IJEE 05 v8n1 PDF

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Volume 8, Issue 1, 2017 pp.63-72
Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org
Management of electricity peak load for residential sector in

Baghdad city by using solar generation
Afaneen A. Abbood1, Mohammed A. Salih2, Hasan N. Muslim1

1
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
2
Planning and Studies Department, Ministry of Electricity, Baghdad, Iraq.
Received 25 July 2016; Received in revised form 1 Sep. 2016; Accepted 7 Sep. 2016; Available online 1 Jan. 2017
Abstract
Load management strategies such as peak reduction, load shifting and energy conservation are effective
solution to save and optimally usage of electricity. Solar cells - photovoltaic systems (solar PV) are one
of the modern methods used in the management of peak loads in the electric power system because PV
generation coincides with peak load hours in the day. The aim of this work is implementation of
management techniques using solar cells for residential sector in Baghdad city. The estimation of solar
radiation data and PV system design has been simulated based on MATLAB software. In this study, a
20% efficiency monocrystalline silicon rooftop PV generator of 2kWp with six panels and overall area
10m² has been proposed for each customer in the residential sector of Baghdad. The panels are orientated
towards south (azimuth angle equals zero) with a tilt angle equals 18° for summery months and 48° for
wintery months. The obtained results of demand saving range between 17% for January and 27% for
April while 20% for June. The annually demand saving for each consumer is 20%. As well as to the
demand saving, this study presents the capability of application the load-shifting technique from high
load periods to low load periods, and ability to store the surplus energy produced from PV generator in
batteries for usage this energy at a later time.
Copyright © 2017 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved.
Keywords: Management; DSM; PV system; Solar radiation; Peak load; PV generation; Demand saving.
1. Introduction
The demand for electricity differs in each area and therefore depends on numerous factors, such as the
price of electricity, the weather conditions, the time of day, the type of activity and the type of the season
[1]. Peak load is the maximum electrical load consumed at critical hours. It can be met by combustion
turbine, renewable energy resources and load management [2]. Since electricity is an essential input in all
the sectors of any country, hence it is needed to focus on means by which electricity can be saved and
effectively utilized. The effective solution to above said problems is demand side management (DSM)
strategies which represented by peak clipping, load shifting, valley filling and energy conservation as
shown in Figure 1. DSM is the planning, implementation, and monitoring of all activities designed to
influence customer use of electricity in ways that will produce desired changes in the load profile. The
major benefits of DSM are reducing the generation margin and improving transmission grid, distribution
network and operation efficiency. Numerous studies in China and other countries have found that DSM
programs can reduces the electricity use and peak load by approximately (20-40)% [3].
ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2017 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved.
64 International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 8, Issue 1, 2017, pp.63-72
Figure 1. Demand side management techniques [4].
The conventional fossil fuel energy sources such as petroleum, natural gas and coal which meet most of
the world’s energy demand today are being depleted rapidly. Also, their combustion products are causing
global problems such as the greenhouse effect and pollution which are posing great danger for our
environment and eventually for the entire life on our planet. Photovoltaic generators which directly
convert solar radiation into electricity have a lot of significant advantages such as being inexhaustible,
pollution free, silent, free fuel and high lifetime. Photovoltaic power output period partially coincides
with the peak electricity demands of the day, consequently DSM applications of PV system has been
interested recently [5].
Today, all the world begins use the solar energy as non-fossil energy source and in the last six years it
used as management tool. So, number of previously published researches within DSM and solar cell
technology which are shown as follows. S. J. Lewis, 2011 [6] presented the effect of PV systems on the
network and ways to minimize the negative impacts. Management strategies suggested are a monitoring
program and energy storage. A. Batman, et al., 2012 [1] introduce a study to determine solar power
generation potential and its impact on peak demand in Istanbul, Turkey. Measured data with technical
and commercial parameters were used to perform the calculations as well as Different tariffs such as
time-of-use was considered in this study. M. A. Salam, et al., 2013 [7] discussed the design and analysis
of Photovoltaic system to supply lighting load. Optimization simulation model was developed using the
renewable energy software HOMER. Y. B. Almutairi, 2014 [8] introduced the solar energy for peak
shaving during peak loads and investigated the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for
electricity generation in a Ministry in Kuwait. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total
connected load. Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar
system could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads. A. H. Abbas, et al.,
2015 [9] developed a methodology for estimating the optimal design of a stand-alone hybrid
wind/photovoltaic (wind/PV) system by using the direct algorithm to achieve a minimum cost of energy
production while satisfying the energy demand. In this work, DSM techniques such peak shaving and
load-shifting are implemented using PV system.
2. Mathematical model for solar radiation and PV system design

Solar radiation is the rate at which radiant energy of the sun is incident on a surface per unit area of
surface [10]. Neglecting the reflection component, the hourly global solar radiation on a horizontal
surface in clear sky, Rh (W/m2) is given by [11],
0.678
R h = R a 0 .7 m (1)
International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 8, Issue 1, 2017, pp.63-72 65
where m is the air mass given by,
m = [1229 + (614 cos θ z ) 2 ] − 614 cos θ z (2)
And Ra is the extraterrestrial irradiance on a horizontal surface given by,
2πJ
Ra = Rsc [1 + 0.033 cos ] cosθ z (3)
365
where Rsc is the solar constant=1.367 kJ/m².s, J is the day number starting from 1-Janaury, and θz is the
angle of incident on a horizontal surface (zenith angle) obtained from,
cosθ z = (cos φ cos δ cos ω + sin φ sin δ ) (4)
where φ is the geographical latitude, and δ is the solar declination angle given by,
360
δ = 23.5 sin[ ( J + 284)] (5)
365
And w is the hour angle calculated from,
w = 15(12 − ST ) (6)
where ST is the local solar time which calculated from the local standard time (LT) and the equation of
time (ET) as follows,
ET 4
ST = LT + + ( Ls − LL ) (7)
60 60
where Ls is the standard meridian for the local time zone, LL is the longitude of the location in degree,
and ET is the equation of time given by,
ET = 9.87 sin 2B − 7.53 cos B − 1.5 sin B (8)
where
360 ( J − 81)
B= (9)
365
Now, the solar radiation on a tilted surface (RT) can be estimated as follows [10],
cosθ
RT = Rh × (10)
cosθ z
where (cosθ/cosθz) is the geometric factor ratio (Rb), and θ is the angle of incident on a tilted surface
obtained from,
cosθ = sin δ sin φ cos β − sin δ cosφ sin β cos γ + cos δ cosφ cos β cosω
(11)
+ cos δ sin φ sin β cos γ cos ω + cos δ sin β sin γ sin ω
where β is the tilt angle, and γ is the azimuth angle (equals zero if the solar panels oriented due south,
negative if the orientation due east, and positive if the orientation due west).
The DC power output from PV generator (PPV) depends on the incident irradiance (RT), the surface area
of module (SPVG), and its efficiency (ηP) and is given by [12]:
PPV = η P × RT × S PVG (12)
The PV generator efficiency (ηP) is, in turn, dependent on the PV module operating temperature (TM) and
cell material and can be expressed as,
η P = η R × [1 − β P (TM − TR )] (13)
where ηR is the module efficiency at the reference temperature (at 25oC), βP is the thermal efficiency
coefficient of the cell material (%/oC), TR is the reference temperature (25 oC), and TM is the module
operating temperature, given by,
TM = TA + k × RT (14)
where TA is the ambient temperature, and k is the module thermal coefficient(oC.m2/W) which equal to
0.02. The losses of PV power conversion chain can be divided into, wiring losses, inverter losses and
dust losses. So, the available power at the inverter output (PAC) is given by:
PAC = PPV − (%Losses × PPV ) (15)
3. Input data
The input data and assumptions of mathematical model for the case study (Baghdad city) can be
explained as follows:
1. Geographical latitude of Baghdad ( φ )= 33.33°.
2. Longitude of Baghdad (LL)= 44.11°.
3. Standard meridian for Longitude of Baghdad (Ls)= 45°.
4. Local standard time (LT)= 1-24 hours.
5. Day number (J)= 1-365 days.
6. Solar constant (Rsc)= 1.367.
7. Azimuth angle (γ)= 0°.
8. Module thermal coefficient (k)= 0.02.
9. Reference temperature (TR)= 25.
10. Losses of system (% Losses)= 20%.
11. Ambient temperature (TA) is the maximum average air temperature during daytime for each month
as illustrated in Table 1 [13].
12. Specifications and design parameters of solar panel used for this work are illustrated in Table 2.
4. Simulation procedure
In this work, MATLAB software is used for estimation the hourly and monthly solar radiation on a tilted
surfaces in Baghdad city, then PV generation is calculated for 2kWp PV system for residential sector.
The flowchart of the proposed system is as shown in Figure 2.
Table 1. Monthly and seasonal temperature means in Baghdad city [13].
Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
TA(min)( oC) 4.09 5.58 9.39 14.75 19.88 23.15 25.2 24.24 20.55 15.87 9.83 4.09
TA(max)( oC) 15.7 18.6 22.79 29.29 36.1 41.06 43.63 43.36 39.97 33.23 24.2 15.71
TA(mean)( oC) 9.9 12.1 16.1 22.0 28 32.1 34.4 33.8 30.2 24.5 17.0 9.9
Table 2. Design parameters and specifications of the PV system.
Parameter Value
System size 2 kWp
Nominal power of Panel 327 W
Panel area 1.6 m²
Panel efficiency (ηR) 20 %
Number of panels 6
System surface area (SPVG) 10 m²
System losses 20 %
Temp coefficient (βP) –0.38 % / °C
Cell type Monocrystalline
Operating temperature -40 °C to +85 °C
Figure 2. Flowchart for estimation solar radiation and PV generation.
5. Results and discussion

The first step of this work is optimization the tilt angle of the panels because this will influence on the
amount of PV generation that can be produced from the sites in which the solar cells to be set up, and
hence on peak demand. Therefore, the annually optimal tilt angel has been obtained by varying the slope
of the surface from 0-90°. Table 3 illustrates the annually solar radiation with different tilt angles. It is
obvious that the maximum annually solar radiation at tilt between 30° and 35°. This indicates that the
yearly optimal tilt angle is approximately equal to the latitude of Baghdad (33.33°).
Table 3. Yearly solar radiation with different tilt angles.
Tilt angle 0° 10° 20° 30° 35° 40° 50° 60° 90°
Annually average radiation 5.3 5.7 6 6.08 6.04 5.9 5.6 5.1 2.8
(kWh/m2/day)
Also, the monthly optimal tilt angle (βoptimal) has been obtained as in equation (16) [14]. So, the optimal
tilt angles for each month are obtained as shown in Figure 3.
β optimal = φ − δ (16)
But, it is difficult to implement a tilt angle each month, so we suggest a seasonally optimal tilt angle as
illustrated in Table 4. In this work, we depend on 18° tilt angle for summer months and 48° for winter
months. Figure 4 shows the hourly radiation on optimally tilted panels for each month and output PV
generation.
60
50
Optimal tilt angle in degree
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 3. Monthly optimal tilt angle for Baghdad city.
Table 4. Monthly and seasonally optimal tilt angle.
Summer season Winter season

Month Optimal tilt angle Month Optimal tilt angle
Apr. 23° Oct. 43°
May 14° Nov. 52°
Jun. 10° Dec. 56°
Jul. 12° Jan. 54°
Aug. 20° Feb. 47°
Sep. 31° Mar. 36°
Average 18° Average 48°
Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW) Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW)

1.8 1.8
1.5 January 1.5 February

1.2 1.2
0.9 0.9
0.6 0.6
0.3 0.3
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours Hours
1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW) 1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW)
1.5 March 1.5 April

1.2 1.2
0.9 0.9
0.6 0.6
0.3 0.3
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours Hours
1.5 May 1.5 June

1.2 1.2
0.9 0.9
0.6 0.6
0.3 0.3
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours Hours
1.5 July 1.5 August

1.2 1.2
0.9 0.9
0.6 0.6
0.3 0.3
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours Hours
1.5 September 1.5 October

1.2 1.2
0.9 0.9
0.6 0.6
0.3 0.3
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours Hours
1.5 November 1.5 December
1.2 1.2
0.9 0.9
0.6 0.6
0.3 0.3
0 0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours Hours
Figure 4. Hourly average solar radiation and PV generation for each month with 2kWp PV system.
It is clear from previous figure that the power output from PV system varies throughout the day and the
season. This variation is due to the angle of the sun is higher during the daytime and weather conditions
effectiveness.
A load profile gives a relationship between the electrical load and time [15]. The impact of the PV
generation on the electricity demand of each residential costumer of Baghdad for two different months
(summery month and wintery month) can be seen from Figure 5 where the area filled with a green color
in the figures represents the demand saving from using a PV system. The data for load demand are
collected from Iraqi ministry of electricity-national control center.
The annually and daily energy of each month per consumer with demand saving as illustrated in Table 5.
Figure 5. Impact of solar generation on peak demand for: (a) January, (b) June.
Table 5. Daily consumption with demand saving of each month.
Month Old load (kWh/day) New load (kWh/day) Demand saving

January 51 42 17 %
February 50 41 19 %
March 37 27 27 %
April 40 29 27 %
May 54 43 21 %
June 57 45 20 %
July 61 50 18 %
August 65 54 16 %
September 59 50 16 %
October 50 40 19 %
November 40 31 22 %
December 49 41 17 %
Yearly 51 41 20 %
From the previous table, we notice the following points: firstly, the demand saving is maximum in the
March and April months because of low loads demand, secondly, the demand saving of wintery months
(such as January) is approximately equal to demand saving of summery months (such as June). This is
due to decrease the PV generation in wintry months with decreasing in load demand. On other hand, the
solar generation rises in the summery months with increasing the load demand. Subsequently, the
percentages of demand saving is still converging to each other's.
This study shows the application of demand side management by using PV generation. The applied
strategies of DSM are:
1. Peak clipping because the peak loads in the daytime is reduced after taking the effect of PV
generation. But the problem is only diurnal peak is reduced, while the nightly peak doesn’t
influenced by solar generation. Consequently, we need an alternative method in which the solar
energy can be stored and then discharged as shown in Figure 6. The element which has ability to do
this function is battery.
2. Load-shifting because there are surplus energy from PV generation during the daytime. This
technique enables the consumer to shift the loads away from peak periods as shown in Figure 7
where this is called active demand side management (ADSM). Also, this strategy enables the
consumer to reduce the size of the battery by shifting the loads and subsequently reduces the cost.
For example, we have a storage of 5kWh designed to peak shaving at night. If the costumer has
ability to shift deferrable loads to low load periods, the battery storage can be reduced to 3kWh
according to the necessity of power.
Figure 6. Principle of storage process. Figure 7. Principle of load-shifting.
6. Conclusions
In this work, we suggest a 2kWp photovoltaic system for each costumer of residential sector in Baghdad
city to supply the loads partially and to provide ability of load-shifting, peak clipping techniques. The
optimization of orientation the panels is proposed with 18° and 48° tilt angle for summery and wintery
months respectively. The annually demand saving is 20% for each consumer. It is found that the
percentages of demand saving increase in the summer though high loads periods because the PV output
coincides with peak loads. The main objective of this study is showing the application of demand side
management by using PV generation. Therefore, this work can be updated to be a starting point for a
future works such as energy management for electrical load profile shaping based on battery system
design with a control methods to manage the power that charges the batteries.
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[6] S. J. Lewis. "Analysis and Management of the Impacts of a High Penetration of Photovoltaic
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[14] Akram Abdulameer Abood. "A Comprehensive Solar Angles Simulation and Calculation using
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[15] B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja. "Electrical Technology". S. Chand & Company Ltd., 1st Multicolor
Edition, 2005.
Afaneen A. Abbood received the B.S degree in electrical engineering from the Collage of Engineering,
Baghdad University in Baghdad, Iraq in 1990, and the M.Sc. and the Ph.D. in Electrical Power
Engineering degrees from University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq in 1998 and 2005 respectively.
From 1991to 1993, she was a lecturer in the institute of the Technology in Baghdad, from 1993 to 1998,
she served in the training and work shop center of UOT in Baghdad as trainer, head of the electrical
unit, and head of the registration department, from 1998 till now she is a faculty member in the
electrical engineering department, UOT. Also she is the head of the Electrical Power branch in the
Electrical Engineering Department, UOT, Baghdad, Iraq, since 2011. Her current research interests
include power system operation and control, renewable energy, and smart grid. She has published more
than 20 research papers in International journals/conferences, and supervised more than 15 M.Sc. and
Ph.D. Thesis. Dr. Afaneen was a recipient of the 2010 Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research’s shield, and the 2012, 2014, 2015 University of Technology Scientific Research Shield. She is Member of Iraqi
Engineers Union since 1991 and a Member of Iraqi teaching Union since 1993.
E-mail address: afaneenalkhazragy@yahoo.com
Mohammed A. Salih is Ph.D. in Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.
He has complete his M.Sc. and B.Sc. in Physics from College of Science, Baghdad University,
Baghdad, Iraq. He has published more than 20 research papers in international journals/conference, and
supervised more than 40 M.Sc. and Ph.D. Thesis. Dr. Mohammed interested with Physics, Power
Systems, Smart Grid, Renewable Energy, Demand Side Management and Economic. He is currently
Head of the Economic Studies Department, Planning and Studies directorate, Ministry of electricity,
Baghdad, Iraq.
E-mail address: dr_masalih_abutaeb@yahoo.com
Hasan N. Muslim is a M.Sc. degree student in the research level at Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq and complete B.Sc. degree at 2013 in
Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq. He worked
as a Maintenance Engineering in PEPSI Factory of Al-Kufa and lecturer in Department of Refrigeration
and Air Conditioning Engineering, Islamic University College. Mr. Hassan interested with Electric
Power Systems, Electrical Machines, Energy Management, Smart Grid, Solar Energy, PV Systems and
Storage Energy.
E-mail address: hassan.shareef.91@gmail.com

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT

Management of electricity peak load for residential sector in

Afaneen A. Abbood1, Mohammed A. Salih2, Hasan N. Muslim1

Figure 1. Demand side management techniques [4].

2. Mathematical model for solar radiation and PV system design

where m is the air mass given by,

m = [1229 + (614 cos θ z ) 2 ] − 614 cos θ z (2)

And Ra is the extraterrestrial irradiance on a horizontal surface given by,

cosθ z = (cos φ cos δ cos ω + sin φ sin δ ) (4)

And w is the hour angle calculated from,

ET = 9.87 sin 2B − 7.53 cos B − 1.5 sin B (8)

PPV = η P × RT × S PVG (12)

PAC = PPV − (%Losses × PPV ) (15)

Table 1. Monthly and seasonal temperature means in Baghdad city [13].

Table 2. Design parameters and specifications of the PV system.

Figure 2. Flowchart for estimation solar radiation and PV generation.

5. Results and discussion

Table 3. Yearly solar radiation with different tilt angles.

Figure 3. Monthly optimal tilt angle for Baghdad city.

Table 4. Monthly and seasonally optimal tilt angle.

Summer season Winter season

Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW) Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW)

1.5 January 1.5 February

1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW) 1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW)

1.5 March 1.5 April

1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW) 1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW)

1.5 May 1.5 June

1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW) 1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW)

1.5 July 1.5 August

1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW) 1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW)

1.5 September 1.5 October

1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW) 1.8 Solar Radiation(kW/m²) AC photovoltaic generation(kW)

1.5 November 1.5 December

Table 5. Daily consumption with demand saving of each month.

Month Old load (kWh/day) New load (kWh/day) Demand saving

Figure 6. Principle of storage process. Figure 7. Principle of load-shifting.

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