26
WB300-EA13/10 EA13/10 4260 0.62 67
0.26
WB300-EA 1Od/10 EA10d/10 4360 0.73 75
0.26
WB300-B13 B13 4510 0.88 90
0.26
WB300-DA 1Od/10 DA 1Od/10 4660 1.05 103
0.26
WB300-EA 13d/1 0 EA13d/10 4840 1.24 113
0.26
WB300-DA 13d/1 0 DA 13d/10 5340 1.77 159
0.26
54
: :
I I
I OPENING I
I i FDDITIONALREINFORCEMENT
I
I TO ENGINEER'S REQUIREMENT I
I
I I
ADDmONAL REINFORCEt.IENT
(Example)
I
I
I
I
I\ ADDITIONAL VERTICAL
END LINK 'c '
//I I
I
I ADDITIONAL HORIZONTAL- w I
I END LINK ' c ' I
ADDmONAL U-t.IESH I I
I I
I I
DOOR OPENING
v Floor
I
I
I
I
I 1/ \
I ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT --~ -
I TO ENGINEER'S REQUIREMENT
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
TYPICAL DETAIL OF WALL OPENING

ADDmONAL REINFORCEt.IENT
CROSS WIRES
WATER-STOP TO - -,
DESIGNER'S REQUIREt.IENT
\1 Floor
SECTION A - A
t.IAIN WIRES
DETAIL 'A'
56
SECTION FIVE
PILECAP
REINFORCEMENT
VIEW THROUGH SECTION
BALCONY SPANDREL PANELS
57
SECTION FIVE : PILECAP REINFORCEMENT
This Section enables engineer to specify prefabricated reinforcement details for reinforced concrete pilecaps for
single pile to 5-pilegroup. The pilecaps include those on precast concrete driven piles and bored piles.
Design pile capacity is based on pile material strength. Engineer shall use his own discretion when soil parameters
governing the design of pile capacity. Engineer shall liaise with fabricators for feasible cage. When machine fabrication
is not possible for reinforcement bar above 16mm diameter or due to their bars arrangement, manual fabrication
could be adopted.
1. Annotation for pilegroup reference number with its specific type, size and number of piles are shown in the
following examples.
Example ( 1): 1 RP 150 from Pilecap Design Table ' RP 1', where,
1RP -Denotes single pile for precast reinforced concrete driven pile
150 - Denotes 150mm x 150mm precast reinforced concrete driven pile size
Example (2): 5BP450 from Pilecap Design Table 'BP1 ',where,

5BP - Denotes 5 Pilegroup for bored pile
450 -Denotes 450mm diameter bored pile size
2. Pile working capacity based on material strength is used in the pilecap design .
(i) For Grade 45 Precast Reinforced Concrete Driven Piles :-

Pile Working Capacity (in kN) = (45)N/mm 2 x (Pile Area)mm 2 x ( 10·3 ) kN
4
(ii) For Grade 35 Bored Piles:-
Pile Working Capacity (in kN) = (35)N/ mm 2 x (Pile Area)mm 2 x ( 10·3 ) kN
5
3. Load factor 1.5 to pile working capacity is adopted in the pilecap design.
4. Piles spacings of 3.0 and 2.5 times are adopted for precast reinforced concrete driven pile and bored pile
respectively subject to engineer's requirement.
5. Pile penetration of 1OOmm and 125mm are used in the pilecap design for precast reinforced concrete driven
piles and bored piles respectively unless otherwise required by engineer.
6. Individual pile deviation from its true position is taken to be 75mm in the design .
7. Concrete covers to all sides and from pile cut-off level to nearer reinforcement are taken as 50mm unless
otherwise specified by engineer.
8. Steel reinforcement of f1, 460 N/mm 2 and concrete characteristic strength, feu, 35 N/mm 2 are adopted in the
design. The use of other grade of concrete and/or larger concrete covers are subjected to engineer's requirement
such as when severe exposure is to be met.
9. Provisional of 0.13% of concrete sectional area of pilecap for top layers of reinforcement and pile's reinforcement
anchorage length are subjected to Engineer's requirement.
10. Horizontal binder reinforcement is taken as 25% of the main reinforcement areas of pilecap.
11. Engineer shall carry out his own check to ensure design shear stress along column perimeter is not exceeding
0.8 ff:"u or 5 N/mm 2 , whichever the lesser. Recommended minimum critical column perimeter shown in the
design tables shall be taken as a guide.
58
1.11
'()
5.2 Standard Notation For Pilecap For Precast Reinforced Concrete Driven Piles and Bored Piles
RC COLUIAN/WAU RC COLUMN/WALL
{REFER TO COLUMN SCHEDULE) {REFER TO COLU'-IN SCHEDULE)
RC GROUND BEAM/ SLAB
REINF T1
REINF T2
LOWEST l£VEL OF
SLAB OR BEAM SOFfiT STOP OF SLAB OR BEAM
y (UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED) UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED
PILE CUT-OFT LEVEL PILE CUT-OFF LEVEL
PILES PILES
Example '1' : Typical Pilecap Sectional Detail Example '2' : Typical Pilecap Sectional Detail
with Slab or Beam on Top with Slab or Beam Case To&ether
NOTES (1) Provision of Top Layers of Reinforcements (T1 and T2) and Pile's Reinforcement Anchorage Length (L)
are subjected to Engineer's requirement.
(2) Concrete Covers, C1 and C2 = 50 mm.
(3) Pile Penetration, P = 100 mm (for Precast Reinforced Concrete Driven Pile).
= 125 mm (for Bored Pile).
5.3 Satndard Notation For Pilecap For Single Pile And 2 Pilegroup
REINF T1 (top)
r------~ REJNF T1 {top) r-- -+- REINF 81 {bottom)
REINF 81 {bottom) REINF 81a (bottom)
I (I I I I~ I , REINF T2 (top) I I I I I . I I I I I I lI, REINF T2 (top)

REJNF B2 {bottom) REINF 82 {bottom)
o__!_ ~ ~ >- _!_I]
REINF B3 0 REINF B3 I I
{BINDERS) (BINDERS)
I a ~ a :I I . I b ! b I • :I
1 PILEGROUP PLAN 2 PILEGROUP PLAN
-rr rr
REINF T2' I I I ,- REINF T1
~ I ~
- f-
1 1
1
1 -f-
~-- II ! I 1j l
- -- - -- - ---'h -1-- - --- -- - I
~--1--WI--_-_ j _ _ l __ J _:_l __ l__ l_ _ _ [ > - - REINF B3 {8 NDERS)
I I I I I I
I I I I
-- j -- t - -T-~-- t--1- -- REINF B1a ( rd Loyer)
d Loyer)
-" -- ~I -- t-----j-1+ REINF B2 (2
I
-- ~I - - ~:A
I
[)I I _I _ _j L - 1- I
I
.L_~_L_ rt -t rt -1· I I REINF B1 (1 st Layer)
,J I I I I I
I I I I :
I I I
: I :- : : 2 NOS. PILE l
-U_..l Jjj_
SECTION 2-2
(2) Concrete Covers, C1 and C2 = 50 mm.
= 125 mm (for Bored Pile).
0.
0
0.
-
5.4 Standard Notation For Pilecap For 3 Pilegroup and 4 Pilegroup
REINF T1 (top}
" REINF B3 tO "

(BINDERS} =:~ i·~:l . I - - _ 1___)___., REINF B2o (bottom}
IL[ f# I I IrtJM ~RDn(~)
- I , --
REINF 82 (bottom} - _j L __ _J
.., -
I
>- REINF 81 (bottom} >-
REINF 81 a (bottom} .c l I I I ' . I
Q_i_ -++ iJJ
.., REINF B4 (bottom} ~
o__! .!JJ . 1
---:--~- -
-1---, Tr--
_ Ir----, I /
t---H - - __ _j I - 1- -
REINF 81 (bottom} 1---- REINF B3 0
REINF 81 a (bottom} L ' (BINDERS}
" " -I
I b 1 o
0
I I ·! · I ': X
3 PILEGROUP PLAN
C2 C2
REINF B3 (BINDERS} REINF B3 {BINDERS}

~_j__...L-IH--t--- REINF B2o (4th l.llyer)
I
tt ~ I REINF 81 + 82 (1st Ioyer}
- -{ - - REINF 81a (3rd l.llyer}
Cl
,, REINF 81 a (3rd Layer} Cl
- !'" - - REINF 82 {2nd Ioyer}
-- I>
-lliJ--l---REINF 81 {ht layer}
Q. Q.
I I : : -: f· I : I : j.; I 3 NOS. PILE 4 NOS. PILE
NOTES (1) Provision of Top Layers of Reinforcements (Tl and T2) and Pile's Reinforcement Anchorage Length (L)
(2) Concrete Covers, Cl and C2 =50 mm.
= 125 mm ifor Bored Pile).
5.5 Standard Notation For Pilecap For 5 Pilegroup
REINf T1 (top)
~--~f-- REINf B1 (bottom)
~
"
Ttl 1- -rli;: =l: : : ;: ~f: :~l~-= ====,,===,;===4-~111~~ ~~g;:
~ ~ - -- - -- ~-- --1""
- ,-_1 L __ _l
>- ! II I ·
Fl1
:t_::_jf~
l!: _ _
E !=t !.JJ
I I -- ~
-:- l ~ +' ~ dj±l
-:-_j L_' I f---- REINf B3 0
i (BINDERS)
" ---l...
a J b b
5 PILEGROUP PLAN
C2
REINf B3 (BINDERS)
,---;-- - r - --ttt-t-- - REI!olf B2a (4th Layer)
. ~ ~ t- ~ ~ REINf B1a (3rd Layer)
0
- L. ~~ REINf 82 (2nd layer)
,---4&-+- - REINf 81 (111 layer)
a..
5 NOS. PILE
SECTION 5-5
(2) Concrete Covers, C1 and C2 =50 mm.
(3) Pile Penetration, P =100 mm (for Precast Reinforced Concrete Driven Pile).
=125 mm (for Bored Pile).
0.
h)
0..
(.,)
5.6 Pilecap Design Tables For Precast Reinforced Concrete Driven Piles
TABLE RPl: SCHEDULE OF PILECAP DETAILS FOR PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE DIRVEN PILES
Pilegroup Pilegroup Working Pilecap Parameters (mm) Reinforcement Details Minmum Column
Reference Capacity (kN) X y D a b c d Reinf B 1 Reinf B2 Reinf B4 Reinf B3 Reinf T1 Reinf T2 Perimeter Req'd (mm)
1RP 150 250 700 700 700 350 6T136 6T13 5T13 6T13 6T13 200
2RP 150 500 1200 700 700 350 250 6T13 10R13 5T13 6T13 1OT13 350
3RP 150 750 1200 1150 800 350 250 300 150 7T16 4T13 2T13 5T13 11T13 11T13 450
4RP 150 1000 1200 1200 700 350 250 10T13 10T13 5T13 10T13 1OT13 650
5RP 150 1250 1400 1400 700 350 350 13T13 13T13 5T13 13T13 13T13 800
1RP 175 340 700 700 700 350 6T13 6T13 5T13 6T1 3 6T13 250
2RP 175 680 1250 700 800 350 275 6T13 11T13 5T13 6T13 11T13 400
3RP 175 1020 1250 11 50 800 350 275 300 150 6T16 4T13 2T13 5T13 1OT13 10T13 600
4RP 175 1360 1250 1250 800 350 275 8T16 8T16 5T13 8T16 8T16 750
5RP 175 1700 1500 1500 800 350 400 12T16 12T16 5T13 12T13 12T13 950
1RP 200 450 700 700 700 350 6T13 6T13 5T13 6T 13 6T13 300
2RP 200 900 1300 700 800 350 300 6T16 11T13 5T13 6T13 11T13 500
3RP 200 1350 1300 1230 800 350 300 350 180 8T16 4T13 2T13 5T13 12T13 12T13 750
4RP 200 1800 1300 1300 800 350 300 11T16 11T16 5T13 11T13 11T13 1000
5RP 200 2250 1600 1600 800 350 450 15T16 15T16 5T16 15T13 15T13 1250
1RP 250 700 700 700 700 350 6T13 6T13 5T13 6T13 6T13 450
2RP 250 1400 1450 700 1000 350 375 6T20 10T16 7T13 6T13 10T16 600
3RP 250 2100 1450 1360 1000 350 375 440 220 8T20 6T13 3T13 7T13 14T13 14T13 900
4RP 250 2800 1450 1450 1000 350 375 10T20 10T20 7T13 10T16 10T16 1200
5RP 250 3500 1800 1800 1000 350 550 14T20 14T20 7T16 14T16 14T16 1450
1RP 275 850 700 700 700 350 6T13 6T13 5T13 6T13 6T13 550
2RP 275 1700 1550 700 11 00 350 425 5T25 12T16 7T13 5T16 12T16 650
3RP 275 2550 1550 1450 1100 350 425 500 250 6T25 6T16 3T16 7T13 12T16 12T15 950
4RP 275 3400 1550 1550 1100 350 425 12T20 12T20 7T13 12T1 6 12T16 1300
5RP 275 4250 1900 1900 1100 350 600 16T20 16T20 7T16 16T16 16T16 1600
TABLE RP2: SCHEDULE OF PILECAP DETAILS FOR PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE DRIVEN PILES
Reference Capacity (kN) X y D a b c d Reinf B1 Reinf B2 Reinf B4 Reinf B3 Reinf Tl Reinf T2 Perimeter Req ' d (mm)
1RP 300 1010 800 800 700 400 7T13 7T1 3 5T13 7T13 7T1 3 650 I
2RP 300 2020 1700 800 1100 400 450 6T25 13T16 7T13 6T16 13T16 750
3RP 300 3030 1700 1580 11 00 400 450 520 260 7T25 6T16 3T16 7T1 3 13T16 13T16 1150
4RP 300 4040 1700 1700 1100 400 450 13T25 13T25 7T16T 13T16 13T1 6 1500
5RP 300 5050 2100 2100 1100 400 650 15T25 15T25 8T1 6 15T16 15T1 6 1900
1RP 350 1380 800 800 700 400 7T13 7T1 3 5T1 3 7T13 7T1 3 900
2RP 350 2760 1850 800 1200 400 525 7T25 15T16 8T13 7T16 15T1 6 950
3RP 350 4140 1850 1730 1200 400 525 620 310 9T25 6T1 6 3T16 8T1 3 15T16 15T1 6 1400
4RP 350 5520 1850 1850 1100 400 525 15T25 15T25 5T1 3 15T16 15T1 6 2050
5RP 350 6900 2300 2300 1100 400 750 20T25 20T25 8T20 20T16 20T1 6 2600
1RP 375 1580 800 800 800 400 7T1 3 7T13 5T1 3 7T13 7T13 850
2RP 375 3160 1950 800 1250 400 575 7T28 16T16 8T13 7T16 16T1 6 1050
3RP 375 4740 1950 1820 1250 400 575 720 360 8T28 6T20 3T20 8T16 14T20 14T20 1550
4RP 375 6320 1950 1950 1200 400 575 17T25 17T25 8T16 17T16 17T16 2150
5RP 375 7900 2400 2400 1200 400 800 22T25 22T25 9T20 22T16 22T16 2650
1RP 400 1800 850 850 800 42 5 6T16 6T16 5T1 3 6T1 6 6T16 1000
2RP 400 3600 2050 850 12 50 425 600 8T28 18T1 6 9T1 3 8T16 18T1 6 1150
3RP 400 5400 2050 1900 1400 425 600 700 350 7T32 6T20 3T20 9T16 13T20 13T20 1550
4RP 400 7200 2050 2050 1250 425 600 17T28 17T28 8T20 17T16 17T1 6 2300
5RP 400 9000 2550 2550 1250 425 850 21T28 21T28 10T20 21T16 21T1 6 2900
1RP 450 2280 900 900 800 450 7T16 7T16 5T13 7T16 7T1 6 1250
2RP 450 4560 2250 900 1400 450 675 8T32 21T16 9T16 8T16 21T1 6 1300
3RP 450 6840 2250 2070 1400 450 675 780 390 9T32 6T20 3T20 9T1 6 15T20 15T20 1950
4RP 450 9120 2250 2250 1250 450 675 21T28 21T28 -10T20 21T16 21T1 6 2950
5RP 450 11 400 2850 2850 12 50 450 975 28T28 28T28T -
9T25 -
28T1 6
-
28T1 6
-- -
3650
0.
.to
e;
5.7 Pilecap Design Tables For Bored Piles
TABLE BPl: SCHEDULE OF PILECAP DETAILS FOR BORED PILES

Reference Capacity (kN) X y D a b c d Reinf B1 Reinf B1a Reinf B2 Reinf B2a Reinf B4 Reinf B3 Reinf Tl Reinf T2 Perimeter Req'd (m m)
1BP 450 1110 100 100 700 500 8T13 8T13 3T1 3 8T1 3 8T13 750
2BP 450 2220 2200 1000 1150 500 600 8T25 16T1 6 6T13 8T1 6 16T1 6 800
3BP 450 3330 2200 2050 11 50 500 600 700 350 9T25 8T16 4T1 6 6T16 17T1 6 17T16 1200
4BP 450 4440 2200 2200 11 50 500 600 20T20 20T20 8T1 6 20T16 20T16 1600
5BP 450 5550 2600 2600 1150 500 800 19T25 19T25 10T1 6 20T16 20T16 2000
1BP 500 1370 1000 1000 700 500 8T13 8T13 3T1 3 8T1 3 8T13 950
2BP 500 2740 2300 1000 1150 500 650 9T25 18T1 6 5T1 6 9T1 6 18T16 1000
3BP 500 411 0 2300 2140 1150 500 650 760 380 11T25 8T20 4T20 7T1 6 19T1 6 19T16 1500
4BP 500 5480 2300 2300 11 50 500 650 18T25 18T25 10T16 18T16 18T16 2000
5BP 500 6850 2800 2800 1150 500 900 23T25 23T25 9T20 23T16 23T16 2500
1BP 600 1980 11 00 11 00 800 550 10T13 1OT1 3 4T1 3 10T1 3 1OT1 3 1150
2BP 600 3960 2600 11 00 1400 550 750 7T32 24T1 6 10T1 3 7T20 24T16 1150
3BP 600 5940 2600 2420 1400 550 750 880 440 9T32 10T20 5T20 9T1 6 19T20 19T20 1750
4BP 600 7920 2600 2600 1400 550 750 16T32 16T32 9T20 16T20 16T20 2300
5BP 600 9900 3300 3300 1400 550 1100 20T32 20T3 2 9T25 20T20 20T20 2850
1BP 700 2690 1200 1200 800 600 11T13 11T13 5T13 11T13 11T1 3 1550
2BP 700 5380 3000 1200 1400 600 900 11T32 18T20 11T16 11T20 18T20 1550
3BP 700 8070 3000 2760 1500 600 900 1040 520 13T32 12T20 6T20 9T20 25T20 25T20 2150
4BP 700 10760 3000 3000 1400 600 900 22T32 22T32 9T25 22T20 22T20 3100
5BP 700 13450 3700 3700 1400 600 1250 29T32 29T32 12T25 29T20 29T20 3900
1BP 800 3520 1300 1300 800 650 11T16 11T16 4T23 11T1 3 11T1 3 2000
2B P 800 7040 3300 1300 1500 650 1000 8T32 8T3 2 21T20 9T20 8T25 21T20 1900
3BP 800 10560 3300 3040 1500 650 1000 11 60 580 10T32 10T32 14T20 10T32 7T20 12T20 21T20 21T20 2800
4BP 800 14080 3300 3300 1500 650 1000 14T32 14T32 14T32 14T32 14T25 14T25 3750
5BP 800 17600 4200 4200 1500 650 1450 20T32 20T32 20T3 2 20T32 10T32 20T25 20T25 4700
TABLE BP2: SCHEDULE OF PILECAP DETAILS FOR BORED PILES
Pileg ro up Pile grou p Wo rking Pilecap Parameters {mm) Reinforcement Details Minmum Co lumn
Refe re nce Capa city (kN) X y D a b c d Re inf B1 Reinf B1a Re inf B2 Reinf B2a Reinf B4 Re inf B3 Reinf T1 Reinf T2 Perimeter Req 'd (mm)
1BP 900 4450 1400 1400 800 700 12T16 12T16 5T13 12T16 12T16 2550
2BP 900 8900 3700 1400 1500 700 11 50 10T32 10T32 24T20 13T20 10T20 24T20 2400
3BP 900 13350 3700 34 10 1600 700 11 50 1340 670 13T32 13T32 16T20 13T32 8T20 10T25 29T20 29T20 3300
4BP 900 17800 3700 3700 1600 700 1150 19T32 19T32 19T32 19T32 10T32 19T25 19T25 4400
5BP 900 22250 4600 4600 1600 700 1600 25T32 25T32 25T32 25T32 13T3 2 25T25 25T25 5500
1BP 1000 5500 1500 1500 800 750 10T20 10T20 6T1 3 10T20 10T20 3150
2BP 1000 11000 4000 1500 1500 750 1250 15T32 15T32 25T20 11T25 15T1 6 25T20 2950
3BP 1000 16500 4000 3690 1650 750 1250 1460 730 16T32 16T32 18T20 16T32 9T20 14T25 34T20 34T20 3950
4BP 1000 22000 4000 4000 1600 750 1250 24T32 24T32 24T32 24T3 2 12T32 24T25 24T25 5250
5BP 1000 27500 5100 5100 1600 750 1800 35T32 35T32 35T32 35T32 17T32 35T20 35T20 6550
1BP 1100 6650 1600 1600 900 800 10T20 10T20 6T1 3 10T20 10T20 3250
2BP 1100 13300 4400 1600 1800 800 1400 15T32 15T32 22T25 12T25 15T20 22T25 2900
3BP 1100 19950 4400 4030 2100 800 1400 1620 810 17T32 17T32 16T25 17T32 8T25 14T25 33T25 33T25 3650
4BP 1100 26600 4400 4400 2100 800 1400 25T32 25T32 25T32 25T32 13T32 25T25 25T25 4850
5B P 1100 33250 5500 5500 2100 800 1950 34T32 34T32 34T32 34T32 17T32 34T25 34T25 6050
1BP 1200 7920 1700 1700 1000 850 10T20 10T20 6T13 10T20 10T20 3400
2B P 1200 15840 4700 1700 2100 850 1500 16T32 16T32 27T25 13T25 16T20 27T25 2900
3B P 1200 23760 4700 43 10 2100 850 1500 1740 870 21T32 21T32 18T25 21T32 9T25 13T32 39T25 39T25 4300
4B P 1200 31680 4700 4700 2400 850 1500 27T32 27T32 27T32 27T32 15T32 30T25 30T25 4950
5BP 1200 39600 6000 6000 2400 850 2150 39T32 39T32 39T32 39T32 19T32 39T25 39T25 6200
0.
0.
SECTION SIX
OTHER
APPLICATIONS OF
PREFABRICATED
REINFORCEMENT
SECTION SIX : OTHER APPLICATIONS OF PREFABRICATED REINFORCEMENT
This Sections provides general detailing for various structural reinforced concrete elements which prefabricated
reinforcement bars by manual fabrication and/or welded wire fabric could be adopted.
6.1 General Notes On Applications
1. Standard series of welded wire fabric are widely specified by engineers for use in non-suspended ground
slabs, suspended floor slabs, building walls, external retaining walls, strip and pad footings, box-culverts, open
and closed drains and any other reinforced concrete structural elements and architectural features such as fin
and parapet walls. Such structural components could be in the forms of precast, prestressed or cast-in-situ
elements.
2. Where standard mesh does not meet a particular design requirement, custom-made welded wire fabric termed
as "Designer" or "Engineered" series can be manufactured by specialist suppliers upon engineer' s request
and early consultation.
3. Similarly, to reduce site wastage, overcome tight working space and increase productivity and speed on
construction as well as when fabric could not meet the design requirement for higher reinforcement content,
prefabricated reinforcement bars cage to be factory-made prior sending to project sites for such structural
elements could be made.
4. Engineer shall liaise with specialist suppliers and fabricators on the feasible cage to meet lifting, lapping and
installation requirements.
5. Engineer may consider to use structural couplers, if need arises, to meet lapping, lifting and installation
requirements on site.
67
6.2 Retaining Wall
H - - - Approved Gravel wrapped with Filter Cloth all round
a c
/ - GRANUlAR FILL /
z
0
v;
z TOP MESH (b)
I=!
Ill Ill
Ill Ill
il _J I TENSION LAP BOTIOM MESH (o)
'- [ "PREFABRJCATED REWORCEIIENT CAGE

FOR SHEAR KEY (IF REQUIRED)
EXAMPLE (1) : TYPICAL SECTION OF RETAINING fALL
68
1------++- - IAAIN WIRES
~'11---- Approved Gravel wrapped with Filter Cloth all round
b a
/ GRANULAR FILL /
z
0
in
z TOP MESH (d)
~
BOTIOI.4 1.4ESH(c)
EXAMPLE (2) : TYPICAL SECTION OF RETAINING fALL
69
r: •
•
•
•
VIEW THROUGH SECTION
(
I
I
I)
\
~-- Structural Wall
(>
I
vrF!?
--- Footing
STRUCTURAL WALL AND FOOTING
70
6.3 Non-Suspended Slab And Footing
750 {EXAMPLE)
MESH {TOP OR/AND BOTTOM TO ENGINEER'S REQUIREMENT)

4T16 + R10-200 CAGE (EXAMPLE)
LEAN CONCRETE
TYPICAL NON-SUSPENDED R.C. SLAB
END n-MESH
MESH
R.C. WALL
ADDITIONAL ANCHOR BARS (o & b)

( Optional )
NON-SUSPENDED R.C. SlAB
MESH
FOOTING
~-LEAN CONCRETE
TYPICAL DETAIL FOR STRIP FOOTING &

EXTERNAL R.C. FASCIA WALL
71
I
!
- -+-- -Brickwall
The meshes are simply laid in the trench
or. suitable spacers. The mesh width allows
lor o generous side cover to the cross wires.
BRICKWALL AND FOOTING
72
6.4 Drain And Box Culvert
WIDTH~ 1500 WIDTH > 1500

,--, - ,--, -
0 0
0 0
0 0
""v ""v
u
:::t:
I-
D..
~
D..
w w
a:: Cl Cl
~
(_)
'- ,_
_j COVER I llfNSION LAP I
Tne '1' Type '2' Tne '3'

1 U-BEND MESH 2 U-BEND MESH 4 L-BEND MESH & 1 FLAT SHEIIT
WIDTH ~ 1500 WIDTH > 1500

b - -:--:•a d .- - ,I
50%/>s - 80 50%/>s- 0
0
0
"" ""
1
1\
~
I
li:
~
-':::c:
:? Cl
w
<ZI-~
li:~O
=>zo
w-
(_)_J~
e,f i LAP Ic,d

J_
Tne '4' Type '5'

1 U-BEND STAGGERED MESH (a & b) 2 L-BEND STAGGERED MESH (c,d & e,f)
& 2 L-BEND MESH & 2 1-BEND MESH & 1 FLAT SHEET
b 0
d
~_L 0
~_L c c
I I
0
0
'I ~I
T T
DETAIL 'A' DETAIL 'B'

Profile of U-BEND STAGGERED MESH Profile of L-BEND STAGGERED MESH
before bending for TYPE '4' before bendin« for TYPE '5'
73
WIDTH VARIES
r--- .----
r- ~ L-BEND t.IESH L-BEND t.IESH
~
U-BEND STAGGERED t.IESH
~ADDmONAL nE BARS fOR HAUCHING

TO ENGINEER'S REQUIREt.lENT
/
""
I
~
" / I
TYPICAL SECTION OF R.C. DRAIN
TYPICAL L-BEND MESH TYPICAL U-BEND STAGGERED MESH
74
WIDTH {. 1.5m WIDTH > 15m
I I I
Vl Vl
w w
1'i"
~ I - - MESH- ~ MESH
I I
1-
6::
w
o._
w
0 0
h , ~ -c:
~~- . >.< . . A ·~·,; :
TYPICAL SECTION OF CLOSED DRAIN

WIDTH > 1.5m
CL
:5
.-- i
MESH
t I
j
i
~-· ~ EG
,.><i
-' -
TYPICAL SECfiON OF BOX CULVERT
WIDTH > 1.5m
rMESH
Vl
w
~ ~MESH MESH -
I
1-
.~~ i ADDITIONAL TIE BAR \ S

~n ~I
~u ·\ ~~~---·~-
'-
....
- - - ~-~_:-:c.,,.,..-,-
··.. .-,-
(lYI'ICI<) --"'-
· .. ~-'0- ./T <·>-·'·.·· .· ·: ... .'<_:.·•.· . ; ~I
I /.
§
LI.4ESH
TYPICAL SECTION FOR LARGE SIZE CLOSED DRAIN
75
Welded Wire Fabric Dimensions
~1
Can be
Single Wire
~I or Twin Wire
c:rb- Ll
\])7 T0c
L
Jp,
_1~2
~ L w gJ - t
Le~end
L - length of sheet Pm - pitch of main wire
w - width of sheet Pc - pitch of cross wire
~m - main wire diameter Ml, M2 - main wire overhang
~c - cross wire diameter Sl, S2 - cross wire overhang
76
TABLE FOR WELDED WIRE FABRIC
WWF Cross- Sectional Area Wire Spacing Wire Diameter Nominal

Ref. No. (mm2/m) (mm) (mm) Mass
Main Cross Main Cross Main Cross (kg/m 2 )
SQUARE FABRIC: A, D & E SERIES
D13 1327 1327 100 100 13 13 20.84
D12 1131 1131 100 100 12 12 17.77
Dll 950 950 100 100 11 11 14.92
E1 3 885 885 150 150 13 13 13 .90
D10 786
I
786 100 100 1Q 1Q 12.35
E12 754 754 150 150 12 12 11 .84
A13 664 664 200 200 13 13 10.43
D9 636 636 100 100 9 9 9.99
Ell 634 634 150 150 11 11 9.96
A12 566 566 200 200 12 12 8.89
E10 524 524 150 150 10 10 8.;23
DB 503 503 100 100 8 8 790
All 475 475 200 200 11 11 746
E9 424 424 150 150 9 9 6.66
A10 393 393 200 200 10 10 6.17
D7 385 385 100 100 7 7 6.05
E8 335 335 150 150 81 8 5.26
A9 318 318 200 200 9 9 5.00
D6 283 283 100 100 6 6 4.45
E7 257 257 150 150 7 7 4.04
AS 251 251 200 200 8 8 3.94
A7 192 192 200 200 7 7 3.02
E6 189 189 150 150 6 6 2.97
A6 141 141 200 200 6 6 2.21
A5 98 98 200 200 5 5 1.54
RECTANGULAR FABRIC: BSERIES

B1 3 1327 393 100 200 13 10 13.51
B1 2 1131 251 100 200 12 8 10.85
Bll 950 251 100 200 11 8 9.43
B10 786 251 100 200 10 8 8. 14
B9 636 251 100 200 9 8 6.97
B8 503 251 100 200 g 8 5.92
B7 385 192 100 200 7 7 4.53
B6 283 192 100 200 6 7 3.73
77
TABLE FOR WELDED WIRE FABRIC (continued)
WWF Cross- Sectional Area Wire Spacing Wire Diameter " Nominal
Ref. No. (mm2/m) (mm)
!l (mm) Mass
Main Cross Main Cross Main Cross (kg/m 2 )
DESIGNER FABRIC SERIES
DE12/ 9 1131 424 100 150 9 12.2 1

DE11 / 9 950 424 100 150 9 ' 10.79
DE10/9 786 424 100 150 9 9.50
DE9/9 636 424 100 150 9 8.33
DE8/9 503 424 100 150 9 7.28
DA 13d/ 10 2655 393 100 200 2X1 3 10 23 .94
EA13d/ 10 1770 393 150 200 2X l:l, 10 16.99
d
DA10d/ 10 1571 393 100 200 2x l0 10 15.43
DA 12/ 10 1131 393 100 200 12 10 11 .97
EA1 0d/ 10 1047 393 150 200 2X10 10 11.3 1
EA 13/ 10 885 393 150 200 13 10 10 .04
DA10/ 10 786 393 100 200 10 .,, lO 9 .26
AA 13/ 10 664 393 200 200 13 , 10 8.30
EA 10/ 10 524 393 150 200 10 ' 10 7.20
DEll / 8 950 335 100 150 11 8 10 .09
DE10/ 8 786 335 100 150 lO 8 8.80
DE9/8 636 335 100 150 9 8 7.63
DE8/ 8 503 335 100 150 8 8 6 .58
DE7/ 7 385 257 100 150 7 7 5 .04
EA8/ 7 335 192 150 200 8 7 4.14
Interpretation of Designer Fabric Reference Number:

The first two alphabet denotes the spacing of the Designer fabric, i.e. A for 200 mm spacing, D for 100 mm spacing
and E for 150 mm spacing. The diameter of the wire follows the spacing and a small letter " d " after the main wi re
diameter denotes twin or double wire fabric.
D E 9 I 8
Cross wire diameter - 8mm
Separator
------
Main wire diameter- 9 mm
Cross wire spacing - 150mm
Main wire spacing - 1OOmm
E A 13 d I 10
Cross wire diameter - 10mm

Separator
Denotes twin or double main wire
Main wire diameter- 13mm
Cross wire spa cing - 200mm
Main wire spacing- 150mm
78
TYPES OF FABRIC LAP
Plain welded wire fabric (plain WWF) bonds to concrete by the positive mechanical anchorage at each intersection.
Deformed welded wire fabric (deformed WWF) utilises wire deformation plus the welded intersection for bond and
anchorage. According to SS:32, the minimum weld shear stress requirement for plain WWF is 250 MPa and deformed
WWF is 140 MPa. Based on this requirement, a lap splice with two welded intersection overlapping is sufficient to
transfer the full yield strength for plain WWF. As for deformed WWF the lap length could be reduced depending on
the number of welded intersection present with the lap.
Full Yield Strength Layered Lap
• The most common type lapping used.

• Tran sfer the full yield strength of the
reinforcement.
• Too great an accumulation of laps
can be avoided by staggering the Full Yield Strength Layered Lap
sheet arrangement.
Half Yield Strength Layered Lap
• Transfer half the yield strength of the

reinforcement.
• May be use for side laps across
beams. Half Yield Strength Layered Lap
Reversed or Nested-in-Plane Lap
• Particularly useful in situations of

maximum stress to maintain the
lapped reinforcement in the same
plane.
Reversed or Nested-in-PianeLap
Flying Ends Lap
• Alternative method of in -plane

lappin g where one sheet is provided
with a lap length overhang without
welded intersections.
• The lap length is determined as for
lapped bars (plain or deformed
wires) and, without welded
intersection on lapped wires, the
ultimate anchorage bond stress of
fabric do not apply Flying Ends Lap
Non-yield strength transfer splice lap
• May be used for secondary direction

lapping over beam or secondary
direction lapping where splice
transfer is not important.
Non-Yield Strength Transfer Splice Lap
79
BEAM LINK CAGE CONVERSION TABLE FOR
PLAIN MILD STEEL BAR
Link Characteristic Strength of Link Cage

Spacing fyv = 250 N/mm 2
Sv (mm) R10 R13
75 Tl0-125 T13-125
D10-125 D13-125
Hl0-125 H13-125
100 T10-150 T13-150
D10-150 D13-150
H10-150 H13-150
125 T10-200 T13-200
D10-200 D13-200
H10-200 H13-200
150 Tl0-250 T13-250
D10-250 D13-250
H10-250 H13-250
200 Tl0-300 Tl0-200
D10-300 D10-200
H 10-300 H10-200
250 Tl0-300 Tl0-250
D10-300 D10-250
H10-300 H10-250
300 Tl0-300 Tl0-250
D10-300 D 10-300
H 10-300 H10-300
( 1) Table above is derived from the following formulas:

where,
A.v - Area of two legs
of link with diameter 0
bv - Width of the beam
Vc} bv
= ( V- v - Design shear stress
0.87 fyv vc - Design concrete shear stress
(2) Example for conversion for a specific grade of link cage with a specific spacing using table above.
=> Converting R10-100 link cage to link cage of other characteristic strength .
From table above:- T1 0-150, D 10-150 or H 10-150 is equivalent to R10-100.
(Note : Engineer can choose link type i.e. open or close link. If open beam link cage is used, material type for
capping link is preferably similar to link cage shall also be adopted)
(3) Legends: (a) Prefix'S' denotes open link cage (e.g . .S,T, .S,D,,..S.H)
(b) Prefix 'L' denotes close link cage (e.g . .LT, .LD, .LH)
(c) 'R' denotes links using Plain Mild Bar (fyv = 250N/mm 2 )
(d) 'T' denotes links using Tempcore Deformed Wire (fyv = 460N/mm 2 )
(e) 'D' denotes links using Deformed Hard Drawn Wire (fyv = 485N/mm 2 )
(f) 'H' denotes links using Plain Hard Drawn Wire (fyv = 485N/mm 2 )
80
COLUMN LINK CAGE CONVERSION TABLE
FOR PLAIN MILD STEEL BAR
Link Characteristic Strength of Link Cage

Spacing fyv = 250 N/mm 2
Sv (mm) LR8 LR 10 LR 13
100 LDS-100 LD10-100 LD13-100

LHS-100 LH10-100 LH 13-100
125 LDS-125 LD10-125 LD13-125
LHS-125 LH 10-125 LH13-125
150 LDS-150 LD10-150 LD13-150
LHS-150 LH10-150 LH 13-150
200 LDS-200 LD10-200 LD 13-200
LHS-200 LH 10-200 LH 13-200
250 LDS-250 LD 10-250 LD13-250
LHS-250 LH10-250 LH 13-250
300 LDS-300 LD10-300 LD13-300
LHS-300 LH10-300 LH 13-300
1. Example for conversion for a specific grade of link cage with a specific spacing using table above.
::::::> Converting 1 number complete column close link cage LR 10-100 to link cage of other
characteristic strength .
From table above: - LD 10-150 or LH 10-150 is equivalent to LR 10-100.
2. Legends: (a) Prefix 'L' denotes column close link cage (e.g . .LT, .LD, .LH)
(b) 'R' denotes links using Plain Mild Bar (fyv = 250N/ mm 2 )
(c) 'T' denotes links using Tempcore Deformed Bar (fyv = 460N/mm 2 )
(d) 'D' denotes links using Deformed Hard Drawn Wire (fyv = 485N/ mm 2 )
(e) 'H' denotes links using Plain Hard Drawn Wire (fyv = 485N/ mm 2 )
8J
List of
Reinforcement
Fabricators
LIST OF REINFORCEMENT FABRICATORS
Fabricators Address Telephone Fax
Asia Steel Welded Mesh Co Ltd 11 Tuas Avenue 3, S639410 861 7333 8625968
2 Angkasa Marketing (S) Pte Ltd 10 Arumugam Road #09-00,

Lion Industrial Building, S409957 7595973 743 7252
3 B.R.C. Weldmesh (S.E.A.) Pte Ltd 350Jalan Boon Lay, S619530 265 2333 2664728
4 Burwill Trading Pte Ltd 35 Pioneer Road, S628503 8622306 8632865
5 Eastern Wire Pte Ltd 27 Jalan Buroh, S619483 2650066 261 8562
6 Econ Industries Pte Ltd 2 Ang Mo Kio St 64, Ang Mo Kio

Industrial Park 3, S569084 4842222 4842221
7 Legend Building Supplies Pte Ltd 4 Kian Teck Drive, S628821 2652857 2652849
8 LiSteel Singapore Pte Ltd 11 Tuas Avenue 16,

Jurong, S638929 8622467 862 1664
9 Natsteel Ltd 22 Tanjong Kling Road, S628048 265 1233 265 8317
10 Panwah Steel Pte Ltd 116 Middle Road, #08-01 ICB

Enterprise House, S 188972 3372237 338 8221
11 Viewforth Trading
& Engineering Pte Ltd 5 Tuas Avenue 1, S639490 8620033 861 6448
82

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I

©Construction Industry Development Board, November 1997

Chairman Mr Tan Ee Ping Tan Ee Ping & Partners

(also representing Association of Consulting Engineers Singapore)

Mr Lam Siew Wah Construction Industry Development Board

Mr Tan Tian Chong Construction Industry Development Board

Mr Gan Eng Oon DP Architects Pte Ltd

Mr Shum Chee Hoong Housing & Development Board

Mr Graeme Forrest-Brown Maunsell Consultants (Singapore) Pte Ltd

Mr Shahzad Nasim Meinhardt Pte Ltd

Mr Ong Chan Leng Public Works Department

Mr K Srivelan Public Works Department

Mr Poon Hin Kong Real Estate Developers' Association of Singapore

Mr Eddie Wong Real Estate Developers' Association of Singapore

Mr Chuang Shaw Peng Singapore Contractors Association Ltd

Mr Edward D' Silva Singapore Institute of Architects

Mdm Chia Oi Leng ST Architects & Engineers Pte Ltd

Dr Tan Guan TY Lin South East Asia Pte Ltd

Secretariat Mr Ang Lion Aik Construction Industry Development Board

Ms Phua Hui Chun Construction Industry Development Board

(A) WELDED WIRE FABRIC DIMENSIONS 76

SCOPE OF THE HANDBOOK

Currently, the four most commonly used preferred WWF are:

wire spacing of 200 mm.

in flat sheets or bent to required shape.

in consultation with the suppliers.

projects and is starting to be used in the private sector.

detailing and supply of the prefabricated reinforcement.

details are also provided .

these prefabricated reinforcement.

1.1 Design Considerations

1. 25mm nominal cover to steel reinforcement is adopted .

Slab Span, Lx Ultimate Design Loads, W Design Table

8.6 < w s 11.8 'SA2'

11.8 < w s 15.8 'SA3'

23.8 < w s 27.8 'SA5'

27.8 < w s 35.8 'SA6'

8.6 < w s 11.8 'SA8'

11.8 < w s 15 .8 'SA9'

23.8 < w s 27.8 'SAll'

27.8 < w s 35.8 'SA12'

8.6 < w s 11.8 'SA14'

11.8 < w s 15.8 'SA15'

23.8 < w s 27.8 'SA17'

27.8 < w s 35.8 'SA18'

SLAB SPAN Lx .s_ 3.0m

TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTION THREE

TYPES OF SLAB PANEL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985 : SECTION THREE

TYPES OF SLAB PANEL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTION THREE

TYPES OF SLAB PANEL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTION THREE

TYPES OF SLAB PANEL (Ly/ Lx) Ratio ONE-WAY

TWO-WAY SLABDESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS 8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTION THREE

TYPES OF SLAB PAN EL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

TWO-WAYSLABDESIGN IN ACCORDANCE TO BS8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTIONTHREE

TYPES OF SLAB PANEL (Ly/ Lx ) Ratio ONE-WAY

TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN INACCORDANCE TO BS8110: PART 1: 1985: SECTIONTHREE