WHY?

Electric Vehicle Technology

Whenever any new technology is introduced to our society the main focus of the technology
is to enhance human society, in this way electric vehicle technology shortly known as EVs is
introduced to our society.
The electric car (also known as electric vehicle or EV) uses energy stored in its rechargeable
batteries, which are recharged by common household electricity. Unlike a hybrid car—which
is fueled by gasoline and uses a battery and motor to improve efficiency—an electric car is
powered exclusively by electricity
If we talk about efficiency of EVs these are four times better than the average gas-powered
vehicle and two times better than the most efficient hybrid. So by driving an electric car,
we're not only reducing demand for oil specifically, but you're consuming less overall energy
to travel the same number of miles. Which also leads to less pollution.
Electric cars have several benefits over conventional internal combust engine automobiles,
reduction of local air pollution, especially in cities, as they do not emit harmful tailpipe
pollutants such as particulates (soot), volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, ozone, lead etc.
If we go through the battery life of EV then ,Like the engines in conventional vehicles, the
advanced batteries in EVs are designed for extended life, but will wear out eventually.
Currently, most manufacturers are offering 8-year/100,000-mile warranties for
their batteries.
Electric cars have benefits, but likely won't save us money. ... Plugging in an electric car is
generally cheaper than filling up a gas-powered one, but that depends on the local price of
gas and electricity. Some people can charge their electric cars at work, but others need to
add a charging station to their garage.
If we compare the speed of a gasoline car and electric car As previous studies have found,
they noted that on average, electric vehicles depreciate faster than gasoline cars. According
to the new study, the average depreciation rate for electric vehicles is 56.6% versus 38.2%
for the average gasoline car.
Tesla was launched is 2008, the Roadster unveiled Tesla's cutting-edge battery technology
and electric powertrain. From there, Tesla designed the world's first ever premium all-
electric sedan from the ground up – Model S – which has become the best car in its class in
every category.
Generally, Tesla Batteries Have 90% Capacity After 160,000 Miles, May Last For 500,000
miles. Way back at the dawn of the electric car era — about 10 years ago now — the knock
on electric cars was that their batteries wouldn't last 100,000 miles.
Since in many ways electric vehicle technology is more reliable for our society.
HISTORY

Electric motive power started in 1827, when Hungarian priest Anyos Jedlik built the first
crude but viable electric motor, provided with stator, rotor and commutator, and the year
after he used it to power a tiny car. A few years later, in 1835, professor Sibrandus Stratingh
of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands, built a small-scale electric car, and between
1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first
crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. Around the same
period, early experimental electrical cars were moving on rails, too. American blacksmith
and inventor Thomas Davenport built a toy electric locomotive, powered by a primitive
electric motor, in 1835. In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built an electric
locomotive that attained a speed of four miles per hour (6 km/h). In England a patent was
granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, and similar American
patents were issued to Lilley and Colten in 1847.
The first mass-produced electric vehicles appeared in America in the early 1900s. In 1902,
"Studebaker Automobile Company" entered the automotive business with electric vehicles,
though it also entered the gasoline vehicles market in 1904. However, with the advent of
cheap assembly line cars by Ford, electric cars fell to the wayside.
In the 1930s, National City Lines, which was a partnership of General Motors, Firestone,
and Standard Oil of California purchased many electric tram networks across the country to
dismantle them and replace them with GM buses. The partnership was convicted
of conspiring to monopolize the sale of equipment and supplies to their subsidiary
companies, but were acquitted of conspiring to monopolize the provision of transportation
services.
The emergence of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) technology led to the development of
modern electric road vehicles. The MOSFET (MOS field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor),
invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, led to the
development of the power MOSFET by Hitachi in 1969, and the single-
chip- microprocessor by Federico Faggin, Marcian Hoff, Masatoshi Shima and Stanley
Mazor at Intel in 1971. The power MOSFET and the microcontroller, a type of single-chip
microprocessor, led to significant advances in electric vehicle technology. MOSFET power
converters allowed operation at much higher switching frequencies, made it easier to drive,
reduced power losses, and significantly reduced prices, while single-chip microcontrollers
could manage all aspects of the drive control and had the capacity for battery
management. Another important technology that enabled modern highway-capable electric
cars is the lithium-ion battery, invented by John Goodenough, Rachid Yazami and Akira
Yoshino in the 1980s, which was responsible for the development of electric vehicles
capable of long-distance travel.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

Going through the basic construction principle of electric vehicle technologies the following
block diagrams are prefered by tesla motors and other companies.
1.Components for designing electric vehicle

2.DC controller
3.Electric battery and Lithium ion battery
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Working Principle of all electric cars with components is given below.
1. Battery (all-electric auxiliary): In an electric drive vehicle, the auxiliary battery provides
electricity to power vehicle accessories.
2. Charge port: The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in
order to charge the traction battery pack.
3. DC/DC converter: This device converts higher-voltage DC power from the traction battery
pack to the lower-voltage DC power needed to run vehicle accessories and recharge the
auxiliary battery.
4. Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the
vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and
regeneration functions.
5. Onboard charger: Takes the incoming AC electricity supplied via the charge port and
converts it to DC power for charging the traction battery. It monitors battery characteristics
such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge while charging the pack.
6. Power electronics controller: This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by
the traction battery, controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it
produces.
7. Thermal system (cooling): This system maintains a proper operating temperature range
of the engine, electric motor, power electronics, and other components.
8. Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.

9. Transmission (electric): The transmission transfers mechanical power from the electric

traction motor to drive the wheels.
10.Lithium ion battery: All lithium-ion batteries work in broadly the same way. When
the battery is charging up, the lithium-cobalt oxide, positive electrode gives up some of
its lithium ions, which move through the electrolyte to the negative, graphite electrode and
remain there. The battery takes in and stores energy during this process.

In electric cars generally lithium ion batteries are more reliable than older technologies such
as nickel-cadmium (NiCd, pronounced "nicad") and don't suffer from a problem known as
the "memory effect" (where nicad batteries appear to become harder to charge unless
they're discharged fully first). Since lithium-ion batteries don't contain cadmium (a toxic,
heavy metal), they are also (in theory, at least) better for the environment—although
dumping any batteries (full of metals, plastics, and other assorted chemicals) into landfills is
never a good thing. Compared to heavy-duty rechargeable batteries (such as the lead-acid
ones used to start cars), lithium-ion batteries are relatively light for the amount of energy
they store.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AN

ELECTRIC CAR
ADVANTAGES:

1. No Gas Required: Electric cars are entirely charged by the electricity you provide,
meaning you don’t need to buy any gas ever again. Driving fuel based cars can burn
a hole in your pocket as prices of fuel have gone all time high. With electric cars, this
cost can be avoided as an average American spends $2000 – $4000 on gas each year.
Though electricity isn’t free, an electric car is far cheaper to run.

2. Savings: These cars can be fuelled for very cheap prices, and many new cars will
offer great incentives for you to get money back from the government for going
green. Electric cars can also be a great way to save money in your own life.
3. No Emissions: Electric cars are 100 percent eco-friendly as they run on electrically
powered engines. It does not emit toxic gases or smoke in the environment as it runs
on clean energy source. They are even better than hybrid cars as hybrids running on
gas produce emissions. You’ll be contributing to a healthy and green climate.

4. Popularity: EV’s are growing in popularity. With popularity comes all new types of
cars being put on the market that are each unique, providing you with a wealth of
choices moving forward.

5. Safe to Drive: Electric cars undergo same fitness and testing procedures test as
other fuel powered cars. In case an accident occurs, one can expect airbags to open
up and electricity supply to cut from battery. This can prevent you and other
passengers in the car from serious injuries.

6. Cost Effective: Earlier, owing an electric car would cost a bomb. But with more
technological advancements, both cost and maintenance have gone down. The mass
production of batteries and available tax incentives have further brought down the
cost, thus, making it much more cost effective.

7. Low Maintenance: Electric cars runs on electrically powered engines and hence

there is no need to lubricate the engines. Other expensive engine work is a thing of
past. Therefore, the maintenance cost of these cars has come down. You don’t need
to send it to service station often as you do a normal gasoline powered car.

8. Reduced Noise Pollution: Electric cars put curb on noise pollution as they are
much quieter. Electric motors are capable of providing smooth drive with higher
acceleration over longer distances.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Recharge Points: Electric fuelling stations are still in the development stages. Not
a lot of places you go to on a daily basis will have electric fuelling stations for your
vehicle, meaning that if you’re on a long trip and run out of a charge, you may be
stuck where you are.

2. Electricity isn’t Free: Electric cars can also be a hassle on your energy bill if you’re
not considering the options carefully. If you haven’t done your research into the
electric car you want to purchase, then you may be making an unwise investment.
Sometimes electric cars require a huge charge in order to function properly – which
may reflect poorly on your electricity bill each month.

3. Short Driving Range and Speed: Electric cars are limited by range and speed.
Most of these cars have range about 50-100 miles and need to be recharged again.
You just can’t use them for long journeys as of now, although it is expected to
improve in future.

4. Longer Recharge Time: While it takes couple of minutes to fuel your gasoline

powered car, an electric car take about 4-6 hours to get fully charged. Therefore, you
need dedicated power stations as the time taken to recharge them is quite long.

5. Silence as Disadvantage: Silence can be a bit disadvantage as people like to hear

noise if they are coming from behind them. An electric car is however silent and can
lead to accidents in some cases.

6. Normally 2 Seaters: Most of the electric cars available today are small and 2
seated only. They are not meant for entire family and a third person can make
journey for other two passengers bit uncomfortable.

7. Battery Replacement: Depending on the type and usage of battery, batteries of

almost all electric cars are required to be changed every 3-10 years.
8. Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power: As electric cars need power
to charge up, cities already facing acute power shortage are not suitable for electric
cars. The consumption of more power would hamper their daily power needs.

FUTURE OF ELECTRIC CARS

In future Electric cars are likely to displace many gasoline vehicles when either:

a) Battery technology becomes considerably better and/or more affordable. The

status quo - where batteries can either be good or affordable, but not both - isn't
good enough to make battery technology appealing to the majority of
consumers...or

b) Fuel cell technology becomes more affordable. Toyota is supposedly ready to

launch a fuel cell vehicle that will cost less than a Tesla Model S while offering more
capability, but the sticker price is going to be high ($60k, give or take).

Still, one of these two technologies will make electric cars feasible for the masses. At
that point, there will be four types of vehicles on the road:

1. Battery or Fuel Cell Electrics

2. Gas hybrids (gasoline makes a lot of sense for pickups and big SUVs)
3. Diesels (diesel makes a lot of sense for big trucks that must travel long
distances)
4. Old gas cars that are kept around for nostalgia and/or specific duties (like
racing, towing, etc.)
5. TESLA is also working regularly in order to make future bright of electric
cars.
6. As TESLA MODEL S is one of the best car designed by tesla and most sold
also in 2018.
7. Improved batteries
First, advances in lithium ion batteries, in large part driven by the consumer
electronics industry, allow full-sized, highway-capable EVs to be propelled as
far on a single charge as conventional cars go on a single tank of gasoline.
Lithium batteries have been made safe, can be recharged in minutes instead
of hours (see recharging time), and now last longer than the typical vehicle
(see lifespan). 
8. Another improvement is to decouple the electric motor from the battery
through electronic control, employing supercapacitors to buffer large but
short power demands and regenerative braking energy. The development
of new cell types combined with intelligent cell management improved both
weak points mentioned above.

CONCLUSION

Lithium-ion battery technology has been developing rapidly, especially at

the cell level, but costs are still high, and the potential for dramatic
reductions appears limited.

At the Maximum Practical rate, as many as 40 million PHEVs could be on the

road by 2030, but various factors (e.g., high costs of batteries, modest
gasoline savings, limited availability of places to plug in, competition
from other vehicles, and consumer resistance to plugging in virtually every
day) are likely to keep the number lower.

PHEVs will have little impact on oil consumption before 2030 because there
will not be enough of them in the fleet. More substantial reductions could
be achieved by 2050. PHEV-10s will reduce oil consumption only slightly
more than can be achieved by HEVs.

PHEV-10s will emit less carbon dioxide than non-hybrid vehicles, but save
little relative to HEVs after accounting for emissions at the generating
stations that supply the electric power.

No major problems are likely to be encountered for several decades in

supplying the power to charge PHEVs, as long as most vehicles are charged
at night.  

REFERENCES

1.wikipedia.org , 2.www.quora.com, 3. www.nap.edu, 4.www.tesla.com

  
INTRODUTION

TESLA MOTORS ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES

The objective of this case study is to explore about electric vehicle

technologies lead

by the TESLA MOTORS in todays world.

Understanding of electric vehicle technologies in this case study is given

with the help of some basic construction diagrams and working principle
of some specific parts of electric vehicle such as batteries ,dc motors and
controllers.

Need this technology in our society is important or not is also

mentioned with the

help of comparison between gasoline vehicles and electric vehicles

criteria of pollution, rate of the vehicles ,consumption of fuel, efficiency
of vehicles are introduced.

In human society advantages and disadvantages of anything matter a lot

regarding to this what are advantages of electric vehicles and how much
beneficial they are

and how disadvantages can affect our society are exempted from this
study.