Final Training Report
Final Training Report
Final Training Report
Industrial Training
Carried out in
Panipat, Refinery
Submitted by:
Deepak Kumar
B.Tech.
Chemical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
Acknowledgement
I would like thank Mr. Mukesh Mohan (PNM), I would also like to thank Mr. Satya Prakash
(CPNM), PREP and Mr. L.D. Batra, manager T&D, IOCL Panipat for their unrelenting support
and help that they have provided which helped me to complete my training and projects
successfully.
I would also like to thank all the officers and staff of PREP for their kind support and
cooperation.
Deepak Kumar
B.tech.
Chemical Engineering
IIT Kanpur
CONTENTS
S. No. Topics Page No.
1 OVERVIEW 4‐6
2. AVU 7‐8
3. HGU 8‐11
4. DHDT 12‐18
5. HCU 19‐22
6. DCU 23‐26
7. SULPHUR BLOCK 27‐32
8. CONCLUSION 40
OVERVIEW
Panipat Refinery, the 7th Refinery of Indian Oil, a Global Fortune 500 company having vision
to become a major, diversified, transnational, integrated energy company, with national
leadership and a strong environment conscience, playing national role in oil security & public
distribution. Backed by global, state‐of‐the art technologies from Axens; France, Haldor‐Topsoe;
Denmark, UOP; USA, Stone & Webster; USA and Delta
Hudson‐Canada, Dupont, USA and ABB Luumas. Panipat
Refinery is referred to as the country’s technically
advanced refinery. 6 MMTPA refinery was built and
commissioned in 1998 at a cost of Rs. 3868 Crore
(includes Marketing & Pipelines installation). Refinery
capacity has been further augumented to 12 MMTPA in
June 2006 at a cost of Rs. 4165 crore. It receives crude oil
from Vadinar and Mundra Ports in Gujarat coast. The
refinery is designed for processing both indigenous &
imported crude oil. The refinery has processed about 30
types of imported crude oil from countries like Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Dubai, Kuwait, Malaysia,
Nigeria and other African countries since commissioning.
Panipat Refinery has doubled its refining capacity from 6 MMT/yr to 12 MMT/yr with the
commissioning of its Expansion Project. Panipat Refinery is the seventh refinery of IndianOil. It
is located in the historic district of Panipat in the state of Haryana and is about 23 km from
Panipat City. The original refinery with 6 MMTPA capacity was built and commissioned in 1998
at a cost of Rs.3868crore (which includes Marketing & Pipelines installations).
.
Referred as one of India’s most modern refineries, Panipat Refinery was built using global
technologies from IFP France; Haldor‐Topsoe, Denmark; UNOCAL/UOP, USA; and Stone
&Webster, USA. It processes a wide range of both indigenous and imported grades of crude oil.
It receives crude from Vadinar through the 1370 km long Salaya‐Mathura Pipeline which also
supplies crude to Koyali and Mathura Refineries of IndianOil.
Petroleum products are transported through various modes like rail, road as well as
environment‐friendly pipelines. The Refinery caters to the high‐consumption demand centres in
North‐Western India including the States of Haryana, Punjab, J &K, Himachal, Chandigarh,
Uttaranchal, as well as parts of Rajasthan and Delhi.
The LPG produced from the refinery is pumped through a dedicated pipeline to IndianOil’s
Kohand Bottling plant where bottling and bulk despatches are done. Panipat Refinery has also
developed new products like 96 RON petrol, and sub‐Zero diesel for the Indian army. It is
already operating above 100% capacity for the last four years.
Process units, Licensors and its capacity
Process units under Expansion Project (Commissioned in 2006)
Products from Refinery:
With the expansion of Panipat Refinery to 12.0 MMTPA total high speed diesel produced from
entire refinery will meet BS‐II and BS‐III Grade required for NCR. After stabilisation of units, the
high value product yield from the refinery will be further improved by reducing the production
of balck oil like HPS and Bitumen. With state‐of the‐art matching secondary processing facilities
was approved at a cost of Rs.4165Crore.
Products TMT
Crude oil 12000
LPG 444
MS 900
Naphtha 847
SKO/ATF/MTO 1496
Diesel 6117
Bitumen 150
Sulphur 156
Coke 700
Petroleum products are transported through Pipeline, Rail and Road. Majority of
products would be transported through environment‐friendly pipelines. Panipat Refinery meets
the demand of petroleum products not only of Haryana but also of the entire North‐West
Region including Punjab, J&K, Himachal, Chandigarh, Uttaranchal state and part of Rajasthan &
Delhi.
LPG from the refinery is pumped through a dedicated pipeline to Kohand Bottling plant and
bottling and bulk despath are done from there
PANIPAT REFINERY ‐ The Eco‐Friendly Refinery
Salient Features of Environment Management
¾ Only Desulphurised Fuel Gas and Low Sulfur Fuel Oil with Sulphur content below 0.5% is
used in Refinery furnaces.
¾ Sulfur Recovery Plant helps in reduction of Sulfur Dioxide emission. There are 4 Sulphur
recovery unit.2 no.of 115 TPD and 2 no. of 225 TPD. Two Sulphur Recovery Unit always
remain in operation to keep the environment clean.
¾ State‐of‐the art Effluent treatment plant. Two nos. of 400 M3/hr each and one more for
PTA plant of capacity 225m3/hour.
¾ On line stack analyzers provided to monitor and control emissions.
¾ Treated effluent meeting Minimal National Standards (MINAS) totally reused within
Refinery making Panipat.
¾ Refinery a Zero Effluent Discharge Refinery.
500 acres of land around Refinery has been developed as Green Belt and Ecological Park.
Around five lac trees already planted.
¾ Air Quality around the Refinery is monitored continuously through Air Monitoring
stations and Mobile Air Quality Monitoring Van.
Refinery Performance
¾ The Refinery has been increasing its capacity utilization since inception.
¾ Refinery has developed new products like 96 RON gasoline, sub‐Zero diesel for the
Indian army, and different grades of petrol, diesel & HPS for specific consumers.
¾ The refinery has started production of BS‐II and Euro‐III grade diesel and petrol since
January, 2005.
¾ Refinery has started production of PTA since June 2006.
¾ Units at a Glance
Atmospheric and Vacuum Distillation Unit
(AVU)
1.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT :
Atmosphere and Vacuum unit (AVU) of Panipat Refinery is designed to process 100% Bombay
High Crude and 100% Arab Mix Crude (consisting of light and heavy crude in 50:50 proportion
by weight in blocked out operation without loss of throughput @ 6.0 MMTPA. Unit is located in
an area of 24800 square meters. AVU is called a mother unit as it provides feed to other
secondary units like hydrogen unit, CRU, HCU, FCC, Bitumen unit and VBU. In actual practice
various low sulphur e.g. Quaboe, Boney light, Escravos, Furcados, Girassol, Odudu, Nemba,
Cabinda and high sulphur crudes e.g. Kuwait, Iran Mix, Basrah light, Upper Zakhum, Suez mix,
Furrial etc. crudes are being processed since commissioning of the plant.
In addition to crude processing, AVU also maintains Fuel Gas amine wash system and LPG
vaporizer to maintain refinery fuel gas header pressure.
1.2 UNIT SECTIONS & CAPACITIES :
UNIT CAPACITY
Crude Distillation Unit 6.00 MMTPA
Vacuum Distillation Unit. 3.30 MMTPA
Naphtha stabilizer. 1.22 MMTPA
Naphtha splitter. 1.10 MMTPA
MTO splitter. 0.03 MMTPA
Naphtha caustic wash 0.37 MMTP
• C5‐90ºC cut 0.48 MMTPA
• 90‐120º cut
LPG vaporizer 5.0 Mt/hr
1.3 PRODUCTS EX CDU/VDU MAIN COLUMNS:
S.NO SHORT NAME LONG NAME CUT RANGE º C USAGE
1. GAS Fuel gas C1‐C2 Internal fuel
2. LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas C3‐C4 Domestic fuel Gas
3. NAP Naphtha C5‐120 MS Component
4. HN Heavy Naphtha C5‐120 HSD Component
5. KERO Kerosene 140‐270 Domestic fuel
6. ATF Aviation Turbine Fuel 140‐240 Airplanes
7. LGO Light Gas Oil 240/270‐320 HSD Component
8. HGO Heavy Gas Oil 320‐370 HSD Component
9. VD Vacuum Diesel 370 HSD Component
10. LVGO Light Vacuum gas Oil 370‐425 Feed to HCU/FCCU
11. HVGO Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil 425‐550 Feed to HCU/FCCU
12. V.SLOP Vacuum Slop 550‐560 IFO Component/ feed
to RFCCU
13. VR Vacuum Residue 560+ Bitumen/ VBU feed
1.4 OTHER PRODUCTS:
PRODUCT USAGE
C5‐90 º C cut Naphtha Splitter overhead product for feed to Hydrogen generation unit..
90‐120 º cut Naphtha Splitter bottom product for feed to Reformer..
MTO Mineral Turpentine Oil ex MTO splitter middle.
HY. KERO MTO splitter bottom (BH) product mainly used as a cutter stock. For VB Fuel
Oil & FFS.
80 MT (subzero) For Defense use.
DHPP (A) Diesel High pour point for defense
1.5 Process Description:
Following processes goes on in AVU:
• Preheat train ‐1
• Desalter
• Preheat train ‐2
• Preflash Drum
• Preheat train ‐3
• CDU Furnace
• Air preheater for CDU furnace
• Atmospheric Column
• CDU overhead System
• Naptha Stabiliser
• Naptha Splitter
• Vacuum Column
• VDU Column overhead system
Hydrogen Generation Unit
(HGU)
OBJECTIVE: To supply Hydrogen for both DHDT and HCU under the PR expansion.
– PURPOSE OF UNIT: TO SUPPLY 99.99% PURE H2 TO OHCU and HCU
– PROCESS LICENSOR – HALDOR TOPSOE A/S, DENMARK
– PROCESS CONSULTANT‐ EIL
– CAPACITY: 2x70000 MTPA H2
– TURNDOWN: 30%
– PRODUCT H2 PURITY: 99.9%
– COMMISSIONED ON: 11TH FEB’99
– One PDS section followed by two trains of Hydrogen Generation Unit of 70,000
MTPA production capacity for the each train
‐‐ LICENSOR‐ Haldor Topsoe A/S, Denmark
‐‐ PROCESS CONSULTANT‐ Engineers India Limited
BRIEF PROCESS DESCRIPTION
PDS SECTION
The PDS section is included as a primary processing step to remove the bulk content of Sulphur
in the SR Naphtha (S content: 600 ppm max) and Coker Naphtha (S content: 5900 ppm max)
and to produce Sweet Naphtha of 2‐5 ppm of Sulphur content.
The PDS section contains two reactors. The first reactor(R‐001A/B) is loaded with Topsoe TK‐
437 as main catalyst, which is a low activity catalyst with regard to mono‐olefin conversion and
Sulphur removal. The main purpose of this reactor is removal of Silica from the coker naphtha
feed, as this is a potential poison for the downstream catalysts. The catalyst will also catalyze
the conversion of di‐olefins to mono‐olefins and saturated hydrocarbons.
The second reactor (R‐002) is loaded with Topsoe TK‐431 as main catalyst. In this reactor the
final saturation of olefins and conversion of sulphur compounds to H2S would take place. The
catalyst also converts organic Nitrogen compounds to ammonia and saturated hydrocarbons.
The recommended operating temperature for the catalyst in R‐002 is about 310 to 380 oC. At
temperatures above 400 oC, the tendency of polymerization and coking of the catalyst is
increased.
Hydrogen should always be present in the feed corresponding to the hydrogen partial
pressure of 10.0 kg/cm2g. Operation for a few minute without hydrogen does not harm the
catalyst. However prolonged exposure of the catalyst without hydrogen will result in coking of
the catalyst.
TK‐431 and TK‐437 must not be exposed to hydrogen only at temperatures above 250 oC as this
will cause an irreversible loss of activity of the catalyst.
Hydrogen sulphide is removed by stripping in the H2S stripper, C‐001. The predesulphurised
naphtha is cooled and sent to the final desulphurization section or, alternatively further cooled
and sent to the sweet naphtha storage tank.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF HGU.
MAIN SECTION OF HGU
FINAL DESULPHURISATION SECTION (FDS SECTION)
REFORMING SECTION
MT & LT SHIFT SECTION
PSA SECTION
BFW TREATMENT AND HP STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS :
Sweet Naphtha feed from surge drum V‐101 is pumped to E‐101 A/B feed vaporizer. Recycle
hydrogen is mixed to combined feed stream before the vaporiser. Naphtha and hydrogen mix
after vaporization of naphtha feed in E‐101A/B, is superheated to 380 0C in E‐102 with
superheated HP steam.
Then it is sent to R‐101 for hydrogenation of organic S and Cl compounds to H2S and HCl
respectively. HCl & H2S are absorbed in R‐102 A/B. Desulphurised naphtha (S content less than
50 ppb) and unutilized H2 comes out of R‐102A/B. The de‐sulphurised naphtha is mixed with
the superheated HP steam and heated to 490 0C in E‐112. This stream goes to pre‐ reformer R‐
103, where a controlled reforming reaction converts the feed to methane. The outlet of R‐103
is heated in E‐111 to 625‐650 0C and passed through reformer (H‐101) tubes.
In reformer, the reforming reaction takes place and the feed and steam is converted to
CO, CO2 & H2. The steam reformed gas at the reformer outlet contains CO, CO2, H2,
unconverted CH4 & unutilized steam. The process gas at the outlet of reformer is at around 930
0
C, which is cooled to 200 0C in WHB and BFW preheaters and passed through MT shift
convertersR‐104 & LT shift converter R‐105.
In shift converters, the carbon monoxide on reaction with steam gets converted to H2
and CO2. The unutilized steam is condensed in step cooling at the downstream of R‐105 and
then the reformed gas is sent to PSA to remove the CH4, CO, CO2 and produce 99.9% pure
hydrogen.
FEED CH
HARACTERISSTIC & PUR
RPOSE OF H
HGU:
FEED STOCK
K OF HGU:
et Naphtha frrom 100% SRN (C5‐140oc) @
Case‐1: Swee 2
25.62 MT/hr
o
Case‐2: Swee
et Naphtha frrom SRN (C5
5‐140 C) & C
Coker Naphtha mix (ratio
o 48:50) @ 2
25.79
M
MT/hr
PURPOSE O
P F HGU
To produce H
Hydrogen of 99.9 vol% purity for sup
pply to Dieseel Hydro‐treaatment Unit
(D
DHDT) & Hyddrocracking Unit (HCU).
PURPOSE O
P F PDS SECTTION
To produce desulphurised naphtha frrom sulphurr rich straighht run naphthha.
To produce desulphurised naphtha frrom coker naphtha, thiss is rich in sulphur and
olefins content. Also, thee coker naphtha is made free from Silicon.
HGU PRODUCT QUALITY
PURITY 99.9 VOL% MIN
IMPURITIES: CO and CO2 20.0 PPMV
Chlorine + Chlorides 1.0 PPMV
Nitrogen 50 PPMV MAX
H2O 50 PPMV MAX
Methane, mol% Balance
Desulphurization and Hydro treating Unit
(DHDT)
PROCESS OBJECTIVES
To produce Hydrotreated Diesel having low sulfur content (<30 ppm) & Cetane No.
improvement by 10 units (>53.5) – for two reactor operation.
Stabilization of Wild Naphtha for routing to Naphtha & HGU Feed blending
Amine treatment of Sour off Gases from all Units of PREP.
DIESEL SPECIFICATIONS:
SULPHUR CETANE TARGET
(PPM) NUMBER
ST
EURO‐II 500 48 1 APR 01 = ALL 4 METROS*
(BS‐2) ST $
1 APR 03 = 7 MORE CITIES
ST
1 APR 05 = WHOLE COUNTRY
ST
EURO‐III 350 51 1 APR 05 = 11 CITIES
(BS‐3) ST
1 APR 10 = WHOLE COUNTRY
ST
EURO‐IV 50 51 1 APR 10 = 11 CITIES
(BS‐4)
FEED SOURCE
SR LGO PREP‐CDU
SR HGO PREP‐CDU
SR KERO PREP‐CDU
SR VD PREP‐VDU
TCO FCCU
LCGO DCU
CHN DCU
CLN DCU
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
DESULFURISATION
DENITRIFICATION
HYDROGENATION OF OXYGENATED COMPOUNDS
HYDROGENATION OF OLEFINIC COMPOUNDS
AROMATIC SATURATION
CHEMIC
CAL REACTIO
ONS INVOLLVED IN HYDROTREATTING:‐
(1) REMO OVAL OF SULLFUR
(A) Meercaptens
C‐C‐C‐C‐SH + H2 C‐C‐C‐‐C + H2S
(B) Sulfid de
C‐C‐S‐C‐C +2H H2 2C‐C ++ H2S
(C) Disulffide
C‐C‐S‐S‐C‐C +3H2 2C‐C ++ 2H2S
Cycclic Sulfides rreact and reelease Sulfurr
(2) REMO OVAL OF NITTROGEN
(A) Pyridine + 5H2 C‐C‐C‐‐C‐C +NH3
C‐C‐C
DHDS DHDT
CAPACITY – 0.7 MMTPA CAPACITY – 3.5 MMTPA
ONE TRAIN OPERATION TWO TRAIN OPERATION
SULPHUR<350 PPM SULPHUR<30 PPM
CETANE IMPROVEMENT NOT ENVISAGED CETANE NUMBER IMPROVES BY 10 UNITS
DEA USED AS SOLVENT IN AMINE ABSORBER AMINE ANSORBER DESIGNED FOR BOTH DEA & MDEA
ONLY SHELL & TUBE HE SHELL/TUBE & WPHE USED
NO PRT PRT FOR FEED PUMP
TO RGC DISCHARGE
Hydro Cracker Unit
(HCU)
Introduction:
The process of converting higher molecular weight hydrocarbons into more valuable
lower molecular weight hydrocarbons
C22 H46 + H2 ⎯⎯⎯→ C16H34 + C6H14
¾ In presence of Hydrogen
¾ at high temperatures(290 – 455 deg C) & high pressures (105‐190 Kg/cm2g)
¾ in presence of a catalyst
The products are clean, saturated & high in value
NEED OF HYDROCRACKING:
¾ Shift in product demand to middle distillates
¾ Reduction of Fuel Oil market share in energy sector
¾ Heavier Crude oil quality expected in future
¾ Clean environment friendly products
TYPICAL HYDROCRACKER FEEDSTOCKS
¾ Naphtha
¾ Heavy Vacuum gas oil
¾ Thermally or catalytically cracked gas oil
TYPICAL HYDROCRACKER PRODUCTS
¾ Middle distillates(HSD, KERO/ATF)
¾ Naphtha
¾ LPG
UNIT CONFIGURATIONS:
¾ Once Through Type
¾ Single Stage with Recycle
¾ Two stage
BENEFITS OF HYDROCRACKING:
¾ Produces Low Sulphur Products
¾ Improves Combustion Quality
¾ High Cetane
¾ Low Aromatics/Olefins
¾ High H2 Content
¾ Excellent Color Stability ‐ Lowering N2 content
¾ Improves Downstream Processing
¾ FCC or RFCC
¾ Olefins or Aromatics Plant
¾ Lube Oil Production
¾ Middle Distillate yield is 80% as compared to 45% in FCCU
¾ Entire feed stock can be converted to the product range i.e. no coke or by
products
¾ Low Sulphur, Nitrogen and Aromatic content in Products
HISTORY OF HYDROCRACKING
¾ Initial units came up during World War II for supplying gasoline to
Europe & America
¾ Initial catalysts used were natural clays & operating pressures
were about 250 kg/cm2g
¾ Continuous developments in catalyst has resulted in lower
pressure operation to produce desired quality products
¾ At present more than 150 units are operating in the world.
HYDROCRACKING INVOLVES
HYDROTREATING
¾ Removal of S, N as H2S & NH3
¾ Removal of oxygen, metals, halides
¾ Olefins & aromatics saturation
HYDROCRACKING
¾ Conversion of heavy Mol Wt fractions into more useful lower mol wt
fractions
CATALYST
HYDROTREATING
¾ Metal based catalyst
¾ Ni‐Mo for higher severity
¾ Co‐Mo for lower severity
HYDROCRACKING
¾ Bifunctional Silica ‐ Alumina catalyst
¾ Acidic sites for cracking reactions
¾ Metal sites for hydrogenation, dehydrogenation
¾ Two types of hydrocracking catalysts
¾ Amorphous for producing middle distillates
¾ Zeolites for producing naphtha, LPG
Catalyst poisons
Temporary
¾ Ammonia
¾ Coke
Permanent
¾ Metals
The Delayed Coker Unit
(DCU)
The Delayed Coker Unit (DCU) is designed to process 2,400,000 MT of Vacuum Residue based
on Arab Mix Crude and Mixed Supply of Middle East Crude. The Unit is installed as part of
Panipat Refinery Expansion Project (PREP) from 6 MMTPA to 12 MMTPA.
Delayed Coking Process is a thermal cracking process for upgrading heavy petroleum residues
into lighter gaseous & liquid products and solid Coke. The heated feed is provided residence
time or ‘Delayed’ for an extended period in the Coke Drum for Polymerisation and Cracking
reactions to take place simultaneously thus producing Petroleum Coke and Distillates. Hence
this process is known as “Delayed Coking Process”.
This, 7200 MT/day, Coker allows the refinery to reduce or eliminate the production of low
value, heavy fuel oil and increase the production of higher value, cleaner burning fuels.
The Unit is designed to produce the following products
• Sweet Fuel Gas
• Treated LPG
• Light Stabilized Naphtha
• Heavy Naphtha
• Light Coker Gas Oil
• Heavy Coker Gas Oil
• Coker Fuel Oil (Optional)
• Green Coke (Fuel Grade)
The Process Design Approach/objectives used by ABB Lummus Global Inc. for the design of
Delayed Coking Unit at Panipat Refinery are:
• Maximize The Production Of Liquid Products
• Minimize The Production Of Coke
• Produce Suitable Quality Heavy Gas Oil
• Optimize Number And Size Of Coke Drums
• Optimize Energy Recovery
• Optimize Feed Preheat System And Heater Duty.
• Maximize Air Cooling And Minimize Water Cooling
The Unit consists of the following main facilities
• Feed Handling & Preheat Section
• Furnace
• Coke Drum Section
o Coke Cutting System
o Top & Bottom Heading/Unheading System
• Coke Drum Blowdown & Hydrocarbon Recovery Section
• Coke Handling System
o ISBL Coke Handling
o OSBL Coke Handling
• Fractionator
• Water Reuse System
• Gas Concentration Section
o WGC
o Deethanizer‐Debutanizer Section
o Naphtha Splitter Section
o Amine Treatment facilities
In Addition to DCU, the following Areas are under the Operation & Control of CR‐12
• LPG Treater
• DCU Feed Tank Area
• PREP Flare Area
The Unit is designed to process 100 % Hot VR as well as 100 % Cold VR.
However with “only Cold VR” it can be run on 80% throughput only.
On Stream Factor: 8000 hours (333 stream days)
Plant Turndown Ratio: 50 %
The Unit has been designed with an Over design Factor of 25 % to cater to proposed Future
Expansion from 2.4 mmtpa to 3.0 mmtpa. In view of this, the following Critical Equipment have
been provided with 25% Design margins:
• Coke Drums
• Furnace Charge Pumps
• Coker Furnace
• Coker Main Fractionator
• Wet Gas Compressor
• Coke Cutting/Blowdown System
• Coke Handling System
• Water Reuse System
• All Columns Shell Diameter
• Critical lines
• Transfer line, Coke Drum overhead to Fractionator, Coker Drum to Blowdown, Fractionator
Pump Suction and Discharge and Pump Around Suction Lines
The Unit is designed with High level of instrumentation. Advanced Process Control provisions
have been kept and Instrumentation required for the same has also been considered.
BRIEF PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The Delayed Coking process is essentially a Thermal Cracking process to minimize refinery yields
of residual fuel oil by conversion to Gas, Naphtha, Gas Oil and Coke. The Coker feed is vacuum
residue from Arab Mix Crudes or Mixed Supply (Middle East Crudes). The feed stream is
preheated by HCGO product and Pumparound exchangers and charged to the bottom section
of the Coker Fractionator where it mixes with the heavy recycle liquid from the bottom tray.
The combined Coker feed and Heavy recycle liquid is pumped to the Coker heater where it is
rapidly heated to temperatures above the coking point. Significant coke formation in the
heaters is therefore avoided.
The heater effluent is charged to the Coke Drum where further cracking reactions and
subsequent polymerization take place to form coke. Vapour products leave the top of the Coke
Drum where they are immediately quenched with a slip stream of HCGO Pumparound.
Quenching stops the cracking and polymerization reactions.
The quenched Coke Drum effluent is charged to the Coker Fractionator where light gas,
naphtha, LCGO, HCGO, CFO (Cases 2A & 2B only) and heavy recycle liquid are separated. LCGO,
HCGO and CFO (Cases 2A & 2B only) are steam stripped in their respective strippers to meet
product specifications before cooling and final routing to battery limits.
Vapour from the Coker Fractionator is partially condensed and collected in the Coker
Fractionator Overhead Receiver, which separates vapour, hydrocarbon liquid, and sour water.
Vapour is routed to the Vapour Recovery Section. A portion of the hydrocarbon liquid is
pumped to the Coker Fractionator top tray as reflux, and the remaining portion is pumped to
the Vapour Recovery Section. Part of the sour water goes to the Recontact Product Cooler as a
wash, and the net production goes to OSBL for treatment. The Vapour Recovery Section
separates the light products to Debutanized Naphtha, C3/C4 LPG, and Fuel Gas.
The Wet Gas from the Coker Fractionator Overhead Receiver is compressed in the two‐stage
Wet Gas Compressor. The compressor vapour discharge is partially condensed and separated in
the Recontact Drum. The vapour effluent is stripped of the bulk of its H2S using lean amine in
the Deethanizer Feed Gas Scrubber. The H2S‐free vapour is then charged to the absorber
section of the Deethanizer Primary Absorber / Stripper. The hydrocarbon liquid from the
Recontact Drum is pumped to the stripper section. Meanwhile, the sour water from the
Compressor Interstage Drum and the Recontact Drum recycles to the Coker Fractionator
Overhead Receiver.
The Deethanizer separates the C2’s and lighter (overhead) from the LPG and Naphtha (bottom).
Absorption oil, a combination of Coker Fractionator Overhead Receiver hydrocarbon liquid and
debutanized naphtha liquid recycle, feeds the top tray. The Deethanizer overhead vapor is
contacted with LCGO in the Sponge Absorber to further reduce the loss of Naphtha. The
resultant sour fuel gas is scrubbed‐free of H2S using Lean Amine in the Fuel Gas Scrubber before
routing the Sweet Fuel Gas to OSBL.
The Deethanizer bottoms are routed to the Debutanizer to separate LPG from Naphtha. The
product LPG is scrubbed‐free of H2S using Lean Amine in the LPG Amine Scrubber before
routing to OSBL.
The product Naphtha is cooled and routed to the Naphtha Splitter. The Naphtha Splitter
separates the Debutanized Naphtha into Light and Heavy Naphtha. Light Naphtha product is
routed to the Light Naphtha Amine Scrubber to remove H2S, and then Caustic and Water
washed prior to being routed to OSBL. The Heavy Naphtha, is Caustic and Water washed prior
to being routed to OSBL
DELAYED COKING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
The Coking Reaction is endothermic and requires lots of heat energy.
The properties of the products formed by this process are highly unsaturated and hence need
further treatment before they are sent to the market.
The petroleum residue feedstock is heated in a specially designed heater to high temperature
with a brief residence time. The Thermal Cracking reactions start in the heater coils and are
completed in Coke Drums (Accumulator vessels with long residence time). The Thermal
Cracking reactions in the heater are carefully controlled to minimize coke build‐up in the heater
coils. The solid product (Green coke) is retained in the Coke Drums. Coke Drum effluent vapour
is quenched to arrest further cracking reactions and then fractionated into various distillates
and light end products.
Carbonization Theory/Reaction
Carbonization is the thermal conversion of organic materials to carbon and graphite. The
overall transformation involves a complex series of chemical reactions and diffusion processes
in both the liquid and solid state.
The reaction sequence consists of the elimination of substituent atoms and groups from the
organic molecule, aromatizations and subsequent polymerisation to a large aromatic carbon
framework.
Petroleum Coke may be formed by two basically different mechanisms:
a) High Molecular weight compounds, such as asphaltenes and resins, tend to dealkylate to
straight chain compounds and CH2 groups when subjected to high temperature. A residue
of Carbon is left behind. Graphitization is difficult to accomplish for this type of coke at High
Temperature.
b) Dehydrogenation of heavy oils followed by polymerization of condensation of free radicals
forms high molecular weight compounds, which proceed eventually to coke. This type of
Coke exhibits superior quality and is easily graphitised. Commercially, synthetic carbon and
graphite are prepared from aromatic starting materials, such as coal tar pitch and heavy
petroleum residues. These raw materials consist largely of mixtures of compounds
containing aromatic hydrocarbon and heterocyclic structures.
Chemicals Reactions of Carbonization
There are three types of Chemicals reaction processes, which are important:
1. Dehydrogenation
2. Rearrangement, and
3. Polymerization
These reactions do not proceed in distinct steps, but occur continuously throughout the Coking
process.
The thermal reactions taking place are both endothermic and exothermic. Heat is applied to the
material in the Coking heater to initiate the cracking reaction. As polymerization proceeds in
the Coke drum, the exothermic (cracking) reactions provide the heat to continue the
dehydrogenation process.
1) Dehydrogenation
The initial reaction in carbonization involves the loss of hydrogen atom from an aromatic
hydrocarbon and leads to the formation of an aromatic‐free radical intermediate.
2. Rearrangement Reactions
Perhaps the most complicating features of the early stages of carbonization are the thermal
rearrangement reactions. They often make it impossible to predict from the starting structure
whether a given compound will produce a well graphitizing or a disordered carbon. Thermal
rearrangement usually leads to more stabilizing aromatic ring system, which can then become
building block for graphite growth.
3. Polymerization of Aromatic Radicals
The formation of carbon involves the polymerization of aromatic‐free radicals. These
polymerizations usually are initiated in the liquid phase and lead to aromatic polymers. This is
an important stage in the graphitization process. Unlike conventional polymerization, which
rapidly increases the molecular size, the aromatic polymerization appears to proceed in steps.
Nonplanar radical intermediates lead to disordered aromatic polymers which never truly
graphitize.
Sulphur Block
There aree six units in
n PREP sulphur block:
1) Amine regen
A neration unitt
2) R
Refinery sou r water strip
pper unit
3) H
Hydro proce ssing sour w
water strippeer unit
4) S
Sulphur recoovery unit‐1
5) S
Sulphur recoovery unit‐2
6) T
Tail gas treat
ting unit
Amine Regeneration Unitt
The purpose of this unit is to receive rich amine (containingg a high amoount of disssolved H2S) from
upstream absorb bers in PR & & PREP, remove the H2S from it and
S d return the lean amine (containingg very
low H2S) back to
o PR & PREP P for furtherr absorption. The H2S th hus released d is sent to SSulphur Reco overy
Unit.
Estim
mated flow rrates in PR [4 40% MDEA ((Methyl Di Ethanol Amin ne)Solution]
Advantages of MDEA over DEA
The advantages of an MDEA based system over a DEA based system are
1. Around 15 to 20 % capacity increase if existing DEA based plant is converted to MDEA based plant
with practically no capital investment.
2. Around 15 to 20 % less energy cost compared to DEA system due to low reboiler duty as less energy
is required to break the bond between acid gas and MDEA.
3. Around 15 to 20 % less energy required for pumping as MDEA concentration upto 50 wt % can be
kept compared to 25 wt % limitation in case of DEA, thus circulation rate can be reduced and pumping
requirements will also be reduced accordingly.
4. Higher acid gas loading in rich amine (0.45 to 0.5 m/m in MDEA system) compared to 0.35 to 0.4
m/m in DEA system. Lean amine loading is 0.004 to 0.01 m/m in MDEA system as compared to 0.05 to
0.07 m/m in DEA system.
5. Selective absorption of H2S over CO2 in MDEA is better compared to DEA.
6. MDEA freezing point is much lower than DEA, making handling of the solvent much easier.
Refinery Sour Water Stripper Unit
The refinery sour water stripper unit is dedicated to treat sour water from non hydro‐ processing units,
i.e.CDU/VDU, DCU, SRU, HGU & PX‐PTA. The H2S and NH3 in the sour water are stripped away and sent
to Sulphur Recovery Unit or sour flare. The stripped sour water is sent to CDU/DCU or ETP.Stripped
sour water will contain not more than 50 ppm H2S and 50 ppm NH3.
Hydrroprocessingg Sour Wate er Stripper U
Unit
The hydroprocessing sour w water strippeer unit is deedicated to ttreat sour w water from h hydro‐proceessing
unitss, i.e.HCU and DHDT.Th d away and sent to Sulphur
he H2S and NH3 in the sour water are stripped
Recoovery Unit orr sour flare. The strippedd sour water is sent back to HCU/DH HDT or ETP.
pped sour waater will con
Strip ntain not mo ore than 50 pppm H2S and d 50 ppm NH H3.
Sulphur Re
ecovery Unit 1 & 2
Therre are two identical
i traains of Sulph
hur Recoverry Unit, each
h having on
ne reaction furnace
f and
d two
Claus Reactors. The capacitty of each unit
u is 180 TPD
T with an overcapacitty margin of o 25 %. Thee unit
takes in Acid Gas from ARU & SWS and converts it tto elementaal Sulphur. This Sulphur condenses in the
densers and flows by graavity through steam jackketed lines tto an undergground Sulphur pit. Heree it is
cond
degaassed using tthe AMOCO O Sulphur Deegassing Tech hnology and d flows to th
he other commpartment o of the
Sulphur Pit. Fro
om here, deggassed liquid d Sulphur (<< 10 ppm H2S) is pumpe
S d periodically to the Sulphur
Yard
d using Sulph hur pumps. TThe tail gas ffrom SRU, w which still co
ontains somee unconverteed H2S, is seent to
TGU (Tail Gas Treatment Unit) for furtheer Sulphur R Recovery and d incineratio
on.
Claus Reaction
H2S + 3//2O2 SO2 + H2O + Heat
2H2S + SO O2 2H2O + 3S + Heat
Tail Gas Treatin
ng Unit
The PREP SRU is i going to be the first SRU in Ind
dia to featurre a Tail Gaas Treating Unit.
U This unit is
essential in ordeer to minimiize sulphur eemissions an nd to achievve the rated Sulphur Recovery efficiency
9.9 %.This un
of 99 nit consists o
of 3 sectionss
¾ Hydrogenatio
H on Section
¾ Amine absorp
A ption and regeneration SSection
¾ In ncinerator Se ection
The tail gas fro
om the upsttream Clauss units is heated by su uperheated HP steam and mixed with
hydrrogen. It is then passed over a catallyst bed in o order to convvert any SO2 present in the tail gas back
to H2S. This gas is then coo oled and passsed through h an Amine absorber, w where the H2S is absorbed in
MDEEA. The rich MDEA thus formed is reegenerated in the aminee regeneration system iinbuilt within the
TGTUU and returned to the aabsorber. Th he acid gas released is sent back to o SRU for Su ulphur Reco overy.
The TTail gas then n goes to thee Incinerator, where it iss burnt off and the flue ggas goes to tthe stack.
The main reactio on in the hyd
drogenation reaction is
SO2 ++ 3H2 H2S + 2H
S 2O
Conclusion
All these units gave me deep insight knowledge in the field of chemical engineering. Specially Hydrogen
Generation Unit where I spent more time of my training period. And this unit provided me immense
knowledge in the field of chemical engineering. I did also a project on Clean Development Mechanism
which was very challenging.