UNIT 1

Benjamin Franklin

Workaholism

Sir Isaac Newton

The Causes of Flood

The Effects of Stress

Unit 1 Revision
 UNIT 1 > Benjamin Franklin > passage

Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was an American printer and publisher,
author, inventor and scientist, and diplomat. He is best
known for playing a key role in the writing of the
Declaration of Independence and for signing the original
United States Constitution. Benjamin Franklin was born on
January 17, 1706, in Boston. His father, Josiah Franklin,
had seven children with first wife, Anne Child, and ten
more with second wife, Abiah Folger. Ben was his 15th
child and youngest son. He learned to read at an early age
and was a good student, but he stopped going to school
when he was ten and started working full-time. When he
was twelve, he started working at his brother’s print shop.
He learned a lot about publishing and newspapers. In 1723,
he moved to New York and then to Philadelphia. In
Philadelphia, Franklin worked as a printer. He wanted to
start his own printing shop and travelled to London to buy
the things that he needed for it. In London, he had to work,
but he also had a lot of fun. He went to coffee houses and
swam in the Thames. He returned to America in 1726 and
continued his printing activities. He also continued studying.
Franklin bought The Pennsylvania Gazette and made it one
of the most successful newspapers in America. In 1732, he
started publishing Poor Richard’s Almanack. Franklin
became one of the richest men in Pennsylvania. In 1748, he
moved into a new house and bought his first slaves. Later,
he came to see that slavery is evil and he freed his slaves in
the 1760s. Franklin also became interested in electricity and
made some important scientific discoveries. He also took
part in politics. In 1776, he became one of the five men
who wrote the Declaration of Independence. After the USA
became independent, Franklin went to France as America’s
first ambassador. He was very popular with French
aristocrats. After ten years in France, Franklin returned to
America. He was politically active and worked against
slavery. Benjamin Franklin died on April 17, 1790, in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the home of his daughter,
Sarah Bache. His Autobiography got published in 1794.

1. Benjamin Franklin was his father’s youngest child. 5. Benjamin Franklin did some experiments with electricity.

A) true A) true
B) false B) false

2. When he was twelve, Benjamin Franklin worked for his brother. 6. Benjamin Franklin stopped taking part in politics after he returned
from France.
A) true
B) false A) true
B) false

3. When Benjamin Franklin was in England, he spent all his time

working. 7. Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography was published after his death.

A) true A) true
B) false B) false

4. Benjamin Franklin bought a newspaper and made it popular.

A) true
B) false
Vocabulary
active (adj): etkin play (v): oynamak rol almak (enstrüman) çalmak

activity (n): faaliyet politically (adv): siyasi olarak

age (n): yaş çağ yaşlanma politics (n): politika siyasi görüş

ambassador (n): büyükelçi print (v): basmak

aristocrat (n): soylu printer (n): yazıcı

author (n): yazar printing (n): basım

autobiography (n): öz yaşam öyküsü published (adj): basılı (kitap vb.)

buy (v): satın almak publisher (n): yayıncı

continue (v): devam etmek publishing (n): yayıncılık

daughter (n): kız evlat scientific (adj): bilimsel sistemli

discovery (n): keşif scientist (n): bilim insanı

early (adj): erken başlarında shop (n): dükkan

evil (adj): kötü signing (n): imzalama kontrat imzalama

free (v): özgür bırakmak slave (n): köle

full-time (adj, adv): tam zamanlı slavery (n): kölelik

home (n): ev yuva memleket son (n): erkek çocuk

house (n): ev ev halkı barınak hanedan start (v): başlamak

important (adj): önemli etkili stop (v): durmak bitmek engellemek kalmak

independent (adj): özgür bağımsız study (v): çalışmak incelemek

interested (adj): ilgili ilgili olan successful (adj): başarılı

inventor (n): mucit travel (v): seyahat etmek yol almak

key (adj): önemli want (v): istemek gerekmek

known (adj): bilinen wife (n): kadın eş

move (v): hareket etmek taşınmak duygulandırmak year (n): yıl

newspaper (n): gazete young (adj): genç

Collocations
key role : önemli rol become interested : ilgili hale gelmek
early age : erken, küçük yaş become independent : bağımsız olmak
politically active : politik olarak faal play role : rol oynamak
have fun : eğlenmek make discovery : keşifte bulunmak
scientific discovery : bilimsel keşif

Prepositions
popular with : ... arasında popüler at age : .... yaşında
move to : …ya taşınmak learn about : ...yı öğrenmek
interested in : …ya ilgili work as : ... olarak çalışmak
known for : ...ile ünlü, tanınan, bilinen at home : evde
 UNIT 1 > Benjamin Franklin > match activity 1

1. author a. join, attend

the action or process of learning about something
2. key b.
new
a building or part of a building where goods or
3. newspaper c.
services are sold; a store
4. slave d. to come or go back to a place or person
5. evil e. a writer of a book, article, or report
6. free f. a person who is the property of another
7. discovery g. morally wrong
8. take part in h. liked, admired, or enjoyed by many people
9. popular i. a printed publication, usually issued daily or weekly
10. return j. important
11. autobiography k. release from imprisonment or restraint
an account of a person's life written by the same
12. shop l.
person
 UNIT 1 > Benjamin Franklin > match activity 2

1. constitution a. imzalamak
2. slavery b. anayasa
3. ambassador c. kölelik
4. take part in d. büyükelçi
5. slave e. yayıncı
6. key f. köle
7. independent g. geri dönmek
8. declaration h. ...ya katılmak
9. sign i. mucit
10. return j. önemli
11. publisher k. ilan etme
12. inventor l. özgür, bağımsız
 UNIT 1 > Benjamin Franklin > synonyms

key (adj) main, major, central, chief, primary

shop (n) store

buy (v) purchase, get

need (v) require, call for

evil (adj) wrong

free (v) let go, release

take part in (v) join, participate, enter

 UNIT 1 > Workaholism > passage

Workaholism
A survey of 8,000 people by the UK Institute of Personnel
and Development found that one in three people work more
than 48 hours per week and claim to be addicted to their
jobs. One in six people work more than 60 hours a week
and three-quarters of employees currently work overtime
but only one-third gets paid for it. Workaholism can be
described as the inability to stop working. Whether you are
in the office, at home, in bed, or socializing, if you find that
you cannot stop thinking about work or talking about work
then it is very likely that you are or you are about to
become a workaholic. Until recently, many people described
workaholism as a respectable addiction, and half thought
that it was an excellent trait. However, the condition is now
recognized as a serious problem and many theories have
been offered to better understand what motivates the
workaholic. Some theories see it as a strategy to hide
underlying emotional problems such as anxiety, low self-
esteem, depression and obsessive-compulsive traits. Some
scientists define a workaholic as a person whose need to
work has become so excessive that it disturbs (upset)
physical health, personal happiness, interpersonal relations
or the ability to function socially. Thorne and Johnson
identify two types of workaholics: the active and the
passive. Active workaholics work simply for pleasure of
working. They have energy for working longer hours and
they believe that such hard working brings special rewards.
On the other hand, passive workaholics are driven
(motivated) to work by insecurities, fear or paranoia until
overwork becomes a habit, damaging the balance of their
lives almost without them realizing it. Workaholics are often
stressed. Studies show that Japan has the largest number of
workaholics worldwide and overwork is responsible for
10,000 deaths there each year. The Japanese even have a
word for death by overwork - karoshi’. Physical or mental
exercise such as positive thinking, relaxing meditation, or
spiritual comfort from family and friends can all help to
overcome workaholism.

1. The main idea of this passage is ----. 3. A workaholic is a person who ----.

A) people in the UK are addicted to work but don’t get paid for it A) is absent from work every week
B) workaholism is a respectable addiction B) thinks about holidays while at work
C) workaholism is a serious problem all over the world and C) has family problems
should be identified and treated D) cannot stop working
D) physical and mental exercises are important to treat
workhaholism
4. Workaholism may be a way of hiding ----.

2. Working overtime in the UK is ----. A) social drinking

B) addictive habits
A) a cause of accidents
C) personal happiness
B) not paid for the majority of employees
D) emotional problems
C) overpaid for all employees
D) unpaid for all employees
5. Which country has the highest number of workaholics?

A) The UK
B) India
C) Japan
D) The US
6. Workaholics who work out of fear and insecurities are ----. 8. Which type of workaholic is more energetic and has more fun
doing work?
A) active workaholics
B) passive workaholics A) Japanese
C) damaging the balance of their lives B) passive
D) both B and C C) active
D) Karoshi

7. How many people die from workaholism in Japan every year?

A) 8,000
B) One in six people
C) 10,000
D) 1,000

Vocabulary
ability (n): yetenek likely (adj): olası

addicted (adj): bağımlı low (adj): alçak derin (ses) kısık (ışık) keyifsiz

anxiety (n): endişe isteklilik mental (adj): zihinsel

balance (n): denge bakiye terazi motivate (v): motive etmek

believe (v): inanmak need (n): ihtiyaç

claim (v): iddia etmek talep etmek obsessive-compulsive (n): obsesif kompulsif

comfort (n): rahatlık teselli refah overcome (v): üstesinden gelmek etkisine kapılmak

currently (adv): şu anda overtime (adv, n): fazla mesai

damage (v): zarar vermek pay (v): ödemek

death (n): ölüm personnel (n): personel

define (v): tanımlamak belirtmek physical (adj): fiziksel şiddete başvuran maddi

describe (v): tanımlamak pleasure (n): zevk

development (n): büyüme gelişme imar realize (v): farkına varmak gerçekleştirmek

disturb (v): rahatsız etmek endişelendirmek düzenini bozmak relation (n): bağ akraba bağlılık

emotional (adj): duygusal relaxing (adj): rahatlatıcı

employee (n): işçi responsible (adj): sorumlu

excessive (adj): aşırı reward (n): ödül

family (n): aile ailedeki çocuklar familya self-esteem (n): kendine saygı

fear (n): korku simply (adv): tam anlamıyla yalnızca kolayca sade bir şekilde

find (v): bulmak öğrenmek socialize (v): sosyalleşmek toplumsallaştırmak

function (v): çalışmak socially (adv): sosyal yönden toplumsal

habit (n): alışkanlık bağımlılık special (adj): özel özgün

health (n): sağlık spiritual (adj): ruhsal

hide (v): gizlemek stop (v): durmak bitmek engellemek kalmak

identify (v): tespit etmek tanımlamak stressed (adj): stresli

inability (n): yetersizlik study (n): araştırma çalışma

insecurity (n): güvensizlik survey (n): anket

institute (n): enstitü trait (n): özellik

interpersonal (adj): kişiler arası underlying (adj): altında yatan

understand (v): anlamak workaholism (n): işkoliklik

workaholic (n): işkolik worldwide (adj, adv): dünya çapında

Collocations
work overtime : fazla mesai yapmak become habit : alışkanlık haline gelmek
very likely : büyük ihtimalle have word : söz sahibi olmak
become excessive : aşırı olmak physical exercise : fiziksel egzersiz
physical health : bedensel sağlık mental exercise : zihinsel egzersiz
personal happiness : kişisel mutluluk positive thinking : olumlu düşünme
interpersonal relation : kişiler arası ilişki spiritual comfort : manevi rahatlık
have energy : enerjiye sahip olmak underlying problem : altında yatan problem
bring reward : ödül getirmek

Prepositions
per week : her hafta talk about : ... hakkında konuşmak
addicted to : …ya bağımlı drive by : ...nın yanından geçmek
pay for : ...için ödemek responsible for : ...dan sorumlu
think about : ...hakkında düşünmek recognize as : ... olarak tanımak
 UNIT 1 > Workaholism > match activity 1

1. addicted a. decent or correct in character or behaviour

2. employee b. time in addition to what is normal
3. currently c. mix socially with others
to determine or identify the essential qualities or
4. overtime d.
meaning of
5. socialize e. a confidence and satisfaction in oneself
6. respectable f. evident only on close inspection
enthusiastically devoted to a particular thing or
7. excellent g.
activity
a person working for wages or salary, especially at
8. trait h.
nonexecutive level
9. hide i. extremely good; outstanding
10. underlying j. a distinguishing quality
11. self-esteem k. at the present tim
12. define l. to put out of sight
 UNIT 1 > Workaholism > match activity 2

1. describe a. more than what is usual, normal

2. excessive b. solely
state or assert that something is the case, typically
3. disturb c.
without providing evidence or proof
4. simply d. become fully aware of something
5. pleasure e. to represent or give an account of in words
6. reward f. a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
7. habit g. an even distribution of something
8. balance h. a general view, examination
9. realize i. succeed in dealing with a problem or difficulty
a thing given in recognition of one's service, effort,
10. overcome j.
or achievemen
11. survey k. to interfere with
a settled or regular tendency or practice, especially
12. claim l.
one that is hard to give up
 UNIT 1 > Workaholism > match activity 3

1. responsible a. olası
2. recently b. altında yatan
3. addiction c. bağımlılık
4. likely d. şu anda
5. identify e. üstesinden gelmek
6. overcome f. sorumlu
7. offer g. özellik
8. trait h. teklif etmek, sunmak
9. currently i. son zamanlarda
10. underlying j. tespit etmek, tanımlamak
 UNIT 1 > Workaholism > match activity 4

1. pleasure a. yalnızca
2. simply b. kendine saygı
3. claim c. iddia etmek
4. excessive d. rahatsız etmek
5. disturb e. gizlemek, saklamak
6. realize f. aşırı
7. hide g. zevk
8. believe h. farkına varmak
9. fear i. inanmak
10. self-esteem j. korkmak
 UNIT 1 > Workaholism > synonyms

claim (v) argue, assert, maintain, allege

currently (adv) presently

likely (adj) possible, potential, probable, prospective

excellent (adj) very good, satisfactory, wonderful, outstanding, superb, perfect X bad poor

trait (n) feature, charasteristic, quality, property

disturb (v) interrupt, bother

relation (n) connection, link, association, tie

ability (n) capability, skil, talent, competence

type (n) kind, sort, form, version

simply (adv) solely, merely, only

pleasure (n) delight, joy

reward (n) award, prize

damage (v) harm, hurt, impair

overcome (v) get over, beat, defeat

 UNIT 1 > Sir Isaac Newton > passage

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton was a famous English physicist and
mathematician. He is considered one of the greatest
scientists of all time. Isaac Newton was born on January 4,
1643, in Woolsthorpe, England. He was the only son of a
prosperous local farmer who died three months before Isaac
was born. When Newton was three years old, his mother
married again and left young Isaac with his grandmother. At
the age of twelve, Newton was reunited with his mother
after her second husband died. She wanted him to be a
farmer, but he didn’t like it. With the help of his uncle, he
started studying at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was a
little older than the other students. At Cambridge, Newton
became fascinated with science. When the university was
closed in 1665 because of an epidemic of plague, he
returned home and continued his studies privately. During
this time, he made many of his famous discoveries. It is said
that Newton experienced his famous inspiration of gravity
with the falling apple at this time. Newton finished his
studies before he was twenty-seven. He went on to become a
professor and published some important work on optics.
The work was criticized by Robert Hooke, a scientist and a
member of the Royal Academy of Science. Newton reacted
to the criticism badly and he and Hooke became rivals. In
1678, Newton had a nervous breakdown. His mother died
the following year and he retired from public life for six
years. During this time, he studied gravity and planetary
motion. In 1687, Newton published his Philosophiae
Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy). It is one of the most important books
about physics and science of all time. The work made
Newton famous and he became interested in public life
again. In 1689, he was elected to represent Cambridge in
Parliament. He had another nervous breakdown, but he
recovered quickly. He started studying alchemy and the
Bible. Towards the end of his life, Newton was one of the
most famous people in Europe. He became very rich and he
gave some of his money to charity. However, his life wasn’t
perfect. He never married, didn’t have many friends and
some people around him feared for his mental health. Isaac
Newton died on March 31, 1727, at the age of 84.

1. Isaac Newton’s father was a farmer. 4. Isaac Newton studied optics.

A) true A) true
B) false B) false

2. Isaac Newton studied at Cambridge. 5. Isaac Newton took part in politics.

A) true A) true
B) false B) false

3. Isaac Newton was a little younger than other students. 6. Isaac Newton gave some of his money to other people.

A) true A) true
B) false B) false
7. Isaac Newton didn’t have a wife.

A) true
B) false

Vocabulary
alchemy (n): alşimi mathematician (n): matematikçi

badly (adv): kötü bir şekilde member (n): üye uzuv

become (v): olmak motion (n): hareket önerge

bible (n): İncil nervous (adj): endişeli sinirsel

breakdown (n): arıza zihinsel çöküntü perfect (adj): mükemmel

charity (n): hayır kurumu physicist (n): fizikçi

close (v): kapatmak bitmek plague (n): veba

consider (v): düşünmek planetary (adj): gezegensel

continue (v): devam etmek privately (adv): özel olarak

criticism (n): eleştiri prosperous (adj): müreffeh

criticize (v): eleştirmek public (adj): kamuoyu halka açık

discovery (n): keşif publish (v): yayımlamak

elect (v): oylamayla seçmek quickly (adv): hızlıca

epidemic (n): salgın dağılış react (v): tepki göstermek

experience (v): tecbrübe edinmek recover (v): iyileşmek

falling (adj): düşüş represent (v): temsil etmek tasvir etmek

famous (adj): meşhur retire (v): emekli olmak

farmer (n): çiftçi return (v): geri dönmek

fascinate (v): büyülemek reunite (v): birleştirmek

fear (v): korkmak rival (n): rakip

gravity (n): yer çekimi ciddiyet science (n): bilim

husband (n): koca scientist (n): bilim insanı

inspiration (n): ilham student (n): öğrenci

interested (adj): ilgili ilgili olan study (v): çalışmak incelemek

leave (v): ayrılmak uncle (n): amca/dayı

local (n): yerel young (adj): genç

marry (v): evlenmek

Collocations
nervous breakdown : sinir krizi following year : sonraki yıl
natural philosophy : doğa felsefesi very rich : çok zengin
mental health : ruh sağlığı make discovery : keşifte bulunmak
important work : önemli iş recover quickly : çabucak iyileşmek

Prepositions
work on : ...üzerinde çalışma retire from : ...dan emekli olmak
member of : ...nin üyesi interested in : …ya ilgili
react to : ...ya tepki göstermek fear for : ... için endişe etmek
at the age of : ... yaşında, yaşındayken towards the end of : ...nın sonuna doğru
with the help of : ...nın yardımıyla during this time : bu süre zarfında
of all time : tüm zamanların
 UNIT 1 > Sir Isaac Newton > match activity 1

1. fall a. a person who owns or manages a farm

2. prosperous b. due to
drawn irresistibly the attention and interest of sb or
3. local c.
sth
4. farmer d. the process of being mentally stimulated
the force that attracts a body toward the center of
5. fascinated e.
the earth
6. because of f. indicate the faults of sb or sth in a disapproving way
7. epidemic g. to encounter or undergo an event or occurrence
8. privately h. in a way that is restricted to the individual
9. experience i. wealthy
10. inspiration j. move downward
11. gravity k. an outbreak of disease
belonging or relating to a particular area or
12. criticize l.
neighborhood
 UNIT 1 > Sir Isaac Newton > match activity 2

1. member a. choose sb to hold public office

an organization set up to provide help and raise
2. rival b.
money for those in need
3. nervous breakdown c. to get well again
4. retire d. but
5. motion e. be entitled or appointed to act or speak for sb
6. elect f. leave one's job and cease to work
a person or thing competing with another for the
7. represent g.
same objective
8. recover h. the action or process of moving or being moved
9. quickly i. to stop living
10. charity j. an attack of mental or emotional disorder
11. however k. at a fast speed; rapidly
a person, animal, or plant belonging to a particular
12. die l.
group
 UNIT 1 > Sir Isaac Newton > match activity 3

1. plague a. oylamayla seçmek

2. consider b. eleştirmek
3. inspiration c. temsil etmek
4. privately d. yerel
5. prosperous e. hareket
6. motion f. veba
7. elect g. ilham
8. represent h. özel olarak
9. charity i. hayır kurumu
10. retire j. düşünmek
11. local k. emekli olmak
12. criticize l. müreffeh
 UNIT 1 > Sir Isaac Newton > synonyms

consider (v) think, contemplate

rich (adj) prosperous, wealthy, affluent, well off

young (adj) juvenile

help (n) aid, assistance, backup

because of (pp) due to, on account of, owing to

fall (v) decline, drop, decrease, diminish, sink, come down, go down, descend, sink

finish (v) end, stop, terminate, close

important (adj) significant, substantial, notable

elect ()v select, choose

quickly (adv) rapidly, fast, hastily, swiftly

die (v) perish, pass away

 UNIT 1 > The Causes of Flood > passage

The Causes of Floods

Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all
natural disasters. They occur almost everywhere in the
world, resulting in widespread damage and even death.
Consequently, scientists have long tried to perfect their
ability to predict floods. So far, the best that scientists can
do is to recognize the potential for flooding in certain
conditions. There are a number of conditions, from deep
snow on the ground to human error, that cause flooding.
When deep snow melts, it creates a large amount of water.
Although deep snow alone rarely causes floods, when it
occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather,
it can lead to serious flooding. If there is a fast snow melt
on top of frozen or very wet ground, flooding is more likely
to occur than when the ground is not frozen. Frozen ground
or ground that is very wet and already saturated with water
cannot absorb the additional water created by the melting
snow. Melting snow also contributes to high water levels in
rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full
capacity of water, heavy rains will result in the rivers
overflowing and flooding disaster the surrounding land.
Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding.
When ice begins to melt, the surface of the ice cracks and
breaks into large pieces. These pieces of ice move and float
in the river. They can form a dam in the river, causing the
water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream. If
the dam breaks suddenly, then the large amount of water
held behind the dam can flood the areas downstream too.
Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can
cause flooding. When a large human-made dam breaks or
fails to hold the water collected behind it, the results can be
devastating. Dams contain such huge amounts of water
behind them that when sudden breaks occur, the destructive
force of the water is like a great tidal wave. Unleashed dam
waters can travel tens of kilometres, cover the ground in
metres of mud and debris, and drown and crush every thing
and creature in their path. Although scientists cannot always
predict exactly when floods will occur, they do know a great
deal about when floods are likely, or probably, going to
occur. Deep snow, ice-covered rivers, and weak dams are all
strong conditions for potential flooding. Hopefully, this
knowledge of why floods happen can help us reduce the
damage they cause.

1. Which of the following are included as causes for floods in the 3. A broken human-made dam is compared to what?
reading passage?
A) a tsunami
A) droughts B) a tidal wave
B) large lakes C) a broken ice dam
C) poorly built roads D) overflowing
D) melting snow

4. Which of the following best describes how a frozen river can

2. How does deep snow cause flooding? cause a flood.

A) melting snow causes flooding A) The ice in the river melts too quickly and causes a flood.
B) too much rain causes flooding B) The ice in the river cracks causing the water to overflow.
C) sudden warm temperatures combined with heavy rains causes C) The ice in the river cracks into pieces that eventually create a
flooding dam causing the water to overflow.
D) freezing water causes flooding D) The water behind the ice dam collects and when the dam
breaks, it causes flooding upstream.
5. How far can dam water travel when it is unleashed from a broken 8. What is the most common natural disaster?
dam?
A) flood
A) less than 10 kilometres B) fire
B) tens of kilometres C) wind damage
C) thousands of kilometres D) rain
D) tens of thousands of kilometres downstream

9. How does melting snow cause problems related to flooding?

6. Why does saturated ground contribute to flooding problems?
A) it makes the rivers run too fast
A) the ground cannot absorb more moisture B) it makes the water too cold
B) the ground is too hard, so the water runs off C) it causes pieces of ice to block the river
C) the ground forms a kind of dam D) it makes the level of the river rise
D) it remains frozen

10. Which of the following words is not a natural disaster?

7. What kinds of problems can floods cause?
A) flood
A) death B) earthquake
B) widespread damage C) airplane crash
C) destruction of plants and animals D) typhoon
D) all of the above

Vocabulary
absorb (v): emmek anlamak dikkatini vermek exactly (adv): tam olarak

additional (adj): ilave fail (v): başarısız olmak

broken (adj): kırık bozuk zarara uğramış yerine getirilmeyen(kural/ fire (n): ateş yangın ateş etme (silah)
kanun/ söz) sona ermiş
float (v): batmadan durmak
capacity (n): kapasite görev
flood (n): sel bolluk
certain (adj): kesin belirli
force (n): güç kuvvet (askeri vs)
collect (v): toplamak koleksiyon yapmak gidip almak
freeze (v): donmak
common (adj): yaygın ortak sıradan
ground (n): yeryüzü toprak neden konu
condition (n): durum şart rahatsızlık
happen (v): olmak tesadüfen olmak
consequently (adv): sonuç olarak
high (adj): yüksek kafayı bulmuş
contain (v): kapsamak kontrol altına almak
hold (v): tutmak düzenlemek
cover (v): kaplamak içermek
hopefully (adv): inşallah
crack (n): çatlak şangırtı uyuşturucu yersiz şaka
huge (adj): kocaman
create (v): yaratmak
knowledge (n): bilgi
creature (n): yaratık
lead (v): öncülük etmek
crush (v): ezmek kırıştırmak üzmek/şaşırtmak yenmek
likely (adv): muhtemelen
dam (n): baraj
melt (v): erimek yumuşamak
damage (n): zarar
move (v): hareket etmek taşınmak duygulandırmak
death (n): ölüm
mud (n): çamur
debris (n): enkaz
occur (v): meydana gelmek
destructive (adj): yıkıcı
path (n): patika izlenen yol
devastate (v): yok etmek perişan etmek
piece (n): parça eser
disaster (n): afet
predict (v): tahmin etmek
downstream (adj, adv): akıntı yönündeki
probably (adv): muhtemelen suddenly (adv): aniden

rarely (adv): nadiren surface (n): yüzey

recognize (v): tanımak kabul etmek takdir etmek surrounding (adj): çevredeki

reduce (v): azaltmak travel (v): seyahat etmek yol almak

rise (v): yükselmek doğmak (güneş) ayağa kalkmak try (v): denemek sınamak sabrını zorlamak

river (n): nehir unleashed (adj): zincirlerinden kurtulmuş

saturate (v): sırılsıklam etmek upstream (adj, adv): nehrin yukarısına

scientist (n): bilim insanı warm (adj): ılık ısıtan içten

serious (adj): ciddi ağırbaşlı ciddi miktarda kararlı weak (adj): zayıf

stream (n): dere akış insan seli weather (n): hava durumu

strong (adj): güçlü kesin muhtemel wet (adj): ıslak yağmurlu zayıf kişilikli

sudden (adj): ani

Collocations
heavy rain : yoğun yağmur tidal wave : gelgit dalgası
frozen ground : donmuş toprak/ zemin human error : insan hatası
destructive force : yıkıcı güç widespread damage : geniş çapta hasar
predict exactly : tam olarak/doğru şekilde tahmin etmek deep snow : derin kar
melting snow : eriyen kar cause damage : zarara sebep olmak

Prepositions
in the world : dünyada break into : zorla girmek
result in : ...ile sonuçlanmak amount of : …nın miktarı
on the ground : yerde knowledge of : ...nın bilgisi
lead to : …ya yol açmak second to : ...nın ardından ikinci
top of : ...nın üstü a number of : çok sayıda .... , birçok ...
contribute to : …ya katkıda bulunmak tens of : onlarca ...
cover in : ... ile kaplı olmak potential for : ... için potansiyel
 UNIT 1 > The Causes of Flood > match activity 1

physical harm caused to something in such a way

1. flood a.
as to impair its value
2. natural disaster b. the solid surface of the earth
3. occur c. until now
4. widespread d. an overflowing of a large amount of water
5. damage e. much
found or distributed over a large area or number of
6. predict f.
people
7. so far g. happen
8. a number of h. to turn into liquid form
an event such as an earthquake or hurricane that
9. a large amount of i.
causes great damage
10. ground j. say or estimate that sth will happen in the future
11. melt k. bring sth into existence
12. create l. many
 UNIT 1 > The Causes of Flood > match activity 2

1. rarely a. take in or soak up a liquid or other substance

2. sudden b. all around a particular place
occurring or done quickly and unexpectedly or
3. absorb c.
without warning
4. additional d. seldom
rest or move on or near the surface of a liquid
5. contribute to e.
without sinking
6. river f. causing great and irreparable harm or damage
break or cause to break without a complete
7. surrounding g.
separation of the parts
8. surface h. the outside part or uppermost layer of something
9. crack i. a channel of water flowing into the sea or lake
10. float j. extra
11. destructive k. very big
12. huge l. help to cause or bring about.
 UNIT 1 > The Causes of Flood > match activity 3

1. devastating a. lacking strength

2. stream b. a mistake
3. a great deal c. way
to squeeze or force by pressure so as to alter or
4. error d.
destroy structure
5. mud e. precisely
6. drown f. without much doubt
7. crush g. much, a lot
8. path h. die through submersion in and inhalation of water
9. exactly i. a small, narrow river
10. probably j. highly destructive or damaging.
11. weak k. a barrier constructed to hold back water
soft, sticky matter resulting from the mixing of earth
12. dam l.
and water
 UNIT 1 > The Causes of Flood > match activity 4

1. as a. ...dığı zaman
2. consequently b. …se, …sa
3. although c. her ne zaman ...sa
4. if d. ...e rağmen
5. whenever e. şimdiye kadar
6. when f. … olarak
7. then g. o zaman, o halde
8. like h. … gibi
9. so far i. sonuç olarak
 UNIT 1 > The Causes of Flood > match activity 5

1. unleashed a. yaygın
2. hopefully b. yıkıcı
3. suddenly c. emmek, anlamak, dikkatini vermek
4. widespread d. inşallah
5. predict e. sebep olmak
6. contribute to f. kocaman
7. absorb g. tahmin etmek
8. huge h. tam olarak
9. devastating i. aniden
10. exactly j. zincirlerinden kurtulmuş
 UNIT 1 > The Causes of Flood > match activity 6

1. weak a. donmuş
2. probably b. ilave
3. destructive c. erimek
4. probably d. meydana gelmek
5. additional e. muhtemelen
6. drown f. muhtemelen
7. melt g. yıkıcı
8. occur h. kaplamak
9. frozen i. suda boğ(ul)mak
10. cover j. zayıf
 UNIT 1 > The Causes of Flood > synonyms

occur (v) happen, take place, arise

almost (adv) virtually, nearly, practically

widespread (adj) prevalent, common

predict (v) forecast, foresee

so far (adv) thus far, until/till now, until/till today, to date, ever

error (n) mistake

rarely (adv) seldom, hardly ever, infrequently

additional (adj) extra

large (adj) big, great, enormous, huge, massive, vast, tremendous, immense, giant, colossal, substantial

suddenly (adv) abruptly, dramatically, sharply

devastating (adj) disastrous, catastrophic

destructive (adj) harmful, damaging, detrimental

contain (v) include, encompass, involve, cover

path (n) way, route, road, track, trail

always (adv) perpetually, constantly

exactly (adv) precisely, accurately

strong (adj) powerful

 UNIT 1 > The Effects of Stress > passage

The Effects of Stress

There is a famous expression in English: "Stop the world, I
want to get off!" This expression refers to a feeling of
panic, or stress, that makes a person want to stop whatever
they are doing, try to relax, and become calm again. 'Stress'
means pressure or tension. It is one of the most common
causes of health problems in modern life. Too much stress
results in physical, emotional, and mental health problems.
There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can
affect the heart. It can increase the pulse rate, make the
heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress
can affect the respiratory system. It can lead to asthma. It
can cause a person to breathe too fast, resulting in a loss of
important carbon dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It
can cause stomach aches and problems digesting food. These
are only a few examples of the wide range of illnesses and
symptoms resulting from stress. Emotions are also easily
affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel
anxious. They may have panic attacks. They may feel tired
all the time. When people are under stress, they often
overreact to little problems. For example, a normally gentle
parent under a lot of stress at work may yell at a child for
dropping a glass of juice. Stress can make people angry,
moody, or nervous. Long-term stress can lead to a variety of
serious mental illnesses. Depression, an extreme feeling of
sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and
increasing stress. Alcoholism and other addictions often
develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to
relieve stress. Eating disorders, such as anorexia, are
sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by
stress. If stress is allowed to continue, then one's mental
health is put at risk. It is obvious that stress is a serious
problem. It attacks the body. It affects the emotions.
Untreated, it may eventually result in mental illness. Stress
has a great influence on the health and well-being of our
bodies, our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop
the world and rest for a while.

1. Which of the following is not a common problem caused by 3. Which of the following doesn't show how stress can affect the
stress? emotions?

A) physical problems A) it can make people feel nervous

B) anecdotal problems B) it can cause panic attacks
C) mental problems C) it can make people feel elated
D) emotional problems D) it can make people feel angry

2. According to the essay, which of the following parts of the body 4. Which of the following can result from long-term stress?
does not have physical problems caused by stress?
A) bliss
A) the arms B) whimsy
B) the stomach C) alcoholism
C) the lungs D) enthusiasm
D) the heart
5. Choose the best answer to explain how alcoholism is caused by 7. Stress doesn't affect the respiratory system by ----.
stress.
A) causing stomach problems
A) alcohol is used to relieve stress B) causing asthma
B) alcohol is popular C) a loss of carbon dioxide
C) alcohol is a chemical D) causing breathing problems
D) alcohol is similar to medicine

8. Symptoms of emotional stress include ----.

6. Which of the following is not caused by long-term stress?
A) feeling joyous
A) bloating B) feeling hungry
B) addiction C) feeling thirsty
C) anorexia D) feeling tired
D) alcoholism

Vocabulary
ache (n): ağrı food (n): yiyecek

addiction (n): bağımlılık gentle (adj): nazik yumuşak

affect (v): etkilemek glass (n): cam bardak

allow (v): izin vermek kabul etmek health (n): sağlık

angry (adj): kızgın heart (n): kalp merkez cesaret

anxious (adj): endişeli çok istekli hopelessness (n): umutsuzluk

asthma (n): astım illness (n): hastalık

attack (v): saldırmak eleştirmek important (adj): önemli etkili

beat (n): kalp atışı müzikte vuruş devriye increase (v): artmak

body (n): vücut ceset influence (n): etki

breathe (v): nefes almak fısıldamak juice (n): meyve suyu

calm (v): sakinleştirmek lead (v): öncülük etmek

cause (v): sebep olmak long-term (adj): uzun vadeli

continue (v): devam etmek loss (n): kayıp zarar

depression (n): bunalım buhran mean (v): anlamına gelmek niyet etmek

develop (v): gelişmek yakalanmak ortaya çıkmak mental (adj): zihinsel

digest (v): sindirmek akıl erdirmek mind (n): akıl zeki kimse

disorder (n): hastalık bozukluk miss (v): kaçırmak özlemek

drug (n): ilaç uyuşturucu moody (adj): ters, aksi

easily (adv): kolay bir şekilde nervous (adj): endişeli sinirsel

effect (n): etki numerous (adj): sayısız

emotional (adj): duygusal obvious (adj): belli

eventually (adv): en sonunda overreact (v): abartılı rol yapmak/oynamak aşırı tepki göstermek

example (n): örnek overuse (n): aşırı kullanım

expression (n): ifade deyim sembol panic (n): panik

extreme (adj): çok büyük aşırı en uçta parent (n): ebeveyn

famous (adj): meşhur physical (adj): fiziksel şiddete başvuran maddi

feel (v): hissetmek pressure (n): baskı basınç

pulse (n): nabız bakliyat stop (v): durmak bitmek engellemek kalmak

range (n): çeşit seri (ürün vb) sıra (dağ) aralık suffer (v): muzdarip olmak

rate (n): oran ücret symptom (n): belirti

reduce (v): azaltmak tension (n): gerginlik

refer (v): bahsetmek ilgili olmak tired (adj): yorgun sıkılmış

relax (v): rahatlamak hafifletmek untreated (adj): işlenmemiş tedavi edilmeyen

relieve (v): rahatlatmak variety (n): çeşitlilik

respiratory (adj): solunumla ilgili want (v): istemek gerekmek

rest (v): dinlenmek well-being (n): refah

result (v): ...in sonucu olmak wide (adj): geniş kapsamlı

sadness (n): hüzün worse (adj): daha kötü

serious (adj): ciddi ağırbaşlı ciddi miktarda kararlı yell (v): bağırmak

stomach (n): mide

Collocations
high blood pressure : yüksek tansiyon long term : uzun vade, süre
respiratory system : solunum sistemi reduce stress : stresi azaltmak
feel anxious : endişeli hissetmek pulse rate : nabız sayısı
relieve stress : stresi azaltmak/gidermek blood pressure : kan basıncı
serious problem : ciddi sorun digest food : besin sindirmek
mental illness : akıl hastalığı feel tired : yorgun hissetmek
mental health : ruh sağlığı all the time : her zaman
wide range : çok çeşit great influence : büyük etki

Prepositions
for a while : bir süreliğine result from : …dan kaynaklanmak
lead to : …ya yol açmak suffer from : ...dan muzdarip olmak
at risk : tehlikede, riskte under stress : stres altında
influence on : …üzerinde etki at work : işte, iş yerinde
overreact to : ...ya aşırı tepki göstermek yell at : ...ya bağırmak
cause of : …nın sebebi a glass of : bir bardak ...
result in : ...ile sonuçlanmak a variety of : çok çeşitli ...
effect of : ...nın etkisi result of : ...nın sonucu
loss of : … kaybı as a result of : ...nın sonucu olarak
 UNIT 1 > The Effects of Stress > match activity 1

1. famous a. because of
2. relax b. make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size
3. common c. to fail to perform or attend
4. lead to d. make greater in size, amount, or degree
5. increase e. a feeling or state of despair
6. miss f. occurring, found, or done often
7. hopelessness g. known about by many people
8. relieve h. to result in something
9. obvious i. make or become less tense or anxious
10. well-being j. the state of being comfortable, healthy, or happy
11. reduce k. to cause (pain, difficulty) to become less severe
12. as a result of l. easily understood; clear, or apparent
 UNIT 1 > The Effects of Stress > match activity 2

1. calm a. make something fall vertically

2. result in b. to cause (something) to happen
3. numerous c. not showing or feeling nervousness, anger
4. long-term d. extreme uneasiness of mind
5. ache e. many
6. digest f. kind
7. suffer from g. shout in a loud, sharp way
8. anxious h. a usually dull persistent pain
9. tired i. drained of strength and energy
10. gentle j. occurring over a long period of time
11. yell k. undergo, experience
12. drop l. to convert food into absorbable form
 UNIT 1 > The Effects of Stress > match activity 3

1. tension a. bağımlılık
2. pulse rate b. çok çeşitli
3. respiratory c. nabız sayısı
4. moody d. duygusal
5. nervous e. hastalık, bozukluk
6. addiction f. gerginlik
7. disorder g. endişeli, sinirsel
8. for a while h. bir süreliğine
9. emotional i. (taşıt) inmek, ayrılmak
10. breathe j. nefes almak
11. a variety of k. ters, aksi
12. get off l. solunumla ilgili
 UNIT 1 > The Effects of Stress > synonyms

famous (adj) well-known, renowned, infamous, notorious

eventually (adv) finally, ultimately

common (adj) widespread, prevalent

cause (n) reason, grounds

result in (v) cause, lead to, bring about, give rise to

problem (n) difficulty, issue, challenge, trouble, the matter, complication

suffer (v) undergo, go through, experience

tired (adj) fatigued, exhausted

illness (n) sickness, disease, disorder, condition, ailment, complaint

allow (v) let, permit

obvious (adj) clear, apparent, evident

influence (n) effect, impact

reduce (v) lower, decrease, bring down, minimize

 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > collocation match

1. ….. role : önemli rol a. respiratory

2. ….. fun : eğlenmek b. pressure
3. ….. discovery : keşifte bulunmak c. have
4. work ….. : fazla mesai yapmak d. relieve
5. ….. problem : altında yatan problem e. key
6. nervous ….. : sinir krizi f. likely
7. ….. rain : yoğun yağmur g. heavy
8. ….. food : besin sindirmek h. digest
9. ….. stress : stresi azaltmak/gidermek i. breakdown
10. ….. system : solunum sistemi j. overtime
11. blood ….. : kan basıncı k. underlying
12. long ….. : uzun vade, süre l. term
13. very ….. : büyük ihtimalle m. make
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > preposition match 1

1. popular ….. : …arasında popüler a. at

2. ….. all time : tüm zamanların b. in
3. work ….. : …üzerinde çalışmak c. as
4. ….. stress : stres altında d. under
5. move ….. : …ya taşınmak e. with
6. interested ….. : …ya ilgili f. to
7. work ….. : … olarak çalışmak g. for
8. yell ….. : ...ya bağırmak h. on
9. ….. the end of : …nın sonuna doğru i. towards
10. known ….. : …ile ünlü, tanınan, bilinen j. of
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > preposition match 2

1. ….. a result of : …nın sonucu olarak a. as

2. ….. the age of : ….yaşında, yaşındayken b. on
3. loss ….. : … kaybı c. to
4. addicted ….. : …ya bağımlı d. per
5. ….. the ground : yerde e. for
6. retire ….. : ..dan emekli olmak f. of
7. ….. the help of : …nın yardımıyla g. from
8. ….. week : her hafta h. into
9. break ….. : zorla girmek i. at
10. responsible ….. : ..dan sorumlu j. with
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > preposition match 3

1. result ….. : …dan kaynaklanmak a. on

2. ….. this time : bu süre zarfında b. by
3. ….. a while : bir süreliğine c. of
4. result ….. : …ile sonuçlanmak d. during
5. drive ….. : …nın yanından geçmek e. to
6. ….. risk : tehlikede, riskte f. from
7. influence ….. : …üzerinde etki g. for
8. a number ….. : çok sayıda … h. in
9. react ….. : …ya tepki göstermek i. at
10. think ….. : …hakkında düşünmek j. about
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > synonym match 1

1. fall a. ability
2. vast b. sort
3. main c. tremendous
4. suddenly d. relation
5. superb e. abruptly
6. competence f. powerful
7. strong g. excellent
8. association h. reason
9. always i. constantly
10. kind j. primary
11. harmful k. decline
12. cause l. detrimental
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > synonym match 2

1. rarely a. think
2. young b. mistake
3. consider c. extra
4. additional d. juvenile
5. error e. seldom
6. finish f. drop
7. important g. end
8. predict h. significant
9. so far i. choose
10. select j. foresee
11. giant k. immense
12. diminish l. until now
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > synonym match 3

1. rich a. notorious
2. tired b. trouble
3. trait c. go through
4. famous d. prosperous
5. path e. exhausted
6. undergo f. nearly
7. eventually g. feature
8. almost h. store
9. buy i. effect
10. problem j. way
11. shop k. finally
12. influence l. purchase
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > synonym match 4

1. currently a. affluent
2. claim b. release
3. pleasure c. practically
4. evil d. maintain
5. disturb e. harm
6. virtually f. property
7. route g. interrupt
8. wealthy h. complication
9. problem i. wrong
10. damage j. track
11. quality k. joy
12. free l. presently
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > synonym match 5

1. large a. wonderful
2. disastrous b. clear
3. key c. central
4. excellent d. enormous
5. help e. lead to
6. result in f. assistance
7. type g. get over
8. exactly h. catastrophic
9. reduce i. capability
10. relation j. decrease
11. obvious k. precisely
12. overcome l. kind
13. ability m. connection
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > synonym match 6

1. form a. cause
2. main b. harmful
3. link c. evident
4. aid d. version
5. bring about e. defeat
6. destructive f. chief
7. huge g. perfect
8. skill h. massive
9. apparent i. talent
10. accurately j. exactly
11. beat k. tie
12. lower l. backup
13. outstanding m. bring down
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > synonym match 7

1. common a. join
2. contain b. permit
3. quickly c. simply
4. illness d. widespread
5. die e. require
6. allow f. due to
7. reward g. sickness
8. likely h. probable
9. take part in i. happen
10. occur j. include
11. solely k. rapidly
12. need l. pass away
13. because of m. award
 UNIT 1 > Unit 1 Revision > synonym match 8

1. potential a. disorder
2. hastily b. reward
3. common c. die
4. need d. solely
5. merely e. prevalent
6. permit f. on account of
7. participate g. call for
8. occur h. let
9. perish i. swiftly
10. disease j. prospective
11. prize k. encompass
12. owing to l. take place
13. involve m. take part in