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    Chem 171 Oxidation Numbers Balancing Redox Equations by The Method of Balancing Half Reactions

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    Almighty Huny
    1. The document describes the steps to balance redox reactions using the half-reaction method. This involves writing oxidation and reduction half-reactions, balancing individual elements and charges, and combining the half-reactions. 2. An example of balancing the reaction between permanganate and oxalic acid in acidic medium is shown step-by-step. 3. Another example balances the reaction between dichlorine heptaoxide and hydrogen peroxide in basic medium.

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    Chem 171 Oxidation Numbers Balancing Redox Equations by The Method of Balancing Half Reactions

    Uploaded by

    Almighty Huny
    128 views2 pages
    1. The document describes the steps to balance redox reactions using the half-reaction method. This involves writing oxidation and reduction half-reactions, balancing individual elements and charges, and combining the half-reactions. 2. An example of balancing the reaction between permanganate and oxalic acid in acidic medium is shown step-by-step. 3. Another example balances the reaction between dichlorine heptaoxide and hydrogen peroxide in basic medium.

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    1. The document describes the steps to balance redox reactions using the half-reaction method. This involves writing oxidation and reduction half-reactions, balancing individual elements and charges, and combining the half-reactions. 2. An example of balancing the reaction between permanganate and oxalic acid in acidic medium is shown step-by-step. 3. Another example balances the reaction between dichlorine heptaoxide and hydrogen peroxide in basic medium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    128 views2 pages

    Chem 171 Oxidation Numbers Balancing Redox Equations by The Method of Balancing Half Reactions

    Uploaded by

    Almighty Huny
    1. The document describes the steps to balance redox reactions using the half-reaction method. This involves writing oxidation and reduction half-reactions, balancing individual elements and charges, and combining the half-reactions. 2. An example of balancing the reaction between permanganate and oxalic acid in acidic medium is shown step-by-step. 3. Another example balances the reaction between dichlorine heptaoxide and hydrogen peroxide in basic medium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Chem 171 Oxidation Numbers

    Balancing Redox Equations by the Method of Balancing Half Reactions

    To assign an oxidation number (Nox):


     The oxidation number of an elemental substance is zero. examples: Na, Cl2, Ne, Fe
     The oxidation number for a monatomic ion is equal to the charge on that ion. examples: Na+, Cl—, Fe2+, Fe3+
     The sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms in a species must equal the total charge on that species. examples: for
    CO2, N oxC + 2•N oxO = 0; for CO32—, N oxC + 3•N oxO = —2
     Fluorine in polyatomic species is assigned Nox = —1.
     Hydrogen in polyatomic species is assigned Nox = +1 with nonmetals (covalent or molecular compounds) and Nox = —1
    with metals (ionic compounds - hydride ion is H—).
     Oxygen in polyatomic species is usually assigned Nox = —2. Exceptions include compounds of O with F (assign F an
    N ox of —1 first, then determine Nox of O); peroxides where oxygen is present as the peroxide anion, O22—, with N ox = —1
    (example: H2O2); superoxides where oxygen is present as the superoxie anion, O2—, with N ox = —1/2 (example: KO2).

    Steps for balancing equations for reactions taking place in acidic medium:

    Consider the reaction between permanganate ion and oxalic acid to form manganese (II) ion and carbon dioxide. Write the
    overall balanced redox equation for this reaction.

    1. Write the skeletal equation for the reaction; identify what is oxidized and reduced.
    MnO4— + H2C 2O4  Mn2+ + CO2
    C is oxidized, +3  +4 ∴ H2C 2O4 is the reducing agent
    Mn is reduced, +7  +2 ∴ MnO4 is the oxidizing agent

    2. Write the skeletal half reactions for the oxidation and reduction.
    oxidation: H2C 2O4  CO2
    reduction: MnO4—  Mn2+

    3. Balance elements other than H and O.


    oxidation: H2C 2O4  2 CO2
    reduction: MnO4—  Mn2+

    4. Balanced O by adding H2O.


    oxidation: H2C 2O4  2 CO2
    reduction: MnO4—  Mn2++ 4 H2O

    5. Balance H by adding H+.


    oxidation: H2C 2O4  2 CO2 + 2 H+
    reduction: 8 H+ + MnO4—  Mn2++ 4 H2O

    6. Balance charge by adding electrons (e—).


    oxidation: H2C 2O4  2 CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e—
    reduction: 5 e— + 8 H+ + MnO4—  Mn2++ 4 H2O

    * At this point the individual half reactions are balanced *

    7. Prepare to add the half reacitons together by multiplying by an appropriate factor so that the electrons cancel out.
    5 x [ oxidation: H2C 2O4  2 CO2 + 2 H+ + 2 e—]
    2 x [reduction: 5 e— + 8 H+ + MnO4—  Mn2++ 4 H2O ]

    oxidation: 5 H2C 2O4  10 CO2 + 10 H+ + 10 e—


    reduction: 10 e— + 16 H+ + 2 MnO4—  2 Mn2++ 8 H2O

    8. Add 1/2 reactions together, simplify (cancel species that are the same on both sides of the equation) ; add physical states.

    5 H2C 2O4 + 10 e— + 16 H+ + 2 MnO4—  10 CO2 + 10 H+ + 10 e— + 2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O


    cancel e—, reduce H+

    5 H2C 2O4 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 2 MnO4— (aq)  10 CO2 (g) + 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 8 H2O (l)
    Steps for balancing equations for reactions taking place in basic medium:
    Consider the reaction between dichlorine heptaoxide gas and hydrogen peroxide to form chlorite ion and oxygen gas.

    1. Write the skeletal equation for the reaction; identify what is oxidized and reduced.
    Cl2O7 + H2O2  ClO2— + O2
    O is oxidized, —1  0 ∴ H2O2 is the reducing agent
    Cl is reduced, +7  +3 ∴ Cl2O7 is the oxidizing agent

    2. Write the skeletal half reactions for the oxidation and reduction.
    oxidation: H2O2  O2
    reduction: Cl2O7  ClO2—

    3. Balance elements other than H and O.


    oxidation: H2O2  O2
    reduction: Cl2O7  2 ClO2—

    4. Balanced O by adding H2O.


    oxidation: H2O2  O2
    reduction: Cl2O7  2 ClO2— + 3 H2O

    5. Balance H by adding H+. Then, add that same number of OH— on both sides of the half reaction. Simplify by
    recognizing that H+ + OH— = H2O

    oxidation: 2 OH— + H2O2  O2 + 2 H+ + 2 OH—


    reduction: 6 OH— + 6 H+ + Cl2O7  2 ClO2— + 3 H2O + 6 OH—

    oxidation: 2 OH— + H2O2  O2 + 2 H2O


    reduction: 6 H2O + Cl2O7  2 ClO2— + 3 H2O + 6 OH—

    6. Balance charge by adding electrons (e—).


    oxidation: 2 OH— + H2O2  O2 +2 H2O + 2 e—
    reduction: 8 e— + 6 H2O + Cl2O7  2 ClO2— + 3 H2O + 6 OH—

    * At this point the individual half reactions are balanced *

    7. Prepare to add the half reacitons together by multiplying by an appropriate factor so that the electrons cancel out.
    4 x [ oxidation: 2 OH— + H2O2  O2 +2 H2O + 2 e— ]
    1 x [reduction: 8 e— + 6 H2O + Cl2O7  2 ClO2— + 3 H2O + 6 OH— ]

    oxidation: 8 OH— + 4 H2O2  4 O2 +8 H2O + 8 e—


    reduction: 8 e— + 6 H2O + Cl2O7  2 ClO2— + 3 H2O + 6 OH—

    8. Add 1/2 reactions together, simplify (cancel species that are the same on both sides of the equation) ; add physical states.

    8 OH— + 4 H2O2 + 8 e— + 6 H2O + Cl2O7  4 O2 + 8 H2O + 8 e— + 2 ClO2— + 3 H2O + 6 OH—


    cancel e—, reduce H2O and OH—

    2 OH— (aq) + 4 H2O2 (aq) + Cl2O7 (g)  4 O2 (g) + 2 ClO2— (aq) + 5 H2O (l)

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