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Springs

Springs are energy absorbing units that store and restore energy through elastic deformation when compressed or stretched. There are different types of springs including helical, leaf, and spiral springs. Helical springs can be close-coiled or open-coiled. Springs are used in vehicles to act as buffers between the vehicle and uneven road conditions. The document defines equations to calculate spring deflection, stress, and stiffness based on factors like wire diameter, coil radius, number of coils, axial load, and modulus of rigidity. It also provides examples of calculating spring deflection and maximum shear stress given specific spring parameters and loads.

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Ahmad Abd
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116 views

Springs

Springs are energy absorbing units that store and restore energy through elastic deformation when compressed or stretched. There are different types of springs including helical, leaf, and spiral springs. Helical springs can be close-coiled or open-coiled. Springs are used in vehicles to act as buffers between the vehicle and uneven road conditions. The document defines equations to calculate spring deflection, stress, and stiffness based on factors like wire diameter, coil radius, number of coils, axial load, and modulus of rigidity. It also provides examples of calculating spring deflection and maximum shear stress given specific spring parameters and loads.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Abd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Springs

It is an energy absorbing units.


Its function is to store and restore energy. (e.g. spring application in a motor
vehicle to acts as buffers between the vehicle and external forces, applied
through the wheels uneven road condition) without permanent distortion of
the material.
Types of springs:
1) Close-coiled helical spring.
2) Open-coiled helical spring.
3) Leaf spring (carriage spring).
4) Spiral spring.

Leaf spring Spiral spring

-1-
Close-coiled helical spring: -
Each turn is so close to the adjacent, i.e. each turn may be considered to lie in
horizontal plane if the center axis of the spring is vertical.

D
𝐷 R
R = mean coil radius (cm, mm)
2
𝑑
r = wire radius
2

n = number of turns (number of coils)


𝑙 = length of the wire = π D n
𝛿 = axial deflection
w = axial load (N, KN)

Wire
d

consider one half turn of the spring every cross section will be subjected to
torque (T) = W R, tends to twist the section. To determine the max stress,
torsion theory will be applied R
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇
=
𝑟 J
𝑇= 𝑊𝑅
π 4 π 4
J= 𝑑 = 𝑟
32 2
𝑇𝑟 𝑊× 𝑅× 𝑟
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = π 4
J
2 𝑟 𝛿
θ
r
2𝑊𝑅 d
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
π 𝑟3

-2-
Also, from half turn: -
𝑇 Gθ
∴ =
J 𝑙
𝑇𝑙 𝑊 × 𝑅 × (πR)
θ= = π
GJ G (2 𝑟 4)

2 𝑊𝑅2
θ= 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
G 𝑟4
deflection of half turn = 𝛿 = 𝑅 θ
2 𝑊𝑅2
∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 deflection = 𝛿 = 2𝛿𝑛 = 2 × 𝑅 × ×𝑛
G 𝑟4
4𝑅3 𝑊𝑛
∴𝛿= (𝑐𝑚, 𝑚𝑚)
G 𝑟4

Where:
𝛿 = deflection of the spring
W = axial load one the spring
n = number of coils
R = mean coil radius
r = wire radius
G = modulus of rigidity

-3-
Ex: A close-coiled helical spring of round steel wire 6mm in diameter having
14 complete coils of 6cm mean diameter is subjected to an axial load of
150 N, find the deflection of the spring and the max shearing stress in the
material if G = 80 GN/m2
Sol:
4𝑊𝑅3 𝑛
𝛿=
G 𝑟4
4 × 150 × (3)3 × 10−6 × 14
𝛿= = 0.035 𝑚 = 3.5 𝑐𝑚
80 × 109 × 34 × 10−12
2𝑊𝑅
max 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
π 𝑟3
2 × 150 × 3 × 102 𝑀𝑁
∴ max 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = = 106
π (3)3 × 10−9 𝑚2
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𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑊) (𝑁)
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = stiffness (𝑠) = (𝑚)
(𝑁/𝑚)

1. Series connection
𝑊 𝑠1
𝑆=
𝑠
𝑊 𝑊 𝑊 𝑠2
𝑆= = 𝑠1 + 𝑠2 = +
𝑠 𝑠1 𝑠2
𝑊 1 1
=𝑊( + )
𝑠 𝑠1 𝑠2
Tow spring carrying a
1 1 1 𝑠2 + 𝑠1 common load (W)
= + =
𝑠 𝑠1 𝑠2 𝑠1 𝑠2
𝑠1 𝑠2
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 stiffness S =
𝑠1 + 𝑠2
Where:
𝑠1 = is the stiffness of spring 1
𝑠2 = is the stiffness of spring 2

-4-
2. Parallel connection
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑊 = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2
𝑊 𝑤1 𝑤2 𝑠1 𝑠2
𝑆= = =
𝑠 𝑠1 𝑠2
𝑊𝑠1 𝑊𝑠2
𝑤1 = 𝑤2 = 𝑤1 𝑤2
𝑠 𝑠
𝑊 = 𝑤1 + 𝑤2
𝑊𝑠1 𝑊𝑠2
𝑊= +
𝑠 𝑠
𝑊
𝑊= (𝑠1 + 𝑠2 )
𝑠
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 stiffness S = 𝑠1 + 𝑠2

Ex: A close-coiled helical spring is subjected to a load of 100 N, and the max
shear stress is limited to 10 KN/cm2. Determine the spring diameter for coil
𝐷
and wire if =8
𝑑

Sol:
2𝑅. 𝑊
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
π 𝑟3
𝐷 =8𝑑
8
2 × ( × 𝑑) × 100
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
𝑑3
π 8
8
10 × 103 2 × (2 × 𝑑) × 100
=
10−4 𝑑3
π 8

𝑑 = 0.00451 𝑚
∴ 𝐷 = 8 × 0.00451 = 0.03608 𝑚 = 36.08 𝑐𝑚

-5-

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