Chapter-1

Introduction to IoT ( “Internet of Things” )

Prepared By,
HANUMANTHARAJU R
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru-560054

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 Overview
 Introduction to IoT
 What is IoT?
 IoT terms and Basic Definitions
 Disambiguation of IoT vs IoE vs M2M vs others
 Characteristics of IoT
 IoT Ecosystem
 What is an IoT ecosystem?
 Enabling Technologies in IoT
 Applications of IoT
 Marketplace of IoT
 Vision of IoT
 IoT Reference model

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 Introduction to IoT
 “Internet” is to provide a connection between computers worldwide.
 “Things” is referring to devices that are capable of communicating data
electronically over an Internet connection
 So what is the Internet of Things? For now you can think of IoT as a
system that uses the infrastructure of the Internet to establish a connection
to and between our electronic devices.

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 Introduction to IoT
 What Microsoft say about the Internet of Things:
 "The Internet of Things (IoT) is not a futuristic trend;
 it’s the first step toward becoming a truly digital business and it starts
with your things
 your line-of-business assets and the data they produce, your cloud
services, and your business intelligence tools.
 That’s the Internet of Your Things, With an IoT strategy in place you
can make your business thrive."

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 What is IoT?

Inferring information and knowledge from data

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 IoT terms and basic Definitions
 IoT: The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing
devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that
are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and the ability to transfer data
over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
 IoT device: A standalone entity connected to a web which can be
identified and monitored from a remote area.
 IoT ecosystem: It’s a collective system of components that empower
organizations, governance with the governments, and peer customers to
associate with their useful IoT gadgets with additional components such a
remotes, dashboards, systems, entryways, investigation, information
stockpiling, and security.
• Physical layer: It’s a layer which constitutes an IoT device/gadget which
includes automating sensors and an administrative unit of systems.
• Network layer: It’s a layer Responsible for the communication via
transmitting the information gathered by the physical layer to route across
various devices.

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 IoT terms and basic Definitions
• Application layer: It’s a layer which incorporates the set of protocols and
the catalytic interfaces that devices use in order to recognize and speak
often with each other.
 Remotes: Empower substances which use IoT devices in order to
associate with device components and control them with advent use of a
dashboard, for example, a versatile application which can incorporate cell
phones, tablets, PCs, shrewd watches, associated Televisions.
 Dashboard: It Displays data about the IoT biological community to peer
clients which empowers clients control their integrated components in IoT
environment, which is their by termed as large housed data on a remote.
 Analytics: It’s a Software framework which examines the information
produced by IoT devices. The information obtained from IoT devices can
be utilized for an assortment of situations.
 Data storage: Where information from IoT gadgets is put away.
 Networks: The web correspondence layer that empowers the substance to
speak with their gadget, and now and then empowers gadgets to speak with
each other.

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 Disambiguation of IoT vs IoE vs M2M
 M2M: Machine to Machine (M2M) refers to a wireless or wired network
setup that allows devices of the same type and ability to communicate
freely.

 IIoT: The industrial internet of things, or IIoT, is the use of internet of

things technologies to enhance manufacturing and industrial processes.
Also known as the industrial internet or Industrie 4.0, IIoT
incorporates machine learning and big data technologies to harness the
sensor data, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and automation
technologies that have existed in industrial settings for years.

 IoE: IoE as "the intelligent connection of people, process, data and

things." Because in the Internet of Things, all communications are between
machines, IoT and M2M are sometimes considered synonymous. The
more expansive IoE concept includes, besides M2M communications,
machine-to-people (M2P) and technology-assisted people-to-people (P2P)
interactions.

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 Characteristics of IoT

Intelligence

Security Connectivity

IoT
Heterogeneity Dynamic Nature

Sensing Vast scale

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 IoT Ecosystem

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 Enabling Technologies in IoT
Sensors:
 IoT sensors implanted in smart devices.
 sensors recognize changes in a particular amount (e.g., weight)
 Triggers the event or change information to the cloud (specifically or by
means of a gateway) and, in a few conditions, accepting information back
from the cloud (e.g., a control commands) or speaking with other smart
devices.
 Since 2012, sensors have for the most part contracted in physical size and
in this way have caused the IoT market to develop quickly.
 "Mechanical enhancements made infinitesimal scale sensors, prompting
the utilization of innovations like Microelectromechanical frameworks
(MEMS).
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 Enabling Technologies in IoT
Edge Devices:
 “Edge devices" – any gadget, for example, a switch, directing switch,
Integrated access device (IAD), multiplexer, or metropolitan zone arrange
(MAN) and wide zone organize (WAN), access device which gives a entry
point from the worldwide, open Internet into an ASP's or other venture's
private system.
 In Industry 4.0, these edge gadgets are getting to be plainly more
intelligent at handling information before such information even achieves
an endeavor system's network backbone (i.e., its center gadgets and cloud
server farms).

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 Enabling Technologies in IoT
Embedded Systems:
 Embedded systems intended to play out a specific set of tasks.
 Key segments of an embedded framework incorporate chip or microcontroller,
memory (RAM,ROM,cache), organizing units(Ethernet, WiFi connectors),
input/yield units (show, console, and so on) and capacity, (for example, streak
memory).
 Some embedded systems have particular processors, for example, digital
signal processors (DSPs), graphic processors and application specific
processors.
 Embedded systems run embedded operating systems such as real time
operating systems(RTOS).

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 Enabling Technologies in IoT
Communications:
 The conventions for enabling IoT sensors to hand-off information
incorporate wireless innovations, for example, RFID, NFC, Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), XBee, ZigBee, Z-Wave,
Wireless M-Bus, SIGFOX and NuelNET, and additionally satellite
associations and versatile systems utilizing GSM, GPRS, 3G, LTE, or
WiMAX. Wired conventions, useable by stationary keen articles,
incorporate Ethernet, HomePlug, HomePNA, HomeGrid/G.hn and
LonWorks, and ordinary phone lines.

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 Enabling Technologies in IoT
Wireless Sensor Networks:
 A WSN contains distributed devices connected with sensors which are utilized to
observe and monitor the ecological and physical conditions.
 A WSN comprise of various end-hubs and switches and a coordinator.
 End hubs have a few sensors appended to them.
 End hubs can be also served as switches.
 Switches are in charge of routing the information bundles from end-hubs to the
coordinator.
 The coordinator gathers the information from every one of the hubs. Coordinator
can also act as a facilitator/gateway that connects WSN to the web.
 A few cases of WSNs are Indoor air quality, Soil dampness , Weather check,
Surveillance frameworks.

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 Enabling Technologies in IoT
Cloud Computing:
 A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access
to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned
and released with minimal management e ort or service provider
interaction.

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 Enabling Technologies in IoT
Digital Twin:
 Digital twin refers to a digital replica of physical assets (physical twin),
processes, people, places, systems and devices that can be used for various
purposes. The digital representation provides both the elements and the
dynamics of how an Internet of things device operates and lives throughout
its life.

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 Enabling Technologies in IoT
Big Data Analytics:
 The role of data analytics in IoT applications. Big data technologies can
offer data storage and processing services in an IoT environment, while
data analytics allow business people to make better
decisions. IoT applications are the major sources of big data.

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 Applications of IoT

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 Marketplace of IoT

Convergence of consumer, business and industrial internet

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 Vision of IoT
 May have intends to detect physical wonders (e.g., temperature, light,
electromagnetic radiation level) or to trigger activities affecting the
physical reality (actuators).
 Possess a one of a kind identifier.
 Have a physical epitome and an arrangement of related physical
components (e.g., measure, shape, and so forth.).
 Have an insignificant arrangement of correspondence functionalities, for
example, the capacity to be found and to acknowledge approaching
messages and answer to them.
 Are related to no less than one name and one address. The name is an
intelligible portrayal of the question and can be utilized for thinking
purposes. The address is a machine-meaningful string that can be utilized
to convey to the question.
 Possess some fundamental registering abilities. This can go from the
capacity to coordinate an approaching message to a given impression (as in
uninvolved RFIDs) to the capacity of performing rather complex
calculations, including administration disclosure and system administration
assignments.
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 IoT Reference model

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 Level 1: Physical Devices and Controllers

Level 1: Physical devices and controllers

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Level 2: Connectivity

Level 2: Connectivity in IoT

Level 1: Physical devices and controllers

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Level 2: Connectivity

Communication model in IoT

 Device to Device Communications

 Device to cloud Communications

 Device to Gateway model

 Back End data sharing model in IoT

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Level 2: Connectivity

IoT

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Level 2: Connectivity

IoT

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Level 2: Connectivity

IoT

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Level 2: Connectivity : Protocols in IoT
IoT Protocols Specifications
Standard Frequency Range Data Rates

Bluetooth 4.2 core 2.4 GHz (ISM) 50-150 m 1 Mbps

Zigbee 3.0 based 2.4 GHz 10-100 m 250 kbps

Z-wave Z-Wave 900MHz (ISM) 30 m 9.6/40/100kb

Alliance it/s
ZAD12837 /
ITU-T G.9959

6LOWPAN RFC6282 used over a variety of other

networking media including
Bluetooth or ZigBee or low-power *** ***
RF

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Level 2: Connectivity : Protocols in IoT
IoT Protocols Specifications
Standard Frequency Range Data Rates

Thread IEEE802.15.4 2.4 GHz (ISM)

and 6LowPAN
*** ***

WiFi 802.11n 2.4 GHz and 5 50m 600 Mbps max,

GHz bands 150-200Mbps is typical,
standard 500Mbps to
1Gbps)

Cellular GSM/GPRS/ 900/1800/1900 35km max 35-170kps (GPRS), 120-

EDGE (2G), /2100MHz for GSM; 384kbps (EDGE),
UMTS/HSP 200km 384Kbps-2Mbps
A (3G), LTE max for (UMTS), 600kbps-
(4G) HSPA 10Mbps (HSPA), 3-
10Mbps (LTE)

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Level 2: Connectivity : Protocols in IoT
IoT Specifications
Protocols Standard Frequency Range Data Rates

NFC ISO/IEC 13.56MHz 10cm 100–420kbps

18000-3 (ISM)

Sigfox Sigfox 900 MHz 30-50 km 10-1000bps

Neul Neul 900 MHz 10 km 100kbps

(ISM), 458
MHz (UK),
470-790MHz
(White Space)

LoRaWAN LoRaWAN Various 2-5km-urban, 0.3-50 kbps.

15km suburban

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Level 2: Connectivity : Communication APIs for IoT

Communication model in IoT

i) REST-based Communication APIs
ii) Web Socket-based Communication APIs
 in IoT

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Level 2: Connectivity : Communication APIs for IoT

 REST (Representational State Transfer)-based

Communication APIs
The REST style depicts six architectural constraints
 Client-Server
 Stateless
 Cacheable
 Uniform Interface
 Layered System
 Code on Demand
 in IoT

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Level 2: Connectivity : Communication APIs for IoT
 REST (Representational State Transfer)-based
Communication APIs
in IoT
HTTP Method Resource Type Action Example
GET Collection URI List all the resources in a http://example.com/api/t
collection asks/
GET Element URI Get information about a http://example.com/api/t
resource asks/1/
POST Collection URI Create a new resource http://example.com/api/t
asks/
POST Element URI Generally not used http://example.com/api/t
asks/
PUT Collection URI Replace the entire http://example.com/api/t
collection with another asks/
collection
PUT Element URI Update a Resource http://example.com/api/t
asks/1/
DELETE Collection URI Delete the entire http://example.com/api/t
collection asks/
DELETE Element URI Delete a Resource http://example.com/api/t
asks/1/
HTTP resource Types
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Level 2: Connectivity : Communication APIs for IoT
 REST (Representational State Transfer)-based
Communication APIs
in IoT

Request-Response model used by REST

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Level 2: Connectivity : Communication APIs for IoT
 WebSocket-based Communication APIs
in IoT

Exclusive pair model used by WebSocket APIs

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Level 3: Edge (Fog) Computing

3 . Edge (Fog) Computing

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Level 3: Edge (Fog) Computing

Level 2 and 3 Connectivity

and Data Element Analysis
Example

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Level 4: Data Accumulation

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Level 5: Data Abstraction

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Level 6: Application

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Level 7: Collaboration and Processes

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Security in the IoT

 Discussions of security for each level and for the movement of data between levels
could fill a multitude of papers. For the purpose of the IoT Reference Model, security
measures must:
 Secure each device or system
 Provide security for all processes at each level
 Secure movement and communication between each level, whether north- or south-
bound.

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Security in the IoT

Pervasive security throughout the IoT Reference Model

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Summary

 Internet of Things (IoT) refers to physical and virtual objects that have unique
identities and are connected to the Internet. This allows the development of
intelligent applications that make energy, logistics, industrial control, retail,
agriculture and many other domains of human endeavor "smarter".

 IoT allows different types of devices, appliances, users and machines to

communicate and exchange data. The applications of Internet of Things (IoT)
span a wide range of domains including homes, cities, environment, energy
systems, retail, logistics, industry, agriculture and health.

 Things in IoT refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and allow
remote sensing, actuating and remote monitoring capabilities. Almost all IoT
devices generate data in some form or the other which when processed by data
analytics systems leads to useful information to guide further actions.

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Self Test Questions

 How to infer information and knowledge from data?

 Which layer constitutes for sensors and systems administration
outfit?
 Which layer constitutes for transmitting data gathered from
physical layer?
 State the use of RFID?
 Does Convergence of consumer, business and industrial internet
is required in IoT ecosystem?
 Is Zigbee efficient than Bluetooth?
 List some of the IoT Functional blocks?

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Review Questions

 Why do IoT systems have to be self adapting and self

configuring?
 What is the role of things and internet in IoT?
 What is the role of a coordinator in wireless sensor network?
 What are the main internal components of a IoT device?
 Explain different layers of a IoT device. In other words explain
IoT protocol Stack.
 What’s the biggest risk associated with the Internet of Things?
 What one factor would most accelerate the benefits of the
Internet of Things?
 What’s one policy change that would accelerate the benefits of
the Internet of Things?
 What’s the one piece of advice for a business leader interested in
the Internet of Things?

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Glossary
 IoT: Internet of Things
 RFID: Radio-frequency identification
 GUI: Graphical User interface
 IP: Internet protocol
 ARM: Architecture Reference Model
 M2M: Machine to Machine
 WoT: Web of Things
 KET: Key Enabling Technologies
 IIoT: Industrial Internet of Things
 IoE: Internet of Everything
 6LOWPAN: IPv6 Low-control remote Personal Area Network
 NFC: Near Field Communication
 UNB: Ultra Narrow Band
 API: Application programming Interface
 IAB: Internet Architecture Board
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Glossary
 REST: Representational State Transfer
 WSN: Wireless sensor Networks
 SaaS: Software as a Service
 PaaS: Platform as a Service
 IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service
 IAD: integrated access device
 ASPs: Application Service Providers
 DSPs: digital signal processors

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