5th English Evs

GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA
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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
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TEXT CUM WORK BOOK
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ENGLISH MEDIUM
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5
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FIFTH STANDARD
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No
KARNATAKA TEXT BOOK SOCIETY (R.)

100 Feet Ring Road, Banashankari 3rd Stage,
Bengaluru - 85.
Foreword
The protection of our environment is our topmost priority
now. The environment that we are discussing here is our
natural environment. The role of natural environment in
human life is similar to the social environment which plays
an important and prominent role in human growth. There is a
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need to nurture and protect natural environment as our duty.
Apart from protecting the existing trees, we need to plant new
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ones. We also need to develop tanks and take measures to
protect all the sources of water. Judicious usage of river water
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is also the need of the hour. Deforestation should be stopped.
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A pro people developmental activity and a programme aimed
at the protection of environment should not be at loggerheads.
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We need to have a developmental vision that can ensure our

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secure physical existence. We need natural environment.

Opposing natural environment protection in the name of
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development or opposing the developmental initiatives in the

name of protecting natural environment is not good.
The issue here is about the choice of our developmental
model. There is a big difference between the developmental
model that seeks to provide basic needs to human beings
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and a model that seeks to attain development by destroying

the Earth and turn it into a barren planet. Hence, we need to
have a balanced vision of development.
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So, the need of the hour is to foster balanced and

sustainable nature oriented thinking in our children. Let
them think of development once they are grown-ups. First,
let them understand nature and realize the importance of
protection of nature. Let them imbibe the importance of nature
in their minds through this process. With this good intention,
Environmental Studies is introduced from class I itself.
ii
At present, Environmental Studies text cum work book is
in usage from class I to class IV. The Government of Karnataka
has extended the Environmental Studies to Class V as well
in its order dated May 27, 2014. A text book committee was
also formed with the mandate of preparing a suitable text
book for Class V. Now, a complete Environmental Studies text
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is included in the Class V. The Social science chapters that
were present earlier in the Class V are shifted to Class VI text.
Now, the new text book for Environmental Studies for Class
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V is ready. It is a text cum work book. It is implemented from
the academic year 2017-18.
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We are indebted to Dr. Eknath Ekbote, the Chairperson
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of the Environmental Studies textbook committee and also
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to the members of the committee. The contributions of the

editorial committee and the high power review committee
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are also acknowledged with pleasure. We also thank

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Smt. N.R. Shyalaja Kumari, SADPI, KTBS, for her efficient work
as the subject coordinator.
While remembering all those who have supported this text
book preparation work, we sincerely believe that students get
benefitted from this text book.
to
H.N. Gopalakrishna Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa

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Managing Director Chairman-in-Chief

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Karnataka Textbook Society (R) Textbook Revision Committees

Bengaluru. Karnataka Textbook Society (R)
Bengaluru.
iii
Chairperson's Speak
The 5th Standard Environmental Studies text book has been

prepared based on the guidelines of the NCF-2005. In this text
book Science and Social science topics are integrated and it is a
continuation of 1 to 4th standard Environmental Studies. It paves
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way for learning the concepts of 6th standard science and social
science. Considering the age and mental ability of the child, care
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has been taken to use simple language in this text book.
Based on the theory of constructivism, importance has
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been given to the construction of knowledge of the child. Ample
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opportunities are given to develop love and concern towards
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environment through observation/discussion/activity/experiments
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with daily experiences. Local examples, situational illustrations,

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maps, charts are given to help the child's learning. Teachers have
to guide the children to use them properly. We hope that the box
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items like know this, Think promote the child's self-learning and
participatory learning which leads to meaningful and permanent
learning.
Experienced teachers, subject experts, artist and scrutinizer
have made a sincere effort to prepare this text book. I am very
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grateful to them. I express my grateful thanks to the members of

editorial board, members of high power committee and officers
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of Karnataka text book society who have given their valuable

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suggestions/guidance for the preparation of this text book.

Suggestions and comments from teachers, parents and those
who are interested in education are always welcome to improve
the quality of this text book.
Dr. Eknath Ekbote,
Chairperson
Textbook Committee
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Text Book Committee
Chairman-in-Chief :
Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa, State Textbook Revision Committees, Karnataka
Textbook Society, Bengaluru.
Chairperson :
Dr. Eknath Ekbote, Professor of education(Retd.), Gulbarga University, Kalaburagi.
Members:
Dr.M.J. Ravindranath, Senior Scientist (Retd.), Bengaluru.
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Smt.S. Gunavathi, Junior programme officer, R.M.S.A. State office, Bengaluru.
Sri Raghavendra Sunagar, Asst. teacher, GHS, Marakamadinni, Manvi Tq, Raichur Dist.
Smt. R.N. Vasantha Sujay, Asst. teacher, GHS, Hebbala, Bengaluru.
ish
Smt. K.V. Geetha, Asst. teacher, GHPS, Ayodhynagar, Puttur Tq, Dakshina Kannada Dist.
Artist :
Sri V.B. Shinge, Drawing teacher, Karnataka High school, Dharwad.
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Scrutinizer :
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Dr. S. Niranjandas, Principal (Retd.), Vijaya Teachers' College, Bengaluru.
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Editorial Board Members :
Dr. R. Shailaja, Director, Regional Environmental studies, South zone, Bengaluru.
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Dr. M.R. Nagaraju, Educationist, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bengaluru.

Dr. H.S. Ganesha Bhatta, Principal, M.E.S. Teachers' College, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru.
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Dr. Ashwathanarayana, Professor, History Dept., Bangalore University, Bengaluru.

Dr. M.J. Sundar Ram, Professor (Retd.), Girinagar, Bengaluru.
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Dr. M. Shashidhar, Professor, History Dept., Bangalore University, Bengaluru.

High Power Committee Members :
Dr. H.D. Gurubasappa, Principal, Sree Siddharatha College of Education, Tumakuru.
Prof. P. Mallappa, Professor (Retd.), J.S.S. Nagar, Mysuru.
Sri Y. C. Ravikumar, Senior lecturer, District Institute of Education and Training,
Chikkaballapura.
Translators :
Dr. H.D. Gurubasappa, Principal, Sree siddhartha College of Education, Tumakuru.
to
Prof. P. Mallappa, Professor (Retd.), J.S.S. Nagar, Mysuru.

Sri M. Manjunathachar, H.M. GHS, Magadipalya Cross, Kunigal Tq. Tumakuru Dist.
Smt. Prameetha Adoni, Subject Inspector, Office of the DDPI, Bengaluru Rural Dist.
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Smt. Anuradha, Asst. teacher, Govt. PU College, Thekkatte, Kundapura Tq., Udupi Dist.
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Smt. A.R. Shubha, Asst. teacher, G.H.S, Rajanukunte, Bengaluru.

Sri K.B. Raghavendra, Asst. teacher, Amratha Bharathi High School, Hebri, Karkala Tq.,
Udupi Dist.
Smt. Vijaya Upadhyaya, J.P Nagar 1st phase, Bengaluru.
Chief Advisors :
Sri H.M. Gopalakrishna, Managing Director, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.
Sri K.G. Rangaiah, Deputy Director, Karnataka Textbook Society, Bengaluru.
Programme Co-ordinator :
Smt. N.R. Shylaja Kumari, Senior Assistant Director, KTBS, Bengaluru.
v
CONTENTS
SL. NO. LESSON PAGE NO.
1. Living world 1 - 18
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2. Family 19 - 30
3. Community 31 - 51
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4. Community - Games 52 - 59
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5.
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Natural Resources 60 - 75
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6. Air
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76 - 82
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7. Water 83 - 93
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8. Agriculture 94 - 110
9. Food - Essence Of Life 111 - 123
10. Residences 124 - 129

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11. Nature Of Matter 130 - 155
12. Elements, Compounds And Mixtures 156 - 159

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13. Amazing Energy 160 - 180
14. The Sky 181 - 196
15. Our India - Physical Diversity 197 - 226
16. Our India - Political and Cultural 227 - 250
vi
LESSON - 1
LIVING WORLD
Protection of environment is the duty of all. You must have
heard this saying. The word environment is very familiar to us.
The things around us is environment. We can enjoy environment
by seeing only. We see hills, forest, river, falls, streams, honey bee,
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insects, eagle, snake, soil, light, birds and so many other things
around us which make us wonder. This is our environment. Our
environment is home for diversity. You have the curiosity to know
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the speciality of this diversity. Haven't you? If so, understand this
unit.
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After studying this lesson you,
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• identify living beings and nonliving things.
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• know the important characteristics of living beings.

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• introduce yourself to the method of food production in

plants, life cycle and different types of plants.
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• classify animals based on their feeding habits.

• know the importance of protection of plants and animals.
Read this story - Lazy Somanna
Somanna is a lazy person. Even though he owns a piece of
land, he has not worked for a single day in his land. He used to
live only by receiving what others gave him. He was very fond
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of groundnuts, especially fried groundnuts. Once while eating

fried groundnuts he got an idea. He thought that if he sowed
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groundnuts in his land, he would get enough groundnuts to eat

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and he need not beg anybody for it. Also he felt that if he sowed
fried groundnuts, yield would be fried groundnuts. So there
would be no need to fry the groundnuts. Not knowing the type
of seeds to be sown, Somanna started sowing fried groundnuts
from the next day itself. Seeing Somana working in his land, the
neighbouring farmers were very happy that Somanna had shed
his laziness finally. Days passed. Plants grew and greenery was
everywhere. But not a single plant appeared in Somanna's land.
1
Think : You have read the story. Why did plants not
grow in Somanna's land?
Raw groundnuts have the characteristics needed to grow
into a plant. It is called living component. In fried groundnuts
the living component is destroyed. It is called the nonliving
state. In the environment, there are living beings which have
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the living characteristics and non-living beings which do not
have the living characteristics.
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In the following chart some components of the environment
and some living characteristics are given. Read carefully. If
in each of the component the characteristics given in front
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of them are found, put () mark. If these characteristics are
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not found put () mark.
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Characteristics
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Reproduction
Response to
Respiration
Eating food
Components
Movement
Excretion
stimulus
Growth
of the
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environment
mouse
mango
to
brick
clock
butterfly
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man
frog
paper
mobile
The components which you have marked () are called
living beings and those which you have marked () are called
nonliving things in environment.
2
Some of the components seen in environment are given
below. Identify them as living beings or nonliving things.
Put () mark in front of the correct choice.
Components of
Living beings Non living things
the environment
birds
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balloon
water
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mango tree
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vehicle
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pen
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Activity: Make a list of other living beings and non living

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things you have seen.

_______ _______ _______ _______ _______
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_______ _______ _______ _______ _______

Plants and animals are living beings. There are certain
characteristics to decide them as living beings.The
characteristics of living beings are given here. Know about this.
1. Living beings are made up of cells.
Observe these pictures.
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They are of plant and animal

cells. You must have
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observed how a house is

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being constructed. When

several things such as
bricks, cement, water, steel,
wood are arranged in an
order a house gets ready.
Similarly the body of living beings is made up of cells. You
will learn more about cells in higher classes.
3
2. Living beings respire.
You have learnt in the previous
classes that living beings respire.During
respiration living beings take in air, use
the oxygen and give out carbon dioxide.
Observe the given picture.
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Identify the picture and write here.
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There are special organs to respire in animals.
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Plants also depend on oxygen for their respiration. Usually
they respire through stomata (small openings) which are
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present on the lower surface of leaves.

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With the help of oxygen the energy in the food is made

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available to the living body.
Think : What are the advantages of the energy that

is obtained from the food?
3. Living beings eat food.

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Living beings perform many activities daily such as wood

cutting, carrying load, hunting etc,.
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No
4
The names of some living beings are given below. They
help us to work.
How do they help us? write here.
Living being Help(work)
elephant
bullock
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dog
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To do all these works, living beings need energy. They get
this energy through food.
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Food of plants
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Each part of a plant does one or the other activity. Don't
they also need food? How do plants obtain their food? Think!
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Yes, green plants produce their own food. That is why green
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plants are called autotrophs.

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Preparation of food in plants atmosphere

carbon dioxide
Observe the picture. Four solar
important components needed to energy
produce food by the plants are chlorophyll
given. An activity, Which? From

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water, minerals,
what? is given below. Join the salts
statements correctly and write.
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Which? From what? Correct and write here

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solar energy green leaf

water, minerals, salt atmosphere
carbon dioxide sun
chlorophyll soil
5
Plants use solar energy, carbon dioxide in air, absorb
water, minerals and salts from soil through roots and prepare
food with the help of chlorophyll in leaf. This process is called
as photosynthesis.
In the preparation of food by the plants, glucose is produced
and oxygen is released. Write here, the uses of these two for
the living beings.
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1. glucose _____________________________________________
2. oxygen _______________________________________________
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Discuss in groups : What would have happened if there
is no sun?
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Observe the pictures given below. How do these plants
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obtain their food ?
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Though plants like Drosera, Nepenthes, Utricularia

prepare their own food, they depend on insects for nitrogen.
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These are called insectivorous plants. You will know about

them in higher classes.
Food of animals
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Animals do not prepare their own food. They depend on

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plants and other animals for food. Therefore animals are called
heterotrophs.
All animals do not eat the same type of food. Based on the
food they eat, the animals are classified as follows.
Herbivore - Animals that eat only plants and plant products.
Carnivore - Animals that eat other animals.
Omnivore - Animals that eat both plants and animals.
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With the help of these pictures list out herbivore, carnivore
and omnivore in the chart below.
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Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore
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4. Living beings grow.

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Observe the pictures given below

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These pictures show the growth of that particular

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organisms. In every picture there is an increase in height,

and size. This is called as growth.
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Certain statements related to growth are given below. If

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the statements are correct put () mark, if not put () mark.
Correct the incorrect statements and write.
∗ All organisms are small at the time of birth, later
acquire definite height and size. ( )
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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∗ Growth takes place rapidly in one or two days. ( )
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
∗ Plant growth is observed at its stem tip or the size of
the stem. ( )
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__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
5. Living beings move.
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Observe these pictures. Which living characteristic do they
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indicate?
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Yes, all these are related to movement. Movement is a

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living characteristic, specially of animals.

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Movement of animals.
Animals move from one place to another. They have special
organs for this. Some animal names are given below. Write
their organs of movement here.
man ___________ eagle ____________
kangaroo ___________ bat ____________
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Why do animals move? Discuss in groups and write in
the space given below.
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Think : Cars and buses run on road. Hands in a clock

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move circularly. Rivers and streams flow. Do they have

life? What is the difference between the movement of
living beings and non living things?
Plants do not have organs for movement as in animals. As
soil holds the root of plants they cannot move from one place
to another. Still we can observe the following movements in
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plants.
• Roots growing towards water in the soil.
• Sunflower plant turning towards the sun.
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No
Do this : Keep a potted plant in a room. Let light pass in

through a window. Observe it after some days. Observe the
direction towards which the leaves have bent. Discuss with
friends.
Think : If plants had legs like you what would have

happened?
9
6. Living beings excrete.
Many activities take place in the body of organisms. As
a result, things which are unwanted for the body are also
generated. These have to be thrown out of the body. If not
body gets affected.
Animals throw out unwanted things of the body in the
form of carbon dioxide, sweat, faeces and urine. They have
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special organs for this purpose.
Plants also give out carbon dioxide during respiration. Dry
leaf, stem, rotting parts - all these separate from the plants.
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They release excess water to the atmosphere through leaves.
Do this : Take a potted plant. Cover the plant
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with a plastic cover and tie it tightly at the stem
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portion. Keep it in the sunlight for 1-2 hours.
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Observe the plastic cover closely. Share your
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observation in the class.

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7. Living beings reproduce.

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Observe the organisms and their young ones in the

above pictures. Young ones of each organism resemble that
respective organism, which gave birth to them. The process
of an organism giving birth to young ones which resemble it
is called reproduction.
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Given below are certain statements related to reproduction.
If the statements are correct, put () mark. If the statements
are wrong, put () mark.
Right/
Statement Corrected statement
wrong
Organisms continue
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their generation by
reproduction.
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Due to reproduction,
the other organisms in
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environment get food.
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Reproduction is seen only
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in animals.
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There will not be any

danger in the environment
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by over-reproduction of a
single organism.
Some animals carry out reproduction by laying eggs and

some others by directly giving birth to young ones.
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Activity : List out the animals that lay eggs and those which
directly give birth to young ones.
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No
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
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 Plants reproduce through seeds and stems.
Activity : List out the plants that reproduce through seeds
and stems
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
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__________________ __________________
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__________________ __________________
Life cycle of a plant.

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Seed is an important part of reproduction in plants. Seeds
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developing from seeds is one of the wonders of nature. Some
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plants apart from seeds, produce new plants through stem

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buds You will learn more about them in higher classes.

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A life cycle of a plant producing seeds from a seed is given

here. Observe.
seed/
stem bud
to
fruit
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plant
No
unripened fruits
flower
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Think : Usually reproduction takes place by seeds in
fruits. How is the reproduction in a coconut tree? Take
the help of the teacher.
Activity : Reproduction of plants is advantageous to animals

including man in many ways. Discuss with your friends and
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list them.
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__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________
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Do this : Collect seeds from plants in your neighbourhood

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in the beginning of rainy season. Take fertile soil and make

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soil balls out of it. In each of the soil ball insert a seed. When
rain starts, plant them in the soil. Do this every year. In this
way some seeds you have put might grow very well in future.
8. Living beings respond to stimulus

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When thorns prick our feet we feel pain. We have observed

our body shivering in cold, snake hissing in self defence and
buffaloes getting into water to cool off during excessive heat.
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Some insects bite us when we touch them. Animals shout. Like

this, organisms respond in their own way. All these are the
responses given by organisms to the surrounding stimulus.
Living beings respond to the changes in their surrounding
environment. Usually they respond to touch, heat, cold, sound
and smell. They have special organs for these.
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Observe the pictures. Folding of leaves when touched, in
touch me not plant, stinging of scorpion when some external
thing touches it, flower of sunflower plant turning towards the
sun- these are the ways that organisms respond to stimuli.
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Think : A calf jumping when it sees mother cow,
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mother bird crying in distress when young ones are
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not found in the nest, a mother hen protecting its
chicks either by covering them with wings or attacking the
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cat or eagle to protect the chicks-all these exhibit animal

feelings. Think and list out the feelings of different organisms.
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______________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
9. Living beings have life span.
Organisms take birth, become adults, reproduce, become
old and die at last. The period between birth and death of an
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organism is called lifespan.

The average life span of some animals are given below. Observe.
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Animals Average life span

No
(in years)
turtle 150
elephant 70
cow 20
eagle 20
man 70-80
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Based on the life span, plants are classified into annuals,
biennials and perennials.
Understand it through the following pictures.
Annuals
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Plants which bear flower,
produce fruits and die in
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a a year or a season.
jow
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on
ve
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ge
at
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in
ta
he
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pumpk
paddy
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es
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Biennials
Plants which live upto

to
two years or two seasons

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produce flower, fruit and et
rot ro
car seeds and die. ot
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No
su
gar
er
ng
cabbage
can
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Perennials
Plants which live for many

years and keep producing ar
o ec
ng an
ma flower, fruit and seeds.
ut
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on
ja
ck
ish
lem
fru
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coconu
it
neem
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B
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Write the uses of the plants given below

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Annuals
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
Biennials
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1. _____________________________________________________
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2. _____________________________________________________
No
Perennials
1. _____________________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________________
Apart from the life span, plants are classified based on the
nature of seed leaf as monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous
plants.
16
Do this : Take ragi and groundnut seeds. Put them into
two separate water filled glasses before going to sleep. Next
day morning drain the water. Press tightly the ragi and
groundnut seeds with your hands. Share your experience.
Monocotyledonous seed has only one cotyledon (seed leaf).
Example : Jower, ragi, wheat,paddy, millets.
Dicotyledonous plant seed has two cotyledons (seed leaf).
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Example : horse gram, groundnut, redgram, bengalgram,
blackgram
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Do this : Collect monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous
plants from your locality. Observe their leaf and root. Know
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the difference with the help of your teacher.
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B
You have learnt about the characteristics of living beings.
Plants and animals are two important components of the
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environment. But now-a-days their number is decreasing as

a result of man's greediness. Protection of plants and animals
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is the need of the day.

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Why should we protect plants?

- For rain, - For food, - For future generations.
Discuss with your friends about the methods of protecting plants.
Importance of animal protection
Read the incident given below.
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Once in Borneo, there were too many flies. Insecticides

were used to control them. All flies died. Lizards started
eating the dead flies. As a result, the insecticides, in the body
of the flies, entered the lizard's body. Their movement slowed
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down. Now cats could easily hunt them. The insecticides

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which entered the body of cats through lizards turned

poisonous for them and many cats died. As the number of
cats decreased, the number of rats increased enormously.
Because of this, plague disease erupted and caused the
death of many people. Government had to import cats from
other countries.
This incident, conveys the importance of animal protection
and balance of living beings in nature.
17
Many more points about the importance of animal
protection is given below. Read them.
• Animals play an important role in maintaining the
environmental balance.
• If animals are destroyed, it affects other organisms as
there will be scarcity of food.
• In the recent years, the Government has taken measures
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to protect animals through national forests, wild life
sancturies, bird sanctuaries and reserved forests.
Hunting is banned.
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Activity : List out the national reserve forests, wild life
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sancturies and bird sanctuaries in Karnataka.
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______________ _______________ _____________ _____________
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______________ _______________ _____________ _____________

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______________ _______________ _____________ _____________

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______________ _______________ _____________ _____________
______________ _______________ _____________ _____________
The living world around us is a wonder. Knowing about

to
the plants and animals, we should protect them.Then only the

existing environment we see now will be available to the future
generations. Remember always that if we protect nature, it
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will protect us.


18
LESSON - 2
FAMILY
You already know that the members of a family are related
to one another and live together. Sometimes, the members of a
family, leave the main family for various reasons like marriage, job,
education, etc, and make their own separate family. Over the years,
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there has been a number of changes in the structure of a family.
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• understand the importance of a family.
• get introduced to your family using a family tree.
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• develop the skill of identifying relationships based on signs.
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• identify the changes in the structure of a family.
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• understand the features of nuclear and joint families.
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You have been introduced to the family tree in class 4 itself.

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What is a family tree? Write the answer in the space provided.

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____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Family tree
I am Manu. I will introduce my family through the family
tree. My family tree is in the next page. In this, I am in the
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green square. Read the names of all my family members.

The signs used in the family tree
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Male
No
Female
Husband and Wife
Children born to
father-mother
19
Ramappa Bhagyamma
1st Generation
2nd Generation Vinutha Ravi Raju Ramya
Rakshith
3rd Generation Radha Prema Pallavi Suma Sharan
ed
Priya Manu Keerthana
4th Generation Kiran
ish
The names of the family tree above, are given in the list
below. Imagine that you are Manu, write the relationship of
re S
bl
the persons given in this family tree.
B
(Observe the example of Sl. No.1)
pu
be T
Sl.No. Name Relationship

K
1. Priya elder sister

©
2. Rakshith-Radha
3. Prema
4. Ramappa, Bhagyamma
to
5. Ravi, Vinutha
6. Pallavi
t
7. Sharan, Suma
No
8. Raju, Ramya
9. Kiran
10. Keerthana
20
Think : Is Prema's and Manu's relationship the same
with all these people.
While drawing the family tree,□ symbol for men and ○

symbol for women have been used. Look at the symbols given
below and name the relationship.
ed
Sl.No. Sign Relationship
ish
1. wife-husband
re S
bl
B
pu
be T
2.
K
©
3.
to
4. father-daughter
t
No
5.
6. elder sister-younger sister
21
You have been introduced to my family. Now, you draw
your family tree.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Compare your family tree with mine and answer the

questions that are given below :
to
1. How many generations are there in my family?
_____________________________________________________
t
No
2. How many generations are there in your family?
_____________________________________________________
3. Which is the bigger family of our two families? How?
_____________________________________________________
22
There are four generations in my family. All of us live
together in the same house. All of us have our meals together.
We celebrate festivals and other functions together. We all get
the love of our great grandfather and great grandmother. All
of us take care of them with respect. My family members do
all the work with their guidance. This type of a family with
more than 2 generations, living together in the same house
ed
is called as a joint family.
In my aunt Prema's family, only four members are there.
ish
Prema aunty, Ashok uncle and their two children. Prema
aunty's Mother-in-law and Father-in-law live in a different
re S
city. Hence their family is a small family. This type of a small
bl
family with only two generations living together is called as
B
a nuclear family.
pu
be T
Do you want to know the type of your family?

Then put () or () marks for the following family features.
K
If you have more of () marks, then your family is a nuclear

©
family and if you have more of () mark then your family is
a joint family.
Sl.No Features of the family Yes (3) No (x)
1. There are 2 generations in my family.

to
2. We are all related.

The elders in the house are father
t
3.
No
and mother.
4. The size of my family is small.
All the children of the family are
5.
unmarried.
With the help of the above features, we come to know
that my family is a ______________ family.
23
Do you know this?
• While preparing a family tree, the names of children are
written according to the seniority.
• In a family tree the names of the children of that family
from the eldest to the youngest is first written and then
the names of their husband/wife are written.
ed
• The word family tree indicates that many generations
spread out and grow just like the many branches of the
tree. But while drawing a family tree it is written from the
ish
eldest to the youngest from top to bottom. It is written
this way, to denote the younger generations after the older
re S
generations.
bl
B
Now, I will introduce my friend's families to you.
pu
Come, let us see my friend's family. His family is a
be T
joint family.
K
t ©
to
No
You have seen my friend's family. Write your opinion

about his family.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
24
Write the similarities and differences you have noticed
so far among my, your and my friend's families.
Similarities Differences
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
My friend's family is a joint family. Discuss with friends

©
and write the advantages and disadvantages of this family.
Sl.No Advantages Disadvantages

t to
No
25
Now, let us go to the house of another friend of mine.
Her mother is telling something. Let us listen to her.
I grew up in a big family. There were 25
members in my family. Everybody took the
responsibility of nurturing and taking care of
the children. When I was young, grandmother
used to tell stories. My grandfather told me
ed
how to behave. But now, in my family we are
only me, my husband and my two children.
ish
Now I have to take lunch to my husband who is hospitalized.
Where do I leave my small child? This is my worry now.
re S
Her neighbour Razia didi has come now. Let us listen
bl
B
to what she will say.
pu
be T
Don't worry. Leave your little child in my house.

K
I will take care. We should help one another,

when we are neighbours, shouldn't we?
©
Did you hear? My friend's mother's worry has been solved.

Then, who is there to help your family? Write the various types of
help they have done for your family in the space provided.
Who? What type of help?
t to
No
26
Think : Have relatives/friends who live in a far
away city ever helped you?
I have introduced you to different families. Read the

below aspects and differentiate as my family and others.
Write the differences in the boxes provided in the next
ed
page.
� Taking care and protection
ish
� Give the required education.
� Provide provisions for food.
re S
�
bl
Teach lessons.
B
� Consoling if we lose in the game.
pu
be T
� Provide treatment when sick.

K
� Show love and affection.

� Provide necessities.
©
� Support when mother is not there.

� Spare lots of time.
My family Others
t to
No
Along with the members of my family, others and

neighbours also help us.
27
Activity : Visit 10 houses in your neighbourhood. Write
down the name of the head of the family in every house and
mention the number of members in that family. Observe
the example. Fill in the information in the format as shown.
Name of the Number of Who are they? Give the

Sl.No head of the members in relationship with the
ed
family the family head of the family
Father,mother,wife,
Example Ramanna 6
ish
son, daughter
1.
re S
2.
bl
B
3.
pu
be T
4.
K
5.
©
6.
7.
8.
to
9.
t
10.
No
Answer the following questions, based on the above

information :
1. Number of families which have less than 5 members
___________
2. Number of families which have more than 5 members
___________
28
3. Number of families which have 2 generations _________
4. Number of families which have more than 2 generations

_____________
5. After doing this activity, I learnt
_______________________________________________
ed
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
ish
_______________________________________________
re S
_______________________________________________
bl
B
Know this : Now a days, due to reasons like job,
pu
income, education, life style, etc., a lot of changes
be T
are taking place in the structure of a family. Nuclear

K
families are increasing.

©
Sing and enjoy
Open the door and you will see,

Mother,father,sister and me,
We are a little family of four
to
Who live and eat together for sure.

I love my family, Oh! yes I do,
t
No
My mother, father and sister too.

They play with me and take me out
They love me too and I love them.
My life I cannot think without,
My lovely little family of four.
29
 Answer the following questions with the help of the
picture given below:
health
improving blessings of fulfilment of

relationships elders affection necessities
ed
co-ordination love
ish
protection education
re S
bl
living
B
together respect for elders
pu
be T
position in the identification

K
society co-operation
habitual
practises
©
nurturing
1. What are the good qualities I learn from a family?

___________ ___________ ___________ __________
___________ ___________ ___________ __________
to
___________ ___________ ___________ __________

2. Why do I need a family?
t
_____________________________________________________
No
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________

30
LESSON - 3
COMMUNITY
Group of people living in a specific area is called a
community. Members of the community are interdependent
on each other for many things. Community is called with
many other names.
Example - Rural community, Urban community, Tribal
ed
community.
ish
• recognize the features and types of communites.
• know about rural community, its occupations, problems
of rural people and solutions for them.
re S
• know about the life style of urban people, their problems
bl
B
and solutions for them.
• get introduced to the tribal community.
pu
be T
• appreciate the dignity of labour by understanding the need

K
of different occupations and their values.

• recognize the assistance of the community during natural
©
calamities.
Different communities
Here is a picture of a village. Look, Don't you see many
houses?
t to
No
There are many families living in this village. The group

of all these families is called a community.
31
Think : Many families from different places have come
to participate in a big fair. Can we call it a community?
Read the story of Ravi and answer the questions that
follow.
Ravi's house is in Anandapura. His father was born and
brought up in that village. Likewise many people have been
ed
living in the village for many years. When there is a funtion in
someone's house, then everybody help. Being a farmer, Ravi's
ish
father is dependent on others to get his work done..
What are the features of a community? (Any three).
________________________________________________
re S
bl
________________________________________________
B
________________________________________________
pu
be T
Know this
K
∙
©
Group of people living in a particular place with we

feeling for a long time is called a community. Every member
of the community will have the feeling of dependency on
the community. The feeling of dependency is more, if the
community is small. This feeling decreases as the size of the
∙
community increases.
It is found that most of the animals in the environment
to
live in groups and it forms their community. The speciality

of honeybee and ants is that they live in a community
and distribute the work among themselves. Identify the
t
communities of living beings found around you and discuss

No
about it with your friends.
32
Write the aspects identified by you in the pictures, given.
Identified aspect
Rural community
______________________________________
______________________________________
ed
______________________________________
______________________________________
ish
______________________________________
re S
bl
Urban community
B
______________________________________
pu
be T
______________________________________
K
______________________________________
©
______________________________________
______________________________________
Tribal community
______________________________________
to
______________________________________
t
______________________________________
No
______________________________________
______________________________________
There are different communities like rural community

urban community and tribal community.
33
Here is a picture of a rural community. You can see many
activities in the pictures. Differentiate agricultural activities
and non agricultural activities and write them separately in
the space given below.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Agricultural activities Non-agricultural activities

_____________________ ________________________
to
_____________________ ________________________
_____________________ ________________________
t
No
_____________________ ________________________
_____________________ ________________________
Each family in a community needs many things and
equipments for their day-to-day activities. Interdependence
is found more in rural communities. People respect all
occupations.
34
Activity : Make a list of implements required by a farmer for
agricultural activities. From whom do we get them? Write it
in the space given below.
Equipment From whom?
__________________________ __________________________
ed
__________________________ __________________________
___________________________ __________________________
__________________________
ish
__________________________
__________________________ __________________________
re S
__________________________ __________________________
bl
B
In India, 72% of the total population live in villages.
pu
be T
Agriculture is the major occupation of 70% of these people.

K
Along with agriculture other occupations like dairy (rearing

cow, buffalo), poultry, fishery, sericulture etc,. are also done. We
©
also find occupations like weaving, blacksmithing, carpentry,

basket weaving and others in villages. Agricultural activities
are totally dependent on rain. Villages have problems related
to hygiene, health, education and jobs. The Government has
to
introduced many rural development programmes. They are -

1. Rozgar Yojana and Jawahara Gram Samruddi
Yojana for the educated youth in villages for self
t
No
employment.
2. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyana to give quality education.
3. Nirmala Grama Yojana for the cleanliness of villages.
4. Bhagyalakshmi Yojana for the better future of girls.
5. Ashraya Yojana to provide free sites and grants and
loans to build houses for the poor.
35
Answer the following questions each.
1. Write the various occupations found in villages.
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________
ed
__________ __________ __________ __________
ish
__________ __________ __________ __________
re S
2. What are the problems faced by people in villages?
bl
B
pu
______________________________________________
be T
______________________________________________
©
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
to
3. Write about any one programme, implemented by the

Government for rural development.
t
______________________________________________
No
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
36
Urban community
Here is a picture of a mega city. What do you see in the
picture? Make a list of them in the space given below.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
to
____________________________________________________
t
_______________________________________________________
No
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
People migrate to cities in search of jobs and for better
education. People in cities are engaged in different occupations.
37
Look at the pictures given below. Write what kind of jobs
these people are engaged in? If you find the people engaged
in these occupations in your locality, put () mark.
ed
ish
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
___________________ ___________________ ___________________
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
___________________ ___________________ ___________________

___________________ ___________________ ___________________
t to
No
___________________ ___________________ ___________________

___________________ ___________________ ___________________
38
India has nearly five thousand cities. There are 27 cities
with a population of one million or more. Bengaluru, our
capital city is one among them.
Here are some pictures which give a complete picture of

a city. Look at these pictures and answer the questions that
ed
follow.
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
39
ed
ish
re S
1. What do you see when you visit a city?
bl
B
__________ __________ __________ __________
pu
be T
__________ __________ __________ __________

K
__________ __________ __________ __________

©
__________ __________ __________ __________

__________ __________ __________ __________

2. Some of the pictures are related to environmental
pollution. Put () mark against them.
to
3. What are the problems you face, if you are living in a

city?
t
No
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
40
4. Discuss the environmental hazards due to the
development of cities?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
ed
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
ish
Discuss the given topics with your friends under the
guidance of your teacher. Present it to the class.
re S
� Housing problem in cities
bl
B
� Traffic jam
pu
be T
� Pollution in industrial areas

� Disposal of garbage
K
� Slum areas
©
� Water pollution
The Government has undertaken many programmes to

solve these problems.
to
Underground drainage system

t
No
Supply of pure drinking water
41
Well equipped bus stations and
railway stations
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be T
Ring roads in the out skirts

K
of the city
©
to
Developing gardens
t
No
It is the responsibility of every citizen living in the cities

to keep the cities clean. They should co-operate with the
Government to maintain the cleanliness of the city. People
should live with co-operation, love and friendship.
42
Tribal community
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
Observe the picture and explain how it differs from your
pu
be T
environment. Write it in the space given below.

K
_________________________________________________
©
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
to
_________________________________________________
t
No
Families living in dense forests or hilly areas are called

Tribal community. The living conditions, language, dress,
and marriage system of the tribals are distinct. In Karnataka,
Soligas of Mysuru district, Koragas of Dakshina Kannada,
Jenu kurabas and Yeravas of Kodagu district are the tribal
communities.
43
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
Identify the occupation of the tribals in the given picture

©
and write them in the space given.

to
_________________
t
No
44
_____________________
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
_____________________
to
t©
No
_____________________
45
_____________________
ed
ish
Since tribal communities live in forests and hilly areas,
they are deprived of health, residence, education, transport,
re S
food, and electricity facilities. The Government is trying to
bl
provide education, food, house and health facilities to these
B
people in the recent years.
pu
be T
You know that a group of people living together to fulfill

their basic needs and to help each other is called a community.
K
Different types of communities can be seen in rural, urban

and tribal communities.
©
Know this
Different types of Communities
· Community of like minded people come together to exchange

their ideas and opinions. For example, Community of people
to
interested in folk lore and arts

· Community of people who work together to bring change
or to achieve something in their endeavour. For example,
community of nature lovers.
t
· People belonging to the same profession or same vocation

No
come together to form a community. For example, community

of teachers.
Like this, people get together because of their interest,
time, leisure, practice, occupation, and hobby. They form their
own communities. Communities are not only formed among
families but also between persons because of their individual
relationships. Apart from these, caste, religion, aim, language,
culture, age and sex, etc., are also basis for formation of
communities.
46
You have already learnt about the jobs/occupations. Do
you know how many people help to get the food you eat?
Observe the chart given below and write what you have learnt
from this.
Food Assistants
ed
Required Land
food items
well/canal/borewell diggers
ish
Water pipe, pumpset manufactures
Farmer electric linemen
re S
farmer
bl Seed seed collectors

B
seed conservers
pu
packing material manufacturers
be T
vehicle-drivers
K
merchants
©
manufacturers
processors
Fertilizer
bag makers
bag fillers
weighers
transporters
merchants
to
researchers
manufacturers
t
workers
Insecticide
No
merchants
Workers agricultural labourers
vehicle-driver
Transport
labourers
Merchant Wholesale merchant/broker
47
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Wow! how many people have worked to get the food
we eat. Then think of those people who toiled behind the
ed
manufacturing of clothes we wear, building houses we live in
etc., Work will not be completed without a single person in this
ish
chain. We should not think, that we can buy anything easily
by paying money. We should not forget that many people have
re S
worked hard for the production of goods and food items we
bl
B
use. We should respect each and every job/occupations and
also respect each and every person in the community.
pu
be T
How do we get salt which is prepared by sea-water. Make

K
a chart of persons who help produce salt and distribute it to

the people. (Take the help of your teacher)
t ©
to
No
48
You know that, there should be different occupations for
the development of a community. With the occupations which
provide basic needs of the community, there are people who
follow other proffessions in a community.
Look at the pictures. Who are they? How are they useful
to us? Write it in the space given below the pictures.
ed
ish
__________________ __________________ __________________
re S
bl
__________________ __________________ __________________
B
pu
be TK
©
__________________ __________________ __________________

__________________ __________________ __________________
t to
__________________ __________________ __________________

No
__________________ __________________ __________________

In a community, along with people who manufacture
and supply things, people who clean the environment and
people who provide the basic necessities of life, we also need
people who entertain, give happiness, give information and
relief. Eveybody in the community has to contribute for its
development. Every occupation has its own value and we
should respect everyone.
49
Here are pictures of some achievers. Who are they? Can
you identify and write the field of their achievement.
ed
ish
· Collect pictures of persons who have excelled in different
re S
bl
fields. Exhibit them in the classroom.
B
· Which occupation would you like to choose when you grown
pu
be T
up? What are the advantages of your choice to the

community? Share your opinion in your class.
K
Look at the picture given below. Explain the situation in

©
the picture.
t to
No
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
50
Look at the picture and explain how this family has been
supported in different ways.
ed
_______________________________________________________
ish
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
re S
bl
When somebody in the community is in trouble, others
B
will help them. Likewise if there are natural calamities such
as floods, droughts, earth quakes etc., other communities
pu
be T
help the affected community

K
©
to
What have you learnt from this ? Write it in the space given.
_______________________________________________
t
_______________________________________________
No
Every person is a part of the community. Community is

formed by every member living in the community. It is not
possible to live without the co-operation of the community
So, when situation demands, we should help others in the
community.

51
LESSON - 4
COMMUNITY - GAMES
The community has given rise to games. To relax and spend
free time, people have made games, a means. Games build the
relationships among individuals in a community. It provides
ed
an opportunity for elders and youngsters of the community
to play together. Games are nothing but activities that people
ish
have formed for entertainment and physical exercise. This has
definitely increased the harmony in the community by being
re S
responsible for all to play and enjoy together.
bl
B
• become aware of the importance of games and excercises.
pu
be T
• get introduced to adventure games.

K
Sunday is a holiday to school. You are in a holiday mood.

©
How will you spend your time on a holiday? Write all that you
will do on that day.
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
to
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
t
No
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
Among these identify the activity which will give you
maximum happiness. Is there a game in it?
52
Then, observe the list given below. Pick the uses of games
from the list and write.
• happiness • entertainment • hunger is pacified
• writing skill • competitive • Protection of
• development spirit environment
of intelligence • attitude to • physical exercise
ed
• co-operation accept both • friendship
success and
failure equally. • knowledge
ish
_____________ _____________ _____________
re S
_____________ _____________ _____________
bl
B
_____________ _____________ _____________
pu
be T
_____________ _____________ _____________

K
Observe these pictures. These people do this everyday

without fail. Write what these people are doing.
©
___________________________
___________________________
t to
No
___________________________
___________________________
53
___________________________
___________________________
ed
ish
___________________________
re S
___________________________
bl
B
pu
be T
Physical and mental health will develop, if games,

K
yoga and physical excercises are done as per the need

regularly.The body will be strong and the weight of the
©
body can be maintained. The body will also look beautiful,

if it has a good physical structure. It increases our self
confidence. Free time will be utilized beneficially. We can
be active and happy always, as games give entertainment
and happiness.
to
Think
• What kind of problems will a person who does

t
No
not indulge in physical activities have?

• What steps should a heavy person follow, to lose weight
according to you?
Are only we benefitted from games?
National and international games help to build friendship
and co-operation with other states and countries which
helps to improve the bond between different countries.
54
Write the names of a few international games.
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
ed
• ___________________________________________
ish
• ___________________________________________
re S
Stick a picture of India playing any game with another
bl
country, in the space provided below.
B
pu
be TK
t © to
No
55
See these pictures. Choose the names from the list given
below and write. (Get the help of the teacher if needed)
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
(river rafting, mountaineering, sky diving,

rock climbing, mount cycling)
56
Don't you feel like saying, Wow! when you see these
pictures? These are also games. They are called adventure
games.
Know this :
Games which provide excitement and
ed
a special experience with special physical
competence are called adventure games. These games
ish
offer challenge to reach the goal in not so common
situations. These games need a lot of preparation, speed,
re S
skill, training and physical exercising to meet the new
bl
challenges it has to offer. Such games provide a lot
B
of happiness, determination to face dangers, mental
pu
be T
stability, physical fitness and entertainment. But they

K
are definitely dangerous games. Hence the cautions given

below have to be followed.
©
- Should not participate in such games without proper

training and guidance.
- Before participating in such games, all the necessary
special equipment have to be procured and required
to
skills have to be developed.

- Have to behave with a lot of patience and responsibility.
t
Situations will have to be handled with competence.

No
- Must prepare well ahead and gain sufficient experience

to face the threat, harm and dangers of such adventure
games by practising well to face the challenges.
- Should participate in the games with co-operation of
the team.
57
Here are given a few pictures of the native adventure
games. Write the names of these games with the help of
elders.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
58
Collect and write the details of any one adventure
game, known to your family members.
• _________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________
ed
• _________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________
ish
• _________________________________________________
re S
bl
• _________________________________________________
B
pu
be TK
Do you know this?

©
• The highest peak in the world, Mount Everest was first

climbed by Edmund Hillary and Tensing Norgay.
• Bachendri Pal was the first Indian woman to climb
Mt.everest.
• Native adventure games reflect our culture but
they are being overshadowed by the advent of new
to
technology like TV and internet.

• Wrestling is a sport game which had gained
t
prominence right from the time of the Maharaja of

No
Mysuru. Even to this day, it has remained a part of

the Dasara games.
• Cycling, swimming, brisk walking and yoga are some
very good excercies. This helps to improve one's health.

59
LESSON - 5
NATURAL RESOURCES
Our earth consists of essential resources which support
life. Water, soil, air, minerals, plants, animals etc., which occur
naturally on earth are called resources. These resources are
necessary for all living organisms including man. These are
ed
the most valuable things in the progress of mankind.
ish
• understand the need of natural resources.
• know the types of natural resources.
re S
• understand the significance of different resources.
bl
B
• classify natural resources into renewable and
pu
non-renewable resources.
be T
• realise the moderate use of natural resources and their

K
conservation.
©
Solve the following riddles to identify natural resources.

1. You can't live without me
Every plant, tree, animal needs me
Nobody can see me.
Who am I? ______
to
2. I occupy major portion of the earth

I satisfy all your thirst
t
No
I make animal, tree and plant cool

Who am I? ______
3. I let you live on me
I help to grow plants and trees
I support all life on me
Who am I? ______
60
4. I give fruits and nuts
I spread cooling shades
No life without me
Who am I? ______
ed
5. Vehicles like bus, lorry and car use me to run
Took thousands of years to form me
ish
From underneath the soil you extract me.
re S
Who am I? _____
bl
B
6. Plate, tumbler and vessels are made up of me
pu
be T
Beautiful jewels are made up of me

K
My ore will be hardened by you

©
Who am I? _____
7. Darkness drives away from me

Bright light comes from me
A source of energy, that is me
to
Who am I? ____
t
Generally natural resources can be classified as renewable

No
and non-renewable resources.

1. Renewable resources
Resources like solar energy, air, water, soil, forest etc.,
are available in nature inspite of their usage. Since these are
continuosly available over the period of human life time, these
resources are called renewable resources.
61
2. Non-renewable resources
Resources like coal, petrol, diesel, and natural gases

will run out due to their continuous usage. Such resources
cannot be renewed. Hence these resources are called as
non-renewable resources.
ed
Put the following resources into the suitable baskets, by
drawing lines.
ish
coal
iron
re S
bl petrol
B
diesel
pu
be T
cooking gas
K
water
©
oxygen
forest
Renewable Non-Renewable
gold Resources
Resources
wild animals
to
solar energy
t
You have learnt about the types of natural resources. Let

No
us now know about renewable resources in detail.

Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy obtained from the sun. Sun is
the main source of heat and light to the earth. We get light
and heat from the sun. You know that plants prepare their
food using solar energy.
62
• Make a list of the activities done using solar energy.
_____________________ ___________________
_____________________ ___________________
_____________________ ___________________
_____________________ ___________________
ed
_____________________ ___________________
Do this : Take two pots filled with soil. Put a bean seed in
ish
each pot. Keep one pot in a place with sunlight and another
pot in a dark corner. Water the pots daily. Observe the
re S
changes after fifteen days. Record what you have observed.
bl
B
___________________________________________________
pu
be T
___________________________________________________
K
___________________________________________________
©
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
You will learn more about solar energy in the unit Amazing
to
Energy.
Air and water are also natural resources. You will know
t
about these in the next units.

No
Soil :
We walk on soil. We live on soil. Soil is also a renewable
resource like water. Soil is necessary for the growth of plants.
You already know that plants get water and salts required to
prepared their food from soil. You will know more in detail
about soil in higher classes.
63
• Make a list of activities for which soil is used.
_______________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
ed
_______________________________________________
Know this : The outermost rocky layer of the earth
ish
is known as crust. Soil is the thin top layer of the
crust containing minerals and organic substances.
It takes nearly 500 to 1500 years for the formation
re S
of about 3 cm of soil. Soil is formed by the weathering of
bl
B
rocks by flowing water, blowing wind and other organisms.
pu
be T
What happens to the top soil in the following circumstances?

K
Discuss with your friends.

 When the wind is stormy
©
 When there is water current after rain.

The following measures are taken to preserve the top soil
from erosion. Observe the pictures. Note down what you have
learnt.
t to
No
____________ ___________ ___________

____________ ___________ ___________
Know this : Contour farming : Farming according

to the shape of land to prevent soil erosion is called
contour farming.
64
Forests
Forests are the natural habitat of wild animals and birds.
They provide the necessary food to the animals and many
useful materials to man.
Observe these pictures and make a list of the uses of forests.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t © to
No
65
ed
ish
 _____________________________________________________
re S
_____________________________________________________

bl
B
 _____________________________________________________
pu
be T
 _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
K
 _____________________________________________________
©
 _____________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________
Discuss about some other uses of forests with your
friends
to
Know this : Forests are also one of the natural

resources. They provide fruits, flowers, medicinal
plants, wood etc,. Forests are the shelters for
t
No
tribals. Forests prevent soil erosion (washing or

blowing away of top soil). The trees give out oxygen and
increase its quantity in the atmosphere. Such useful and
valuable forests are being destroyed for various human
activities like urbanization, industrialization, construction
of dams etc,. We must not forget that destruction of forests
is destruction of life.
66
Conservation of forests
Forests can be conserved by restricting unnecessary felling
of trees, tree planting, proper usage of forest products, cutting
down tree branches causing forest fire etc,. The Government
has made amendment to National Forest Policy in 1988 and
has taken many steps to nurture and conserve the forests.
ed
Know this
ish
• The Government is maintaining and conserving
re S
bl
national forests through the forest department.
B
• Village panchayath and local community protect social
pu
be T
forests.
K
• National park and wild life sanctuaries - Some forests

are identified and preserved along with its wild life.
©
Example : Bannerughatta and Bandipura forests

are protected by making many laws. Felling of
trees, smuggling of wood, hunting wild animals are
punishable offenses.
• Some religious beliefs and rituals are also helpful to
to
conserve forests.
Example : Nagabana of Dakshina Kannada,
t
Devarakadu located in Kodagu. Cutting down of trees

No
is prohibited here.
Many movements have taken place against deforestation
when the implementation of several mega projects, were
proposed.
67
Know this
• Panduranga Hegade initiated Appiko movement

to prevent deforestation in westerns ghats rich in
diversified wild life in Karnataka.
ed
• Environmentalists of Kerala successfully stopped
a hydro electric power scheme proposed by the
Government in silent valley by conducting silent
ish
valley movement.
• Save forests (the jungle bachao) movement triggered
re S
in Bihar for the conservation of forests reached even
bl
B
Jarkhand and Odisha and saved many forests
• Sundar lal Bahuguna opposed cutting down of trees
pu
be T
by the well known Chipko movement in Himalayan

K
region and thus saved many forests.

©
• Conservation of forests is everyone's responsibility. Why?

Write here.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
to
________________________________________________
t
________________________________________________
No
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
68
Know this
Salumarada Thimmakka, a proud
daughter of Karnataka is known
as Vruksha mathe throughout the country.
Daughter of Vijayamma and Chikkarangaiah of
Gubbi taluk, Tumkur district, Thimmakka was
ed
married to Bikkala Chikkaiah of Hulikal village and stayed
there. Later on, she has planted and protected Banian trees
beside the road from her village Hulikal to Kudur with the
ish
help of her husband.
Considering these trees as her children, Thimmakka
re S
dedicated her entire life for them. Hence centenarian
bl
B
Thimmakka is called Salumarada Thimmakka. The
Governament of Karnataka has declared a project called
pu
be T
Salumarada Thimmakkana Neralu Yojane in its budget

K
2014-15.
Hundreds of awards have been conferred for her immense
©
concern towards nature. The important awards are -

* Nadoja Award - Kannada University, Hampi.
* Karnataka Rajyotsava award.
* Indira Priyadarshini Vruksha Mitra Award -
Government of India.
* Parisara Rathna Award
to
Salumarada Thimmakka is a role model for all of us

in the conservation of environment. Her concern towards
t
environment is remarkable and it should be followed by us.

No
Know this : Animals are also renewable resources.

They enhance their population by reproduction.
Sometimes hunting of wild animals leads to the
extinction of their race and thereby make them non renewable
sources. It is our duty to conserve such resources.
69
You have learnt about renewable resources. Let us know
about some non-renewable resources.
Fuels
Fuels are substances which release heat and energy on
burning. We use fuel for many purposes.
Example : running vehicles, cooking food.
ed
• Name three fuels used to run vehicles
_____________ _____________ _____________
ish
• Name three fuels used to cook food at home.
re S
_____________ _____________ _____________
bl
B
Fossil fuels are formed by the remains of extinct plants
pu
be T
and animals which were burried under the earth's crust over
millions of years. The main fossil fuels are petroleum, natural
K
gas and coal.

©
• Petroleum : Petrol, diesel, kerosene, wax etc., are the

byproducts of petroleum. Petroleum is a liquid mineral
formed beneath the earth. It is formed by the action of
bacteria, heat and pressure on dead organisms buried
to
under the layers of the rocks.
The byproducts of petroleum like wax and paraffin are used

t
in making candles, wood polish, ointments, dyes, lipsticks,

No
chemical fertilizers, vaseline jelly, etc.,
• Natural gas : Natural gas is found with petroleum in

petroleum wells. Compressed natural gas is used as an
alternative fuel to petrol and diesel to run vehicles.
70
Know this : You have seen the use of
cooking gas at home. This is called
Liquified Petroleum Gas - LPG. It is obtained
by refining petroleum or moist natural gas.
ed
• Coal : Millions of years ago,the remains of plants and trees
ish
that were buried beneath the earth's crust did not decay
completely. Due to the high temperature and pressure,
they turned into coal under the layers of the rocks. This
re S
bl
is used as fuel in the production of electricity. This source
B
of energy is also used in industries.
pu
be T
Write examples for the following.

K
Solid fuel : __________________

©
Liquid fuel : __________________

Gaseous fuel : __________________
What measures can be taken to conserve the following
fuels? Write here.
Cooking gas Diesel/Petrol
t to
No
Know this : Excessive use of fuels is dangerous

to the environment. Now-a-days efforts are being
made to use alternative sources of energy like
solar energy.
71
Mineral resources
Minerals are formed in the earth as a result of prolonged
natural process. They are available along with rocks in the
surface of the earth. Minerals are extracted in the form of ore,
refined in factories and metals are separated from them.
Example : Separation of iron from iron ore.
Metals like aluminium, copper, silver etc., are extracted
ed
from their ores.
ish
Word help
Mineral : It is a multi useful material available in nature.
re S
Its composition can be represented by the chemical formula.
bl
B
Look at the following pictures and write the uses of
pu

be T
minerals.
K
t ©
to
No
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
72
Think : What would have happened if there were no
minerals?
Explain in your class about the minerals used at your home.
Know this : Regaining of emptied mineral
resources depends on the scientific process, that
ed
takes place inside the earth. Minerals are formed
over millions of years. Hence they must be used
ish
moderately.
 Write the uses of the natural resources given in the table
re S
bl
B
Natural resources Uses
pu
be T
_________________________
soil
K
_________________________
©
_________________________
forests
_________________________
_________________________
solar energy
_________________________
to
_________________________
animals
t
_________________________
No
_________________________
fossil fuels
_________________________
_________________________
minerals
_________________________
73
• List out the materials used in the construction of your
house. Identify by marking () to the natural resources
among them. What have you learnt from this activity?
_______________________________
________________________________
ed
________________________________
ish
________________________________
________________________________
re S
bl
________________________________
B
________________________________
pu
be T
________________________________
K
• The availability of natural resources that fulfill our needs is

©
not uniform everywhere. The quality of available resources

is also not the same. As a result of excessive usage (more
than our requirements) there is scarcity of such natural
resources. If the same condition persists, some of the
resources may not be available in the future. Hence these
to
resources must be used moderately and they must be

reused, if possible.
t
No
Know this
• Natural resources are there to fulfill our needs but not

to fulfill our greed.
• Natural resources should be used moderately and the
balance in nature should be maintained.
74
Do you know this?
• In earlier days, natural things like mountains, forests,

minerals, animals, soil, water etc., were considered as
natural resources. Now a days it has got a wider meaning.
The meaning of the word resource is changing with time.
ed
• A thing once considered as a resource, may not be
considered as a resource after some years.
ish
Example : Natural gas is a resource now, but it was not
so about a thousand years ago.
re S
bl
B
• Sun light, water, soil available everywhere on the earth
are called universal resources.
pu
be T
• If forest resource is used for fire wood and wooden logs,

K
then it cannot be reused again. As a result, forests become

©
non-renewable resources. Growing more trees and

moderate use of wood can make the forests renewable.
• Now-a-days, sea water can be converted into pure water
for drinking purpose by using some methods. But these
methods are very expensive.
to
• Human beings with innate intelligence, creativity, expertise

and aesthetic sense can also be considered as a type of
t
No
resource.

75
LESSON - 6
AIR
Air is one of the natural resources. The earth is surrounded
by layers of air called atmosphere. Air being a mixture of
many gases is very essential for sustaining the life of animals
ed
and plants.
ish
• know about the existence of air through experiments.
re S
• know the components of air.
bl
B
• understand some characteristics of air through
pu
experiments.
be T
• understand the uses of air.

K
• discuss about air pollution, causes and effects and

©
remedies.
• Air is not visible, but its presence can be felt. How do

you know that air is in your surroundings?
Write 3 experiences about it.
to
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
t
________________________________________________
No
Know this : We use oxygen in air for respiration.

We cannot live without respiration. In the same way
animals and plants also need oxygen for respiration.
Oxygen is necessary for fuels to burn. There are many more
uses of air. You will learn about these in the next classes.
76
Air is a mixture of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), carbon dioxide
(0.04%), water vapour, noble gases and dust particles. (0.96%).
Water vapour,
O
xy
noble gases and
ge
ed
dust particles.
n
(21
%
(0.96%)
ish
)
re S
78%
ge n(
bl Carbon ro
B
dioxide (0.04%) Nit
pu
be TK
Study the composition of air shown in the picture and

©
answer the following questions.

1. Which gas is the major component of air?
__________________________________________
2. What percentage of gas required for our respiration is
to
present in the air?

__________________________________________
t
No
3. What is the normal percentage of carbon dioxide in

air?
___________________________________________
4. Which is the least component present in air?
___________________________________________
77
Do this : Press a piece of dry paper to the inner bottom of
a glass tumbler. Invert the glass and press it carefully in a
trough filled with water as shown in the picture.
ed
ish
re S
Observe what happens. Is there water inside the glass?
bl
B
Does the piece of paper in the tumbler get wet? No. Why is
it so?
pu
be T
Now tilt the glass slightly. What do you observe? Air

K
bubbles comes out of the tumbler and water goes inside.

©
How does this happen?

An empty tumbler is not really empty. It is filled with air.
When it is pressed inversely in the trough filled with water,
air comes out and water goes into the tumbler. What do you
understand by this activity?
to
Think : What happens when the tyre

of a vehicle gets punctured?
t
No
What is being done here to inflame fire

in the oven? What do you learn from
this? Write here.
________________________________
________________________________
78
 Match by drawing lines
Air helps things burn
ed
ish
re S
Air occupies space
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Air has weight
You will know more about the use of wind energy in the
unit amazing energy.
to
Moving air is called wind. Wind has enormous energy.

t
No
What do you learn from these incidents?
• Roofs of houses are carried away by strong winds.

• While walking on a street, sometimes we feel the wind
pushing us.
• Clothes hung out to dry will flutter when the wind blows.
79
• A vehicle cannot move if the air inside the tyre
comes out.
• Coconut trees swing in strong winds.
• Kites fly up in the sky.

Air is polluted by the smoke released by factories,
ed
automobiles, burning of substances and crackers.
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t © to
No
Mixing chemicals, dust, micro organisms which are harmful

to man and other organisms into air is called air pollution.
Air gets polluted when chemicals and micro particles of smoke
from industries and vechicles mix up with it. It causes serious
80
health issues like heart disease, cancer, breathing problems
etc., It has a negative impact on growth of plants and their
yield. Some animal races may get extinct. Since all organisms
need air, it is necessary to prevent air pollution. So we must
take measures to stop air pollution.
 Write any two measures to prevent air pollution.
ed
(Get the help of your teacher/elders)
________________________________________________________
ish
________________________________________________________
re S
Know this : Some of the measures to be followed
bl
B
to prevent air pollution are as follows.
pu
be TK
©
• Preventing the mixing up of chemical wastes discharged

by factories, with air.
• Installing tall chimneys in factories so that the smoke
can be released at a higher altitude.
to
• Using gaseous fuel instead of coal, diesel and petrol

• Designing emission control systems.
t
No
• Using public transport.

• Using alternative energy sources like solar energy,
hydro electric power and wind power.
• Avoiding burning of substances near civilian areas.
81
In the following pair of pictures identify the right and
wrong ones keeping in view the concept of air pollution and
write the reasons.
ed
ish
_________________________________________________________
re S
bl
________________________________________________________
B
pu
be TK
©
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
t to
No
_________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

82
LESSON - 7
WATER
Water is very essential for the life of plants and animals.
Crops cannot be grown without water. Water is a basic need
for all. There are many uses of water. So water is a very
important resource. It is called life liquid. 71% of the earth
ed
surface is covered by water.
ish
• know about the sources of water.
• understand the physical characteristics of water.
re S
• appreciate the biological importance of water.
bl
B
• know the importance of conservation methods
pu
of water.
be T
• verify the traditional and modern ways of water

K
conservation.
©
Recall the distribution of water on the earth, that you

have learnt in your previous class.
Answer the questions
1. Where can you find more water on the earth?
____________________________________________
to
2. What is the consumable quantity of fresh water?

____________________________________________
3. What are the sources of fresh water?
t
No
____________________________________________
4. Write here the sources of water that you know.
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
83
Rain is the main source of water. Let us know about other
sources.
Oceans : Oceans are the
biggest source of water on the
earth.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be T
Look at this Globe. Blue

K
colour indicates the portion

©
of the earth covered by water.

to
Rivers : Rain is the source

of river water also. Melted
snow from mountains reaches
t
No
the river during summer. So

rivers overflow. All the rivers
flow in their definite route and
finally reach the ocean.

84
Name some important rivers of Karnataka.
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
Springs
ed
Water that is stored under
the earth's crust and comes out
due to the pressure through an
ish
opening is called spring. Rain water
which enters the earth through its
re S
loose portions will be collected as
bl
underground water and this comes
B
out in the form of a spring.
pu
be T
Wells
K
Underground
water obtained by
©
digging the earth's

crust to a certain
depth is called well
water.
How many types of wells are there? Which are they? Write here.
to
_______________________ _________________________
t
Know this : Due to the excessive

No
utilization of underground water, it

is getting exhausted. It can be regained
by the absorption of rain water into
the earth. Soak pits must be constructed for
this purpose. We have to minimise the
utilization of underground water and we have
to follow some restoration methods like rain
water harvesting, and recycling of water.
85
Ponds
An artificially man-made
low level portion of land, to
store water is called a pond. Its
capacity of water storage is less.
It is constructed in such a way
that rain water which drains
ed
from high level will be stored
here. Rain water reaches ponds
by running through rivulets
ish
(small streams) also.
Reservoires
re S
Dams are constructed across
bl
the rivers to store water through
B
out the year and to supply water
pu
be T
to places where there is scarcity

and also for multi purpose
K
projects.These are capable of

storing water in large scale and
©
they are called reservoirs.

Write the names of water reservoirs in Karnataka
1. _____________ 2. _______________
Collect the picture of a water reservoir and paste here
t to
No
86
With the help of these pictures note down the differences
of pond and reservoir in these boxes. Write their uses also.
(Get the help of the teacher)
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
Differences
Pond Reservoir
©
______________________ _ ______________________
______________________ _ ______________________
______________________ _ ______________________
to
______________________ _ ______________________
Uses
t
Pond Reservoir
No
______________________ _ ______________________
______________________ _ ______________________
______________________ _ ______________________
______________________ _ ______________________
______________________ _ ______________________
87
Think : Our elders constructed tanks, ponds and
open wells to conserve water. Now-a-days reservoirs
are constructed to conserve water. Which one is eco
friendly among these? Why?
Collect the information about tank/pond/open well
or reservoir which are near your locality by visiting
ed
with your teacher/an elder.
• In what kind of place is it constructed?
ish
• How is water collected?
• What are its uses?
re S
bl
• In which season of the year will it be full? In which
B
season will it be empty or less? Why?
pu
be T
From which source do you collect water in your house

and at the school? Write here.
K
©
At home At school
List out the uses of water.

to
At home At school
t
No
88
Know this : In the list of uses that you
wrote, have you considered the use for transportation?
People also travel on water. Yacht/boats are used
for shorter distances and also to catch fishes. Ships are used
to travel longer distances.
ed
ish
re S
bl
Do this : Collect flowing rain water in a glass bottle. Collect
B
rain drops directly in a bottle. Look at their colour. Write
pu
be T
the difference that you find.

K
_______________________________________________________
©
_______________________________________________________
Take two glasses of water, add a spoon of sugar to one
glass and a spoon of salt to another. Stir them and taste
both. Write down what you have understood.
to
_______________________________________________________
t
_______________________________________________________
No
______________________________________________________
Pure water is colourless, odourless and tasteless. Salts

and minerals dissolved in water are responsible for its
taste.
89
Do these activities with the help of teachers/parents. Then
mark () or ( ) to the related statements. Correct the wrong
statements and write.
Activity Statement
yy Lift an empty tumbler yy Water has weight.

ed
and a tumbler of the
same size filled with ____________________________
water.
ish
yy Pour a cup of water on yy Water does not flow
the stairs. from heigher level

re S
towards lower level.
bl
B

pu
be T
_________________________
K
____________________________
yy Boil water in a small yy Water evaporates
©
vessel. when it boils. 

_________________________
____________________________
yy Put some specific yy Water does not take
to
quantity of water in a the shape of the


glass tumbler, a glass container.
t
bottle, a glass vessel.

No
____________________________
____________________________
You have learnt some physical characteristics of water.

Water is a liquid substance. You will learn more about it
in the lesson Nature of matter. Let us learn the biological
importance of water.
90
Organisms have enormous quantity of water in their body.
Plants and animals have 70% of water in their body. Origin
of very early life took place in water. Water is essential for
biological activities of plants and animals. Water is required
for the growth of plants. Green plants need water for the
production of their food.
ed
Think : What happens if required quantity of water
is not supplied to plants?
ish
Our elders treated this precious water as an integral part
of their life. They reserved a prominent place for water in their
re S
bl
family rituals. Have you observed this at your home or in your
B
neighbourhood?
pu
be T
• Which are the practices of worshipping water that you

K
have seen in your home or in your neighbourhood? When

are they celebrated? Write here.
©
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
to
_______________________________________________________
• How do water sources get polluted?
t
No
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
91
Water pollution
Water is physically polluted by mud, garbage, paper,

food residuals etc., Water mixed with industrial chemicals,
chemical fertilizers and insectisides which have dangerous
components turns the water poisionous. Drinking this water
ed
may cause diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery etc.,
Sometimes it may even lead to death. Contaminated water
ish
extinguishes the aquatic life also.
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
92
Know this
• You know about the disease cholera, caused by contaminated

water. Mosquitoes breed on stagnant water. Mosquitoes
ed
spread malaria disease.
• The parasite, Plasmodium is present in the body of the
female mosquito called anaphylus. This parasite enters
ish
the human blood when a mosquito bites and leads to
symptoms of fever, shivering, vomiting and head ache.
re S
bl
This is called malaria. If proper treatment is not given, it
B
may causes death.
pu
be TK
We should not drink contaminated water. Health can be

maintained properly by drinking potable water. Prepare and
©
exhibit a chart in your class by discussing with your friends

about what you will do to get pure/potable water?

t to
No
93
LESSON - 8
AGRICULTURE
Negila hididu holadolu hadutha

Uluva yogiya nodalli
ed
Phalavanu bayasade seveye poojeyu
karmave ihapara sadhanavu
ish
Kashtadolu annava dudivane thyagi
Srishti niyamadolagavane bhogi
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Read the famous poem (in Kannada) written by Rastrakavi

Kuvempu. In this poem, words like Uluva yogi (the person who
ploughs), annava dudivane thyagi (the person who sacrifices
to
himself and produces food) have been used. Can you guess
who he is? Write your answer in the box given below.
t
No
This poem is composed on farmers who provide food for us.

Agriculture is the main occupation of the farmers. So farmers
are also called agriculturists. Agriculturists engage themselves
in agriculture and related activities to lead their life.
94
Come, let us know certain informations about
agriculture and agriculturists.
• understand the various stages of agriculture and from
where we get food.
ed
• understand the nature of work and the problems of farm
labourers, small scale farmers and large scale farmers
and give solutions.
ish
• understand organic farming and chemical farming and
differentiate it.
re S
bl
• know about rain fed agricultural land and irrigated
B
agricultural land.
pu
be T
• understand drip irrigation and spray irrigation and make

a list of crops grown in both methods.
K
• collect information about intensive farming, mixed

©
farming and horticulture.

• recognize the modern and traditional methods/systems
of seed storage.
Remember : Observe the people who are working in the

farms and fields. Remember the work they do there. Make
to
a list of them.
1. ________________________________________________
t
No
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________
95
Crops growing in the districts of Karnataka have been
given here. Observe.
Sl.
District Important crops
No
1. Bidar redgram, wheat, jowar, sugarcane
ed
redgram, wheat, jowar, pearl millet,
2. Kalaburagi
bengalgram, cotton.
redgram, wheat, jowar, pearl millet,
ish
3. Vijayapura
bengalgram, sugarcane, grapes
jowar, pearl millet, redgram, wheat,
re S
4. Yadagiri
bl paddy, sugarcane
B
sugarcane, jowar, wheat, bengalgram,
5. Belagavi
pu
be T
groundnut, cotton, tobacco,

sugarcane, wheat, jowar, pearl millet,
K
6. Bagalakote
bengalgram
©
paddy, cotton, jowar, pearl millet,

7. Raichur
bengalgram, soyabean
paddy, coconut, areca, cardamom,
8. Uttara Kannada
pepper, cashewnut
9. Dharwad cotton, jowar, wheat, paddy, sugarcane
jowar, wheat, groundnut, cotton,
to
10. Gadag
sugarcane
paddy, cotton, pearl millet, redgram,
11. Koppal
t
sugarcane, greengram
No
cotton, sugarcane, millets, jowar,

12. Haveri
sunflower
13. Ballari jowar, cotton, paddy, redgram, sunflower
14. Shivamogga areca, ragi, coconut, paddy, sugarcane,
15. Davangere cotton, paddy, maize, ragi, sugarcane
96
paddy, coconut, areca, wheat, pepper,
16. Udupi
cashewnut
17. Chikkamagaluru ragi, coffee, paddy, cumin, tea, pepper,
18. Chithradurga groundnut, maize, cumin, bengalgram,

Dakshina paddy, coconut, areca, pepper,
19
Kannada cashewnut, cocoa
ed
paddy, horsegram, ragi, tobacco, coffee,
20 Hassan
sugarcane,
ish
ragi, groundnut, coconut, greengram,
21 Tumakuru
banana, redgram
re S
22 Chikkballapura horsegram, ragi, mulberry
bl
B
coffee, orange, rubber, pepper, ragi,
23 Kodagu
paddy
pu
be T
paddy, ragi, bengalgram, tobacco,

24 Mysuru
K
sugarcane, groundnut
25 Mandya paddy, ragi, sugarcane, horsegram
©
ragi, mulberry, horsegram, cowbeans,

26 Ramanagara
mango
27 Bengaluru rural ragi, cowbeans, coconut, grapes
28 Bengaluru urban ragi, horsegram

to
29 Kolara ragi, horsegram, mulberry

ragi, jowar, mulberry, cowbeans
30 Chamarajanagara
t
sugarcane
No
Make a list of the main crops of your district.

______________________________ __________________________
______________________________ __________________________
______________________________ __________________________
You have listed out the main crops of your district. Haven't
you? Some common steps are followed to grow crops.
97
Look at the pictures given below. Read the statements given
in front of the pictures. The pictures and statements do not
match with each other. Match the pictures with the correct
statements by drawing a line.
Protecting the crop from animals,
ed
birds,insects and diseases.
ish
Ploughing the land to grow
re S
crops.
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Sowing the seeds to grow crops.
using chemicals or organic

fertilizers for proper growth of
the crop.
to
Harvesting the crop either

manually or with the help of
t
No
machines.
Irrigation for the proper growth

of crops.
98
You have matched the pictures with the correct statements
haven't you?
These are the stages of growing crops. You have matched
the pictures with the correct statements but they are not in
the proper order. Write them in the correct order in the space
given below.
ed
1. __________________________________________________
ish
2. __________________________________________________
re S
bl
B
3. __________________________________________________
pu
be T
4. __________________________________________________
K
5. __________________________________________________
©
6. __________________________________________________
Think : Plants grown on the agricultural field are

called crops. Why?
to
You know that farmers involve themselves in agriculture

t
related works. The farmers working in the fields are of three

No
categories.
1. Farm labourers
2. Small scale farmers
3. Large scale farmers

99
Read the information given below. Try to understand
the three categories of the farmers. You can take the help
of your teacher/elders.
It is a village. All the people of the village are living with love,
faith and peaceful co-existence.
Rangamma belongs to the same village. She
doesn't have agricultural land of her own. It is
ed
her responsibility to manage her family. So she
does weeding, planting and separating cotton
from the plant in other farms. Julakamma of
ish
the same village is a close friend of Rangamma.
re S
Julakamma is a farmer. She owns a piece of
bl
B
land. She runs her family by selling crops grown
on her farm. Both these women like Manjamma
pu
be T
very much.
K
Manjamma is a successful lady agriculturist.

©
She owns about 10-15 acres of land in the village.

Many women of the village like Rangamma, work
in her agricultural land. Manjamma not only
grows crops but also she rears fowl and cattle.
She purchases modern agricultural equipments
for cultivation purposes. She also earns money
through apiculture (rearing honey bees) and sericulture (silkworm
to
breeding). So people of the village call her a large scale farmer.

She always encourages and gives suggestions to the villagers to
practice agriculture like her.
t
No
You have read the information, haven't you? Now match

characters in the information with the correct words.
Rangamma Large scale farmer
Julakamma Farm labourer
Manjamma Small scale farmer
100
Farm Labourers
They do not have their own agricultural land. They work
in some other person's field to earn their living.
Farm labourers have problems of their own. Here are some
statements. Put () mark to the statements that are related
and () mark to that are not related to the problems of the
ed
farm labourers.

1. Farm labourers do not get work through out the year.
ish
2. They get very less wage. 
3. Farm labourers are very rich. 
re S
bl
Do this : Meet some farm labourers of your village. Write in
B
the space given below, the problems they face.
pu
be T
1) _________________________________________________________
K
2) __________________________________________________________
©
Many rules have been implemented to solve the problems

of the farm labourers.
Example : It is mandatary to give minimum wages to the
labourers.
Think : Think about the solutions for the problems
to
of the farm labourers.
Activity : With the help of your teacher make a list of

t
No
solutions for the problems of farm labourers.

1) _________________________________________________________
2) _________________________________________________________
3) _________________________________________________________
101
Small scale farmers
Small scale farmers own a piece of land of their own.
They sell the crop, they grow in their field and earn money to
lead life. They also face a number of problems.
Example :
• Shortage of money to cultivate the land.
• As the land holding is little, their earning is not self-
ed
sufficient to lead the family.
• Many times they don't get water for the land because
ish
of poor irrigation facilities.
• They lack proper guidance to grow crops that suit soil
re S
fertility of their land or the seasons.
bl
B
A number of steps have been taken to solve their
problems
pu
be T
Example :
K
* Monetary aid through bank loans

©
* Irrigation facilities through canals.

t to
No
Apart from these, many more solutions have been provided

to these farmers. Make a list of them with the help of your
teacher.
1) _________________________________________________
2) _________________________________________________
3) _________________________________________________
102
Large scale farmers
Usually large scale farmers own more agricultural land.
In addition to family members, many others help them in the
agricultural practices.
Some statements related to large scale farmers are given
here. Observe.
• They purchase and use modern agricultural equipments.
ed
• They store the grains in barns (godowns) and sell it
when they get a better price.
ish
• They utilize the monetary facilities of the banks
• Their income is high as they grow different crops.
re S
What are the facilities that large scale farmers get from
bl
B
the banks? Discuss and write in the space given below.
pu
be T
1) _________________________________________________
K
2) _________________________________________________
Think : There are many helpers in the field of
©
large scale farmers. Why?
We know that the farmers do agriculture in their agricultural

land. Agricultural land has been classified into two categories.
1) Rain fed agricultural land 2) Irrigated agricultural land
t to
No
Farmers grow crops according to the category of the land

they own.
103
1. Rain fed agricultural land
Agricultural land which falls under less rainfall areas is
called rain-fed agricultural land. Crops which require less
water and are suitable for that soil, are grown there.
Rain-fed cultivation is called kuski or dry land cultivation
Activity : Make a list of crops that are grown in rain fed areas.
2. Irrigated agricultural land
ed
Water is an important wealth for farmers. Cultivation of
crops is impossible without water. Rain is the main source
ish
of water. We don't get rain all the time. So water is stored in
different sources and utilized to cultivate the land.
re S
Observe the pictures given below
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
Apart from rain, water is supplied to the crops from ponds,

No
canals, wells and bore wells. Cultivating the land using water
from any of these sources is called irrigated agriculture.
Sugar cane, paddy, cotton, are grown depending upon
the soil quality of the irrigated land. These crops are called
irrigated crops.
Activity : Make a list of irrigated crops discussing with your
friends.
104
Water is available for agricultural land from ponds, canals,
wells and bore wells. They are called sources of Irrigation.
Farmers who have sources of water follow some typical/
distinct irrigation methods to avoid wastage of water.
They are -
1) Drip irrigation 2) Spray (sprinkles) irrigation
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be T
Look at the pictures, try to understand drip irrigation

and spray irrigation.
K
©
to
In drip irrigation, water is supplied to the roots of the crops

t
drop by drop. In spray irrigation, water is sprayed over the

No
crops uniformly as in rainfall.

Activity : Make a list of drip irrigated crops and spray
irrigated crops (take the help of teachers/elders).
105
What are the uses of drip irrigation and spray irrigation?
List out here.
1) _________________________________________________
2) _________________________________________________
3) _________________________________________________
ed
4) _________________________________________________
ish
5) _________________________________________________
6) _________________________________________________
re S
bl
Think : Farmers are advised to adopt drip irrigation
B
in recent years. Why?
pu
be T
Know this : In certain agricultural lands, soil

K
has deficient nutrients. So it is less fertile. It is

©
called barren land. It is not easy to grow crops

here. But recently plants such as Jathropa and
pangamia (honge) which yield biofuel are being
grown in barren land.
t to
No
106
You have learnt about the types of agricultural land, haven't
you? In recent years farmers follow two types of cultivation /
farming to grow crops, whether it is rain-fed agricultural land
or irrigated agricultural land.
They are
1) Organic farming
ed
2) Chemical farming
To understand these methods, read the statements given
ish
below. With the help of your teacher identify the statements
related to organic farming and chemical farming. Write them
re S
in the respective charts.
bl
Statements
B
• Chemical fertilizers are used.
pu
be T
• Manure/organic-compost is used for agricultural land.

K
• Vermi-compost is used to increase the fertility of the soil.

©
• Pesticides are used to grow crops.

• Green leaves/dry leaves are also used in this method of
cultivation.
Organic farming
t to
No
Chemical farming
107
In chemical farming, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used
to grow crops. In organic farming manure, green leaves compost,
vermi-compost and organic pesticides are used to grow crops.
Think : Organic farming is better than chemical
farming. How?
In agriculture, many methods are being followed to grow crops.
ed
For Example, Some of the methods of cultivation are given
here. Read and understand.
ish
1. Intensive farming : Growing 2 to 3 crops on the same
land in a year. For Example, jowar,
re S
paddy, ragi, sunflower, cotton,
bl horsegram, bengalgram, redgram.

B
2. Mixed farming : In addition to cultivation of crops
pu
be T
cattle rearing, poultry, sericulture

K
and apiculture are also done.

Activity : Many agricultural activities and secondary
©
occupations are also practised in mixed farming. With the

help of your teacher make a list of secondary occupations.
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
3. Plantation farming : Fruits, vegetables, coffee, tea or
to
flowers are grown instead of food crops on the agricultural

lands.
Activity : Make a list of fruits, vegetables, flowers which can
t
be grown in Plantation farming. Get the help of the elders.

No
_________________________ _________________________
_________________________ _________________________
Thus, farmers adopt different agricultural methods and
earn their income.
Do this : Go to an agricultural land with your friend. Observe
the methods being followed there and name them.
108
Observe the pictures given below. Write the corresponding
agricultural methods in the space given.
Figures Agricultural methods
__________________________________________________
ed
ish
__________________________________________________
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
__________________________________________________
©
__________________________________________________
t to
__________________________________________________
No
__________________________________________________
109
Storing and preserving the grains after the harvest of the
crop is also very important. Observe these pictures. Some of the
methods of storing and preserving the grains have been shown.
Identify them with the help of your teacher.
In the first two pictures
we can see the storage
system used in olden
ed
days. They are called
underground granary
ish
(Hagevu) and bamboo
granary. These are
re S
traditional methods of
bl storing grains.
B
pu
be T
Food grains/products are being grown on large scale.

Granaries have been constructed to store and preserve food
K
grains/products. Farmers can preserve their food grain in

©
government granaries in little expense.

Think : Preserving grains is essential. Why? How is
it useful for both the farmer and buyers. Write here.
1) _________________________________________________
to
2) _________________________________________________
Agriculture and farmers are like two wheels of a cart.
Agriculture is the main occupation of our country. People who
t
No
lead life following the profession of agriculture are the real food
providers (Annadatas). If the cultivator harvests, the whole
world rejoices. If the cultivator fails to harvest, the whole
world sobs. These lines highlights the importance of the farmers
Let us salute the farmers, the food providers.

110
LESSON - 9
FOOD - ESSENCE OF LIFE
Hasiyade unabeda hasidu matthirabeda
bisigoodi thangalunabeda
vaidyanagasaneye beda Sarvajna.
ed
Observe the tripadi of Kavi Sarvajna. In the second line he
ish
says not to eat stale food mixing with fresh food. Why does
he say so? Think. Write your answer here.
re S
bl
B
____________________________________________________
pu
be T
Yes, this line refers to the food which we eat. Food is the
essence of our life. Everyday we do one or the other work. We
K
need energy for doing work. We get energy from the food we
©
eat. Food is necessary for our growth, development and good

health. What is there in the food we eat? How should our food
be? This unit contains some information about it. Read and
understand.
to
• recall the nutrients of food.

• know about the sources of food and availability of food.
t
• recognize the diversity of food in different places by

No
understanding the points that decide the food system.

• understand the changing food habits and its effects on
health.
• understand the term food wastage and the methods to
preserve it.
111
You already know that there are many nutrients in the
food that we eat. The nutrients of food and the food materials
which are rich in those nutrients are given below. Match the
statements that suit the nutrients correctly.
Nutrients Food materials
ed
fenugreek (menthya), carrot, sprouted
carbohydrates
seeds, fish oil, green-yellow vegetables
ish
ragi, wheat, jowar, foxtail millets, little
re S
lipid
millets, bread, honey.
bl
B
groundnut, meat, fish, dry coconut,
pu
be T
protein
sesame, egg yolk.
K
©
vitamin vegetables, fruits, lemon, cereals.
cucumber, watermelon, grapes,

minerals radish, ashgourd, brinjal, cabbage,
cauliflower
cowbeans, redgram, black eyed beans,
to
water
milk, greengram, soyabean
t
You have matched the nutrients and their suitable food

No
materials. Haven't you? These nutrients are helpful for our

growth, repair, body building and for being healthy.
Think : We can't maintain our health if we eat food
containing the same nutrients everyday. Why?
112
Observe the following food materials.
Paddy, foxtail millets, meat, pearl millet, mango, cheese,
ragi, ghee, egg, cauliflower, milk, fenugreek seeds, carrot,
butter milk, radish.
Do this : Classify the food materials given above and write
them in the table given below.
ed
Food materials from Food materials from
plant source animal source
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
to
These materials are available for us from plant source and

animal source.
t
The food substances from plant source are classified as

No
follows.
• cereals
• pulses
• oil seeds
• vegetables
• green leafy vegetables
• fruits
113
The list of some food materials obtained from plant source
is given. Observe.
green amaranth
mango brinjal sesame foxtail millets
gram (harive)
fenugreek seeds sunflower

palak groundnut lemon beetroot
ed
(menthya) seeds
ish
sweet black little
redgram jowar orange
potato gram millet
re S
Write the food materials given above in the related petals
bl
B
of the plant source.
pu
be TK
©
cereals
ta afy
pu
e
ve n le
bl
lse
ee
ge
s
gr
to
Plant
source
ds
s
t
uit
ee
No
ls
fr
oi
vegetables
114
Millets
The food we eat consists of more than one nutrient. Among
them, millets like foxtail millets, barnyard millets, kodo millets
are the barn of nutrients. Our elders used to consume more
of millets. Now-a-days the consumption of these cereals which
are considered to be healthy, is reducing.
Important millets.
ed
jowar pearl
ish
millet
re S
browntop little ragi
bl millet millet
B
pu
be T
kodo proso foxtail barnyard

K
millet millet millet millet

©
Activity : List out the millets shown in the picture

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________
to
_________ _________ _________ _________

Uses of millets :
t
Millets can be grown using less water in less period of time.

No
They grow easily in different environment and climatic

condition.
These can be grown without using chemical fertilizers,
pesticides and herbicides..
These are called the friends of famine.
These cereals have a lot of nutrients.
115
Think : Now a days doctors advise patients to consume
millets. Why?
Availability of food : The fertility of agricultural land and

climatic conditions differ from one place to another in our
state. So all types of crops cannot be grown in all the places.
Crops like jowar, ragi and paddy cannot be grown in all places.
ed
Think : Increasing population and decreasing
agricultural land is the cause for decrease in the
ish
availability of food. How?
Therefore the Government has taken steps to ensure
re S
bl
availability of food for all the people.
B
Example :
pu
be T
1. Giving milk and mid-day meals to students in school.

K
©
2. Supplying food materials at nominal rates through fair

to
price shops.
t
No
116
3. Steps are taken to prevent unnecessary holding of
food materials by the merchants.
4. Purchasing the food materials from the farmers,
storing them in proper godowns and then distributing.
Think : What are the advantages of giving mid-day

meals and milk in schools.
ed
As food materials are available, it is possible to prepare
ish
food for us. Make a list of the food, prepared at your home.
re S
1) __________________________________________________
bl
B
2) __________________________________________________
pu
be T
3) __________________________________________________
K
4) __________________________________________________
©
Compare this list with that of your friends. Observe

whether your and your friends' list of food differ.
Complete the following activity.
Your food
to
Season Food you eat

t
No
Summer
Rainy
Winter
117
Neighbour's food
Neighbouring house
The common food of

your village or town
ed
The common food of
your district
ish
The common food of different places of Karnataka
(Get the help of the teacher)
re S
bl
B
North Karnataka
pu
be T
South Karnataka
K
Coastal Karnataka
©
Malnad
Answer the following questions

(use the chart shown above)
yy Which food do you take mainly in summer?
to
yy Which food do you take commonly in winter?

yy Which is the main food of your district?
t
yy The food of different places in Karnataka are different. Why?

No
1) __________________________________________________
2) __________________________________________________
3) __________________________________________________
118
You have answered the questions. Haven't you? Some
statements about the factors which decide the food we take
are given. Observe.
yy Although we are of the same state, our food system is on
the basis of the climate and the food materials which are
available/grown in the region in which we live.
yy The food which we eat is decided by the tradition/beliefs
ed
of a particular family.
yy Our food changes according to the seasons like summer,
rainy and winter.
ish
Although all these aspects influence our food, now a days
our food habits are becoming similar. Observe the following
re S
pictures.
bl
B
1. Capsicum Bath
pu
be T
rice - 2 cups
K
onion - 1 chopped
ginger - small piece
coriander-to garnish
curry leaves-1stem
©
mustard seeds-1spoon
blackgram-1/2 spoon
turmeric powder-1/2 spoon
capsicum-1big
tomato-1big
garam masala-1/2 spoon
salt-to taste
New Taste
to
Cookery Book
t
No
A friend to one who loves to cook
The above factors are responsible for the change in our

food habits.
119
They can be described as follows
yy Magazines, advertisements.
yy Cooking related programmes telecasted in TV
channels and radio.
yy The new food habits have become common, due to the
use of internet in mobile phones and computers.
yy Cookery books
ed
Due to the influence of factors mentioned above, our food
habits have changed as follows.
ish
yy Consumption of food items like pizza, burger, sauce,
samosa, corn-flakes, soup, noodles, ice cream, chocolate,
chips have increased, instead of consuming nutritious home
re S
bl
made food. Some of them are considered junk food.
B
Know this : Junk food means the food material
pu
be T
which has less nutritional value or is unnecessary

from the health point of view.
K
Think : Junk food is not good for health. Why?

©
yy Consuming sauce rich food items like gobi manchurian,

pani puri,chinese food has become common. The sauce
contains certain chemicals which make food tastier.
yy Consuming the outside food instead of home made
to
food is on the increase today.

yy Use of readymade food is increasing in the mechanical
life of city/town.
t
yy Eating fast food, is an example for this.

No
Think : What is fast food?
The effects of change in food habits:

• People fall sick easily.
• Poisonous chemicals enter the body due to the intake
of tasty food instead of healthy food.
120
• Body is losing the power to fight diseases.
• Consumption of spicy food and junk food has given rise
to obesity problems.
Activity : Which type of food should we eat? Discuss
with your friends about this.
Ready made food packets
ed
Now-a-days, food we eat is now available in packets. While
buying them observe the following points.
ish
yy Date of manufacture and expiry date.
yy The ingredients added to the stuffs/
re S
bl
quantity of chemicals.
B
yy Temperature needed to preserve the
pu
be T
packet.
K
Activity : Take a packet of food stuff and list out the

©
points mentioned above.

t to
No
Think : It is dangerous to eat food stuffs which

have expired or consist of a lot of added chemicals.
121
Wasting of food
We can see food being wasted here and there in these
pictures. Throwing away food which is worth consuming is
called wasting of food.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Activity : Food is being wasted in many circumstances.

With the help of your teacher, list out the situations and the
to
reasons for which food is being wasted.

t
No
122
It is important to preserve our food or food stuffs without
wasting and spoiling them.
Now a days food stuffs are preserved by following some
methods. They are-
yy We know the taste of pickles. Salt is added
to it in order to avoid spoiling for many days.
ed
Chemicals like sugar are used to preserve
the fresh fruits.
ish
yy Grapes are dried and used as drygrapes.
re S
bl
B
pu
be T
Activity : List out the food stuff which are preserved by drying
them.
K
_________________ _________________
©
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
to
_________________ _________________
t
No
• Fish, meat and milk are preserved by storing them at very

low temperature. It is called cold storage.
For example, Refrigerator (fridge).
Good food keeps us healthy-physically and mentally. Food
is the essence of our life. To be healthy, it is important to
protect ourselves by eating good food.

123
LESSON - 10
RESIDENCES
You might have heard that home is the first school and
mother is the first teacher. Home is a familiar term for us.
Early man protected himself against sun light, rain, wind and
ed
wild animals by living in caves and bushes. Hence they are
called the early shelters of mankind. Home became a need as
ish
man became civilized. Construction of houses were started by
the civilized man as the need for a home increased in accordance
re S
with the changes in society. Construction of residences started
bl
from independent houses and got transformed to community
B
houses.
pu
be T

K
know about personal and community housing projects.

understand the problems related to rural and urban
©
residences.
Look at the pictures given below. You have learnt about

the construction of these houses in the previous class. Write
the materials required to build the houses given in the picture
to
in the space provided.

Type of house Building materials required
t
No
124
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be T
People live in various types of houses such as hut, house

K
with tiled roof and houses with concrete terrace. Many families
in villages or towns are living in houses constructed side by
©
side in a locality. These are called residences.

Do this : Observe the lanes of your village or town. These
are the areas of common residences. Generally families lead
their life by constructing their own personal houses. The
common features found in residences are given below. Write
to
down the other features that you have observed.

yy Houses built here and there or houses in a lane.
t
yy Lanes are mostly zig zag.

No
yy Street lights are there in the residential areas.

yy
yy
yy
125
Facilities are rarely available in areas where people build
their own houses. Now-a-days community housing projects
have started to meet the needs and demands of the people
due to over population. Following pictures are the examples
of community housing.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
Community houses are constructed for various advantages.
Some statements are given below. But some of them are not
pu
be T
the correct reasons. Put () mark only for correct reasons.
K
yy Many families live together in community houses. 

©
yy The Government provides housing facilities for the

poor families by constructing community houses in 
villages and cities.
yy They are constructed to provide systematic basic
facilities for a large population in limited space. 
yy Houses in multistoreyed buildings are constructed

to
and are suitable for the residence of a single family.

Objectives of community houses are -
t
No
yy To provide all the facilities to the houses which are required

by families.
yy Providing good roads, transportation facilities, electrification,
water supply and garbage disposals in a planned way.
yy Constructing parks, hospitals, etc., for public needs.
yy Connecting community houses to the regional main roads.
126
Do this : Make groups of four students each. List out the
facilities available in community houses. Take the help of
your teacher.
The facilities available in community houses are given in
this chart. Observe.
ing Roads
ed
Park ity St
l
fac i lig reet
y ht
fet s
Sa
ish
Transportation er
Film Und nd He
o u
talkies gr nage cen alth
drai ter
re S
rk
bl
Pa
B
Entertainment
Health and
G
and cultural
ym
sanitation
Com hall
programmes
pu
be T
mu
Pla
K
grou y
nity
Dra Toile nd
Veg tall
ts
the ma
ater
©
sup ter
ply
Essentials
s
eta
Wa
of life
ble
or n
Ga spo
st isio
di
e
rb sal
ov
ag
Pr
e
Electricity
to

Activity : Is it possible to provide facilities available in
community houses to the independent houses? Discuss
t
No
with your friends.

Usually community housing projects are implemented in
suitable places in villages and cities. The Government build
community houses in villages. The Government has formed
separate housing boards for the construction of houses in
cities. Many problems arise during construction of houses in
villages or cities.
127
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
The above pictures reveal some problems of residential areas

Observe the following statements. Some residential
problems of rural/urban areas are given. Write the rest after
discussing with your friends (Take the help of your teacher)
to
Housing problems in urban areas.

* No underground drainage system.
t
No
* Garbage disposal problems.

* Frequent fire accidents in multistoreyed buildings.
* ___________________________________________________
* ___________________________________________________
128
Housing problems in rural areas
* No bathroom and toilet facility.
* No proper electrification.
* Lack of pure drinking water supply.
* Roads not suitable for the transportation of vehicles.
ed
* No underground drainage facilities.
* ___________________________________________________
ish
* ___________________________________________________
re S
Look at the list of urban and rural housing problems. The
bl
facilities that the best city residence/village residence must
B
have are given here. Observe.
pu
be T
Housing features of the best city or village

K
* Proper ventilation and light.

©
* Rain water harvesting system from the roof of each house

and its storage.
* Electricity by solar energy.
* Closed underground drainage system.
* Proper system for garbage disposal and preparation of
to
manure from garbage.
A good house can provide health, happiness, and peace

t
No
for the family members and their neighbours.
Houses with the best facilities lead to good health.

129
LESSON - 11
NATURE OF MATTER
We see several materials (objects) in our daily life and use
a few of them. These materials are also called matter. These
materials are not just like one another. But if you observe
keenly, the characteristics of some materials appear similar.
Every one is eager to know, what are the constituents of
ed
these materials? What are the common characteristics of
these materials?
ish
• understand about matter.
re S
• explain the characteristics of matter
•
bl
identify different states of matter
B
• understand the types of change in states of matter.
pu
be T
• understand about mass, density, pressure, sublimation

K
and buoyancy.
In our daily life, we see objects in different forms.
©
Activity : Collect at least ten objects in your surroundings.
What objects Shall I

should I collect
to
collect? water?
t
No
130
Activity : List out the names of the materials you have
collected by arranging them neatly.
________ ________ ________ ________ ________
________ ________ ________ ________ ________
Observe whether the objects you have collected are as
ed
follows. If yes, put () mark and if no, put () mark.
yy Have you brought hard material?
ish
yy Is there any soft material?
re S
yy Is there any material which could be stored in a
bl
bottle or a bowl?
B
yy Is there any brittle material?
pu
be T
yy Is there any material which can be dissolved in

K
water?
©
yy Is there any material which turns into manure

after mixing with the soil?
Oh ! the materials
I have brought are
to
in various forms!
t
No
Activity : Observe the differences if any, by comparing the

materials collected by you and your friend.
From the above activity you can understand that materials

are in different forms in their shape, colour, brightness,
solubility, etc., Isn't it?
131
Matter (object)
How are the materials available in nature created?
Experiment : Take some chalk powder. Dip your finger in it
and sprinkle slowly over a plane glass. Observe these minute
pieces carefully through a convex lens.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
Can these minute pieces be divided further? Think and try.
pu
be TK
It is not
possible. Why?
©
Is it not possible for us to divide them further?

We can observe that the finest pieces of chalk cannot be
to
divided further, though we try to do so.

t
No
Scientifically materials are called matter. Matter is

made up of small particles. The smallest piece of matter is
called particle.
132
Think : Read the instances given below and try to
remember if you have experienced any.
yy How did fragrant particles reach your nose from the

opened scent bottle?
yy How did your nose feel that the neighbouring room is
being swept?
ed
yy Did you notice any collection of dark particles when fire
wood is burnt or kerosene lamp is lit?
ish
Particles present in the matter are invisible. Matter is
made up of very minute particles. Hence visible matter
re S
bl
consists of invisible particles.
B
 What do you mean by matter?
pu
be T
_____________________________________________________
K
_____________________________________________________
Activity : Collect and paste the available pictures of matter
©
in the following boxes.

t to
No
133
Activity
 Take a material, make it into minute pieces. Write the name
of the matter which you have divided into minute pieces.
 Collect the powder of available matter and exhibit it in

your class room.
ed
Properties of Matter
Matters have special properties. These properties can be
ish
understood with the help of some experiments and activities.
1. Matter occupies space.
re S
Activity : Pour the wheat flour or any other flour into a
bl
B
bowl, from a box. Again try to fill the bowl, so that the flour
does not spill.
pu
be TK
to©
• Was it possible?
• Did you completely fill the bowl?
t
No
• What should be done to pour some more flour into the

bowl? Why?
• It was impossible to fill the bowl completely with the entire
quantity of the flour present in the box Why?
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
134
Experiment : Put a glass beaker
completely filled with water on
a plate. Slowly immerse a stone
of appropriate size tied with a
thread into the beaker as shown
in the picture.
ed
• What happened when the stone is immersed in the beaker?
ish
______________________________________________
re S
bl
B
Why did
pu
be T
water spill
out?
K
©
• Why it is so? Think and explain to your friends.

Matter occupies space. A matter cannot occupy the place
of another at a same time.
• Write the names of some matter arround you.
to
____________________ ____________________
____________________ ____________________
t
____________________ ____________________
No
____________________ ____________________
Air is a matter. Air occupies space in its container.
Activity : Blow air into a balloon. Particles in the air
are rarely distributed. So particles of one matter can be
accommodated in another in which particles are rarely
distributed.
135
Activity : Add some sugar or salt into a
beaker fully filled with water, without allowing
water to spillout.
• How is it possible? Discuss with your teacher.
Think : What happens to the tube of a vehicle
ed
when it is filled with excess air? Why?
Matter is made up of various visible and invisible particles.
ish
2. Matter has mass.
Activity :
re S
bl
• Take a weighing balance and note
B
down the position of its needle. Write
pu
here.
be TK
©
yy Put any material of 50 g in one pan and

note down the position of the needle.
Write here.
to
Weigh different materials you have or those which are

available in your classroom with your friends.
t
Think
No
• Is there any matter without weight?

yy Place a matter in a pan of the balance. Observe.
yy Is it possible to keep both the pans equal? Try. If not,
why?
136
Activity : Try to lift a bag with 3kg rice and another same
type of empty bag. Write your experience here.
_______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Matter is a total sum of many particles. It has mass. Matter
ed
is made up of small particles. Total number of particles in a
matter depends upon its weight. The material which occupies
ish
space and posseses mass is called Matter.
Activity : What are the properties of matter? Write here.

re S
bl
B
________________________________________________________
pu
be T
________________________________________________________
K
States of matter
Depending upon the arrangement of the particles in a
©
matter, different states of matter are recognized.

Activity : Fill up the following table using the clues.
Required, To burn : F E W D
To drink : W R
to
To breath : I
Fill up the names of the matter filled above in the

t
No
following table.
Solid LiquidÀ Gas
Hard material which gets the which cannot be held/
shape of the is invisible/spreads/
container can be experienced.
137
Activity : List out the materials that you know which are
in the form of solid, liquid and gas.
Solid : ________ ________ ________ ________ ________
LiquidÀ : ________ ________ ________ ________ ________
Gas : ________ ________ ________ ________ ________
ed
Think and group these materials in their particular
column; buttermilk, candle, curd, kerosene, charcoal, honey,
ish
piece of brick, smoke.
Solid LiquidÀ Gas
re S
bl
________________ ________________ ________________
B
________________ ________________ ________________
pu
be T
________________ ________________ ________________

K
Matter is identified in its three

©
forms - Solid, Liquid and Gas.

• In solids, particles are densely
and orderly arranged.
Example : stone, iron etc.,
• In liquids, the particles
to
are loosely arranged when

compared to solids.
Example : water, milk etc.,
t
No
• In gases, the particles are rarely

arranged.
Example : air, smoke etc.,
138
Think : Where have you found the presence of gas?
Activity : Let us conduct an experiment to know that the

particles are loosely distributed in a liquid.
• Take a beaker completely filled to the
ed
brim with water. Drop three marbles into
it. Now water spills out. Why? Think and
write here.
ish
_______________________________________
re S
_______________________________________
bl
B
• Take another beaker of the same size
completely filled with water. Add some
pu
be T
sugar powder of equal to weight of the

K
three marbles. Did you find any difference

in the water level? Observe and Write here.
©
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Why
doesn't water
spill out?
to
Since sugar particles have combined with the water

t
particles, water does not spill out.

No
Activity : Place a marble on a table, plate, beaker and so on.

Did you find any difference in the shape and size of it?
Shape and size of the solids in any place do not change.
139
Activity : Pour water into a beaker, plate, polythene bag,
etc., Do you find any difference in its shape?
Liquid takes the shape of its container. But does not

change in size.
Activity : Light an incense stick and allow its smoke to
ed
spread inside a jar. What is the shape of the smoke now?
Gases spread over the entire space of the container and
ish
its volume changes.
Activity : Let us conduct an activity to know that the air
re S
has weight.
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
to
Take a stick of 50cm length. Tie an air filled balloon to

one of its end and an empty balloon to the other end. Tie
t
a thread at the exact center of the stick as shown in the

No
picture and hold it freely.

What do you observe? Write here
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
140
Activity : Observe the picture given below. Do this activity
with the help of your teacher.
ed
ish
re S
bl
Place a glass beaker Place a glass beaker filled
B
filled with water on plane with water in a slant
pu
be T
surface and observe. position and observe.

K
Shape of the liquid changes according to the

space available in the container.
t ©
to
No
Smoke filled jar Smoke filled jar

placed upright. kept slant.
Gas occupies the shape of the container.

141
Come, let us play
Before you play, write some names of solids, liquids
and gases on plain cards.
You and your classmates stand around a circle. Now
put the cards inside the circle, and run around the circle.
ed
Ask one of your friends to stand outside the circle and stop
you by blowing the whistle. When he blows the whistle all
ish
of you should stand near the cards inside the circle. Your
friend who blew the whistle should call out any one among
re S
solid, liquid and gas. If he says solid, the players who stand
bl
near the cards of solids will be out. Like this continue the
B
game. Ask the last one to give examples for solid, liquid
pu
be T
and gas (one for each) and congratulate him/her.

K
©
petrol
r pe
tte nc
bu ilk il
m
in
co
gas
to
milk
er
wat
t
No
sm e
ok on
e st
box
142
Fill in the blanks with suitable words :
There are _____

states of matter
ed
Solid Liquid Gas
ish
Specific Specific
Specific
Size _____
re S
Size _____
Size _____
bl Shape ____
B
Shape ____
Shape ____
Example Example
Example
pu
be T
________ _________ _________

K
Effect of heat on matter

©
Activity : As shown in the picture,

fix a metallic ring to a stand so that
a bob can just pass through it. Take
a pendulum of an iron bob and try
to
to pass it through the ring.

(Take the help of your teacher)
t
• Did the bob pass through the

No
ring?
143
• Now heat the iron bob,
and pass it through
the ring. Did it pass
through? Why?
ed
ish
re S
Activity : Place an ice cube on a plate for 10 minutes.
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
to
What did you notice? Is there any change in the ice cube?
t
Write here.
No
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
144
Activity : Take a small glass bottle filled with coloured
water upto half of its volume, and close it with a single holed
cork, as shown in the picture. Insert a thin transparent
tube inside the bottle.
ed
ish
re S
• Now roll the glass bottle between your palms as shown
bl
B
in the picture. Observe the water level in the tube, and
write here.
pu
be T
____________________________________________________
K
____________________ ________________________________
©
• What is the change that has taken place inside the bot-
tle due to rubbing by palms? Why?
____________________________________________________
____________________ ________________________________
From the above activity, we understood that matter gets

to
changed when heated. Matter expands on heating. Hence

solids, liquids and gases expand on heating.
t
Write what happens when the following objects are heated.

No
candle
rice in a cooker
water
145
Change in state of a matter.
When an object is heated, there will be a rise in its hotness.
The state of matter changes due to heat.
 Write the states of matter in the following situations.
1. Ice cube on heating ________
ed
2. Water on heating _________
3. Vapour on cooling _________
4. Water on cooling___________
ish
Matter changes its state from one form to another, due to
re S
heat. This is called as change in state of a substance.
bl
B
On heating, many solids change into liquid state. Effect
pu
be T
of heat on a matter depends upon the level of hotness. On

K
increase in the heat, solid changes into liquid, and liquid

changes into gas. In the same way on cooling gas changes
©
into liquid and liquid changes into solid.
heating heating cooling cooling

Solid liquid gas liquid solid
heating heating
Example : Ice cube water vapour
to
(solid) cooling (liquid) cooling (gas)
Activity : Take a broken piece of a glass bangle.

t
No
By heating bend it into required shape and stick

it on a cardboard.
(Take the help of your teacher/parents.)
You have learnt from the previous experiment that objects

expand by heating.
146
Activity : Blacksmiths change
some metals into required shapes
by heating.
Why is iron heated?

Think and write here.
ed
_______________________________
______________________________________________________
ish
_______________________________________________________
re S
Heat transmits from one object to another.
bl
B
Example : ironing the clothes.
pu
Write an example for the changes in an object due to heat.
be T

K
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
©
Sublimation:
Experiment : Take a few naphthalene cotton
balls in an evaporating dish. Close cap
inverted
it with a glass funnel as shown in funnel
naphthalene
the picture. Take some cotton and vapour naphthalene
to
close the other end of the funnel. crystals
Heat the dish slowly. Naphthalene

converts into milky vapour and evaporating
t
dish
No
will be collected in the inner side

of the funnel. Stop heating and burner
observe what happens? Write
here.
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
147
We know that, when solids are heated they are
converted first into liquid and then into vapour. Similarly,
on cooling the vapours are converted first into liquids
and then into solids. But some solids on heating directly
convert into their vapour state and vice versa without
passing through the liquid state and this is called
sublimation.
ed
Example : camphor, iodine,
Think : What happens to naphthalene balls kept in
ish
an almirah after a few days? Why?
re S
Activity :
bl
B
• Light a wax candle and observe what happens to the wax
pu
after sometime. Now putoff the candle and observe what
be T
happens to the melted wax and write here.

K
__________________________________________________
©
__________________________________________________
 Give examples for the following (Take the help of your
teacher/parent.)
heating cooling
Solid Liquid Solid
to
heating cooling
Solid Gas Solid
Mass :
t
No
Activity : Measure the weight of different objects using

physical balance in your school with your friends, and note
down. The weight (see examples given)
rice duster groundnut
5 kg
148
Mass is the total quantity of Know this
matter cohering together to make
yy1000 mg = 1 g
an object or a substance. The mass
is measured in terms of weight. The yy1000 g = 1 kg
SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg) yy100 kg = 1 quintal
yy1000 kg = 1 ton
ed
Activity : Learn from the elders about the tools used to
ish
measure the quantity of objects in olden days and write here.
rice-pavu
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
Density
©
It is generally said that the cotton is light and iron is heavy.

Why? Write here.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
When two objects of same size are measured, one may
weigh more and other may weigh less. Genarally we say that
to
the density of less weighting objects will be less, and the

density of more weighing objects will be more.
t
Activity : Pour a cup of water and a cup of oil into a

No
glass jar. They won't mix together and will be seen

seperately. Why?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
149
Think : Which one is heavier among 1 kg of cotton
and 1 kg of iron?
Density is the amount of mass contained in a unit volume.

Generally density of the solid is more than that of the liquid
and the density of liquid is more than that of the gas.
ed
The mass of an object (weight in g) in 1 cubic meter of its
volume is called density. SI unit of density is kg/m3. (kilogram
ish
per cubic meter)
Activity : List the objects with less and higher density
re S
bl
B
Less oil
Density
pu
be TK
High water
Density
©
Pressure :
Activity : Take a tumbler containing water. Place a blade
horizontally. It floats. Place the same blade perpendicular
to the surface of water. See what happens.
to
(Handle the blade carefully with the help of teachers/

parents)
t
No
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
150
Even though the mass of the blade is same, it floats in the
former case, but sinks in the later case.
When the blade is placed horizontally, its mass is
distributed over a wider area. Therefore mass per unit area
is less and hence it floats.
When the blade is kept perpendicular to the water surface,
it sinks since the mass is distributed over a smaller area.
ed
Therefore the consequence depends upon mass per unit area.
This is called pressure. Pressure is the force exerted on a
ish
unit area.
Activity : Immerse a stone gently into a
re S
glass beaker containing water.
bl
B
∙ Write here what you have noticed.
pu
be T
_____________________________________
K
_____________________________________
©
Immerse a wooden plank into the other

beaker containing water.
• Write here what you have noticed.
__________________________________
to
__________________________________
When an object is immersed in water, it exerts a downward
t
force on water and the water in turn exerts an upward force

No
or upward thrust on the objects. If the upward force exerted

on the object is more than the downward force, then the
objects float. This upward force exerted is called buoyancy.
Write names of any four objects which float on water.
1. _______________________ 2. _______________________
3. _______________________ 4. _______________________
151
Activity : Fill water in a glass jar
as shown in the picture. Then put
marble, coin, dried leaf, wooden
plank, straw etc., in the jar. Ask
your friends to tell what happened
to each object that you have put
ed
in water by observing it.
ish
Some objects float in water and some sink.
Activity : Put some small objects in the water. Write what

re S
bl
happened to those objects.
B
Objects that float in water Objects that sink in water
pu
be TK
_________________ _________________
©
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________
to
_________________
t
Think :
No
• A raft does not sink in water. Why?

• What objects are used to immerse the wooden plank in
water? Why?
152
Activity : Fill water in two glass jars as shown in the
picture. Now pour sugar to one jar and charcoal powder
into another and stir.
ed
ish
re S
Did the sugar and charcoal powder dissolve in the water?
bl
B
Observe and write here.
pu
be T
___________________________________________________
K
___________________________________________________
Some objects dissolve in water. This is called solubility.
©
Some objects do not dissolve in water.

Activity : Put the given objects in the water and stir. Observe
and write what happened to these objects.
salt, sand, sugar, kerosene, turmeric powder, sugar candy,
coconut oil,milk.
to
Soluble objects in water Insoluble objects in water

t
_________________ _________________
No
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
_________________ _________________
153
Activity : Write examples in the space provided.
s h all I
t
Wha here?
e
writ
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
I write
Shall n
sunke
s?
object
tto
No
154
t is solved
Wha d in undis are
s
olve object ere!
diss is?
th seen h
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
! Oh ! we have !
to
understood so
many types of
objects.
t
No
Based on the arrangement of particles, matter is

identified in three physical states, namely solids, liquids
and gases. Apart from this, matter can be classified as
elements, compounds and mixtures. You will learn about
this classification in the next lesson.

155
LESSON -12
ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

In our daily life we make use of different kinds of matter.
The matters available in nature consist of molecules or
compound molecules. When these compound molecules
are subdivided, elements are obtained. The smallest unit of
ed
the element is called atom. Atom is the smallest unit of an
element having same properties. Some atoms easily combine
ish
with others and form different substances. Depending on
the atoms present in the substances, they are classified as
re S
elements, compounds and mixtures.
bl
B
After learning this lesson you,
• classify the matter into elements, compounds and
pu
be T
mixtures.
K
• recognise the differences between element, compound

and mixture.
©
Elements
Elements are made up of very small particles. These are
formed by particles with same properties.
Example : Oxygen - O
Hydrogen - H
to
Elements cannot be subdivided chemically and cannot be

synthesized by other elements.
t
Some elements are naturally available whereas some

No
other elements are artificially prepared.

Example : Natural element - Gold
Artificial element - Plutonium.
Elements are classified as metals and non metals. You will
learn about metals and non metals in higher classes.
156
Compounds
When two or more elements combine chemically, compound
is formed. There are groups of atoms of different elements in it.
When two are more elements combine chemically in a
specific ratio and form a substance of new property it is called
ed
a compound.
Example : Water - H2O
ish
Water is a compound formed by the chemical combination
of Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ratio 2 :1
re S
bl
Molecular formula is used to represent a compound.
B
Know this : Representing the number of atoms
pu
be T
in a molecule using chemical symbols is called

K
molecular formula.
©
Molecular formula represents the elements of a compound

as well as the number of atoms. A compound does not possess
the properties of its constituent substances.
Example : Sugar is made up of carbon, hydrogen and
to
oxygen. But sugar does not possess any of their properties.

The constituents of compounds cannot be separated easily.
t
Know this : Take sodium chloride(salt) which is

No
used in daily life. It is a compound formed by

sodium and chlorine. Though both sodium and
chlorine are poisonous, the salt formed by their combination
is not poisonous. We use this in daily life.
157
Mixtures
We see many mixtures in our daily life. Mixtures are

substances consisting of two or more substances.
If two or more substances (elements or compounds) are
mixed together in any ratio, such that they do not undergo
ed
any chemical change, but retain their individual properties,
then the resulting substance is called mixture.
ish
Example : Soil is a mixture of sand, clay, many types of
salts and residues of plants and animals.
re S
bl
B
Fill in the blanks with suitable words
pu
be T
1. Element consists of a group of same type of _____________

K
2. Compound consists of a group of atoms of different

______________
©
3. A compound is _______________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
4. A mixture is _________________________________________
to
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
t
No
5. Give five examples to each of these.

(Take the help of your teacher)
Element ____________________________________________
Compound _________________________________________
Mixture _____________________________________________
158
Element, compound and mixture
may be solid, liquid or gas
Element Compound Mixture

Solid iron sugar soil
Liquid mercury water sea water
Gas oxygen carbon dioxide air
ed
(at room
temperature)
ish
Differences between compounds and mixture
re S
Compounds Mixtures
bl
B
1. When two or more When two or more
elements combine substances mix physically,
pu
be T
chemically compounds mixtures are formed.

K
are formed
2. The constituents of The constituents of a
©
compounds are combined mixture may be mixed in

in definite ratio or any proportion
proportion
3. The constituent The constituent substances
substances of a of a mixture retain their
compound do not retain individual properties.
to
their original properties

after combination.
t
4. The constituents of The constituents of

No
compounds cannot mixtures can be separated

be separated by simple by simple methods.
methods (without
chemical reactions)

159
LESSON - 13
AMAZING ENERGY
In the previous lesson, you learnt that the world we live
in is made up of matter and energy. Human beings are the
integral part of nature. They have understood many natural
ed
events of the environment and tried to find out the reasons
for the changes that take place in the environment. They have
learnt to think scientifically about the amazements of nature.
ish
We, in our daily life use the words like force, work, energy
etc., What are these? Let us know about them.
re S
bl
B
• understand the meaning of work.
pu
be T
• understand that energy is needed to do work.

• understand the different forms of energy and give examples
K
for the uses of different types of energy.

©
• recognise the change of energy from one form to another.

• recognise the significance of conservation of energy.
Work
In our daily life activities, the word commonly heard is
work. But the word work has a definite meaning.
t to
No
In the above picture both Ramesh and Rasheeda are doing

activities deliberately using force.Ramesh can complete his
work of lifting water from a well. But Rasheeda cannot move
the wall in spite of several attempts.
160
It is said that work is done only when the force applied
on an object makes that object move in the direction of
the force.
Activity : Name any five works you do
yy Storing water
ed
yy ____________________________________________________
ish
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
re S
bl
B
yy ____________________________________________________
pu
be T
yy ____________________________________________________
K
©
You have done all the above works by applying force. When
force is applied on an object the object changes position or
gets displaced. Work depends on the quantity of force applied
on the object.
to
Activity : Write the names of three works you have done

today.
t
No
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
161
Energy is essential to do work.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
What works are being done in the above picture. Write it

in the space provided below.
to
yy ___________________________________________________
t
yy ___________________________________________________
No
yy ___________________________________________________
yy ___________________________________________________
yy ___________________________________________________
162
Activity : Teacher engages the students in different
activities in groups.
For Example,
• watering the plants
• drawing
yy arranging desks systematically in the classroom.
ed
Think : Why are the above activities called works?
ish
We are engaged with one or the other activity to fullfil our
re S
needs. These activities are called work. We use energy to do
bl
B
work. We get tired when we do more work. People who work
hard, use more energy to do work.
pu
be T
Think : Can you lift the wooden table in your

K
classroom, without the help of others.

©
We will be able to work only when we have energy. Less

energy is required to do simple work, more energy is required
to do tough work.
Activity : Try to lift your and your friends' school bags.
How many bags can you lift at a time?
to
We get the energy required to do work from food. We get

the energy for doing several works from different sources in
t
the environment.
No
For Example,
We use physical energy. Motor vehicles run by fuel energy
to carry loads. Solar energy is essential for plants to grow.
Every work is related with the energy required to do it. If work
is a needful activity, then energy is essential to complete the
work.
163
Work is also defined as, making an object move from one
place to another. Energy is required to displace any object
from one place to another.
Think : Are there any works which could be done
without using energy?
Different forms of energy and use.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Flying aeroplane in the space, running vehicle on land,

sailing boat/ship on water, electrical appliances which are
used to ease our daily works, all use one or the other form
of energy.
Observe different forms of energy in the picture given
to
below.
Activities happen not
only by human beings
t
No
but also several activities

take place naturally in
the environment. Energy
is essential for all these
activities to take place.
Let us know, which is that
essential energy?
164
Different types of works depend upon its related energy.
There is a natural energy in the environment. Sun, air, water,
coal etc., are the sources of energy used for certain daily
activities in the environment. Let us learn about the different
forms of energy.
1. Muscular energy
ed
Activities like walking, climbing, pulling, pushing etc.,
need muscular energy. This energy is released by chemical
ish
changes in our body.
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Think : Why do our elders insist we take nutritious

food?
Write any four works you do using muscular energy.

to
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
t
No
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
Read and learn : Muscular energy can be increased
by proper food and regular exercises.
165
2. Mechanical energy
Energy of an object by virtue of its position is called
potential energy and the energy due to its motion is called
kinetic energy. Sum of potential energy and kinetic energy
is called mechanical energy.
Water stored in
a dam possesses
ed
potential energy. When
the stored water in
ish
the dam is allowed to
outflow through crest
gates then potential
re S
energy gets converted
bl
B
into kinetic energy.
pu
be T
Write any two works you do at your home using mechanical

K
energy.
yy _________________________________________________
©
yy _________________________________________________
Know this
Mechanical energy
t to
No
Potential energy Kinetic energy
energy possessed energy possessed by

by a body by virtue a body by virtue of its
of its position motion
166
3. Heat energy
We do our daily works
by getting heat from energy
like fire wood, sun, fuel
etc.,
ed
ish
Write any two works done in your home using heat energy.
re S
bl
yy ____________________________________________________
B
pu
yy ____________________________________________________
be T
Activity : Rub your palms rigorously for sometime and

K
touch your cheeks. How do you feel?

©
Here muscular energy gets converted into heat energy.

We cook food, boil water and do other works using the
heat energy from fuels, fire wood, gas, kerosene etc.
During winter season condensed oil bottles are kept near
the hearth flame or in the sunlight. Why? Think and write.
to
__________________________________________________________
t
__________________________________________________________
No
Think : What would be the reason for the vibration

of lids of vessels kept on burning stove for cooking
food?
Heat is released when fuel is burnt. Coal is used as fuel
in thermal power stations to produce electricity.
167
Know this : Thermal power station is established
at Raichur.
Think : What is the cause of heat energy in charcoal

used iron box?
ed
4. Solar energy
Sun is the main source of all energies on the earth. The
energy we get from the sun is called solar energy. Living
ish
organisms depend on solar energy for their survival. Plants
prepare their food using sunlight. This process is called
photosynthesis.
re S
bl
Think : What would have happened if there was no
B
sunlight?
pu
be T
Activity : Discuss with friends or elders and write.

K
yy During summer, wet clothes exposed to direct sunlight dry

©
very fast. How?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
yy Water level decreases in ponds and wells during summer.
Why?
to
____________________________________________________
t
____________________________________________________
No
yy People wait for sunlight during winter season. Why?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
yy Why is solar water heater used?
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
168
Observe the pictures given below.Identify where solar energy is used.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
Activity : Write the names of solar energy devices that you
be T
have seen or used.

K
©
Solar cooker
t to
No
Activity
• Collect the pictures of solar energy devices and prepare a
chart.
• Collect the information about the use of solar energy and
compose a poem or talk about it.
169
Use of solar energy for different works reduces the use of
electricity and prevents pollution of the environment.
5. Wind energy :
Air is one of the sources of energy.
Moving air (wind) possesses energy.
This is called wind energy.
ed
In ancient times, people used to
make boats and ships sail on the oceans
ish
with the help of wind.
Wind mills rotate due to the fast
re S
movement of wind. The turbines rotating
bl
B
due to this wind energy, produce
electricity.
pu
be TK
Discuss with friends/elders and write.

©
· Wet clothes spread over a __________________

rope for drying, flutter. Why?
__________________
· Why do trees like coconut __________________
and arecanut fall down during
__________________
to
rainy season.
· What happens when a kite __________________
is held against the blowing
t
__________________
No
wind?
· Wind wheel rotates only when __________________
somebody runs, holding it.
__________________
Why?
· Why do lanterns have glass __________________
covers?
__________________
170
Write about the works done by wind energy.
Example : Production of electricity from wind
yy ___________________________________________________
yy ___________________________________________________
ed
yy ___________________________________________________
Activity
Wind has enormous
energy. By using this
ish
Make a wind
energy many works could
wheel and enjoy
be done. Naturally available
re S
running by holding
it.
bl wind is used as energy and
B
we must learn to protect
pu
be T
ourselves from the

disasters caused by wind.
K
Think : What are the adverse effects of cyclones?

©
Collect the pictures related to it and discuss with

friends.
6. Stored energy of water
Flowing water is a
source of energy. In order
to
to use water as a source

of energy, a dam has to
be built across a river
t
No
and water must be stored

in it (potential energy).
Stored water is allowed
to flow from a higher level
to fall on turbines. Due to the force exerted by running water
turbines rotate fast and produce electricity. These are called
Hydro electric power generating stations.
171
Write the names of dams you know, and put () mark to
the ones you have visited.
1. ___________________ 2. _______________________
3. ___________________ 4. _______________________
5. ___________________ 6. _______________________
ed
Visit a library. With the help of books, list out the dams
built across rivers and hydro electric power generating stations
in Karnataka.
ish
Dams Hydro electric power
re S
generating stations
bl
B
1. ____________ 1. _____________
pu
be T
2. ____________ 2. _____________
K
3. ____________ 3. _____________
©
Efforts of man in producing electricity by using water

energy is to be appreciated.
Name the works which can be done by using water energy.
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
to
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
t
No
Know this : Energy produced by the ocean tides

is called tidal energy.
Naturally available water is very precious. Hence it must

be used moderately. The electricity which is produced with
more effort and expense should also be used moderately and
energy should be conserved.
172
Write two situations where we can save electricity.
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
Think : What would have happened if there was
no electricity?
ed
Know this : Reservoirs producing Hydro electricity
are called hydro electric power generating
ish
stations.
re S
Do this : (Take the help of elders )
bl
B
• Collect rain water during rainy season, and use it for
pu
be T
some works.
• Make use of rain water harvesting.
K
• Make use of soak pits for the proper use of water.

©
7. Electrical energy
Now-a-days most of our daily work is being easily done by
the help of electricity. Is it possible to do more work in less
time using electricity.
to
Write any four works done, using electrical appliances in

your home.
Electrical Appliance Work
t
No
1. _______________________ _______________________
2. _______________________ _______________________
3. _______________________ _______________________
4. _______________________ _______________________
173
ed
ish
re S
Electricity is supplied to houses and other places from
bl
B
electric power generating stations. Electrical appliances must
be used carefully.
pu
be T
8. Bio energy
K
The gas produced by decaying agricultural waste, plant

©
residues, animal dung etc., in the absence of air, is called bio

gas. It is used for cooking. The energy available from biogas
can be converted into electricity and may be used for many
works.
t to
No
174
Write here the works you know that can be done using bio
energy.
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
ed
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
ish
re S
Activity : If you know the ways of producing useful things
bl
out of wastes, prepare the useful things with your friends.
B
pu
be TK
Bio energy obtained from agricultural waste helps human

beings to maintain healthy environment.
©
9. Chemical energy
Chemical energy is produced by the chemical

reactions that takes place in the substances.
Example : Chemical reaction in electric cell
to
produces electricity.
t
10. Fuel energy

No
One more energy available in the nature is fuel energy.

Fuel is the natural source of energy which is combustible,
produces heat and usually gives out light. This can be
converted into electrical energy, heat energy and mechanical
energy.
175
Activity : With the help of your teachers/elders, write the
fuels used in the following yy
ed
ish
re S
________________ ________________ ________________
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
________________ ________________ ________________

tto
No
________________ ________________
176
If you have appliances which make use of fuels in your
home, write them below.
yy ___________________ • ___________________
yy ___________________ • ___________________
yy ___________________ • ___________________
ed
Know this : Fuels are the various minerals and
ish
their products. These are available in the earth's
crust. These are exhausted gradually and require
a long period for their reformation.
re S
bl
B
Fire wood is also a fuel. Burning of fire wood gives heat.
pu
By using this heat energy it is possible to cook and do other
be T
works.
K
Think : Write the instances where fuel is used

©
unnecessarily
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
to
yy ____________________________________________________
Fuel, the natural resource must be used moderately to
t
No
protect our environment. Solar energy must be used more

instead of conventional fuels.
Activity : Arrange a debate in the classroom about the pros

and cons of fuel.
Energy is available in different forms from natural sources.
177
Write the different forms of energy that you have learnt.
1. ___________________ 2. _______________________
3. ___________________ 4. _______________________
5. ___________________ 6. _______________________
7. ___________________ 8. _______________________
9. ___________________ 10. _______________________
ed
Think :
• Is it possible to store and use energy?
ish
• Is electricity stored in cells? Is it possible?
Change of energy from one form to another
re S
bl
The energy available from sources like sun, water, wind,
B
food, chemical reaction are present naturally in the nature.
pu
The energy found in different forms gets changed and become
be T
useful for human life. For Example,

K
• Fuel energy gets converted into mechanical energy (to run vehicles)
• Fire wood gets converted into heat energy (to cook food)
©
Write the changes in the form of energy in the following

activities.
Form of changed
Activity Form of energy
energy
chemical energy mechanical
running of petrol car
to
(fuel) energy
drum playing muscular energy sound energy
ironing the cloths heat energy
t
No
drying up of pappad in solar energy

the hot sun
cooking food using
bio gas
glowing of an electric
bulb by rotating
turbine.
178
We learnt from examples that energy gets converted from
one form to another form.
Write other examples for change of energy from one form
to another form.
yy ____________________________________________________
yy ____________________________________________________
ed
yy ____________________________________________________
ish
yy ____________________________________________________
Conservation of energy
re S
bl
Energy can neither be created, nor be destroyed. It can be
B
converted from one form to another form. Energy remains in
pu
one or the other form.
be T
If energy released by natural source like sun, wind, water,

K
fuel etc., is used moderately we can save energy.

©
Use the clues given in the brackets and write which

alternative energy can be saved by doing the activities given
below. (fuel, chemical, electric, charcoal)
Activity Saved Alternative

energy
to
travelling by bicycle ________________________
washing clothes by hand ________________________

t
No
producing electricity from wind ________________________
cooking food using bio gas ________________________
not to put on the radio when ________________________

there is no electricity.
179
Which alternative energy can be used for the following
activities instead of conventional energy. Write using clues
given in the bracket.
(solar water heater, bio gas, solar cooker, solar cells)
Activity Alternate energy used
ed
instead of hearth _____________________
electric geyser _____________________
ish
cooking rice on the hearth _____________________
re S
bl
B
electric bulb _____________________
pu
be T
listening to radio by using _____________________

K
electricity
©
While doing work one can use alternate energy.

Example : Using solar energy instead of electrical or fuel
energy.
Energy which fullfils our needs is very essential for the
to
survival of living beings. If we use energy gained by the body

from food and energy gained from the environment for other
t
activities carefully, the capacity of work can be increased.

No

180
LESSON - 14
THE SKY
Watch the sky in the evening from the play ground after
playing the games. You will see some stars here and there,
in the hazy sky. When the sky becomes clear you can see
countless stars. You will be also able to see shooting stars.
ed
During the rainy season thunder, lightning, cyclonic winds,
rains etc., are common. Are you eager to know how all this
takes place? It is day when the Sun rises and it is night when
ish
the Sun sets. The Moon is seen at night. Shall we find out
how these changes take place in the sky?
re S
bl
B
• know about the Sun and its family
pu
be T
• understand the shape and size of the Earth, its

K
movements, causes of day and night.

• know about the meteors, asteroids and comets.
©
• understand the movements of the Moon and its phases

• know why the Earth is an unique planet among the other
planets.
The Sun and its family
The Sun and its family is known as the Solar System. It
to
comprises of 8 planets, 173 satellites, thousands of asteroids,

meteoroids and comets.
t
Know this
No
• The stars are self luminous celestial bodies. The

Sun is also a star.
• The solar system is a part of a galaxy which is
known as the Milky way.
181
The Sun : The Sun is a star. It is closer to the Earth than
any other star. Therefore, it looks bigger and brighter than
all other stars. It is the centre of the Solar System. It exerts a
gravitational pull on all its members, which orbit around it.
The Sun provides light and heat to us. It appears to rise
in the east and set in the west. Do we not feel that the sun is
ed
moving around the Earth? Is this true?
The heat and light of the sun is essential for human beings,
ish
plants and animals.
Know this
re S
bl
B
pu
be T
In ancient times people thought that the Sun, the Moon

and the planets were orbiting the Earth. This was known as
K
Geo-centric model. It was expounded by Claudius Ptolemy.

©
Arayabhata, the first Indian astronomer and mathematician

proposed that the Earth and other planets revolved around
the Sun. This is known as Helio-centric model. Nicolaus
Copernicus, Johannes Keplar also supported this model.
Later Galileo Galilei an Italian mathematician and physicist
to
invented a telescope and using it, further supported the

Helio-centric model of Copernicus.
t
No
The planets : A celestial body orbiting around the Sun

along an elliptical orbit, is called a planet. Every planet has
its own path of movement which is known as the orbit. The
Earth also has its own orbit. The planets are non-luminous
bodies. They receive light and heat from the Sun.
182
The Earth : It is our home and it is a unique planet in
the Solar System. It occupies the third place from the Sun.
It is the only planet of the solar system where there is life,
because it has ideal conditions for life, such as temperature,
water and suitable atmosphere with life supporting gases.
Here is a picture, viewing the Earth from the Moon.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
The Shape of the Earth : It is North pole

©
confirmed by the scientists that

the Earth is slightly flattened
12,714 km
at the poles and bulging at

the equator. Such a shape is
called Geoid, meaning earth-
Equatorial Diameter 12,757 km
shaped. It denotes the earth is
to
not completely round or circular

Polar diameter
in shape.
t
Size of the Earth : The Earth

No
is the fifth largest planet in

the Solar System. Its equatorial South pole
diameter is 12,757 km and
the polar diameter is 12,714 km. This shows that the polar
diameter is less than the equatorial diameter by 43 km. It
denotes that the Earth is spherical in shape. The total surface
area of the earth is 510 million square km.
183
Solar system- Sun's family
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
Answer the following questions with the help of the
pu
be T
above picture.
K
∙ How many planets are there in the Solar System?

______________________________________________________
©
∙ Write the names of planets in order.

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
∙ Which is the nearest planet to the Sun?
______________________________________________________
to
∙ In which planet do we live?

______________________________________________________
∙ Which is the biggest planet in the Solar System?
t
No
______________________________________________________
∙ Which is the smallest planet in the Solar System?
______________________________________________________
∙ Which is the farthest planet from the Sun?
______________________________________________________
∙ What position has the planet Earth from the Sun?
______________________________________________________
184
The Movements of the Earth
The earth has two movements. They are the rotation and
the revolution. The Earth spins continuously on its axis from
west to east. This is called rotation. The Earth also revolves
around the Sun along its orbit. This is called revolution.
The earth continues to rotate on its axis while it is revolving
around the Sun.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be T
Activity : Ask two students to stand a short distance from each

other. One student represents the sun and the other represents
K
the earth.
The student who represents the
©
sun should sit on the chair. Mark an

elliptical circle around the chair, 2 or
3 feet away from the chair. Ask the
student who represents the earth to
spin himself and revolve around the
chair along the elliptical path.(in anti
clockwise direction)
to
Discuss the following questions.

• Is it possible for the student representing the earth to see
the student representing the sun by sitting always on the
t
chair?
No
• How many times has the student representing the earth

faced the student representing the sun?
• How many times has the student representing the earth
shown his back to the student representing the sun?
When the student representing the earth shows his face to
the student representing the sun, then it is assumed that it
is day. When he is showing the back, then it is assumed that
it is night.
What do you learn from this activity?
185
Day and Night : During the Earth's
rotation one side of the earth faces the Day
sun and receives light. This part of the Night
tUÀ¼ÀÄ
rays
s
Earth has day(light), the other side of
axi
AiÀÄð£À QgÀ
Sun's
's
earth does not receive light and has
rth
Ea
night(dark). Since the earth rotates from
¸ÀÆ
west to east, the Sun appears to rise in
ed
the east and set in the west.
Know this : The earth takes 24 hours to complete
ish
one rotation. This is called a day. The earth takes
365 14 days to complete one revolution. This is called
a year. The day and year are a result of the earth's
re S
bl
movements.
B
The Earth is Marvelous : As mentioned earlier the earth is
pu
be T
the only planet that has life. Make a list of factors found on
the earth to sustain life.
K
________________ _________________ _______________

©
________________ _________________ _______________

Know this : About 71% of the earth's surface is
covered by water and 29% by land. The earth is
surrounded by the atmosphere. Atmosphere has
oxygen which is very essential for respiration of
organisms, nitrogen and carbon dioxide which is essential
for the preparation of food and nutrition of plants. The water
to
which is essential for living beings is avaiable on the Earth

through the process of water cycle. How is it possible?
t
Life on earth has become possible because of the suitable

No
distance between the Sun and the Earth, ideal climate,

variety of soils, which supply food and water to the plants,
suitable environment etc., which are present on the earth.
Hence, the Earth is a marvelous planet.
So far we have learnt about the earth which is the third
planet from the Sun. Now let us learn about the other members
of the solar system.
186
You have learnt that there are 8 planets in the Solar
system. In the order of their distance from the Sun, the names
of the planets are - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Earlier Pluto was the 9th
planet of the solar system. Recently it has been considered
as a dwarf planet and is no more a planet of the solar system.
Know this : Till 2005, Pluto was considered as the
ed
9th planet. As it did not have all the characteristics of
the planet it was considered as a dwarf planet.
ish
Mercury : It is the nearest planet to the Sun. It has no water
and is the hottest planet. So it has dry climatic conditions. It has
re S
a rocky surface, large craters and mountains. It revolves around
bl
the Sun faster than any other planet. It is brown in colour.
B
Venus : It is the second planet from the Sun and smaller
pu
be T
than the earth. It is the brightest planet in the solar system. It

is also known as morning star, silver star and evening star.
K
Mars : It is the fourth planet from the Sun and is also known
©
as the Red planet. Its red soil is formed because of iron oxide.
It has huge volcanic craters, giant canyons and canals. The
canals are now as dry as dust. Thus it looks like a desert.
Jupiter : It is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest
planet in the solar system. It is 1300 times bigger than the
earth. It is a gaseous (gas) giant planet. It has a Great Red
to
Spot. It is three times the size of the earth. There are thin icy
and dusty rings around this planet.
t
Saturn : It is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second
No
largest planet in the solar system after Jupiter. It is also made

up of gases. It has thousands of rings of ice, rocks and dust.
That is why it looks beautiful and attractive.
Uranus : It is the seventh planet from the sun. Like
Jupiter and Saturn it is made up of gases. It is seen as a
blue-green disc. It has rings, which are opaque. It is covered
by thick clouds.
187
Neptune : It is the eighth planet from the sun. Its
composition is similar to that of Uranus. Its colour is bright
blue. It is one of the coldest planet in the solar system due to
its great distance from the sun.
A list of period of rotation and revolution of the planets is
given (on the basis of Earth's timings) With the help of this
ed
table answer the following questions.
Duration of earth's Duration of earth's
Planets
ish
rotation revolution
Mercury 59 days 88 days
re S
Venus
bl 243 days 225 days
B
Earth 24 hours 365 41 days
pu
be T
Mars 24hrs, 37min 686 days

K
Jupiter 10 hrs 12 years

©
Saturn 10hrs.39min 29 21 years

Uranus 17hrs.13min 84 years
Neptune 16hrs.23min 165 years
1. Which planet takes the least time to complete one revolution

to
around the sun? Why?

________________________________________________________
t
No
________________________________________________________
2. Which planet takes the most time to complete one
revolution around the sun? Why?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
188
3. Which planet takes more time to complete one rotation
than its revolution.
________________________________________________________
• Features of some planets are given below. Mention the
name of the planets against each of them.
ed
1. red planet
2. brightest planet
ish
3. biggest planet
4. blue-green colour planet
re S
5. only planet that has life
6.
bl
its day is longer than its year
B
• Identify the name of the planets in the letter grid given
pu
be T
below.
K
Example; Jupiter.
©
M A R S H A Q M U B
A B C D A J W X R Y
W C V E N U S E A B
to
X D Q P R P G D N F
S E N M L I J K U L
t
No
A F E A R T H M S N
T G H I J E O P Q R
U H Q M E R C U R Y
R S T U W X Y Z C D
N E P T U N E W X Y
189
Activity : Observe the pictures of the planets and write their
names in the blank space. One Example is given.
ed
ish
re S
Saturn
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
Meteoroids : Small fragments of rocks and debris in space are

called meteoroids. When they enter the earth's atmosphere,
they burn up in the atmosphere due to friction and a streak
of light is produced. They are known as shooting stars.
190
Asteroids : Small rocky celestial bodies revolving around the
sun are called asteroids. Most of them are located between
the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
Know this : The elliptical path followed by a celestial

body revolving around the sun is called orbit. i.e the
orbit.
ed
Comets : A comet is an icy body
ish
that gives out gas or dust. They
revolve around the sun. They
re S
can be seen in the night, when
bl
they come close to the earth.
B
When they come close to the sun
pu
be T
they produce a long tail which

is made up of gas and dust.
K
Some comets appear at regular

©
intervals. Hailey's comet appears once in 76 years. The last

time it appeared was in 1986. When will it appear again?
Activity : Draw a picture of the solar system in a chart or

prepare its model with the help of your teacher. Exhibit it in
the classroom.
to
Activity : Under the guidance of the teacher along with your

friends draw 8 elliptical circles on the ground. You stand in
t
No
the centre of the circle representing the sun. Ask your friends
(8 members) to stand on each circle and revolve along their
own orbit to represent the planets in the solar system. This
activity will help you to understand the movements of the
planets in the solar system.
191
The Earth's Satellite - The Moon :
A celestial body revolving around the planet is called a
Satellite. The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth.
It revolves around the earth. It does not have light of its own.
It reflects the light from the sun during the night.
Think : If you are living on the Moon, will the earth
ed
appear as the Moon to you?
ish
Movements of the Moon : The Moon has two movements.
One is rotation on its axis and the other is revolution around
the earth.
re S
bl
B
Know this : The Moon's rotation takes 27.3 days
and its revolution around the earth takes 29.5 days.
pu
be TK
As the moon revolves around the earth, its position in

©
relation to the sun changes from night to night. As a result we

can see the Phases of the moon. The changes in the moon's
visible face is known as phases of the moon. You will learn
more about this in the higher classes.
t to
No
When the moon is completely dark we call it New moon.

When we see its bright side totally, we call it Full moon.
192
Know this :
• One day : The duration taken by the earth to complete

one rotation on its axis is called as day.
• One year : As the earth rotates on its axis the duration
taken by it to complete one revolution around the sun
is called a year.
ed
• One month : The duration taken by the moon to complete
one revolution around the earth is called one month.
ish
Activity :
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
As shown in the picture keep one bigger ball 4cm away

from a smaller ball on a flat surface. Darken the room, take
a torch and spread the light from different angles on the
to
plain surface. Discuss the activity with your friends and

answer the following questions.
• Is the light falling completely on the outer surface of any
t
ball?
No
• When the light falls on one ball, is it possible to make

complete darkness due to its shadow which falls on the
other ball?
• Consider the torch light as the sun light, big ball as
the earth, small ball as the moon, discuss about the
light - shadows.
193
Do this : Look at the sky every day at night. Observe the
shape and direction of the visible part of the moon. Notice
the glittering stars. Keenly watch one particular galaxy and
its movements. Then answer the following questions
1. Is the shape of the visible part of the moon always the
same?
ed
_________________________________________________
2. On which day is the moon fully visible? What is that
day known as?
ish
_________________________________________________
3. On which day is the moon not visible? What do we call
re S
that day?
bl
B
_________________________________________________
4. Is the moon visible daily at the same place and at
pu
be T
the same time?

K
_________________________________________________
5. Are the stars located in the same place? or Is their location
©
changing?
_________________________________________________
6. Can we get a particular shape by joining some stars.
Draw a diagram of stars and display it in the class room.
____________________
t to
No
Observe : For the above activity you should watch the clear
sky at night at a particular time for a minimum of 30 days.
Then answer the above questions.
194
Think : When we watch a live broadast of Olympics
or other global level games, it was day in different
countries of the world while it is night in our country.
How is it possible?
Activity : The name of the planets and duration visiblity
ed
are given below. Observe this along with your friends.
Planet Morning Evening
ish
Venus April to June
re S
Mars January to March May to December
bl
B
Jupiter February to May September to December
pu
be T
Who belongs to which category? Write in the table.

K
Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn and

pole star
©
Star Planet Satellite

to
yy Answer the following questions.

t
No
1. What is solar system?

____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
2. Which is the natural satellite of the earth?
____________________________________________________
195
3. Explain the characteristics of the following celestial
bodies.
Celestial bodies Important characteristics
____________________________________________
Meteoroids
___________________________________________
ed
Asteroids ____________________________________________
ish
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
Comets
re S
____________________________________________
bl
B
Do you know this?
pu
be T
• The Sun and other celestial bodies orbiting the Sun is

K
called Solar System.

• The two natural satellites of Mars are Phobos and Deimos
©
• Jupiter has more than 67 natural satellites and Saturn

has more than 62 natural satellites.
• The Uranus has minimum 27 natural satellites whereas
Neptune has 14 natural satellites.
• Mercury and Venus do not have any natural satellites.
• As we know, the earth is the only planet of the solar system
to
on which there is life.

• The artificial satellites which revolve around the Earth are
t
prepared by man for multiple purposes. Aryabhata is the

No
first man-made satellite of India.

• Neil Armstrong was the first human being to land on the
Moon.
• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are called Gas giant
planets.

196
LESSON - 15
OUR INDIA - PHYSICAL DIVERSITY
India is our country. It has a variety of physical features
such as Himalayan mountain ranges, very high peaks,
plateaus, vast plains, river systems, deserts, coastal plains
and islands. Together they make India-our country, which is
ed
unique in its natural setting. Besides, India is the home for
a variety of plants and animals.
ish
• understand the physical map of India.
re S
bl
• know about the Himalayan mountains, plateaus,
B
plains, coastal plains, river basins and desert.
pu
be T
• understand how the factors of natural environment

K
influence the life of the people.

• know the effects of physical factors on art and
©
architecture.
• know about the important characteristics of weather
and the climate of India.
• know about the plants and animals of India.
to
Physical divisions of India

Look at the map given in the next page. It shows the major
physical divisions of India. With the help of this map you can
t
No
easily identify the varied physical features of India.

Instruction to the Teacher
Provide the facility to the students to refer to the Geo-maps

on the computer by downloading the maps to understand
the abstract concepts.
197
What do you see in the map?
When you look at the land surface of India, don't you notice
the differences from one region to another? You see various
types of landforms such as mountains, hills, plains, plateaus,
valleys, gorges etc. These differences, that we see on the land
surface are known as physical features.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
to
Northern Mountains
t
Northern Plains
No
Peninsular Plateau
Eastern & Western Ghats
Coastal plains
198
Now let us study about the major physical divisions of
India.
1. The Northern Mountains : They consist mostly of the
Himalayan ranges. When you look at the northern part of
the map you will notice that the Himalayan ranges extend
from Kashmir to Meghalaya. The Himalayas are the highest
mountains in the world.
ed
680 720 760 920E
800 840 880 360N
360N
K2 ∆
ish
In
du
s
Za
sk INDIA
ar
Nangaparbat ∆
NORTHERN MOUNTAINS
re S
H 320
320
bl I
B
Kailas mountains 200
100 50 0 100
M
pu
km
be T
i
gir
A Hi
ma vala
ha
L dr
i
D
S
∆
E 280
K
Mt.Everest kanchenjunja
280
Si
wa A ∆ G
lic
Ya Y ∆ N
m A R A
©
un N aputra Naga hills

a
R Brahm ∆
∆
Kohima
Ganga R
∆ Garo ∆ Kasi hills
Manipur
∆ 240
240 hills
∆ Mizo hills
680 720 760 800 840 880 920E

to
Characteristics of the Himalayan ranges.
• They are covered with snow. Hence they are called

t
Himalayas.
No
• They have many high peaks.

• There are many deep valleys and gorges.
• There are glaciers and the highest mountain passes.
• There are hot springs.
• There is a variety of plant and animal species.
199
ed
Advantages
ish
• Himalayas prevent the cold winds from central Asia
blowing into India.
re S
bl
B
• They are the source of many North Indian rivers.
pu
• They check the monsoon winds and cause heavy rainfall.
be T
yy They are like a gigantic wall and are natural northern

K
frontiers to control foreign invasions.

©
Know this
• A mountain range is a group of or chain of mountains

found close together and extend to thousands of kilometes.
to
• The Aravalli, the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats,

Vindhyas, Satpura ranges are the other important
t
No
mountain ranges in India.

• The population is less because of the severe cold in the
Himalayan ranges.
• The Indus, the Ganga, the Yamuna and the Brahmaputra
rivers have their source in the Himalayan ranges.
200
Answer the following questions.
1) Find out the names of animals which live in the foot hills
of the Himalayas and make a list of these animals.
_________________________
ed
_________________________
_________________________
ish
_________________________
re S
_________________________
bl
2) An unusually wide and long valley in the lower Himalayas
B
is called Doon. For example, Dehradun in India. It is a
pu
be T
popular tourist place. During summer people visit this

K
place. Why do they visit it?

©
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3) If there are mountains/mountain ranges/ghats near or
to
surrounding your place, write their names.

t
______________________ ________________________
No
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
______________________ ________________________
201
4) Collect a picture of any one animal living in the foot
hills of the Himalayas. Paste it in the blank box. Write
about it in 3 sentences.

ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
© to
_____________________________________________________
t
No
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
202
Do you know this?
• Mt. Everest is the highest peak (8,848m) in the world.
• Mt. Godwin Austin or Mt. K2 (8,611m) is the highest peak in India.
• Mullayanagiri (1,913m) is the highest peak in Karnataka
• Annaimudi (2,665m) is the highest peak in South India.
ed
Know this
ish
• Air cools as we climb higher places.
re S
• The rivers which have their source in the foot hills of
bl
Himalayan ranges have plenty of water even during summer.
B
2. The Northern Plains : When we talk about the plains,
pu
be T
we remember a playground. Usually a playground is plain in

K
level with no obstruction to play games. Similarly, there are

plains located to the south of the Himalayan ranges. They are
©
very vast, fertile and in level. Locate this physical division on

the map.
640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920E 360N
36 N
0
In
du
s INDIA
usd
to
m NORTHERN PLAINS
In
e lu
ab
320 320
Jh
en
Bias
ch
vi 200
Ra Sutlej 100 50 0 100
km
t
No
280 G 280
an
ga
Ya R
m Ra G G ko
un m oa h si aputra
ag m agr
l
Brahm
ba
a
R an ati a
m
ag
a
G
ch
a an
Son ga
24 0 R 240
640 680 720 760 800 840 880 920E
203
Know this
• The Northern plains of India are formed by the deposition

of alluvium carried by the rivers while flowing from the
Himalayan ranges. These plains are known as Indus, Ganga
and Brahmaputra plains.
ed
• These plains are situated between the Himalayan mountains
and Peninsular plateaus.
ish
• The Sutlej, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their tributaries
flow through these plains.
re S
bl
• The soil of these plains is very fertile due to the deposition of
B
alluvium by the rivers.
pu
be T
• Crops such as wheat, paddy, maize, sugarcane etc., are grown

here.
K
• These fertile plains are known as the Food store house of

©
India.
Observe : Wherever there are river plains, there is plenty

of water. Therefore agriculture, rearing of animals,
transport facilities, trade and commerce and industries
to
are developed. Hence these plains are densely populated.

t
The different types of physical features have influence

No
on the tradition and culture of the people of that area. Many

towns and cities of Harappa civilization have developed on the
river banks. Even now there are many famous historical cities
and pilgrimage places situated on river banks. On account of
the ideal conditions for settlement many empires ruled in the
Northern plains. For example, Maurya, Mughal and Gupta
empires. You will learn about this in the higher classes.
204
Observe these pictures. Where do you find them in India?
Mention the places. (Take the help of the teacher)
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
to
The plains are more helpful for the growth of architecture.

t
Since these regions have level land it is easy to construct big

No
buildings. The availability of different types of rocks, sand,

metal, wood, plant fibres, soil, ideal site, craftsmen etc., also
helped in the development of architecture. For example, huge
palaces were constructed in Rajastan, the Taj Mahal in Agra
was built by using marble rock.
205
Observe
• The inner walls of Kollur, Dharmastala, Kukke Subramanya
temples in Karnataka are made of wood.
• Houses in Kashmir valley are built using logs.
• Buildings were constructed using Kadapa rock in Raichur
district(Karnataka) and parts of Andhra Pradesh.
ed
• In recent years red granite rocks are used for the
construction of buildings in Bagalkote and surroundings.
ish
• Belur and Halebidu in Karnataka and most of the temples
of Tamil Nadu are built by using soapstone.
re S
• Sandstone cave temples are found in Badami of Karnataka.
bl
B
Answer the following questions :
pu
be T
1. The Northern plains are fertile. Give reasons.

K
___________________________________________________
©
___________________________________________________
2. The people prefer to live in the plains of a river. Why?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
to
3. Make a list of the important rivers and crops of our state.

Rivers Crops
t
No
206
4. Mark the river Ganga, Brahmaputra and Yamuna on the
outline map of India.
5. A challenge to you (discuss in groups)
It is very essential to maintain cleanliness on the banks of
rivers. Now the rivers of India are affected by water pollution.
The harmful activities of human beings destroy the sources
ed
of drinking water which is essential for life.
Do you know how the rivers are polluted?
ish
• Plastics, several types of toxic waste and effluents of
re S
industries are dumped into the river water.
bl
B
• Idols or images, painted with different chemical paints
are immersed in the river water.
pu
be T
• The chemical effluents which are released by industries

K
are let into the river water.

©
• Big cities produce a large amount of garbage in different

forms which is thrown into the rivers and the water gets
contaminated.
• Mining activities also cause pollution of rivers.
For example, river of Kali, Bhadra etc.,
to
Now the Ganga river water cleaning programme is under

progress. Is it not correct to do this? What are the benefits of
cleaning river water? Write here.
t
No
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
207
3. The Peninsular Plateau : Identify the Narmada river on
the map of India. The Narmada-Sone rift valley divides the
Peninsular plateau into two major parts. The northern part is
called the Malwa plateau and the southern part is called the
Deccan plateau. The Aravalli range lie to the north-west of Malwa
plateau and the Vindhyas lie to the south. Mt.Gurushikhar is
the highest peak in the Aravallis.
ed
280 N
720 760 800 840 E
280
INDIA
ish
e
ng
l
ba
Mt. Gurushikar ∆ PENINSULAR PLATEAU

ra
am
li
ch
al
av
240
Ar
re S
Malwa plateau
bl ma
da
Chotanagapur
B
plateau
Vindhyas Nar pi R
Satpura Ta
i
ad
pu
eau
be T
an
at
n pl
ah
200 ca
Dec
200
w e
Godav
K
ari
s
t
a
s
h
©
Krishna
t
160 160
e n
Mullaynagiri
Arabian Sea ∆ Bay of Bengal
n
G
t e
Kaver
i
h
120 120
a s
a
Nilgiris ∆ it
ra
E
t
to
Palghat gap st
lk
Pa
∆
s
Annaimudi
Srilanka
80N 80N
•
t
0
72 76kanyakumari
0 800 840
No
The Satpura, Maikala, Rajmahal, Amara Kantaka ranges lie

to the north of Deccan plateau. The Western Ghats are in the
west and the Eastern Ghats are in the east. The Annamalai,
Cardamom and Palani hills are to the south of Western Ghats.
The Western ghats and the Eastern ghats meet at the Nilgiri
hills. Udhagamandala (Ooty), a famous hill station, is situated
here. Many rivers of peninsular India have their source in the
Western ghats.
208
Characteristics of the plateau
• It is an upland with an extensive, almost level surface
which is bounded by steep slopes.
• This landform is an extensive area of relatively flat land.
• The Deccan plateau is the largest plateau in India. It
is made up of the ancient hard rocks.
ed
Advantages
• The peninsular plateau is rich in minerals.
ish
• The rivers flowing across it are helpful for the cultivation
of crops.
re S
• There are many waterfalls which are useful for the
bl
B
generation of hydro-electricity.
pu
be T
• It is favourable for agriculture, rearing of animals and

industries.
K
Several empires also ruled in the peninsular plateau.

©
The Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagaras,

Kadambas, the Gangas and Bahamani sultans established
their empires here. You will be studying more about them in
the higher classes.
Answer the following questions.
to
1. Mention the names of the two important plateaus in India.

___________________________________________________
t
No
___________________________________________________
2. Mention the important historical places located in the
peninsular plateau.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
209
4. The Coastal plains : Now let us study about the coastal
plains. A flat low lying land between the coast and higher land
in the interior is called coastal plain. India has a long coastal
plain. Let us see where they are located in our country.
720 760 800 840 880

INDIA : COASTAL PLAIN
ed
240 240
Kandla
• Narmada
ish
Tapi R i
ad
W e
n
a ha Kolkata
Gulf of khambat M
• Paradip
s
t
200 200
re S
Godav
Mumbai • ari s ast
bl co
t
n coas
B
r
t e
rca
ci
Konka
•
o
pu
be T
Krishna Vishakhapatnam
c
Goa •
r
160 160
al
e r n
to ©K
Arabian Sea
n g
Be
• Ennore of
Mangaluru•
• Chennai
B ay
c o
Kaver
i
s t
coa ndel
120 120
ast
0
a s
st
200
a
400
co
om
a
Kochi km
Cor
•
r
t
lba
Tuticorin
Ma
80
Srilanka 80
72 0
76 0
800 840 880
Indian Ocean
How is the coastal plain extended?

t
No
Observe the map. The western coastal plain lies between

the western ghats in the east and the Arabian sea in the west.
It extends from the Gulf of Kuchh (Gujarat) in the north to
Kanyakumari in the south. The eastern coastal plain lies
between the eastern ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It extends
from the Gangetic delta in the north to Kanyakumari in the
south.
210
Both the coastal plains of India have major ports.
Kandla (Gujarat), Mumbai, Nhava sheva (Maharasthra),
Marmagoa(Goa), Nava Mangaluru (Karnataka), Kochi (Kerala),
Tuticorin, Chennai, Ennore (Tamilnadu), Vishakhapatanum
(Andhra Pradesh), Paradip (Odisha), Haldia and Kolkata (West
Bengal) are the major sea ports of India.
New Mangaluru port ranks 9th (in importance). It is known
ed
as the Gateway of Karnataka.
The important features of the Coastal Plains
ish
Fishing is the main occupation of the people living in the
coastal plains. So, most of the people eat fish and prawn.
re S
bl
Spinach, ivy gourd, black eyed peas and sambar cucumber
B
are also eaten for food. Paddy, arecanut, coconut, cashewnut,
pu
be T
cardamom, banana and vegetables are grown here. The use of

boiled rice is very popular. The houses here have steep sloping
K
roofs, due to heavy rain.

©

• Which sea borders the coast of Karnataka?
_______________________________________________________
yy Which districts of Karnataka have coastal plain?
to
_______________________________________________________
• Make a list of major crops grown in the western coastal
plain of India.
t
No
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
• There is a demand for coastal food items of Karnataka.
These are exported to other countries. What are they?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
211
• The gently sloping strip of land bordering the sea, usually
composed of sand and gravel is called beach. You can watch
the sea as far as you can. The striking sea waves bring great
delight to your mind and eyes. The Ullal, Malpe, Kapu, Om
and Maravanthe beaches of Karnataka are attractive and
ed
beautiful. Which are the other famous beaches of India?
Know and write here.
ish
_______________________________________________________
re S
_______________________________________________________
bl
B
_______________________________________________________
pu
be T
• Observe the dress style and food habits of the fishermen

K
living in coastal plains. Write 4 sentences about this.

©
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
to
_______________________________________________________
• The sea coasts are highways for trade and commerce.
t
Some ports provide shelter for ships. On the outline map

No
of India mark and name the major ports along the eastern
and western coasts.
____________ ____________ ____________
____________ ____________ ____________
212
• Collect pictures of a ship. Paste it in the given space. Write
3 sentences about its use.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
to
________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
t
No
______________________________________________________
yy Locate the following on the outline map of India -
Mumbai, Nava Mangaluru, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam and
Marmagoa.
213
Desert of India
Locate the state of Rajasthan on the map of India. One can
notice that a large part of Rajasthan is a desert. This desert
is named Thar desert. A part of this desert also extends into
Punjab, Haryana and Gujarat states.
ed
Punjab
ish
an
st Haryana
ki
Pa
ert
des
an
st
ja
ar
Ra
Th
India
re S
Gujarat
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
Features of deserts
• A desert is a vast, dry and sandy area with very little
vegetation.
• The temperature is high and climate is dry.
• Scarcity of water due to scanty rain. A fertile area in a
to
desert is formed where the water comes up, to the ground

surface. This is known as Oasis.
t
• Those plants and trees which have special devices to

No
withstand the long drought conditions are grown here. They

are scrubs, cactus, accacia, thorny bushes etc.,
The Aravalli range extends into the eastern fringe of the
Thar desert. It prevents the winds blowing from the east
and this causes scanty rain fall. Therefore this part has dry
climate. Find this area on the map and mark it.
214
Is there any relationship between desert and these
pictures? Think about it.
ed
ish
The dry climate and the hot sun causes a feeling of severe
burning in the body. For some relief from the heat, people
re S
bl
wear long robes and turbans.
B
pu
be T
Lack of water and the blazing sun determine the type

of desert animals. Camels are able to survive in the desert,
K
because they have broad flat toes which are comfortable to

©
walk on the sand. Their humps store fat and sufficient amount
of water which lasts for many weeks. Camels are useful for
transporting goods and carrying passengers in the deserts.
That is why camel is called as Ship of the desert.
to
Do you know this?

• Agricultural activities are found around the Oasis.
t
No
Bajra, jowar, maize, sesame, dates and chillies are

grown here.
• There are some salt lakes in these deserts, known
as playas. For example, Sambhar, Didwana and Sargol lakes.
• The Sambhar lake is the largest salt lake in India.
215
Know this
You have learnt that the factors of environment
and climate have an effect on art and architecture.
There are big and beautiful palaces built by experts which
are the best examples of rare architecture in the desert.
Jaipur, Ajmer, Pushkar and Mt. Abu are places, famous
for such architecture in Rajasthan.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©

to
1. What is an Oasis?
_______________________________________________________
t
_______________________________________________________
No
_______________________________________________________
2. Write any 3 features of the deserts.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
216
3. Paste a picture of a camel in the given space and write 4
sentences about it.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
______________________________________________________
©
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Rivers of India
There are many river systems in India. They are one of the
to
natural resources. There is diversity in their origin, direction

of flowing and volume of water. Thus the rivers of India can
be classified into two groups-rivers of North India and rivers
t
of South India.
No
The Rivers of North India : The major river systems of

North India are the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and
their tributaries. Most of them rise in the Himalayan mountains.
They are perennial rivers. The northern plains are fertile due to
the deposition of alluvium carried by the rivers of North India.
They are best for agricultural activities. Famous ancient historic
and pilgrim centres are situated on the banks of these rivers.
For example, Delhi, Agra, Varanasi etc.,
217
The Rivers of South India : These rivers can be divided into
the east-flowing and the west-flowing rivers. The important
east-flowing rivers are the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the
Krishna, the Kaveri, the Palar and the Pennar. They flow south
east and eastwards and join the Bay of Bengal. The important
west flowing rivers are the Narmada, the Tapi, the Sharavathi,
the Kali, the Netravathi, the Zuari and the Periyar. They flow
ed
westwards and join the Arabian Sea. These rivers are short
and swift, suitable for the generation of hydro-electricity as
they have rapids and waterfalls.
ish
In recent years the rivers, specially the Ganga-Yamuna
rivers have been heavily polluted which has affected their
re S
purity.
bl
The Climate of India
B
You have already practiced marking the Havaguna Nakshe
pu
be T
(weather map). You have also learnt how to understand the

daily weather conditions. What do the following pictures
K
indicate?
t ©
to
No
India has a tropical monsoon type of climate. The term

monsoon is derived from the Arabic word Mousim meaning
periodic. Thus, the speciality of the climate of India is that it
changes from one season to another.
218
Hence we can see the diversity in the climate of India. There
are 4 seasons in India-winter season, summer season, south
west monsoon season and retreating monsoon season. The
weather changes from time to time during the day. Sometimes
it is cool, another time it is hot and sometimes it is cloudy.
Think. Why is it so?
ed
The dry air, the changing monsoon winds and the natural
hazards like cyclones adversely effect the climate of India.
Consequently we find the sudden changes taking place in
ish
the climate.
The climate of India can be classified into 4 distinct
re S
seasons. They are
bl
B
pu
Seasons Duration (months)
be TK
December, January,
1. Winter
February
©
2. Summer March, April, May

3. South-West monsoon June, July, August,
(Rainy season/Kharif) September
4. Retreating monsoon
to
October, November
(Rabi season)
t
Identify the direction of South-West, South-East, North-

No
East and North-West on the map of India. India receives heavy

rain from the south west monsoon winds.
The movement of air over the earth's surface, from high
pressure area to low pressure area is called wind. The winds
which change their direction from one season to another are
known as seasonal winds. For Example, monsoon winds.
219
Know this
• There are two rainy seasons in India. They are South West
Monsoon Season from June to September and Retreating
Monsoon Season from October to November.
ed
• The Western coastal plains, western parts of the Western
Ghats and North-eastern states receive heavy rainfall.
ish
• Mawsynram in Meghalaya receives the highest rainfall
in India.
re S
Activity : The situations related to the effects of heavy
bl
B
rainfall are given here. Put () mark to the suitable
situation. If not suitable put (x) mark.
pu
be T
1. The people are very happy.


K
2. The roads are flooded by water.


©
3. No water is flowing in the streams and rivers.


4. Electricity is cut off.

5. Fodder is available for livestock.

6. It is easy for fishing in the sea.

7. The people may lose their houses and become
to
refugees.

• Collect the information which you have gained from the
t
No
study of weather conditions in school. Explain about the

changes in weather conditions in your school surroundings.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
220
yy Which parts of India were affected for the last two years by
cyclones. Collect information on them and write here.
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
ed
___________________________________________________
ish
___________________________________________________
• Select a suitable picture, which shows destruction after
re S
heavy rain or continuous downpour. Paste it in the blank
space.
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
221
Observe : Drought occurs when there is a failure in timely
rainfall. There is no water for crops. Livestock and other
animals wander about in search of water and may die. Due
to lack of drinking water and excessive heat people are in
distress and migrate to other places etc. These are the effects
of drought.
ed
A challenge to you
ish
The earth is heating. The ground water is dried up and
there is melting of snow in the Himalayan mountains. What
are the reasons for this? Think about it and discuss with
re S
bl
your friends. Write here.
B
pu
____________________________________________________
be TK
____________________________________________________
©
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
to
How are we benefitted by the broadcast of weather report

in radio, TV and news papers? Make a list of the benefits.
t
No
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
222
Diversity of plants and animals in India
Read the instructions about how you have seen the
animals and plants given below. Mark () to the applicable.
If not, put () mark.
Actually Seen in
Animals Never seen
ed
seen pictures
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
223
Actually Seen in
Plants Never seen
seen pictures
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
Just as there is a diversity in the physical features of India,

there is diversity in the types of plants and animals found in
India.
224
Instruction to the Teachers
Use geo maps, provide facility to the students to watch
thick forest areas. Facilitate to look at the forests of Assam,
Gir forest of Gujarat, Vegetation of the Himalayan mountains,
forests of the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats, Anantha
giri forests etc.
ed
India has its own plant and animal resources. There are
thick monsoon forests, grasslands, thorny bushes, scrubs,
ish
evergreen forests and mangrove forests. The deciduous forests
are largely found in India. They are known as monsoon
forests.
re S
bl
There are animal and bird sanctuaries, where elephants,
B
tigers, lions, cheetas, bisons, deer, peacocks etc., and various
pu
birds are found. They are the major natural resources of India.
be T
Remember : The forest areas in Malnad or Sahyadris,

K
reserved forests of Nagarahole, Bandipura and Bhadra are

the main natural resources of Karnataka.
©
Learn and write :

1) Mention the names of any 3 protected forest areas in India.
___________________________
___________________________
to
___________________________
2) Discuss with your friends about the endangered animals
t
in India. Mention any 3 names of such animals

No
_____________ ______________ ______________

Do you know this?
In order to conserve the biodiversity, census work of
the biodiversity is under progress.
225
3) What are the problems arising from deforestation. Discuss
with your friends and write here.
______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
ed
_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
ish
4) What animals are living around your environment? Observe
and make a list of them.
re S
bl
______________ ______________ ______________
B
______________ ______________ ______________
pu
be T
______________ ______________ ______________

K
______________ ______________ ______________

©
Project work :
yy To show the physical features of India, prepare a model
of the landform of India under the guidance of your
teacher.
Required materials : cardboard, clay, cotton, gum, sand,
to
red soil, water, colour etc.

• Collect information about Salumarada Thimmakka, Nagesh
Hegde and Dr. Madhava Gadgil.
t
No
Children, recall what you have studied in this unit. Isn't the
natural environment of India beautiful? We should appreciate
its diversity. India's climate needs to be appreciated. We
should protect our resources and prevent their destruction
through harmful human activities.

226
LESSON - 16
OUR INDIA-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL
India, our country has its own geographical, historical,
political and cultural background. It has a rich heritage.
History has recorded that India was ruled for many centuries
ed
by several foreign rulers. Among the Europeans who came
to India, the British ruled for a long period of 200 years. As
a result of the fight for freedom from the British rule, India
ish
became an independent country on 15th August, 1947.
Until then, India did not have a definite boundary. But after
re S
independence, it has a definite boundary. At present, India
bl
B
is one nation with the union of states. Let us be proud of our
pu
great country-India. Let us know about India.
be T

K
• know about the geographical location of India in the world.

©
• understand the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of

India.
• know about the neighbouring countries and water bodies
surrounding India.
• identify the states and union territories on the map of
India and name them.
to
• understand about Unity in diversity of India.

• know the significance of the national emblems.
t
• understand the diversity of India's art, literature and

No
culture.
Let us take an oath for our country. All stand up.
India is my country. We Indians are brothers and sisters.

I respect my country. I shall protect its varied resources
and rich heritage. I am proud of my country.
227
Location of India
Let us learn about the geographical location of our great
India. If anybody asks for your home address, would you not
give the name of your village/town/city, its taluka, district,
state and country? (Also you would give your post office pin
code) In this manner, you can find out in which part of the
world India is located. Observe this map.
ed
ish
Russia
re S
bl Kazakhstan
B
Mongolia
Korea
pu
Turkey
be T n
ta
China
os
Iran Japan
tan
Ira
an
gh
Af
K kis
q
Pacific ocean
Pa
Saudi
Arabia Myanmar
©
Africa Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal

Thailand
Philippines
Srilanka
indonesia
India is situated in the southern part of Asia, which is the

to
largest continent in the world. Latitudinally India extends

from 8o N to 37o N. latitude and longitudinally it extends
from 68o E to 97o E longitude. (See map of India, page 231)
t
No
It shows that India lies entirely in the Northern Hemisphere

and is at the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere. The Tropic
of Cancer(23 12 oN), a special latitude, passes through the
middle of the country. It divides India into almost two equal
parts, North India and South India. Hence India has tropical
climate in the southern part of it and subtropical climate in
the northern part.
228
Know this
• A set of imaginary lines drawn on the globe from west to east

are called Latitudes. They are measured in degrees. There
are 90o north and 90o south latitudes from the equator.
• A special latitude which divides the earth into two equal
ed
halves is called Equator (0o). The half of the earth to the
north of it is called Northern Hemisphere and to the south
of it is called Southern Hemisphere.
ish
• The special latitudes are - the Equator (0o), the Tropic of
Cancer (23 12 oN), the Tropic of Capricorn (23 12 oS), the Arctic
circle (66 12 oN) and the Antarctic circle (66 12 oS)
re S
• Longitudes are imaginary lines drawn on the globe, from
bl
B
the north pole to the south pole. They are also known as
meridians. The longitude that passes through Greenwich
pu
be T
in England is called the Prime Meridian (0o). The half

part of the earth to the east of Prime meridian is called
K
Eastern Hemisphere and to the west of it is called Western

Hemisphere.
©
• There are 180o of east longitudes to the east and 180o to the
west of Greenwich Meridian.
• There is a relationship between longitude and time.
• The latitudes and longitudes help to understand the position,
distance and direction on the earth's surface
to
India is the 7th largest country in the world with respect

to area and the second populous nation after China.
t
Know this
No
• Area of India : 32,87,263 square km

• Population of India : 121 crore (census 2011)
• The southern most point of India : Indira point
• The northern most point of India : Indira Col
• The western tip of India : Ghuar Mota
• The eastern tip of India : Kibithu
229
In the previous class you have learnt about Karnataka
state. Let us once again recall what we have learnt.
• In which part of India is Karnataka state located ?
_____________________________________________________
ed
• How many districts are there in Karnataka state? List
them.
ish
_____________________________________________________
re S
_____________________________________________________
bl
B
_____________________________________________________
pu
be T
_____________________________________________________
K
_____________________________________________________
©
yy Which are the neighbouring states of Karnataka?

Mention.
_____________________________________________________
to
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
t
Let us know the facts about India just as we have

No
studied the facts about our state.
Instruction to the teachers

You should practice the use of Atlas by the students.
Arrange to provide at least one Atlas for a group of 3 to 4
students.
230
1) India and its Neighbouring Countries
The neighbouring countries of India are - Pakistan and
Afghanistan to the north-west, Nepal, Bhutan and China are
to the north, Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east and to the
south - east is Srilanka. It is an Island and it is separated
from India by Palk Strait and the Gulf of Mannar.
Frontiers of India
ed
Look here! Now let us look at the political map of India.
In this map let us study how the states, islands and water
bodies are distributed.
ish
Jammu
re S
and kashmir
istan INDIA
bl
Afgh
a n
B
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
pu
be T
HimachalPradesh
an
ist
Uttaranchal China
k Punjab
Arunachal Pradesh
Pa
K
Haryana
Delhi Sikkim
Nepal
©
Rajasthan Uttar Bhutan

Pradesh Assam Nagaland
Bihar Meghalaya
Manipur
esh
glad
Tropic Jharkhand
of Can W. Mizoram
ce r Madhya
Ban
t Bengal
Gujara
h
Pradesh
gar
Tripura
Myanmar
s
Odisha
atti
Diu-Daman
to
Maharashtra
Chh
Telangana esh
ad
t
Pr
No
a
a
hr
tak
Goa d Bay of Bengal

Arabian Sea An
a
rn
Ka
adu
it
il N
ra
Ke
Lakshadweep st Andaman
k
ral
l Nicobar
Tam
Pa
a
Mannar
Srilanka
Kanyakumari Gulf
Indian Ocean
231
• Peninsular India is surrounded by the seas and
ocean and has 7,516.6 km long coastline. This helps
the growth of foreign trade, shipping, fishing and
shipbuilding.
• The water bodies which surround India are the Bay
of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west
and the Indian Ocean in the south.
• The Andaman-Nicobar Islands are in the Bay of
ed
Bengal and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the
Arabian Sea.
ish
• Observe the map of India where you can locate the
water bodies surrounding India on three sides. Such
a landform is called a peninsula. So South India is
re S
a peninsular.
bl
B
• A piece of land surrounded by water on all sides
is called an island. The Andaman-Nicobar and
pu
be T
Lakshadweep are the islands of India.

K
Activity : Take the map of Asia or an Atlas. With the help

©
of this, mark the neighbouring countries of India on an

outline map of Asia and write here.
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
to
2) Administrative Divisions of India

Look at the map of India once again. You can see the
t
state boundary on the map. But there was no boundary line

No
on the earlier maps, because, as mentioned earlier, before

independence, India was ruled by several native dynasties and
external forces. The country was fragmented into hundreds
of small princely states.
After independence, in order to carry on smooth
administration, the boundary lines of the states were
reorganised.
232
The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was a major
reform of the boundaries of the states of India, on the basis
of languages.
There are a large number of languages in India. This
indicates the diversity of languages. Of these, 15 languages
have been recognised as official languages and are printed
ed
on Indian currency.
ish
Activity : Get a currency note from your parents. Make a
list of languages printed on it.
re S
_____________________________________________________
bl
B
_____________________________________________________
pu
be T
_____________________________________________________
K
• Which is the official language of our state?

©
_____________________________________________________
• Which are the languages of your neighbouring states?

___________________________________________________
to
• Which is the language you speak at home?

___________________________________________________
t
No
• Which is the official language of India?

_____________________________________________________
Know this : We use a language in our day to day

activities. Understand the feelings of others and
maintain harmony.
233
India is the 7th largest democratic country in the world. It is
divided into 29 states and 6 union territories and one National
Capital Territory which is Delhi. Since the states are divided
on the basis of languages it becomes easy to understand their
environment, economic, cultural and regional traditions.
Every state contributes its speciality, towards the building of
ed
a great India. With the help of a map let us learn about the
different states.
ish
Activity : With the help of a map prepare a chart including
the States and Union Territories, their capitals and mother
re S
tongue. Then display it in the classroom.
bl
B
The Government of India is officially known as Central
pu
be T
Government. It is the governing authority of the country's

K
states and union territories. Its main offices are located in

New Delhi, the capital of the country. The administration of
©
the states is managed by the states themselves. This system

is called State Government. Every state has its own capital
for the purpose of administration. Then,
• Which is the capital city of Karnataka state?

to
_________________________________________________
t
• With the help of your teacher/parents collect facts and

No
complete the following sentences with suitable answers.
1. The official language of Goa is _______________

2. The capital city of Nagaland is _______________
3. The name of the present Chief minister of Jammu

and Kashmir is _______________
234
4. The present President of India is _______________
5. The present Governor of Karnataka is _______________
6. Recently Andhra Pradesh was divided into _________

and ________
ed
7. The present Prime Minister of India is _______________
8. The present Chief Minister of Karnataka is _____________
ish
The union territories are ruled directly by the Central
re S
Government. They do not come under any state. The Governor,
bl
B
appointed by the President of India is the administrator for the
union territories. There are 6 union territories. They are, Diu-
pu
be T
Daman, Dadra - Nagara Haveli, Chandigarh, Lakshadweep,

K
Puduchery, Andaman and Nicobar islands. Locate them on

©
the map.
Know this

• The 4 administrative divisions of Puduchery are :

Puduchery, Mahe, Yanam, and Karaikal districts.
to
• New Delhi is the national capital of India.

t
• Chandigarh is the capital for both Punjab and Haryana

No
states.
235
Activity
Observe the relationship of first two words. In the same
way, write the fourth suitable word for the third word.
Example :
India : Delhi :: Karnataka : Bengaluru
ed
1. Kerala : South :: Kashmir :
ish
2. India : Peninsula :: Andaman :
3. Union Territory : 6 :: States :
re S
bl
4. Bay of Bengal : East :: Arabian Sea :
B
pu
be T
• Complete this exercise with the help of an Atlas

K
Neighbouring
©
________________________________
1 countries of ________________________________
India
________________________________
Islands of
________________________________
to
2 India ________________________________
________________________________
t
No
________________________________
Union
3 Territories of ________________________________
India ________________________________
236
Northern ________________________________
4 states of ________________________________
India ________________________________
ed
________________________________
Southern
5 states of ________________________________
India
ish
________________________________
re S
Small states
to the
bl ________________________________
B
6 ________________________________
North-east
pu
be T
of India ________________________________
K
3) Unity in Diversity and Integration

©
Observe these pictures. Discuss with your friends about

the diversities in these pictures.
t to
No
The dress - costumes of the people seen in the pictures are different.
237
India is a land of many religions. Hence people follow
variety of customs. Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism,
Buddhism and Jainism, are the major religions of India.
Besides, followers of other religions are also found in the
country. Thus, India is a land of many religions.
Project work :
There is also diversity in the culture of our state. Prepare
ed
a project on the basis of specialities in culture found in North
Karnataka, South Karnataka, Coastal plain and Malnad
region
ish
(collect facts about food, clothes, festivals, folklore,
games, art, crops, important celebrations, rivers etc.,)
re S
bl
Know this
B
• People belonging to different religions live in the same
pu
be T
street/road with love and affection.

K
• The people of all religions travel together in the bus,

train, aeroplane etc.
©
• People of various religions participate in one another's

religious festivals and functions and greet each other.
• The people belonging to different religions participate in
the urusu, fairs, festivals and processions with devotion
and excitement.
to
Respecting all religions, living together in peace and

having the feeling that we are all indians is integrity.
t
No
Know this
In our country, there is diversity in landforms, river
system, climate, types of soils, plants and animals, natural
resources and methods of agriculture. Our occupations,
religions, caste systems, languages, food habits, dress,
customs and regional culture also have diversity. But we live
together as people of one country. This is known as Unity
in diversity.
238
Observe the pictures. Match the following by drawing lines.
Christianity
ed
ish
Sikhism
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bl
B
pu
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Buddhism
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©
Hindusim
to
Islam
t
No
Jainism
239
Activity : Discuss with your friends and write the solutions
for the following.
• Disputes of language, land-water, religion, border disputes
of state/country.
• Water disputes of rivers flowing across two states.
ed
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
ish
_____________________________________________________
re S
_____________________________________________________
bl
B
Do this
pu
be T
• Wear the costume of different states for your school

functions and exhibit integrity.
K
• Once in a week sing a song of good will with your friends.

©
4. National Emblems
• Name the national festivals of India.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
• Do we not hoist the National Flag on national festivals?
to
What are the colours of our National flag?

__________________________________________________
t
No
The National Flag is one of the national symbols of our

country. It is a horizontal rectangular tricolor(Tiranga) of
saffron, white and green. Saffron stands for courage and
sacrifice, white colour symbolises peace and purity and green
is the symbol of fertility. The Ashoka Chakra is at the centre
of the flag. It is the symbol of progress and movements. Our
national flag represents India and has a special recognition
in the international level.
240
• Paint the flag given below with suitable colours.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
Observe
• Care should be taken to prevent the National flag from
falling to the ground.
• The use of plastic national flag is an offence.
• National flag should be hoisted only after sunrise and
lowered before sunset.
241
Do you know this?
yy Our national flag was initially manufactured at Garaga, a
small village in Dharwad district. Now Karnataka Khadi
Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha, based in Hubballi is the
only licensed manufacturer of the national flag and is the
supply unit for India.
Namma Baavuta
ed
£ÀªÀÄä ¨ÁªÀÅl
KgÀÄwºÀÄzÀÄ ºÁgÀÄwºÀÄzÀÄ Erutihudu Harutihudu
ish
£ÉÆÃqÀÄ £ÀªÀÄä ¨ÁªÀÅl Nodu namma baavuta
vÉÆÃgÀÄwºÀÄzÀÄ ºÉÆqÉzÀÄ Thorutihudu hodedu
re S
ºÉÆqÉzÀÄ ¨Á¤£ÀUÀ® ¥Àl¥Àl hodedu baaninagala patapata
bl
B
PÉÃ¸Àj ©½ ºÀ¹gÀÄ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ Kesari bili hasiru mooru
pu
§tÚ £ÀqÀÄªÉ ZÀPÀæªÀÅ Banna naduve chakravu
be T
¸ÀvÀå±ÁAw vÁåUÀªÀÄÆwð Satyashanti tyagamurthy

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UÁA¢ü »rzÀ ZÀgÀPÀªÀÅ Gandhi hidida charakavu

©
EAvÀ zsÀédªÀÅ £ÀªÀÄä zsÀédªÀÅ Intha dwajavu namma dwajavu

£ÉÆÃqÀÄ ºÁgÀÄwgÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ Nodu haarutiruvudu
zsÀédzÀ ¨sÀQÛ £ÀªÀÄä ±ÀQÛ Dwajada bhakti namma shakti
£ÁqÀUÀÄrAiÀÄ ªÉÄgÉªÀÅzÀÄ
Naadagudiya merevudu
PÉA¥ÀÅQgÀt vÀÄA© UÀUÀ£À Kempukirana tumbi gagana
to
ºÉÆ£Àß§tÚªÁVzÉ Honnabannavaagide
£ÀªÀÄä£ÁqÀ UÀÄrAiÀÄ£ÉÆÃqÀ Nammanaada gudiyanoda
£ÉÆÃrgÀtÚ ºÉÃVzÉ.
t
Nodiranna hegide.
No
-PÀAiÀiÁågÀ QkÕtÚgÉÊ (Sing this poem in group)

Meaning : The poem speaks about the splendour of our
national flag and the essence of its grandeur. It depicts the
truth, peace and sacrifice of great leaders like Gandhiji.
It inculcates a sense of devotion in its patrons and gives
strength to build our nation stronger.
242
Look here! This is the
picture of a monolith pillar
at Saranath. The lion seal
that you notice here has
been adopted as the National
Emblem of India. This pillar
was installed during the reign
ed
of Ashoka the Great, in North
India.
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
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The four facing lion imprint is our

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National Emblem. You can observe

this national emblem on the coins
©
and currency notes. Our emblems

are the symbols of identity and
heritage of India. You sing the
National Anthem during the school
assembly. Is it not so? Who has
written it? Understand the theme of
to
our national anthem. It represents

the diversity and regionalism of
India. While you are singing this
t
national anthem, you feel patriotic.

No
Do you know this?

The National Anthem of India is taken from the first few
stanzas of the poem written by Rabindranatha Tagore.
243
Observe :
• When the Indian sports persons win medals at the
international sports competition they are honoured by
being wrapped with the National Flag and the National
Anthem is sung.
• In the 2016 Olympic games the badminton player
ed
P.V.Sindhu won the silver medal and wrestling player
Sakshi Malik won the bronze medal. On that occasion
they were honoured by the hoisting of the National Flag.
ish
• When the Indian soldiers sacrifice their life for the nation,
they are buried with full state honours.
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
t ©
to
No
Know this

The National Flag, National Emblem, and National
Anthem are our National symbols.
244
Activity : Paste a photo of Rabindranatha Tagore in the
space provided
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
• With the help of your teacher learn how to fold the

national flag and tie a knot of the thread before hoisting.
• You should practice singing the National Anthem in
correct rhythm within the specified time (52 seconds).
to
5. Art, Music and Literature

t
No
Who does not like dancing? Every body likes it. Is it not
so? Culture and art differs from place to place. Every state is
identified by its own dance style. It is based on the culture of
that locality. Dance styles can help in spreading the glory of
India's heritage in foreign countries.
245
With the help of your teacher complete the following
activity
_ __ Dance type_______
__
__
pe
ty
nce
Da
ed
e State
ish
at
Dance type_______
St
Dance type_______
e
Stat
re S
bl Dance types
State
B
pu
be T
e
at
Stat
e St
K
__
©
_
__
___
pe
Da ty
nc e
et nc
yp
e__ Da
___
___
Are not the postures, expressions of dance, costume

to
designs, ornaments, proficiency, facial expressions, gestures

etc., very distinctive? In India, there are different types of
dances. You can also practice them. Among the many dance
t
forms in Karnataka, Yakshagana has been selected as an

No
important one.
Project work
• Prepare an Album regarding different types of dances
or folklore art (Take the help of your teacher/parents).
246
Activity
Name this dance type and colour with suitable colours.
Name: _________________________
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
yy Mention the popular folklore dance/art around your

place.
__________________________________________________
to
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
t
• Mention the name of any 3 famous folklore sports in

No
Karnataka state.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
247
• Collect a photo of a famous dancer of India and paste it in
the space provided. Write 3 sentences about him/her.
ed
ish
re S
bl
B
pu
be TK
©
_________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Music and Literature
to
India is rich with litterateurs, great artist achievers, saints

t
and monks and social reformers. Every state contributes

No
its own music, literature, art, sports, cinema, science

and technology. The Government of India rewards great
personalities, by awarding Padmashree, Padmabhushana,
Padmavibhushana and Bharath Ratna to acknowledge their
achievement in their concerned field.
248
Activity : Write the names of two recipients of the
following awards. (Take the help of your teacher/
parents)
_________________________
1. Padmashree
_________________________
ed
_________________________
2. Padmabhushana
ish
_________________________
_________________________
re S
3. Padmavibhushana
bl
B
_________________________
pu
be T
_________________________
4. Bharath Ratna
K
_________________________
t ©
to
No
yy Who is this? Write 3 sentences about her.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
249
Write 5 sentences about any one popular litterateur/sports
person/poet/writer/dancer/stage artist from your locality.
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
ed
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
ish
__________________________________________________
re S
Wherever we are, however we are, we should cultivate
bl
B
patriotism. We should all come together in the name of our
pu
be T
motherland when needed. India has become an independent

K
country because of its integrity, nonviolence and sacrifice.

©
Let us develop India and make it a strong nation at the global

level. It is the responsibility of every Indian to make India a
strong nation.
Mera Desh Mahan

to

t
No
250

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GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA TEXT BOOK SOCIETY (R.)

We need to have a developmental vision that can ensure our

secure physical existence. We need natural environment.

development or opposing the developmental initiatives in the

and a model that seeks to attain development by destroying

So, the need of the hour is to foster balanced and

to the members of the committee. The contributions of the

are also acknowledged with pleasure. We also thank

H.N. Gopalakrishna Prof. Baraguru Ramachandrappa

Managing Director Chairman-in-Chief

Karnataka Textbook Society (R) Textbook Revision Committees

The 5th Standard Environmental Studies text book has been

with daily experiences. Local examples, situational illustrations,

grateful to them. I express my grateful thanks to the members of

of Karnataka text book society who have given their valuable

suggestions/guidance for the preparation of this text book.

Dr. M.R. Nagaraju, Educationist, Rajarajeshwarinagar, Bengaluru.

Dr. Ashwathanarayana, Professor, History Dept., Bangalore University, Bengaluru.

Dr. M. Shashidhar, Professor, History Dept., Bangalore University, Bengaluru.

Prof. P. Mallappa, Professor (Retd.), J.S.S. Nagar, Mysuru.

Smt. A.R. Shubha, Asst. teacher, G.H.S, Rajanukunte, Bengaluru.

SL. NO. LESSON PAGE NO.

9. Food - Essence Of Life 111 - 123

10. Residences 124 - 129

11. Nature Of Matter 130 - 155

12. Elements, Compounds And Mixtures 156 - 159

13. Amazing Energy 160 - 180

14. The Sky 181 - 196

15. Our India - Physical Diversity 197 - 226

16. Our India - Political and Cultural 227 - 250

• know the important characteristics of living beings.

• introduce yourself to the method of food production in

• classify animals based on their feeding habits.

of groundnuts, especially fried groundnuts. Once while eating

groundnuts in his land, he would get enough groundnuts to eat

Activity: Make a list of other living beings and non living

things you have seen.

_______ _______ _______ _______ _______

They are of plant and animal

observed how a house is

being constructed. When

present on the lower surface of leaves.

With the help of oxygen the energy in the food is made

available to the living body.

Think : What are the advantages of the energy that

3. Living beings eat food.

Living beings perform many activities daily such as wood

plants are called autotrophs.

Preparation of food in plants atmosphere

produce food by the plants are chlorophyll

given. An activity, Which? From

Which? From what? Correct and write here

solar energy green leaf

Though plants like Drosera, Nepenthes, Utricularia

These are called insectivorous plants. You will know about

Animals do not prepare their own food. They depend on

4. Living beings grow.

Observe the pictures given below

___ _ _ _ _____

______ _ _ _______

______ _ _ _______

______ _ _ _______

______ _ _ _______