Chapter 2 Biological Classification

Two kingdoms Classification:

 Was given by Linnaeus (Father of
taxonomy).
 Based on presence or absence of cell wall.

Draw backs:
 No distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Bacteria, have cell wall, were placed in
kingdom Plantae but these have very different cellular organisation (prokaryotes).
 No distinction between unicellular and multicellular organisms. Unicellular algae like
Chlamydomonas are placed in kingdom Plantae.
 No distinction between autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Fungi were wrongly placed in
kingdom Plantae.
 Many organisms do not fall into either category. Example: Lichens are association of fungi and
algae. Virus is connecting link between living and non- living.

Three Kingdom Classification:

 Given by Haeckel.
 He separated unicellular animals, algae and fungi
from other organisms on the basis of lack of
differentiation and formed a new kingdom Protista.

Note: Later, fungi and multicellular algae were taken out from the group so that kingdom Protista
had only unicellular organisms.

Four Kingdom Classification:

Note:
 With the invention of electron microscope, it became clear that bacteria and related organisms
have different cellular organisation (prokaryotic).
 Fungi continued to remain with Plantae.

Note: Three and four kingdom classifications are mentioned here only as reference.

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Five Kingdom Classification is given by R.H. Whittaker.

Characteristics of Classification:

1. Cellular Organisation:

Prokaryote Eukaryote

 Nuclear membrane absent. Nuclear region  Well defined membrane bound nucleus
containing naked DNA is called nucleoid. present.
 Internal compartmentalisation absent, i.e.;  Membrane bound organelles present.
membrane bound organelles absent.
 Chromosome single.  More than one chromosome.
 The only organelle present is ribosome  Ribosome is 80S.
(70S).

2. Cell wall:
Group of Organisms Chemical nature of cell wall
Bacteria Peptidoglycans
Fungi Chitin
Plants Cellulose
Animals Absent
3.

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Advantages of 5 kingdom classification:
 It brought about separation of bacteria (prokaryotes) in kingdom Monera.
 Separation of fungi in a separate kingdom differentiates between autotrophic and heterotrophic
mode of nutrition.
 In this classification kingdom Plantae and Animalia are more homogeneous.
 Chemical nature of cell wall is taken into account during classification.
 Separation of unicellular organisms in kingdom Protista removed several anomalies.

Drawbacks of 5 kingdom classification:

 Distinction between unicellular and multicellular organisms is not clear in case of algae as
unicellular algae are not placed in kingdom Protista by Whittaker.
 In 5 kingdom classification, the status of viruses, viriods and lichens is not mentioned.
 Kingdom Monera contains both walled and wall less organisms (Mycoplasmas), photosynthetic
and non-photosynthetic forms, unicellular and filamentous (Nostoc) forms.

Kingdom Monera (Figure 1):

 Bacteria are the sole members of kingdom Monera.

 These are most abundant microbes.
 Monerans show most extensive metabolic diversity (being autotrophic, chemoautotrophic,
decomposers and parasitic).

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Nutrition in Bacteria

1. Photoautotrophic bacteria:
 Photosynthetic pigment is bacteriochlorophyll.
 No oxygen is evolved in bacterial photosynthesis.
 Such photosynthesis is called anoxygenic photosynthesis.
CO2 + H2S Pigment Carbohydrate + Sulphur
Sunlight

Example: Green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobium)

2. Chemoautotrophic bacteria derive energy from exothermic reactions which is utilised in

manufacturing of food. Example: Nitrogen fixing bacteria (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus and
Nitrobacter)
Note: Chemosynthetic autotrophs play very important role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen,
phosphorous, iron and sulphur.

3. Saprophytic bacteria:
 They are called nature's scavengers.
 Anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates is called fermentation. Example: Production of alcohol,
preparation of curd, cheese and other dairy products.
 Anaerobic breakdown of proteins is called putrefaction. Example: Food poisoning.
 Aerobic breakdown of organic compounds is called decay or decomposition.
Note: Latest use of saprophytic bacteria is in biodegradation of organic pollutants like petroleum
spillage. Example: Pseudomonas.

4. Symbiotic bacteria:
 Rhizobium is a nitrogen fixing bacteria that lives in root nodules of leguminous plants.

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 Escherichia coli lives in human intestine. It feeds on undigested matter, checks growth of
putrefying bacteria and produces vitamins B and K.

Reproduction:

Sporulation:
 Bacteria produce thick walled, highly
resistance spores in response to adverse
environment (high temperature, scarcity of
food and water).
 Spores are liberated in air. On arrival of favourable conditions these germinate to form new
bacteria.
Note: Clostridium tetani and Bacillus anthracis produce spores.

Conjugation (Figure 2): It is the transfer of genetic material (plasmid) between bacterial cells by a
bridge like connection (pilus) between 2 cells.

Archaebacteria is a group of most primitive prokaryotes. These bacteria differ from other bacteria
in having a different cell wall structure and this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme
conditions.

Methanogens:
 These live in marshy areas and are anaerobes.
 Methanogens are present in the gut of several ruminant animals (e.g. cows and buffaloes) as
symbionts and are helpful in fermentation of cellulose.
 They produce methane (biogas) from the dung of these animals.
Example: Methanobacterium, Methanococcus.

Halophiles occur in salt rich areas, e.g. sea beds and salt marshes. Example: Halobacterium,
Halococcus.
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Thermoacidophiles have ability to tolerate high temperature as well as acidity. They live in hot
sulphur springs.

Cyanobacteria (blue- green algae):

 These have chlorophyll a similar to green plants and perform oxygenic photosynthesis.
 Some of these can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc,
Anabaena etc.
 Heterocysts (Figure 3) are large sized, thick walled cells. Thick wall is impermeable to oxygen but
permeable to nitrogen. It has enzyme nitrogenase.

Bacteria Cyanobacteria

 Autotrophic bacteria have  Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a

bacteriochlorophyll. similar to that occur in plants.
 Photosynthesis anoxygenic.  Photosynthesis oxygenic.

Mycoplasma (PPLO- Pleuropneumonia like Organisms) are simplest and smallest prokaryotes
without cell wall. Most of these produce pleuropneumonia in domestic animals and human.

Kingdom Protista:
 Unicellular eukaryotes.
 This kingdom forms links with plants, animals and fungi.

Nutrition in Protists:

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  Photosynthesis: Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates and euglenoids.
 Holozoic engulf the food e.g., many protozoans like Amoeba, Paramecium.
 Saprotrophic: Slime moulds.
 Parasitic forms include protozoans like Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Entamoeba.
 Mixotrophic: Saprophytic as well as photosynthetic, e.g., Euglena.

i. Chrysophytes:
 This group includes diatoms (Figure 4).
 Occur in all aquatic (fresh water and marine) and moist terrestrial habitats.
 The cell walls have silica and form two overlapping shells which fit together as in a soap case.
Example: Navicula, Cymbella.

Economic Importance of Diatoms: Siliceous cell walls do not decay easily. They pile up at the
bottom of water bodies and form big heaps called diatomaceous earth. It is used in filtration of
sugar, alcohol, oil, syrups etc. Being gritty, it is used in tooth paste and polishes.

ii. Dinoflagellates:
 Mostly marine and photosynthetic.
 Appear yellow, green, brown or red depending on amount of pigment present in their cells.
 Red dinoflagellates (e.g. Gonyaulax) undergo rapid multiplication and make the sea appear red
(red tides- figure 5).
 Cells are covered by rigid plates made up of cellulose.
 Some dinoflagellates release toxins which may even kill other organisms.

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iii. Euglenoids:
 Occur in fresh water.
 Without cellulose cell wall. Body is covered with thin and flexible protein rich layer called pellicle.
 Possess 2 flagella- one short and one long.
 Nutrition is mixotrophic i.e., organisms are both autotrophic as well as heterotrophic. They
synthesise their food in presence of sunlight but become heterotrophic in absence of sunlight.
 Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the photosynthetic pigments.
 An orange red eye spot or stigma is present in the anterior region which perceives stimulus of
light and directs the organism towards optimum light.
 Contractile vacuole is osmoregulatory in function.
Example: Euglena (Figure 6)

iv. Slime mould:

 Possess characters of both animals (lack cell wall) and fungi (saprotrophic and spore forming),
hence called fungus animals.
 Under favourable conditions, they form an aggregation called plasmodium (Figure 7) which
spread over several feet.
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 Note: Plasmodium is a malarial parasite whereas plasmodium is an aggregation of slime mould.
 Under unfavourable conditions, these produce spores which are extremely resistant and survive
for many years. Spores disperse by air currents. (Figure 8)

v. Protozoa are heterotrophic (predators or parasites) organisms.

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a. Sarcodina are amoeboid protozoans having pseudopodia which help in locomotion and
capturing prey (holozoic nutrition). Example: Amoeba, Entamoeba (parasite).

b. Mastigophora (Flagellated Protozoan):

 Flagellum is the locomotory organelle.
 Nutrition is parasitic or holozoic.
 Parasites like Trypanosoma gambiense (Figure 9) causes sleeping sickness.

c. Ciliata (Ciliated Protozoan):

 Cilia are used for locomotion and driving food. Coordinated movement of cilia causes water laden
with food to be steered into the gullet.
 Nutrition holozoic or parasitic.
 Region of ingestion consists of cytostome (mouth) and gullet.
 Nuclear dimorphism (occurrence of two types of nucleus) is seen:
 Macronucleus controls metabolic activities.
 Micronucleus takes part in reproduction.
 Contractile vacuole is meant for osmoregulation.
Example: Paramecium (Figures 10 and 11), Balandium coli (parasite of human intestine)

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d. Sporozoa:
 Endoparasites
 Locomotory organelles absent.
 Nutrition is parasitic (absorptive).
 Contractile vacuole absent as these organisms occur in body fluid which provides osmotically
optimum environment.
Example: Plasmodium (malarial parasite).

Kingdom Fungi:
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 Organisms show a great diversity in morphology and habitat.
 With exception of yeast which is unicellular, fungi are filamentous.
 Their bodies consist of long, slender thread like structures called hyphae (singular: hypha).
 The network of hyphae is known as mycelium. (Figures 12 and 13)
 The cell wall consists of chitin.

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Sexual Reproduction:
 It involves formation and union of two gametes.
 Depending upon compatibility in sexual reproduction, fungi are of two types, homothallic and
heterothallic.
 In heterothallic form, sexual reproduction involves fusion between two genetically different
mating types.
 The sexual cycle involves following steps:
i. Fusion of protoplasms of two motile or non- motile gametes called plasmogamy.
ii. Fusion of two nuclei is called karyogamy.
iii. Meiosis in zygote resulting in formation of haploid spores.

Classification of Fungi: Morphology of mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies form
the basis of classification.

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1. Phycomycetes:
 Occur in aquatic habitats and damp places or as parasites on plants.
 Mycelium aseptate (coenocytic).
 Asexual spores are endogenously produced in sporangium.
 Sexual reproduction occurs by fusion of two gametes which results in formation of zygospores.
Example: Mucor, Rhizopus (Bread mould- figure 15), Albugo (parasitic fungi on mustard).

2. Ascomycetes (Sac fungi):

 Mostly multicellular (e.g., Penicillium – figure 16) whereas some are unicellular, e.g., yeast
(Saccharomyces).
 Saprophytic or parasitic.
 Mycelium branched and septate.
 Asexual reproduction occurs by conidia which are produced exogenously on special mycelium
called conidiophores.
 Sexual reproduction occurs by ascospores which are produced endogenously in sac like
structures called asci (singular ascus). Asci aggregate to form ascocarp.
Example: Aspergillus, Claviceps, Neurospora.
Note: Neurospora is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work.
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3. Basidiomycetes (Club fungi):
 Most advanced group of fungi, includes mushrooms, puffballs (Figure 17), bracket fungi
(Figure 18) etc.
 They grow in soil, on logs and tree stumps and as plant parasites. (Example: Rusts and smuts).
 These are among the best decomposers of wood as they are able to digest cellulose as well as
lignin.
 Mycelium branched and septate.
 Sex organs absent.
 Heterothallic plasmogamy gives rise to basidium.
 The basidiospores are exogenously produced on basidium.
Example: Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and Puccinia (rust- Figure 19).

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 Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
 Sac fungi  Club fungi.
 Sex organs present.  Sex organs absent.
 Ascospores are formed endogenously.  Basidiospores are formed exogenously.
 Example: Aspergillus, Neurospora.  Example: Agaricus.

Deuteromycetes:
 Commonly known as imperfect fungi as sexual reproduction is not known.
 Only asexual reproduction occurs by conidia.
 Mycelium septate and branched.
 Nutrition saprophytic or parasitic.
Example: Alternaria, Trichoderma

Virus (Figure 20):

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 Virus did not find place in classification as they are not truly living. They are non-cellular
organisms having crystalline structure outside the living cell. But when they infect a cell they take
over the machinery of host cell to replicate themselves, killing the host cell.
 D. J. Ivanowsky first recognized virus.
 M. W. Beijerinek demonstrated that extract of infected plant of tobacco could cause infection in
healthy plants and called the fluid as contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).
 W. M. Stanley crystallized virus.
 A virus is a nucleoprotein. Protein coat is called capsid.
 Capsid encloses genetic material (RNA or DNA).
 Bacteriophages are the viruses that infect bacteria.

Viroids: T. O. Diener discovered a new infectious agent that was smaller than viruses and caused
potato spindle tuber disease. It is a free RNA particle without protein capsid.

Virus Viroid
Nucleoprotein particle RNA particle
Protein (capsid) encloses genetic material Without capsid
Larger in size Smaller in size
Infect all types of organisms Known to infect only plants

Lichens (Figure 21):

 Symbiotic associations between algae and fungi.

 Algal component is called phycobiont and fungal component is called mycobiont.
 Phycobiont is autotrophic and prepares food by photosynthesis.
 Mycobiont is heterotrophic but provides shelter and absorbs mineral nutrients and water for
algae.
 Lichens are good pollution indicators as they do not grow in polluted areas.

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Important Questions:

1. What is the principle underlying the use of cyanobacteria in agricultural fields for crop
improvement?

2. How is the five-kingdom classification advantageous over the two-kingdom classification?

3. Are chemosynthetic bacteria-autotrophic or heterotrophic?

4. What are the characters of virus that are similar to non-living objects?

5. What is diatomaceous earth?

6. What makes Neurospora so important as a genetic tool?

7. What observable features in Trypanosoma would make you classify it under kingdom Protista?

Multiple Choice Questions

Biological Classification

1. Deuteromycetes are commonly known as 'fungi imperfecti' because they:

(A) Lack sexual stages (B) Lack asexual stages
(C) Sometimes exhibit autotrophic nutrition (D) Are microscopic

2. Deuteromycetes commonly reproduce by spores known as ____.

(A) Zoospores (B) Aplanospores (C) Ascospores (D) Conidia

3. Which of the following is not a drawback of two-kingdom classification?

(A) Eukaryotes and prokaryotes were kept together
(B) Unicellular and multicellular organisms were kept together
(C) Photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms were kept together
(D) Plants and animals were kept separately

4. Five-kingdom classification was proposed by:

(A) Pluto (B) Aristotle (C) Linnaeus (D) Whittaker

5. Five-kingdom classification includes kingdoms:

(A) Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. (B) Monera, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
(C) Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. (D) Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Metazoa.

6. The main criteria for classification used by Whittaker include:

(A) Cell structure, respiration, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships
(B) Gross morphology, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships
(C) Cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, habitat, excretion and phylogenetic relationships
(D) Cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships

7. Two groups of organisms that have been a constant under all different systems are kingdoms:
(A) Plants and animals (B) Bacteria and fungi (C) Plants and fungi (D) Bacteria and animals

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8. The kingdom in which only prokaryotes are included is kingdom:
(A) Monera (B) Protista (C) Fungi (D) Plantae

9. The kingdom in which only unicellular eukaryotes are included is kingdom:

(A) Monera (B) Protista (C) Fungi (D) Plantae
10. The kingdom in which only eukaryotes with non-cellulose walls are included is kingdom:
(A) Monera (B) Protista (C) Fungi (D) Plantae

11. The kingdom in which Blue-green alga are included is kingdom:

(A) Monera (B) Protista (C) Fungi (D) Plantae

12. Which of the following kingdom's organisms have a cell wall made up of polysaccharide and amino
acid?
(A) Plantae (B) Protista (C) Fungi (D) Monera

13. Bacteria, Blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and the angiosperms were included
under 'Plants' in two-kingdom classification because of the presence of:
(A) A cell wall in their cells (B) Genetic material in their cells
(C) A pigment in their cells (D) Cytoplasm in their cells

14. Most abundant microorganisms are:

(A) Phytoplanktons (B) Bacteria (C) Protozoa (D) Fungi

15. Mode of nutrition not exhibited by bacteria is:

(A) Autotrophic (B) Parasitic (C) Saprotrophic (D) Holozoic

16. Bacteria living in extreme salty areas are called:

(A) Methanogens (B) Thermoacidophiles (C) Halophiles (D) None of these

17. Bacteria living in hot springs are called:

(A) Methanogens (B) Thermoacidophiles (C) Halophiles (D) None of these

18. Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different ______ structure.
(A) Cell Membrane (B) Cell Wall (C) Nucleus (D) Ribosome

19. Feature responsible for the survival of archaebacteria in extreme conditions is a different:
(A) Cell membrane (B) Nuclear (C) Ribosome (D) Cell wall

20. Cyanobacteria are similar to green plants because of similar:

(A) Chlorophyll a (B) Chlorophyll b (C) Chlorophyll c (D) Chlorophyll d

21. Cyanobacteria are _________________.

(A) Chemoautotrophs (B) Saprotrophs (C) Photoautotrophs (D) Parasitic

22. Most abundant bacteria in nature are:

(A) Phototrophic bacteria (B) Chemotrophic bacteria
(C) Heterotrophic bacteria (D) Saprophytic bacteria

23. Specialized cell for fixing nitrogen in cyanobacteria is:

(A) Akinite (B) Heterocyst (C) Spore (D) Cyst

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24. Bacteria which play a great role in recycling nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, iron and sulphur are:
(A) Phototrophic bacteria (B) Chemosynthetic bacteria
(C) Heterotrophic bacteria (D) Saprophytic bacteria

25. The smallest living cells known are:

(A) Mycoplasma (B) Virus (C) Bacteria (D) Amoeba

26. Kingdom Protista includes:

(A) Dinoflagellates, mycoplasma, slime moulds and protozoan
(B) Chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids and bacteria
(C) Viruses, euglenoids, slime moulds and protozoan
(D) Chrysophytes, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, slime moulds and protozoan
27. Chief producers in the oceans are:
(A) Diatoms (B) Golden algae (desmids) (C) Euglenoids (D) Slime moulds

28. Which of the following is a characteristic feature in diatoms?

(A) Nucleus (B) Cell wall (C) Cell membrane (D) Chloroplast

29. The cell wall of diatoms is embedded with:

(A) Calcium (B) Iron (C) Phosphorous (D) Silica

30. Accumulation of large amount of cell wall deposits over billions of years is referred to as:
(A) 'Diatomaceous cell wall' (B) 'Diatomaceous silica'
(C) 'Diatomaceous earth' (D) 'Diatomaceous ocean floor'

31.Virus envelope is known as

(A) Capsid (B) Virion (C) Nucleoprotein (D) Core

32. Bacteriophages kill

(A) Fungi (B) Parasites (C) Bacteria (D) Viruses

33. Which one of the following are intracellular obligate parasites?

(A) Bacteria (B) Viruses (C) Slime moulds (D) Blue-green algae

34. HIV is classified as a retrovirus because its genetic information is carried in

(A) DNA instead of RNA (B) DNA (C) RNA instead of DNA (D) Protein coat

35. Viruses contain

(A) Only RNA (B) Only DNA (C) Either DNA or RNA (D) Neither DNA nor RNA

36. The genetic material of AIDS virus is

(A) ds DNA (B) ds RNA (C) ss RNA (D) ss DNA

37. In AIDS, HIV kills

(A) Antibody molecule (B) T-helper cell (C) Bone marrow cells (D) T-cytotoxic cell

38. The non-living characteristic of viruses is

(A) Ability to multiply only inside the host (B) Ability to cause diseases in the host
(C) Ability to undergo mutation (D) Ability to be crystallize

39. Chemically a Virus is

(A) Nucleoprotein (B) Protein (C) Nucleic acid (D) Polymer of nitrogenous polysaccharide
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40. Which of the following are correct to describe viruses?
I. Simple and unicellular organisms
II. Contain DNA or RNA and enclosed by protein coat
III. Possess own metabolic system and respond to stimuli
IV. Maintain genetic continuity and undergo mutations
(A) I and II (B) II and IV (C) II and III (D) I and III

41. Viroids have

(A) ssRNA not enclosed by protein coat (B) ssDNA not enclosed by protein coat
(C) dsDNA enclosed by protein coat (D) dsRNA enclosed by protein coat

42. Which of the following is the pair of biofertilizers?

(A) Azolla and BGA (B) Nostoc and legumes
(C) Rhizobium and grasses (D) Salmonella and E. coli

43. Assertion: Viruses cause diseases and replicate when they are in the host
Reason: Viruses do not replicate outside the host but they remain alive
(A) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Assertion is false but Reason is true

44. Which of the following is non-pathogenic bacteria of colon?

(A) Escherichia coli (B) Balantidium coli (C) Entamoeba coli (D) None of these

45. A bacterial cell divides once every minute and takes 1 hour to fill a cup. How much time will take to fill
half cup?
(A) 30 minutes (B) 45 minutes (C) 59 minutes (D) 29 minutes

46. The similarity between bacteria and cyanobacteria is in the presence of:
(A) Chloroplast (B) Flagella (C) Nucleoid (D) 80 S ribosome

47. Membrane-bound organelles are absent in

(A) Saccharomyces (B) Streptococcus (C) Chlamydomonas (D) Plasmodium

48. One of the free-living, anaerobic nitrogen-fixer is

(A) Beigernickia (B) Rhodospirillum (C) Rhizobium (D) Azotobacter

49. The common nitrogen-fixer in paddy fields is

(A) Rhizobium (B) Azospirillum (C) Oscillatoria (D) Frankia

50. Which one of the following does not grow in artificial media?
(A) TMV (B) Bacteria (C) Yeast (D) Rhizopus

51. What is wrong about Mycoplasma:

(A) They are pleomorphic (B) They are called PPLO
(C) They are sensitive to penicillin (D) They produce disease in plants

52. Oxygenic photosynthesis occurs in:

(A) Oscillatoria (B) Rhizobium (C) Pseudomonas (D) Rhodospirillum

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53. Bacterium which reduces nitrates in soil to nitrogen is
(A) Nitrosomonas (B) Pseudomonas (C) Rhizobium (D) Clostridium

54. The autonomously independent self-replicating extra nuclear DNA imparting certain factors to some
bacterium is called
(A) Plastid (B) Plasmid (C) Phagemid (D) Cosmid

55. What is true about Mycoplasma:

(A) They lack cell wall (B) They are smallest cells
(C) They can survive without oxygen (D) All of these

56. A Bacterium divides after every 35 min, if a culture containing 10⁵cells per mL is grown, if a culture
concentration per mL after 175 min will be
(A) 175x10⁵ (B) 125x10⁵ (C) 48x10⁵ (D) 32x10⁵

57. Which one of the following does not belong to kingdom-Monera?

(A) Mycoplasma (B) Archaebacteria (C) Slime mould (D) Eubacteria

58. Which of the following groups of organisms are ecologically similar?

(A) Producer protists and consumer protists (B) Monerans and producer protists
(C) Consumer protists and fungi (D) Monerans and fungi

59. Respiratory enzymes occur in bacteria are associated with:

(A) Episomes (B) Plasma membrane (C) Nucleoid (D) Plasmid

60. Folds of plasma membrane in bacteria form:

(A) Episome (B) Mesosome (C) Nucleoid (D) Plasmid

61. The cell wall of bacterium is made up of

(A) Chitin (B) Hemicellulose (C) lignin (D) Peptidoglycan

62. Which is the region of respiration in bacteria:

(A) Mitochondria (B) Mesosomes (C) Nucleoid (D) Plasmid

63. Assertion: Gram negative bacteria do not retain the stain when washed with alcohol.
Reason: Gram (-) bacteria have high content of lipid in cell membrane which gets dissolved in absolute
alcohol.

(A) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
(B) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but the Reason is not correct explanation of Assertion
(C) Assertion is true but Reason is false
(D) Both Assertion and Reason are false

64. Which is not related with N₂-fixation?

(A) Anabaena (B) Rhizobium (C) Pseudomonas (D) Nostoc

65. O₂ does not evolved in photosynthesis of

(A) Cyanobacteria (B) Green Algae (C) Bacteria (D) Autotrophic plant

66. The main difference between Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria lies in:

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(A) Flagella (B) Cell wall (C) Pili (D) Plasmid

67. The shape of Vibrio cholerae is:

(A) Spherical (B) Helical (C) Comma like (D) Rod like

68. Naked DNA is present in kingdom:

(A) Protista (B) Monera (C) Plantae (D) Fungi

69. A wall-less moneran is:

(A) BGA (B) Archaebacteria (C) Bacteria (D) Mycoplasma
70. Plasmid represents:
(A) A group of monerans (B) Small parasitic organisms
(C) Genetic material (D) Extra chromosomal genetic material

71. Pili represents:

(A) Special bacterial cilia (B) Small flagella
(C) Protoplasmic outgrowth of donor cell (D) Extra chromosomal genetic material

72. Group of bacteria which does not possess peptidoglycans is:

(A) BGA (B) Archaebacteria (C) Bacteria (D) Mycoplasma

73. Ringworm in human is caused by

(A) Bacteria (B) Fungi (C) Nematodes (D) Viruses

74. Asexual reproduction in fungi occurs by

(A) Ascospores (B) Conidia (C) Basiodiospores (D) Oospores

75. ‘Foolish seedling disease’ of rice in Japan was caused by

(A) The deficiency of nitrogen (B) A bacterium (C) A fungus (D) A virus

76. The food reserve of fungi is

(A) Protein (B) Starch (C) Glycogen (D) Fat

77. Fungi in a forest ecosystem is

(A) Producer (B) Decomposer (C) Top consumer (D) Autotrophs

78. The fungus without mycelium is

(A) Puccinia (B) Ustilago (C) Rhizopus (D) Saccharomyces

79. VAM is useful for

(A) Phosphate nutrition (B) Breaking of dormancy (C) Decrease in diseases (D) Retarding flowering

80. Yeast belongs to

(A) Zygomycetes (B) Basidiomycetes (C) Ascomycetes (D) Phycomycetes

81. Which of the following is an edible ‘fungi’?

(A) Mucor (B) Penicillium (C) Agaricus (D) Rhizopus

82. Which one of the following group belongs to Basidiomycetes?

(A) Mushrooms and puffballs (B) Ustilago and Agaricus
(C) Rhizopus and Penicillium (D) Both A and B

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83. The parasitic fungi on mustard is:
(A) Albugo (B) Puccinia (C) Ustilago (D) Claviceps

84. Black rust of wheat is caused by a species of the genus

(A) Mucor (B) Rhizopus (C) Aspergillus (D) Puccinia

85. Industrial production of ethanol from starch is brought about by a certain species of
(A) Azotobacter (B) Lactobacillus (C) Saccharomyces (D) Penicillium

86. Parasitic and saprophytic conditions are more familiar in

(A) Fungi (B) Bacteria (C) Algae (D) Both A and B

87. Which of the following fungus is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work?
(A) Aspergillus (B) Albugo (C) Penicillium (D) Neurospora

88. A place of rocky and barren but now there is a green forest, the sequence of origin is
(A) lichen, moss, herbs, shrubs (B) moss, lichen, herbs, shrubs
(C) lichen, moss, shrubs, herbs (D) shrubs, herbs, moss, lichen

89. Mycorrhiza is an example of

(A) Symbiosis (B) Parasitism (C) Saprophytism (D) None of these

90. VAM is
(A) Saprophytic bacteria (B) Saprophytic fungi (C) Symbiotic fungi (D) Symbiotic bacteria

91. Among rust, smut and mushroom all the three

(A) are pathogens (B) are saprobes (C) bear ascocarps (D) bear basidiocarps

92. Claviceps is a member of

(A) Ascomycetes (B) Basidiomycetes (C) Zygomycetes (D) Phycomycetes

93. In addition to absence of chlorophyll, what is the other difference between fungi and higher plants?
(A) Stored food (B) Cell type (C) Nucleus (D) None of these

94. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic are the characteristics of

(A) Monera (B) Protista (C) Fungi (D) Slime molds

95. Mycobiont and Phycobiont are found in

(A) Mycorrhiza (B) Lichen (C) Leguminous roots (D) BGA

96. Which of the following chemical/s occur/s in both fungi and insects
(A) Chitin (B) Hemicellulose (C) Glycogen (D) Both A and C

97. Which of the following is one of the deadliest bacterial pathogen due to formation of highly resistant
spores
(A) Halococcus (B) Clostridium tetani (C) Pseudomonas (D) Both A and C

98. Some of the bacteria living in our gut are regarded as ‘good bacteria’ as they
(A) produce vitamins B and K
(B) check growth of putrefying bacteria by competing with them
(C) feed on undigested food matter
(D) All of the above
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99. The enzyme nitrogenase is associated with which of the following bacteria
(A) Halococcus (B) Anabaena (C) Pseudomonas (D) Chlorobium

100. In the given diagram which of the following structure can be seen
only in bacterium B
(A) Pilus (B) Fimbriae
(C) Mesosome (D) Episome

Biological Classification
Answers

1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (D)

7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (A) 12. (D)

13. (A) 14. (B) 15. (D) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (B)

19. (D) 20. (A) 21. (C) 22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (B)

25. (A) 26. (D) 27. (A) 28. (B) 29. (D) 30. (C)

31. (A) 32. (C) 33. (B) 34. (C) 35. (C) 36. (C)

37. (B) 38. (D) 39. (A) 40. (B) 41. (A) 42. (A)

43. (C) 44. (A) 45. (C) 46. (C) 47. (B) 48. (B)

49. (B) 50. (A) 51. (C) 52. (A) 53. (B) 54. (B)

55. (D) 56. (D) 57. (C) 58. (D) 59. (B) 60. (B)

61. (D) 62. (B) 63. (D) 64. (C) 65. (C) 66. (B)

67. (C) 68. (B) 69. (D) 70. (D) 71. (C) 72. (D)

73. (B) 74. (B) 75. (C) 76. (C) 77. (B) 78. (D)

79. (A) 80. (C) 81. (C) 82. (B) 83. (A) 84. (D)

85. (C) 86. (D) 87. (D) 88. (A) 89. (A) 90. (C)

91. (D) 92. (A) 93. (A) 94. (D) 95. (B) 96. (D)

97. (B) 98. (D) 99. (B) 100. (A) 101. 102.

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