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What Do You Mean by The Additive Property of The T

The additive property of analysis of variance (ANOVA) refers to how the total variance of a variable can be partitioned into different components that are attributable to various sources of variation. ANOVA is superior to sampling because it provides statistical tests for whether population means are equal and generalizes the t-test to compare more than two means. It analyzes differences among group means in a sample and partitions observed variance into within-group and between-group components based on the law of total variance.

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1K views

What Do You Mean by The Additive Property of The T

The additive property of analysis of variance (ANOVA) refers to how the total variance of a variable can be partitioned into different components that are attributable to various sources of variation. ANOVA is superior to sampling because it provides statistical tests for whether population means are equal and generalizes the t-test to compare more than two means. It analyzes differences among group means in a sample and partitions observed variance into within-group and between-group components based on the law of total variance.

Uploaded by

PAWAN KUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What do you mean by the additive property of the technique of the analysis of

variance? Explain how this technique is superior in comparison to sampling.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models and their associated


estimation procedures (such as the "variation" among and between groups) used to
analyze the differences among group means in a sample. ANOVA was developed by
statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher. The ANOVA is based on the law
of total variance, where the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned
into components attributable to different sources of variation. In its simplest form,
ANOVA provides a statistical test of whether two or more population means are
equal, and therefore generalizes the t-test beyond two means.

Example
The analysis of variance can be used as an exploratory tool to explain observations. A
dog show provides an example. A dog show is not a random sampling of the breed: it
is typically limited to dogs that are adult, pure-bred, and exemplary. A histogram of
dog weights from a show might plausibly be rather complex, like the yellow-orange
distribution shown in the illustrations. Suppose we wanted to predict the weight of a
dog based on a certain set of characteristics of each dog. One way to do that is to
explain the distribution of weights by dividing the dog population into groups based
on those characteristics. A successful grouping will split dogs such that (a) each
group has a low variance of dog weights (meaning the group is relatively
homogeneous) and (b) the mean of each group is distinct (if two groups have the
same mean, then it isn't reasonable to conclude that the groups are, in fact, separate
in any meaningful way). In the illustrations to the right, groups are identified as X1,
X2, etc. In the first illustration, the dogs are divided according to the product
(interaction) of two binary groupings: young vs old, and short-haired vs long-haired
(e.g., group 1 is young, short-haired dogs, group 2 is young, long-haired dogs, etc.).
Since the distributions of dog weight within each of the groups (shown in blue) has a
relatively large variance, and since the means are very similar across groups,
grouping dogs by these characteristics does not produce an effective way to explain
the variation in dog weights: knowing which group a dog is in doesn't allow us to
predict its weight much better than simply knowing the dog is in a dog show. Thus,
this grouping fails to explain the variation in the overall distribution (yellow-orange).
An attempt to explain the weight distribution by grouping dogs as pet vs working
breed and less athletic vs more athletic would probably be somewhat more
successful (fair fit). The heaviest show dogs are likely to be big, strong, working
breeds, while breeds kept as pets tend to be smaller and thus lighter. As shown by
the second illustration, the distributions have variances that are considerably smaller
than in the first case, and the means are more distinguishable. However, the
significant overlap of distributions, for example, means that we cannot distinguish X1
and X2 reliably. Grouping dogs according to a coin flip might produce distributions
that look similar. An attempt to explain weight by breed is likely to produce a very
good fit. All Chihuahuas are light and all St Bernards are heavy. The difference in
weights between Setters and Pointers does not justify separate breeds. The analysis
of variance provides the formal tools to justify these intuitive judgments. A common
use of the method is the analysis of experimental data or the development of
models. The method has some advantages over correlation: not all of the data must
be numeric and one result of the method is a judgment in the confidence in an
explanatory relationship.

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