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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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{In physics, Berry connection and Berry curvature are related concepts which can be viewed,
d \ \
nrespectively, as a local gauge potential and gauge field associated with the Berry phase or geometric
i d d
}phase. These concepts were introduced by Michael Berry in a paper published in
s i i
(1984[1] emphasizing how geometric phases provide a powerful unifying concept in several branches
p s s
t
of classical and quantum
l physics. p p
)
a l l
\ Contents
y a a
r
s y y
a
• 1 Berry phase andt cyclic adiabatic evolution s s {
n
y t t \
g
l y y d
• l2 Gauge transformation
e l l i
e
e e s
\ { p
• 3
= Berry connection
v \ \ \ l
e
a , d , a
^
• 4 r | i { | y
{ Berry curvature
e n s \ n s
i
p ( p d ( t
\
• 5 Example: Spinorsin a magnetic field \ l i \ y
g
i m a s m l
a
l a y p a e
• m
6 Applications in crystals
o t s l t
m
n h t a h \
a
b y y b ,
• 7 References
_ f l s f H
_
{ e t (
{
• 8
n { y { { \ {
n External links
} R H l R \ m \
}
( } ( e } d a d
(
Berry
t phase and cyclic adiabatic evolution[edit]
\ \ i t i
m ( m \ ( s h s
)
a 0 a m t p b p
}In quantum mechanics, the Berry phase arises in a cyclic adiabatic evolution. The quantum adiabatic
t ) t a ) l f l
\theorem applies to a system whose Hamiltonian   depends on a (vector) parameter   that varies with time  . If the 
h ) h t ) a a
,
'th eigenvalue b remains non-degenerate everywhere \ b along the path and the variation h with\ time t is sufficiently
y { y
e
f
slow, then a system initially in the eigenstate r willf remain in an instantaneous eigenstate 
b r of the Hamiltonian 
s R , ups
^
a f a t } t
{to a phase, throughout the process. Regarding the phase, the state at time t can be written as[2]
{ n { n y y
-
R g R { g l ( l
{
} l } R l e t e
i
e } e )
) ) t ) n
\
} } } } } } } }
{ {{
\ \\
d dd
i ii
s ss
where
p the second exponentialpp term is the "dynamic phase factor." The first exponential term is the geometric
l ll
term, with { being the Berry phase. From the requirement that { satisfy the time-dependent Schrödinger equation,
a \ aa \
y yy
it can be shown that d d
s i s s i
t s tt s
y yy
p p
lindicating that l l l only depends on the path in the
the Berry phase l parameter space, not on the rate at which the
e ee
a a
path is traversed. y y
\{| s { { s
\g{
O \\
In the casetof a cyclic evolution around a closed path { such that  t {, the closed-path Berry phase is
a\
m y tt y \
\
t
eam ii
l d l {d
i
gtm e ll e \i
i
ahlAn example of physical system dd where an electron moves along a closed path is cyclotron motion (details are
s ds
cd ee
\ p | ip
_aegiven in theg page of Berry phase). Berry phase must be considered \ s l to obtain the correct quantization condition.
l
{l {{
a a P pa
n{ m \\ s ly
y {
,{}nGauge transformation [edit]mg
m s i as \
}(
=
\A a a
a t yt d
}\itWithout changing the physics,
m t mwe can make a gauge transformation_ sy
y i
u}i(\) hm
_ l {tl s
_n\o= ca
{ e n ye p
i
\{tm a
n }l l
na\to a new set l } from the original ones only by( an {-dependent phase factor. This modifies the
of states that differ
} { e\ a
u}_ti } \
} \ t m y
open-path
({hn Berry phase to be {_. For a closed path, continuity requires d that   ({ an integer), and it follows that { is
m ) {a s\ \
}\b_t A{ i
{ a \ \ t t d {
invariant,
f{
(m modulo  , under an }narbitrary gauge transformation. s d
\ t r mh yi \ i
\a_ }} p
d h a ab l s d s
t{
m }( l
Berry connection[edit] i c ntf
a
ep i p
0
ahR _t
s a gh l s l
tbc} {) y
{ be expressed
l l c{ \ a p
The
hfa^ closed-path Berry
p phase n=defined above can as s a
l \ e aR by l y
bl)c{ }\ t
a d { l} es a s
f{\at (g y
y i C } t t y t
{rl}
R \a l
where s s } {(
e
ay s y
ad
{}C mm
t p } AT l t l
}n{t
R am
y l } }) (e { y e
'
})gC ta \
l a }= T \ l
dl}\is a vector-valued function known
= h m
e as the Berryy connection (or Berry
_\ potential).
) m The Berry connectiond ise gauge-
)i\e}, b_ a \
s {m -} i g
ddependent, transforming as f. {Hence the local Berry connection   can
\m
= t
2 t na never\ be physically observable.s However,
e a
its
\
{la= n h
\ y }t b p ^ m
integral
\atem along a closed path,{the} Berry phase  , is gauge-invariant up b to an integer multiple of  . Thus,   is absolutely
p l ( h e l { m
pnh^a R( f
i e \b t a i a
agb{tgauge-invariant, and may be}related t to physical observables. m
f a y \
rlf-h ) {
} \ a s g _
teib )+ R
Berry
i{\f curvature [edit] =\
g t {
}
( t a {
a hR 0 y m n
b
anR {b
m b} ) l m }
l(}e{The Berry curvature is an anti-symmetric second-rank
\e }
tensor derived from the Berry connection via
m f = e a }
\tR mt
a ( 2
a}
\m aa
{0 \ 2 _
oac t
_ R) p \ {
vtd(\ h(
{ }} i p n
eho\, ct
n i }
\
rbtm a)
} ) m }
fal l-
} } } } }
{ { { {{ {
\ \ \ \\ \
{
d d d dd d
\
i i i ii i
d
s s s ss s
In a three-dimensional parameter space the Berry curvature cani be written in the pseudovector form
p p p pp p
s
l l l ll l
p
a a a aa a
{ l
y y y yy y
\The tensor and pseudovector forms of the Berry curvature are related a to each other through the Levi-
s s s ss s
dCivita antisymmetric tensor as  . In contrast to the Berry connection, y which is physical only after integrating around
t t t tt t
ia closed path, the Berry curvature is a gauge-invariant local manifestation s of the geometric properties of the
y y y yy y
s t
lwavefunctions in the parameterl space, and haslproven to be an essential ll physical ingredient forl understanding a
p y
evariety of electronic properties.e[3][4] e ee e
l l
a e
|\For a closed path { that forms the \ boundary of a{ surface {, the closed-path {{ Berry phase can be rewritten
\
y \ \
gm
uO O \ \\ O
s {
using Stokes'
a
_m theorem as
d m o d mm m
t i i \
t
{em e v aa e
y s s m
h
-gm g e tt g
l p p a
}ab a r hh a
e the surface is a closed
If l manifold, the boundary term vanishes,l tbut the indeterminacy of the boundary term
\f l cc
a a h
r_ _ i aa _
modulo { manifestsy itself in the Chern theorem, which states
H y that
c the integral of the Berry curvature over a closed
a{ \ { n l l {
= s s a
n\ n e \
\manifolddis quantized t in units of {. This number is the so-called Chern
t { l number, and is essential for understanding
g,}O i , \ { { t
m y y \
m
l\=
various quantization
s effects. \ d { A A h
u l l d {
\
em p m i \ } } e
e e i A
uig l u s O }} t
\Finally, note that the Berry curvature can also be written ass a sum} over all other eigenstates in the form
na
= a p m _ _ a
m { { p }
{\t y \ l e { {
a \ \ l _
\n} s n a g \\ \
t m ma {
bu_ u y a t p p
hExample: { t Spinor{ in
a a magnetic field [edit] a y \
e{_ s hh h
b \ y \ t t s p
g}\{ } t } e i i
f dl d h h t beh written
nThe Hamiltonian
i(m of a spin-1/2 particle
= y in a magnetic
} field can t as [2]
i e i c c y i
n\a} \ l _ a} }
{ s s a{ { a l
t(
{m e e { = =
\ p2 p l\ \ l e }
pah\where   denote the Pauli matrices, 
p {
 is the magnetic moment, and B is
\ } \ the magnetic field. In three\ dimensions, the
s l \ l d d =
tc
m s 2 \ t =l p
i ap a {i i { { -
aheigenstates have energies  { andi their
d eigenvectors
h are \ a a
g yi y Cs s { \ S\ \
tbl \ l pi e ln r
m s s }p p \ } m c
rfh d o s t a g t
a t } t }l l d i } a o
i{b i n p a nl i
y y a a i } t sas    , and the Berry curvature is   If we choose a
fNow consider the } state. Itss Berry}connection
x{S l can be computed ge a
} l l y y s h
}R p _ a \ l l
new e
gauge e s
by multiplying  s p are c{ and ^, while
\}{ l by {, they Berry connections
p eu the Berry curvature remains the same. This
\ t t l a\ {
sdR a \ s h | _
cis consistent \ { y y
with the conclusion a ld 2
i)\} y m that t the Berry iconnection is gauge-dependent
ui
while the Berry curvature is not.
{
d m \ l l y i }
m
n= s u y |\ \
o a me e s {s {
t
ia)The Berry curvature per solid angle is given by }. In this case, the Berry l i p phase corresponding to any t given path on
t t a t Ap \
{\t= y \ e = \a h
h t | | y }l t
\shthe unit sphere   in magnetic-field l n space is just \half the solid angle psubtended
r by the path. The integral
e of the
\ b h u u l }a h
tubn e u \ O at t
m f c _ _ e _y e
faBerry curvature over the whole sphere
hm m is therefore m exactly  , so that rthei Chern number is unity, consistent
a with the
a a { { {s t
eb \ \ u e ta
tChern theorem. { l - - e \t a
t_{l p x g il }
h \ } } ^ ty
a{S m i } a a {
b s { \ \ { hl \
n} l_ \
f i S r r i e o
\'_ \ } _ { m
g } a a \ t v
o\{ m \ { _\ a
{ m } n n p a2 e
vnc\ u , \ {p t
B a ^ g g h \ r
edm \ t \h h
} { l l i }p
rqoa B m h ti c
} 2 e e =i 2
t } a e h a
, } } 0 }
2nh t t e} l
} } } } } } } }
 {
\
d
i
s
Applications
p in crystals[edit]
l
aThe Berry phase plays an important role in modern investigations of electronic properties in crystalline
ysolids[4] and in the theory of the quantum Hall effect.[5] The periodicity of the crystalline potential allows the
s
application of the Bloch theorem, which states that the Hamiltonian eigenstates take the form
t
y
l
where { is a band index, { is a wavevector in the reciprocal-space (Brillouin zone), and { is a periodic function of {.
e
\ \ \ \
d { d {
Then, letting   play the role of the parameter  , one can define Berry phases, connections, and curvatures in thed d
{\ \ \
i i i i
\p
reciprocal s space. d For example, s the Berry connection d in reciprocal space is s s
s
m i i
p p p p
ai s s
l l l l
t p p
a a a a
h_Because the Bloch theorem also implies that the reciprocal space itself is closed, with the Brillouin zone having
y l y l y ythe
c{topology of aa3-torus in three dimensions, the a requirements of integrating over a closed loop or manifold cans
s s s
an y
easily be t satisfied. In thist way, such propertiesy as the electric polarization, orbital magnetization, anomalous
t Hall
t
l\ s s
conductivity, y y
and orbital magnetoelectric coupling can be expressed in terms of Berry phases, connections, and y y
m t t
l l l l
{acurvatures.[4][6] y
[7]
y
e e e e
t
A l l
}hReferences[edit] e e
n \ u \
}b
} m _ m
1. _f
^ Berry, M. V. (1984).
\ "Quantal Phase
a Factors Accompanying\ Adiabatic Changes". Proceedings of the Royal Society{A. 392 (1802): 45– a
{ m m
57. Bibcode:1984RSPSA.392...45B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1984.0023. t n t
n{ a a
h \ h
}k
2. ^ Jump up to:a b Sakurai, J.J. (2005). Modernt b t
Quantum Mechanics. Revised Edition. Addison–Wesley. m b
(} h
3. ^ Resta, Raffaele (2000). "Manifestations f of Berry's phase in hmolecules and in condensed matter". J. Phys.: Condens.
a Matter. 12 (9): R107– f
\ b b t
}
m
R143. Bibcode:2000JPCM...12R.107R. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/12/9/201.
f f
{ h {
a(
k b r
4. ^ Jump
t\ up to:a b c Xiao, Di; Chang, Ming-Che; Niu, Qian (Jul 2010). "Berry phase effects on electronic properties". Rev. Mod. Phys. 82 (3): 1959–
{ {
} f }
2007. arXiv:0907.2021. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82.1959X. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1959.
hm k R
5. ba
^ Thouless, D. J.; Kohmoto,
} M.; Nightingale, M. P.; den Nijs, M.
} } (Aug 1982). "Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional
{ Periodic Potential". Phys.
}
ft
Rev. Lett. American Physical Society. 49 (6): 405–408. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..49..405T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.405. k
h } } }
6. {b^ Chang, Ming-Che; Niu, Qian (2008). "Berry curvature, orbital moment, and effective quantum theory of electrons in electromagnetic fields". Journal of
kf
}
}Physics: Condensed Matter. 20 (19): 193202. Bibcode:2008JPCM...20s3202C. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/20/19/193202.
(
{
7. ^ Resta, Raffaele (2010). "Electrical polarization and orbital magnetization: the modern theories". J. Phys.: Condens. \ Matter. 22 (12):
)r
m
}123201. Bibcode:2010JPCM...22l3201R. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/22/12/123201.
=
a
i
t
\)External links[edit]
h
l=
b
• aeThe quantum phase, five years after. by M. Berry.
f
n^
• g{Berry Phases and Curvatures in Electronic Structure Theory A talk by D. Vanderbilt.
{
li
r
• e\Berry-ology, Orbital Magnetolectric Effects, and Topological Insulators - A talk by D. Vanderbilt.
}
m
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)
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}
{hCategories: 
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a{
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• Quantum mechanics

• Classical mechanics

• Quantum phases

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