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Creep Behavior of Metals/Alloys

Creep is defined as time-dependent plasticity under a fixed stress at an elevated temperature, usually greater than half the absolute melting temperature. Creep curves for constant stress and strain rate conditions show three stages: primary creep where the creep rate decreases with strain; secondary or steady-state creep where the creep rate is constant; and tertiary creep where cavitation and cracking increase the creep rate leading to fracture. Care must be taken to distinguish true steady-state creep from an inflection between primary and tertiary creep. Creep behavior arises from plastic deformation that occurs over time at modest constant stresses, in contrast to negligible plasticity typically seen at lower temperatures and stresses during conventional tensile testing.

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71 views

Creep Behavior of Metals/Alloys

Creep is defined as time-dependent plasticity under a fixed stress at an elevated temperature, usually greater than half the absolute melting temperature. Creep curves for constant stress and strain rate conditions show three stages: primary creep where the creep rate decreases with strain; secondary or steady-state creep where the creep rate is constant; and tertiary creep where cavitation and cracking increase the creep rate leading to fracture. Care must be taken to distinguish true steady-state creep from an inflection between primary and tertiary creep. Creep behavior arises from plastic deformation that occurs over time at modest constant stresses, in contrast to negligible plasticity typically seen at lower temperatures and stresses during conventional tensile testing.

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NitinSrivastava
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Creep Behavior of Metals/Alloys

Definition of Creep:

Creep of materials is classically associated with time-dependent plasticity under a fixed stress
at an elevated temperature, often greater than roughly 0.5 T m, where Tm is the absolute
melting temperature.

Discussion on Creep Curve:


The plasticity under a fixed stress at an elevated temperature conditions is described in Figure
1 for constant stress (a) and constant strain rate (b) conditions. Several aspects of the curve in
Figure 1 require explanation. First, three regions are delineated: Stage I, or primary creep,
which denotes that portion where (in (a)) the creep rate (plastic strain rate), is changing with
increasing plastic strain or time. In Figure 1(a), the primary creep rate decreases with
increasing strain, but with some types of creep, such as solute drag with “3-power creep,” an
“inverted” primary occurs where the strain rate increases with strain. Analogously, in (b),
under constant strain rate conditions, the metal hardens, resulting in increasing flow stresses.
Often, in pure metals, the strain rate decreases or the stress increases to a value that is
constant over a range of strain. The phenomenon is termed Stage II, secondary, or steady-
state (SS) creep. Eventually, cavitation and/or cracking increase the apparent strain rate or
decreases the flow stress. This regime is termed Stage III, or tertiary, creep and leads to
fracture. Sometimes, Stage I leads directly to Stage III and an “inflection” is observed. Thus,
care must sometimes be exercised in concluding a mechanical SS. The term “creep” as
applied to plasticity of materials likely arose from the observation that at modest and constant
stress, at or even below the macroscopic yield stress of the metal (at a “conventional” strain
rate), plastic deformation occurs over time as described in Figure 1(a). This is in contrast
with the general observation, such as at ambient temperature, where a material deformed at,
for example, 0.1–0.3 Tm, shows very little plasticity under constant stress at or below the
yield stress, again, at “conventional” or typical tensile testing strain rates (e.g., 10-4–10-3 s-1).
(The latter observation is not always true as it has been observed that some primary creep is
Observed (e.g., a few percent strain, or so) over relatively short periods of time at stresses
less than the yield stress)
Figure 1 Constant true stress and constant strain rate creep behavior in pure and Class M (or Class I) metals.

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