Lecture 2: Outline - Basic Semiconductor Physics (Cont'd) - PN Junction Diodes
Lecture 2: Outline - Basic Semiconductor Physics (Cont'd) - PN Junction Diodes
OUTLINE
• Basic Semiconductor Physics (cont’d)
– Carrier drift and diffusion
• PN Junction Diodes
– Electrostatics
– Capacitance
Reading: Chapter 2.1‐2.2
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 1, Slide 1
Lecture 2, Slide 1 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
Dopant Compensation
• An N‐type semiconductor can be converted into P‐
type material by counter‐doping it with acceptors
such that NA > ND.
• A compensated semiconductor material has both
acceptors and donors.
N‐type material P‐type material
(ND > NA) (NA > ND)
n ≈ ND − N A p ≈ N A − ND
2 2
ni ni
p≈ n≈
ND − N A N A − ND
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 2, Slide 2 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
Types of Charge in a Semiconductor
• Negative charges:
– Conduction electrons (density = n)
– Ionized acceptor atoms (density = NA)
• Positive charges:
– Holes (density = p)
– Ionized donor atoms (density = ND)
• The net charge density (C/cm3) in a semiconductor is
ρ = q( p − n + N D − N A )
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 2, Slide 3 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
Carrier Drift
• The process in which charged particles move because
of an electric field is called drift.
• Charged particles within a semiconductor move with
an average velocity proportional to the electric field.
– The proportionality constant is the carrier mobility.
→ →
Hole velocity vh = μ p E
→ →
Electron velocity ve = − μ n E
Notation:
μp ≡ hole mobility (cm2/V∙s)
μn ≡ electron mobility (cm2/V∙s)
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 2, Slide 4 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
Velocity Saturation
• In reality, carrier velocities saturate at an upper limit,
called the saturation velocity (vsat).
μ0
μ=
1 + bE
μ0
vsat =
b
μ0
v = E
μ0 E
Esat ≈ 104 V/cm 1+
vsat
V L
Resistance R≡ =ρ (Unit: ohms)
I Wt
dp dp
J p ,diff = −qD p J p ,diff = −qD p
dx dx
N qD p N −x
= qD p = exp
L Ld Ld
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 2, Slide 11 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
Diffusion Current
• Diffusion current within a semiconductor consists of
hole and electron components:
dp dn
J p ,diff = −qD p J n ,diff = qDn
dx dx
dn dp
J tot ,diff = q ( Dn − Dp )
dx dx
• The total current flowing in a semiconductor is the
sum of drift current and diffusion current:
J tot = J p ,drift + J n ,drift + J p ,diff + J n ,diff
kT
≅ 26mV
• Note that at room temperature
(300K) q
– This is often referred to as the “thermal voltage”.
ID
VD = 0 VD < 0 VD > 0
Notation:
nn ≡ electron concentration on N‐type side (cm‐3)
pn ≡ hole concentration on N‐type side (cm‐3)
pp ≡ hole concentration on P‐type side (cm‐3)
np ≡ electron concentration on P‐type side (cm‐3)
quasi- quasi-
neutral neutral
region width=Wdep region
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 2, Slide 17 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
The Depletion Approximation
In the depletion region on the N side:
dE ρ qN D
= = Gauss’s Law
dx ε si ε si
E=
qN D
(x + b ) ε si = 1012 F/cm
ε si
ρ(x) In the depletion region on the P side:
qND
dE ρ − qN A
a = =
dx ε si ε si
-b x
-qNA
E=
qN A
(a − x )
ε si
aN A = bN D
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 2, Slide 18 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
Potential Distribution
• In the depletion region, the electric potential is
quadratic since the electric field is linear
• The potential difference between the N and the P
side is called built‐in potential, V0
dV V(x)
E=− V0
dx
V = − ∫ E ⋅ dx
-b a x
0
J p ,drift = − J p ,diff
J n ,drift = − J n ,diff
kT N A N D
V0 = ln 2 (Unit: Volts)
q ni
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 2, Slide 21 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
Built‐In Potential Example
• Estimate the built‐in potential for PN junction below.
N P
kT ⎛ N D N A ⎞ ⎛ 10181015 ⎞
V0 = ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ = ( 26mV ) ln ⎜ 20 ⎟ = ( 26mV ) ln (1013
)
q ⎝ ni ⎠ ⎝ 10 ⎠
kT
Note: ln(10) ≅ 26mV × 2.3 ≅ 60mV
q
V0 = 60mV ×13 = 780mV
EE105 Spring 2008 Lecture 2, Slide 22 Prof. Wu, UC Berkeley
PN Junction under Reverse Bias
• A reverse bias increases the potential drop across the
junction. As a result, the magnitude of the electric field
increases and the width of the depletion region widens.
2ε si ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
Wdep = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟(V0 + VR )
q ⎝ N A ND ⎠
ε si
Cj =
Wdep
[F/cm 2 ]
C j0
Cj =
VR
1+
V0
ε si q N A N D1
VD C j0 =
2 N A + N D V0
1 1
f res =
2π LC