Lecture - 5 PDF
Lecture - 5 PDF
Lecture - 5 PDF
•The respiratory system is the set of organs that allows a person to breathe
and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.
Physiology of respiration
The process of gas exchange in the body in the body called respiration, it
has three basic steps:
1-Breathing
Breathing (pulmonary ventilation), involved the exchange of air
between atmosphere and the alveoli of the lung. It consist of two cyclic
phases:
•Inhalation, also called inspiration- draws gases into the lungs. A very
active process that requires input of energy. The diaphragm contract,
moving downward and flattening.
Mechanism of respiration
1-Inspiration or inhalation : it is involve
a-Contraction of intercostal muscle.
b-Diaphragm contraction.
Respiratory muscle
1-Diaphragm: it is a skeletal muscle which separate chest on the abdominal
cavity and has a play role in breath pressure.
2-Intercostal muscle (internal and external).
3-Abdominal muscles.
4-Sternocleidomastoideous.
5-Scalenus.
Pharynx (Throat)
•Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx.
•Three regions of the pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx).
•The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and
food.
Larynx (Voice box)
It serve as a sphincter, transmitting air from oropharynx and
nasopharynx to trachea. It made of eight rigid hyaline cartilage and a spoon-
shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis). It prevents swallowed materials
from entering the lower respiratory tract.
Trachea
Flexible tube that connect larynx with bronchi which lined with ciliated
mucosa and contain C-shaped hyaline cartilage. It is divided in each lung
into primary bronchi which subdivided into smaller and smaller branches
called bronchioles that end in the alveoli and contain goblet cells which
secret mucus and ciliated epithelial cells.
Wid Abdulkhaleq Physiology (Lecture 5(
Pleura
•The outer surface of each lung and adjacent internal thoracic wall are
lined by a serous membrane called pleura.
•The outer surface of each lung is tightly covered by the visceral pleura.
•While the internal thoracic walls, and the superior surface of diaphragm
as well as the chest cavity are lined by the parietal pleura.
Pleura cavity: the potential space between the serous membrane layers is a
pleural cavity.
•The pleural membranes produces a thin, serous pleural fluid that circulates
in the pleural cavity and acts as lubricant, ensuring minimal friction during
breathing.
Wid Abdulkhaleq Physiology (Lecture 5(
Lung
• Occupy most of the thoracic cavity.
•Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion).
•Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion).
•Each lung in two lobes by fissures (left lung- two lobes) and (right lung-
three lobes
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