Reinforced Concrete Footings

Reinforced Concrete Footings
Footing comprises of the lower end of a column, pillar or wall which i enlarged with projecting
courses so as to distribute load.
Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the induced
reactions and to ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as uniform as possible
and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded.
In sloped or stepped footings, the effective cross-section in compression shall be limited by the
area above the neutral plane, and the angle of slope or depth and location of steps should be
such that the design requirements are satisfied at every section.
Design Procedure of Column Footings | Foundation Design

Here is a step-by-step guide to Column Footing Design:
Step 1
Area required for footing
Square = B = (w+w1)/P0
Where, Po = safe bearing capacity of soil
w1 = self weight of footing
w = self weight of footing
For Rectangle = b/d = B/D

A=bxd
Net upward pressure on the footing
q/p = W/A
Step 2
Bending Moment
Critical section for maximum bending moment is taken at the face of the column
For a square footing,
Mxx = q x B/8 (L – a)2
Mxx = q x L/8 (B – b)2
Myy = q x B/8 (L – a)2
Step 3
To fix the depth of the footing shall be greater of the following:
Depth from bending moment consideration
d =square root(M/Qb)
where, Q = moment of required factor
Depth from shear consideration
Check for one way shear

Check for two way shear or punching shear
Critical shear for one way shear is considered at a distance ‘d’ from face of the column.
Shear force, V = qB [ ½(B – b) d]
Nominal shear stress, Tv = k . Tc
Tc = 0.16square rootfck
Step 4
Check for two way shear
Critical section for two way shear is considered at a distance at a distance d/2 from all the faces
of the column.
SF, V = q [ B2 – (b + d)2]
SF, V = q [L x B – (a + d)(b + d)]
Nominal shear stress, Tv = V/2((a+d)(b+d)d) ——- {for a rectangle
Tv = V/4((b+d)d) ——- {for a square
Tv = k . Tc
k = 0.5 + Beta > 1 ; [Beta = ratio of sides of the column
Tc = 0.16square rootfck
Area of steel, Ast = M/((sigma)stjd)

The load-bearing wall of a single-storey building is to be supported on a wide reinforced strip
foundation.
A site investigation has revealed loose-to-medium granular soils from ground level to some
considerable depth. The soil is variable with a safe bearing capacity ranging from 75–125 kN/m2. Also
some soft spots were identified, where the bearing capacity could not be relied upon.
The building could be supported on ground beams and piles taken down to a firm base, but in this
case the solution chosen is to design a wide reinforced strip foundation capable of spanning across a
soft area of nominal width.
To minimize differential settlements and allow for the soft areas, the allowable bearing pressure will be
limited to na = 50 kN/m2 throughout. Soft spots encountered during construction will be removed and
replaced with lean mix concrete; additionally, the footing will be designed to span 2.5 m across
anticipated depressions. This value has been derived from the guidance for local depressions given
later on raft foundations. The ground floor slab is designed to be suspended, although it will be cast
using the ground as permanent formwork.
Loadings
If the foundations and superstructure are being designed to limit state principles, loads should be
kept as separate unfactored characteristic dead and imposed values (as above), both for foundation
bearing pressure design and for serviceability checks. The loads should then be factored up for the
design of individual members at the ultimate limit state as usual.
For foundations under dead and imposed loads only, factoring up loads for reinforcement design is
best done by selecting an average partial load factor, γP, to cover both dead and imposed
superstructure loads from Fig. 11.22 (this is a copy of Fig. 11.20 Reinforced concrete strip design
conditions.).
Fig. 11.22 Combined partial safety factor for dead + imposed loads.
From Fig. 11.22, the combined partial safety factor for superstructure loads is γ P = 1.46.
Weight of base and backfill, f = average density × depth

= 20 × 0.9
= 18.0 kN/m2
This is all dead load, thus the combined partial load factor for foundation loads, γ F = 1.4.
Sizing of foundation width

New ground levels are similar to existing ones, thus the (weight of the) new foundation imposes no
additional surcharge, and may be ignored.
The minimum foundation width is given by

Adopt a 1.2 m wide × 350 mm deep reinforced strip foundation, using grade 35 concrete (see Fig.
11.23).
Fig. 11.23 Reinforced strip foundation design example – loads and bearing pressures.
Reactive upwards design pressure for lateral reinforcement design
Lateral bending and shearb = 1000 mm.

Thus vu < vc , therefore no shear reinforcement is required.
Loading for spanning over depressions

Where a local depression occurs, the foundation is acting like a suspended slab. The ultimate load
causing bending and shear in the foundation is the total load i.e. superstructure load + foundation
load, which is given by
Longitudinal bending and shear due to depressions

Ultimate moment due to foundation spanning – assumed simply supported – over a 2.5 m local
depression is
Width for reinforcement design is b = B = 1200 mm.

Thus vu < vc = 0.49 N/mm2, therefore no shear reinforcement is needed.
Depression at corner of building

The previous calculations have assumed that the depression is located under a continuous strip
footing. The
depression could also occur at the corner of a building where two footings would meet at right angles.
A similar calculation should then be carried out, to provide top reinforcement for both footings to
cantilever at these corners.
Fig. 11.24 Reinforced strip footing design example – reinforcement.

Reinforced Concrete Footings

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What are the steps involved in designing column footings?

What are the steps involved in designing column footings?

What are the different types of shear that need to be checked in footing design?

What are the different types of shear that need to be checked in footing design?

Reinforced Concrete Footings

courses so as to distribute load.

and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded.

such that the design requirements are satisfied at every section.

Design Procedure of Column Footings | Foundation Design

Where, Po = safe bearing capacity of soil

w1 = self weight of footing

w = self weight of footing

For Rectangle = b/d = B/D

Net upward pressure on the footing

For a square footing,

Mxx = q x B/8 (L – a)2

Mxx = q x L/8 (B – b)2

Myy = q x B/8 (L – a)2

Depth from bending moment consideration

where, Q = moment of required factor

Depth from shear consideration

Check for one way shear

Shear force, V = qB [ ½(B – b) d]

Nominal shear stress, Tv = k . Tc

SF, V = q [L x B – (a + d)(b + d)]

Nominal shear stress, Tv = V/2((a+d)(b+d)d) ——- {for a rectangle

Tv = V/4((b+d)d) ——- {for a square

k = 0.5 + Beta > 1 ; [Beta = ratio of sides of the column

Area of steel, Ast = M/((sigma)stjd)

Weight of base and backﬁll, f = average density × depth

Sizing of foundation width

The minimum foundation width is given by

Lateral bending and shearb = 1000 mm.

Loading for spanning over depressions

Longitudinal bending and shear due to depressions

Width for reinforcement design is b = B = 1200 mm.

Depression at corner of building

Fig. 11.24 Reinforced strip footing design example – reinforcement.

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