BS 5911-120

British Standard
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BRITISH STANDARD BS 5911-120:
1989
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1
Precast concrete pipes,

fittings and ancillary
products —
Part 120: Specification for reinforced
jacking pipes with flexible joints
BS 5911-120:1989
Committees responsible for this

British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Cement,

Gypsum, Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Policy Committee
(CAB/-) to Technical Committee CAB/12, upon which the following bodies were
represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers

Association of Metropolitan Authorities
British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Concrete Pipe Association
Concrete Society
County Surveyor’s Society
Department of the Environment (Property Services Agency)
Department of Transport
Federation of Civil Engineering Contractors
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Highways and Transportation
Institution of Water and Environmental Management (IWEM)

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
Pipe Jacking Association
Sand and Gravel Association Ltd.
Water Authorities’ Association
This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Cement, Gypsum,
Aggregates and Quarry Products
Standards Policy Committee, was
published under the authority of
the Board of BSI and comes
into effect on Amendments issued since publication
28 April 1989
Amd. No. Date of issue Comments
© BSI 02-1999
9020 March 1996 Indicated by a sideline in the margin
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference CAB/12
Draft for comment 85/12757 DC
ISBN 0 580 17246 5

BS 5911-120:1989
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
Section 1. General
1 Scope 1
2 Definitions 1
3 Marking 1
Section 2. Materials
4 Cement 3
5 Aggregates 3
6 Other concrete materials 3
7 Concrete mix, casting and finish 3
8 Reinforcement 5
Section 3. Dimensions and tolerances
9 Nominal size and effective length 6
10 Internal manufacturing diameter and actual diameter 6
11 External manufacturing diameter 6
12 Variation in the thickness of wall 6
13 Squareness of ends 6
14 Deviation from straightness 6
15 Surface cracking 6
16 Joints 7
Section 4. Tests
17 General 9
18 Test requirements 9
Section 5. Inspection procedures
19 Type of inspection and batch size 13
20 Inspection procedures 13
Appendix A Information to be supplied in an enquiry and order 17
Appendix B Methods of assessing surface finish 17
Appendix C Method of test for squareness of ends 17
Appendix D Method of assessment of deviation from straightness 18
Appendix E Method of test for water absorption 19
Appendix F Hydrostatic test method 19
Appendix G Crushing strength test methods 19
Appendix H Methods of measuring depth of cover to reinforcement 21
Appendix J Joint face strength test 22
Appendix K Methods of testing pipe joints for angular
deflection, straight draw and shear 22
Appendix L Facilities for purchasers 24
Figure 1 — Effective length of pipes 2
Figure 2 — Typical flexible joints 8
Figure 3 — Joint test measurements 12
Figure 4 — Gauge for assessing surface evenness 17
Figure 5 — Gauge for assessing surface voids 18
Figure 6 — Gauge for measuring deviation from straightness 19
Figure 7 — Testing arrangement for the crushing test 21
Figure 8 — Dimensions of feeler gauge for inspecting cracks 21
Figure 9 — Loading arrangements for joint face strength test 23
© BSI 02-1999 i
BS 5911-120:1989
Page
Figure 10 — Loading plate and location for joint
face strength test 23
Figure 11 — Loading arrangement for shear test on joints 24
Table 1 — Limits of chloride content of concrete 4
Table 2 — Nominal sizes and tolerances 6
Table 3 — Maximum variation of squareness across
an external diameter 6
Table 4 — Summary of test requirements and
inspection procedures 10
Table 5 — Crushing test loads 10
Table 6 — Minimum angular deflection and straight
draw for joints 11
Table 7 — Minimum shear test loads 11
Table 8 — Maximum number of individual defectives in last 10 batches
permitted for switching to reduced inspection (hydrostatic and
“no-crack” load crushing test) 13
Table 9 — Inspection plans for hydrostatic and “no-crack”
load crushing tests 16

Publications referred to Inside back cover
ii © BSI 12-1998
BS 5911-120:1989
Foreword
This Part of BS 5911 has been prepared under the direction of the Cement,
Gypsum, Aggregates and Quarry Products Standards Policy Committee. Like the
other Parts it is a specification incorporating tests on pipes in manufacturers’
works or in testing stations.
The pipes covered by this Part of BS 5911 are intended for installation by jacking
which is a technique of installing pipes by driving a line of them through the
ground by means of hydraulic jacks from a jacking pit to a reception pit. After
pushing a full pipe length into the ground, a new pipe is placed into the pit and
the process repeated. The direction is controlled by a steerable shield at the front
of the pipes. Spoil is excavated at the forward shield by machine or manually and
is removed along the pipeline by means of skips, conveyors or conduit. Tests are
included to assist pipe jacking contractors and specifying engineers in respect of
the pipes’ ability to be jacked and to carry sewage or surface water at atmospheric
pressure without leaking or suffering structural damage, always provided that
the pipes are jacked, jointed and laid in accordance with agreed codes of practice
and design procedures, such as “Jacking Concrete Pipes1)” published jointly by
the Pipe Jacking Association and the Concrete Pipe Association of Great Britain.
This standard does not include the structural or hydraulic design of the pipeline,
its durability under unusual environmental conditions or standards of
workmanship and supervision during construction and operation.
For an enquiry or order to be fully understood it is essential that the

manufacturer be given the information set out in Appendix A.
The joint face strength test (see 18.5) is included in the absence of a suitable
jacking strength test. Research is presently being undertaken in order to devise
such a test and this may be incorporated in a future revision.
Since the publication of this Part of BS 5911 it has been found that the
method described in Appendix C for assessing the out-of-squareness of
pipe ends is mathematically incorrect. No problems have been reported
with the existing method and as far as is known the discrepancy is
largely academic. Nevertheless, the correction is published in
recognition of BSI’s duty of care.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 24, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on
the inside front cover.
1) Obtainable
from the Concrete Pipe Association of Great Britain, 60 Charles St., Leicester
LE1 1FB or the Pipe Jacking Association, 56 Britton St., London EC1 5NA.
© BSI 02-1999 iii

iv
blank
BS 5911-120:1989
Section 1. General
1 Scope 2.8
effective length
This Part of BS 5911 specifies requirements and
describes methods of tests for precast concrete the length of a pipe measured as shown in Figure 1
cylindrical pipes with flexible joints, reinforced with 2.9
steel, intended to be installed by pipe jacking and to batch
be used for the conveyance, under atmospheric
the number of jacking pipes of a particular
pressure, of sewage or surface water, and for the
specification produced under uniform conditions
construction of culverts. Requirements are given for
during a given production period by one particular
materials, dimensions and inspection procedures.
process
NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard
are listed on the inside back cover. 2.10
make-up pipe sections
2 Definitions pipe sections used to complete jacked pipe runs
For the purposes of this Part of BS 5911 the 2.11
following definitions apply. reinforcement
2.1 steel, other than stainless steel, cast within a pipe so
pipe as to reinforce the concrete or to locate steel for that
a hollow cylinder manufactured from concrete cast purpose
as one piece, reinforced with one or more
3 Marking
prefabricated steel cages or hoops

NOTE When “pipe” is used alone in the text of this standard 3.1 General
this indicates a jacking pipe, lead pipe or interjack pipe.
Each pipe shall be clearly marked with the following
2.2
information:
jacking pipe
a) the number of this British Standard,
a pipe of uniform cross section through-out its
i.e. BS 5911-1202);
length, except at the joint, and which incorporates a
flexible rebated joint or a butt-end joint with a fixed b) the letter “R”, denoting the pipe is reinforced;
collar, in either case within the wall thickness c) an indication of the crushing test load(s), which
NOTE A jacking pipe is sometimes known as a line pipe. shall consist of either the letter “J” to denote
“jacking” class pipes, or, where higher crushing
2.3
test loads have been specified, the specified works
lead pipe
proof and maximum crushing test loads in
a pipe designed for use behind a jacking shield kilonewtons per metre of effective length
2.4 (see 18.3.1).
interjack pipe d) the letter “S”, where sulphate-resisting
a pipe designed for use at either end of an Portland cement has been used;
intermediate jacking station e) the letter “B”, where ground granulated
2.5 blastfurnace slag (g.g.b.s.) has been used;
nominal size (DN) f) the letter “P”, where pulverized-fuel ash (p.f.a.)
a numerical designation of the bore of a pipe, which has been used;
is a convenient round number approximately equal g) the letter “A”, where an admixture has been
to the internal diameter in millimetres used;
2.6 h) the day, month and year of manufacture;
manufacturing diameter i) the manufacturer’s mark and works
a diameter of a pipe that a manufacturer seeks to identification mark;
achieve j) where tests, as specified in 18.1, 18.2 or 18.3.2
2.7 have been successfully carried out on the pipe;
actual diameter 1) the words “Abs”, “Hyd” “N/C”
(i.e. “no crack”), as appropriate,
a diameter found by measurement
2) Marking BS 5911-120 on or in relation to a product represents a manufacturer’s declaration of conformity, i.e. a claim by or on
behalf of the manufacturer that the product meets the requirements of the standard. The accuracy of the claim is therefore solely
the responsibility of the person making the claim. Such a declaration is not to be confused with third party certification of
conformity, which may also be desirable.
© BSI 02-1999 1
BS 5911-120:1989
2) the symbol “MU” indicating pipes suitable The above marking on a concrete jacking pipe would signify:
only for make-up duties (see 2.10 and 18.3.3), “Claimed by manufacturer “D” to have been made at his works
3) a reference symbol after the words in “Y” and to comply with BS 5911-120; to be reinforced; to
item 1) or 2) to identify the results of the tests contain an admixture and made to resist a maximum
in the manufacturer’s quality control records. crushing test load of 150 kN per metre of effective length; to
have been made on 2 June 1989, and to have been successfully
NOTE Examples of marking
subjected to the “no crack” load test, as specified in 18.3.2,
1. “C” “X”
with results recorded in the manufacturer’s quality control
BS 5911-120 “RJS” records “T”.
2.5.89
3.2 Method of marking
“Hyd” “Z”
Pipes shall be marked with either:
The above marking on a concrete jacking pipe would signify:
a) indelible paint, applied by stencil brush or
“Claimed by manufacturer “C” to have been made at his works spray as soon as possible after removal from the
“X” and to comply with BS 5911-120; to be reinforced, of mould; or
class J and made with sulphate-resisting Portland cement; to
b) impressed characters approximately 2 mm
have been made on 2 May 1989, and to have been successfully
deep.
tested hydrostatically, as specified in 18.2 with results
recorded in the manufacturer’s quality control records “Z”.” All marks shall be visible and legible and shall be on
the internal surface of the pipe.
2. “D” “Y”
BS 5911-120 “RA” 150

2.6.89
“N/C” “T”
Figure 1 — Effective length of pipes
2 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
Section 2. Materials
4 Cement 5.2 Mechanical properties

The cement shall: The limiting values on the mechanical properties of
coarse aggregates shall be either a minimum 10 %
a) be factory-produced by the cement
fines value of 100 kN or a maximum aggregate
manufacturer and comply with one of the
impact value of 30 %. Flakiness index shall be not
following standards as appropriate;
more than 35.
Type of cement Standard to be
complied with 5.3 Nominal maximum size
ordinary and rapid-hardening BS 12 The nominal maximum size of aggregate shall not
Portland exceed the least of the following:
Portland-blastfurnace BS 146-2 a) 20 mm;
sulphate-resisting Portland BS 4027 b) the concrete cover (see 8.2);
Portland p.f.a. BS 6588 c) one-quarter of the minimum thickness of
the pipe;
or
b) consist of a normal or special combination of 6 Other concrete materials
cement complying with BS 12 and g.g.b.s. or p.f.a. 6.1 Water
in accordance with the following, to be included
as part of the concrete mix by simultaneously Water shall be clean and free from harmful matter
combining them with the other concrete in such quantities as would affect the properties of
materials at the concrete mixer; the concrete in the plastic or hardened state
(see Appendix A of BS 3148:1980).
Cementitious Standard to % by mass of total
NOTE As a general rule, potable water, whether treated for
component be complied cementitious content
distribution through the public supply or untreated, is suitable
other than with
for making concrete.
cement
6.2 Admixtures
normal special
Admixtures shall comply with BS 5075.
(additional
NOTE Admixtures, when used (see Appendix A), should not
resistance to
impair the durability of the concrete, nor combine with the
sulphate,
ingredients to form harmful compounds nor increase the risk of
see note 1) corrosion of reinforcement.
g.g.b.s. BS 6699 0 % to 70 % to The chloride ion content of admixtures shall not
65 % 90 % exceed 2 % by mass of the admixture or 0.03 % by
mass of the cement.
p.f.a. BS 3892-1 15 % to 25 % to
The manufacturer shall make available details of:
35 % 40 % a) the relevant production records;
NOTE 1 The requirements specified in 7.1 for minimum cement b) the admixture(s) used;
content and maximum water/cement ratio will ensure that any of
the permitted cements or normal combinations of BS 12 cement
c) the dosage rate of each admixture;
and g.g.b.s. or p.f.a. will provide resistance to sulphate attack d) the effect of under-dosing and over-dosing.
equivalent to classes 1 and 2 of Table 6.1 of BS 8110-1:1985.
Class 3 resistance will be provided by the use of a special
combination of cement complying with BS 12 and g.g.b.s. or p.f.a. 7 Concrete mix, casting and finish
or by cement complying with BS 4027; the latter will also
facilitate class 4 resistance if the minimum cement content
7.1 Cement content
is 370 kg/m3. The advice of the pipe manufacturer should be The fully compacted concrete shall contain not less
sought where class 5 conditions exist.
than 360 kg of cement (inclusive of any g.g.b.s.
NOTE 2 The purchaser should specify in the enquiry or order
the classification of exposure conditions for sulphate attack if or p.f.a.) per cubic metre and shall have a
higher than class 2 (see Appendix A). water/cement ratio not greater than 0.45. Where a
special combination of cement complying with
5 Aggregates BS 12 and g.g.b.s. or p.f.a. is used (see clause 4), the
5.1 General minimum cementitious content shall be increased
from 360 kg/m3 to 380 kg/m3.
Aggregates shall consist of materials complying
with BS 882:1983, except for the grading 7.2 Chloride content
requirements of clause 5 of that standard. The total chloride ion content of the concrete mixes
NOTE The pipe manufacturer may modify the gradings to suit shall be as given in Table 1.
his manufacturing process. (See clause 0 of BS 882:1983.)
© BSI 02-1999 3
BS 5911-120:1989
7.3 Work in cold weather 7.6 Making good

Concrete, when placed, shall have a temperature of 7.6.1 Materials. Materials for making good shall be
at least 5 °C, which shall be maintained until the one of the following.
concrete is hardened. a) Neat cement grout, with or without the
It is permissible to heat aggregates and water before addition of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), the
mixing, to a temperature not exceeding 60 °C. type of cement being compatible with that in the
Other materials and moulds, if at a temperature pipe to be made good.
below 0 °C, shall not be used. b) 1 : 3 cement/sand mortar proportioned by mass
Table 1 — Limits of chloride content with or without the addition of SBR. The cement
of concrete shall be compatible with that in the pipe to be
made good and the sand shall comply with the
Type of concrete Maximum total
chloride content
requirements for fine aggregate in BS 882 but
expressed as a have a grading such that 100 % of the material
percentage of passes a 5 mm sieve.
chloride ion by mass
of cement (inclusive c) A sample of the concrete mix minus the
of g.g.b.s. or p.f.a. aggregate retained on the 5 mm sieve, with or
when used) without the addition of SBR.
% (m/m) d) Epoxy or polyester resin, or polymer latex
Heat-cured concrete 0.1 mortar.
NOTE For guidance on the use of epoxy and polyester resins,

Concrete made with cement 0.2 see CIRIA Report 69 “Effective use of epoxy and polyester resins
complying with BS 4027 in civil engineering structures”, published by the Construction
Industry Research and Information Association3). See also “The
Concrete made with cement 0.4 Repair of Concrete Structures’ published by the Cement and
complying with BS 12, Concrete Association4), which also deals with polymer latex
BS 146-2, or combinations of mortars, and 6.10.5 of BS 8110-1:1985.
cement complying with 7.6.2 Blistering. Any blistering shall be made good
BS 12 and g.g.b.s. or p.f.a. using material complying with 7.6.1 d).
NOTE Flaking of the surface of a pipe would not constitute
7.4 Compaction blistering.
All pipes shall be compacted so that, when hardened 7.6.3 Joint surfaces. Before a pipe is tested for
they shall be free from honeycombing and from any compliance it is permissible:
individual large void (i.e. greater than 6 mm) as a) subject to 7.4, to re-work a joint profile for
defined in 4.4.1 of BS 1881-120:1983. Blistering compliance with clause 16 by the application of
shall not be regarded as a void. material complying with 7.6.1 b) or c) to a depth
7.5 Surface finish not exceeding 5 mm whilst the concrete is still
green, or material complying with 7.6.1 d), or by
7.5.1 Surface evenness. When tested in accordance grinding off;
with B.1, the internal surface of a pipe shall not
have irregularities that cause the central portion of b) subject to 7.4 and to items 1) and 2), to make
the gauge to touch the pipe. good using material complying with 7.6.1 b) or c)
any spalling of the arrises of spigots or sockets
7.5.2 Surface voids. When tested in accordance that has occurred during de-moulding or
with B.2, surfaces of pipes shall be free from voids handling.
that permit diametrically opposite points of the rim
of the gauge to touch simultaneously the surface of 1) In any pipe the total exposed area of broken
the pipe. concrete shall not exceed 6 × (DN) mm2 with
no individual area greater than 3 × (DN) mm2.
Pipes exhibiting surface voids greater than 12 mm
NOTE For example, the total area for a DN 900 pipe
deep shall be deemed not to comply with this is 5 400 mm2 with no individual area greater
standard. than 2 700 mm2.
NOTE Voids up to and including 12 mm deep may be made 2) No exposed area of broken concrete shall be
good using material complying with 7.6.1. in contact with both the outer and inner
7.5.3 Staining. Pipes shall not exhibit rust marks surface of the spigot or socket of a pipe.
that originate from steel within the pipe.
3) Obtainable from CIRIA, 6 Storey’s Gate, London SW1P 3AU.

4) Obtainable from British Concrete Association, Wexham Springs, Slough, Bucks SL3 6PL.
4 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
If material complying with 7.6.1 d) is used, the The main reinforcement shall be placed in a circular
permissible areas in b) 1) shall be doubled and arrangement, in the form of concentric hoops, either
item b) 2) shall not apply. hooked, butt welded or lap welded, or in the form of
7.6.4 Exposed steel. Where, on de-moulding, bar a continuous helix or fabric, suitably welded.
steel not forming part of the reinforcement of a pipe Longitudinal bars or wires or any other effective
is visible, or found to be within the concrete cover, it method shall be used to control spacing and shape
is permissible to remove a maximum of two such and to ensure safe handling.
pieces each having a length not exceeding half the The reinforcement shall continue from the barrel
thickness of the pipe and to make good the void(s) into the spigot and into the socket of rebated joints.
with material complying with 7.6.1 d) before the The clear space between circumferential bars shall
pipe is assessed for compliance. be not less than the nominal maximum size of the
7.6.5 Rubbing down. After a pipe has been cured coarse aggregate plus 5 mm.
and prior to despatch, it is permissible to rub down 8.2 Protection for reinforcement
where necessary to produce a surface finish
complying with 7.5. The concrete cover over all reinforcement shall be
such that, in any finished pipe, it is nowhere less
7.7 Inserts for grouting than 12 mm.
Any insert for grouting shall comply with 8.2 for An effective means shall be provided for
concrete cover, shall be not less than 12 mm from maintaining the reinforcement in position and for
the inner or outer face of the pipe and shall not be ensuring correct cover during manufacture of the
attached to reinforcement.
pipe. Spacers for this purpose shall be of

NOTE The purchaser should state on the enquiry or order if grade 316S31 austenitic stainless steel complying
lifting holes, grout holes or inserts are required (see Appendix A). with BS 970-1 or other rustproof material.
8 Reinforcement There shall be no steel, other than stainless steel,
within the concrete cover, except when used for the
8.1 Materials and arrangement anchorage of steel collars (see 16.2).
Reinforcement shall comply with one of the Reinforcement shall be free from mud, oil, paint,
following standards, as appropriate. retarders, loose rust, loose mill scale, snow, ice,
Type of reinforcement Standard to be grease or any other substance which can be shown
complied with to affect adversely the steel or concrete chemically,
Carbon steel bars for the or to reduce the bond.
reinforcement of concrete BS 4449
Cold reduced steel wire for the
Steel fabric for the
© BSI 02-1999 5
BS 5911-120:1989
Section 3. Dimensions and tolerances
9 Nominal size and effective length 11 External manufacturing diameter

9.1 Nominal size (DN) The external manufacturing diameter (see 2.6) of
The nominal sizes (see 2.5) of pipes shall be either: the barrel of a pipe shall be stated by the
manufacturer.
a) those given in column 1 of Table 2, or
The diameter as measured shall not deviate from
b) those halfway between the sizes in a), i.e. at the manufacturer’s stated diameter by more than
intervals of DN 75. the amount stated in column 3 of Table 2.
If nominal sizes as specified in item b) are used, the
tolerances on diameter and wall thickness shall be 12 Variation in the thickness of wall
those relating to the next higher nominal size given
in Table 2. The radial thickness of the wall of a pipe shall not
vary by more than the amount stated in column 4 of
9.2 Effective length of pipes Table 2 unless called for by the design of a recess in
The manufacturer shall make available information a lead pipe or interjack pipe.
on the effective lengths of pipes that he is able to
supply in a given nominal size named in an enquiry 13 Squareness of ends
or order (see Appendix A). When tested as described in Appendix C, the ends of
each pipe shall be square with the outside of the
10 Internal manufacturing diameter barrel so that the variation across the external
and actual diameter diameter shall not exceed the amount shown in
The internal manufacturing diameter shall be the Table 3 for the appropriate nominal size. Pipes
designed to be jointed shall be capable of being
nominal size +50 mm. jointed in any orientation with their axes coincident
– 20
within the limits specified in 18.6.2.
The actual internal diameter (see 2.7) shall not NOTE Squareness of ends of pipes is significant only as it
deviate from the manufacturing diameter by an relates to the jacking operation and to the performance of the
amount greater than that given in column 2 of joint assembly.
Table 2. Table 3 — Maximum variation of squareness
NOTE The manufacturer should make available, at the enquiry across an external diameter
stage, information on the internal manufacturing diameters
(see 2.6) that he is able to supply (see Appendix A). Nominal size Maximum variation of squareness
across an external diameter
Table 2 — Nominal sizes and
tolerances (see 9.1) DN mm
1 2 3 4 900 to 1 500 4
Nominal size Deviation of actual Variation of 1 650 to 2 250 5.5
(see 9.1) diameter from wall
manufacturing diameter thickness 2 400 to 3 000 7
(see clauses 10 and 11) (see
clause 12)
Internal External 14 Deviation from straightness
DN mm (±) mm (±) mm When assessed as described in Appendix D, the pipe
900 6 3 6 shall satisfy the criteria for straightness on both
1 050 6 3 6 external and internal surfaces.
1 200 10 3 10 The test for deviation from straightness shall be
1 350 10 4 10 applied to both the bore and the outside of the
1 500 10 4 10 barrel.
1 650 10 4 10
1 800 10 5 10 15 Surface cracking
1 950 16 5 16
It is permissible for either of the following types of
2 100 16 5 16 crack to be visible in the surface of a pipe:
2 250 16 6 16
2 400 16 6 16 a) structural cracks that have developed in the
tensile zone of reinforced concrete, within the
2 550 16 6 16
limits specified in 18.3.2 and 18.3.3, as a result of
2 700 16 6 16
testing in accordance with Appendix G;
2 850 16 6 16
3 000 16 6 16 b) crazing with any cement-rich surface layer.
6 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
Pipes exhibiting cracks other than those described 16.2 Collars

in a) and b) shall be deemed not to comply with this 16.2.1 Collars shall be fabricated from material
Part of BS 5911, whether or not the cracks were complying with one of the following standards, as
caused by testing. appropriate.
16 Joints Collar material Standard to be
complied with
16.1 General
Weldable structural steel BS 4360, grade 43A
Joints of pipes shall, except at one end of lead or plate
interjack pipes, be in-wall flexible joints of either
Stainless steel plate BS 1449-2,
the rebated or the fixed collar type. They shall be
grade 316S31
designed to incorporate an elastomeric ring
complying with type D of BS 2494. Joint assemblies Glass reinforced plastic BS 5480-1, for
shall be tested as specified in 18.6 to the design (GRP) machine made
dimensions recorded by the manufacturer. The collars
profile of a joint shall comply with the design BS 4994 for hand
dimensions and tolerances for its size and class. laid-up collars
All joint surfaces which will transmit load during
installation shall be plain, free from undulations Collars shall not be attached to reinforcement.
and protuberances which could cause high local NOTE Collars fabricated from weldable structural steel may be
susceptible to corrosion from the ground, groundwater or the
concentrations of stress and, subject to the
effluent carried. If corrosion can be expected, the design of joint

requirements of clause 13, shall be square to the incorporating this type of collar should provide for a secondary
pipe axis. sealing gasket to be applied on site, for example by means of the
cold-applied non-curing and heat-softened hand-applied types of
NOTE 1 For typical joints, see Figure 2.
sealant.
NOTE 2 For guidance on jointing and installation, see “Jacking
Concrete Pipes5)” published jointly by the Pipe Jacking 16.2.2 Welding on structural steel plate and
Association and the Concrete Pipe Association of Great Britain. stainless steel plate collars shall comply with
BS 5135 and BS 3019-2 respectively.
Welds shall be inspected in accordance with
clause 26 and Appendix H: quality category D of
BS 5135:1984.
5) Obtainable from the Concrete Pipe Association of Great Britain, 60 Charles St., Leicester LE1 1FB or the Pipe Jacking
Association, 56 Britton St., London EC1M SNA.
© BSI 02-1999 7
BS 5911-120:1989
NOTE The figures are diagrammatic only and are not intended to fix design or to specify any joint packing material. Not all
collars are cast integrally with the pipes. Some may be fixed after casting.
Figure 2 — Typical flexible joints
8 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
Section 4. Tests
17 General 18 Test requirements

17.1 Routine and type testing 18.1 Water absorption test
17.1.1 Pipes shall comply with the appropriate Pipes shall be sampled in accordance with 20.4 and
routine and type test requirements given in this prepared and tested in accordance with Appendix E.
section and summarized in Table 4 and shall be The increase in the dry mass of a single test piece by
inspected, using the procedures specified in absorption of water shall not exceed:
section 5.
a) 3.6 % after 30 min;
NOTE Inspection procedures are not given in this Part of
BS 5911 for isolated batches of jacking pipes (see 20.1 ). b) 6.5 % after 24 h.
17.1.2 For inspection purposes, the manufacturer The hole in a pipe from which a core specimen has
shall be permitted to include flexibly jointed pipes been taken shall be sealed with material complying
complying with BS 5911-100 in the continuing with 7.6.1 d).
series of batches produced at a particular works. 18.2 Hydrostatic test
17.1.3 Type tests shall be carried out to prove the Pipes of all nominal sizes shall be sampled and
design of a component or assembly. They shall be tested in accordance with Appendix F and shall
undertaken wherever there is a change in design, withstand the internal hydrostatic pressure without
type of material or method of manufacture. Where it cracking, sweating or showing other signs of
is not practicable to carry out type tests on a lead or distress such as leaking or dripping.
interjack pipe, it is permissible to manufacture only
NOTE Sweating means the appearance of a damp patch on the
the relevant part of such a pipe and prove the design
outside of the pipe during the test, due to the internal hydrostatic
by testing it. pressure.
17.1.4 Records of all tests and inspection procedures The permeability of concrete is such that, in service,
shall be kept by the manufacturer. the surface of a pipe may be expected to be cold and
17.2 Test equipment and facilities damp to the touch, but there should be no sign of
water passing through the wall.
The manufacturer shall either:
Prior to testing, a pipe shall not be treated with any
a) provide in his own works suitable equipment coating or lining, but any lifting holes, grouting
and facilities for sampling and testing the pipes holes or inserts shall be temporarily sealed.
before delivery; or
b) make arrangements for the provision of
suitable equipment and facilities elsewhere for
the same purpose.
The manufacturer shall provide certification to
show that all test equipment is calibrated at least
annually.
17.3 Acceptance of pipes
Pipes shall be considered ready for acceptance only
after the design has been proven by type tests and
the batch of which jacking pipes form part has been
routinely tested and shown to comply with 18.2
and 18.3.2.
All jacking pipes within any batch shall be cured
and matured under similar conditions. Pipes shall
not be despatched until they are at least 28 days old.
Pipes cored and treated as described in 18.1, or
jacking pipes that have the appropriate “no crack”
load test shall be marked as specified in clause 3 and
shall be taken to comply with this Part of BS 5911
in those respects.
© BSI 02-1999 9
BS 5911-120:1989
Table 4 — Summary of test requirements and inspection procedures

Test Requirements Test method given in Required as Required as Inspection
given in type test routine test procedures given in
clause (see 17.1.3) clause
Surface evenness 7.5.1 Appendix B — — See note
Surface void 7.5.2 Appendix B — — See note
Squareness 13 Appendix C — — See note
Straightness 14 Appendix D — — See note
Water absorption 18.1 Appendix E √a √a 20.4
Hydrostatic 18.2 Appendix F √a √a 20.1
“No crack” load 18.3.2 Appendix G √ a
√a 20.1
Maximum load 18.3.3 Appendix G √a √a 20.2
Cover to reinforcement 8.2 Appendix H √ √ 20.2
Joint face strength 18.5 Appendix J √ √ 20.3
Joint deflection 18.6.2 Appendix K √ — 20.5
Joint, straight draw 18.6.3 Appendix K √ — 20.5
Joint shear 18.6.4 Appendix K √ — 20.5
NOTE These tests are to be carried out as and when required.

a This test is not required as a routine test for lead and interjack pipes (see also 17.1.3).
18.3 Crushing tests Table 5 — Crushing test loads

18.3.1 General. The maximum, works proof and Nominal size Test loads
“no-crack” crushing test loads for pipes shall be: “No-crack” Works proof Maximum
a) those shown in Table 5; or load load load
b) interpolated between the values given in Kilonewtons per metre of effective

Table 5 for adjacent nominal sizes; or length
c) where stronger pipes are designed and DN

manufactured, appropriate higher loads. 900 55 88 110
The works proof load for all pipes in c) shall be 80 % 1 050 60 96 120
of the declared maximum load. The “no-crack” load 1 200 70 112 140
shall be the maximum load × R, where R is the ratio
of the “no-crack” load to the maximum load, given in 1 350 80 128 160
Table 5, for that nominal size of pipe. 1 500 85 136 170
18.3.2 “No-crack” load test. When tested in 1 650 95 152 190
accordance with Appendix G, a pipe shall sustain for 1 800 100 160 200
at least 1 min the appropriate “no-crack” load
1 950 100 176 220
specified in Table 5 for its nominal size without
developing any crack penetrable by a 0.03 mm 2 100 100 184 230
feeler gauge as described in G.4. 2 250 105 200 250
NOTE The “no-crack” load test is used to facilitate routine 2 400 105 216 270
testing without significant structural cracking of the pipes. It has
no relevance to the design loads for pipes in the installed 2 550 105 224 280
condition.
2 700 110 240 300
2 850 110 256 320
3 000 110 264 330
NOTE For information on the application of the above pipe
crushing test loads to design of pipelines, reference should be
made to ‘Simplified tables of external loads on buried pipelines
(HMSO 1986) and “A guide to design loadings for buried rigid
pipes” (HMSO 1983).
In design the maximum load should be used and a minimum
factor of safety of 1.25 adopted together with the relevant
bedding factor.
10 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
18.3.3 Maximum load test. When tested in Joint packing material for use when jacking
accordance with Appendix G, a pipe shall withstand (see Figure 2) shall not be used whilst a test is being
for at least 1 min the appropriate works proof load carried out.
specified in Table 5 for its nominal size without NOTE The joint tests specified are quality assurance control
developing any cracks penetrable to a depth type tests and the angles in Table 6 are not necessarily those that
of 2 mm by a 0.25 mm feeler gauge on inspection at can be accommodated during the jacking operation.
intervals of 20 mm to 50 mm over a length 18.6.2 Deflection test. When tested in accordance
of 300 mm or more. In addition the pipe shall with K.1 the pipes, or parts of pipes, that have been
subsequently withstand, with no limit on crack jointed shall, without loss of watertightness at the
width but without collapse, a load that is not less joint, provide angular deflection between the
than the maximum test load specified in Table 5. longitudinal axes of the two pipes, measured as
Any pipe that, under the maximum load, has shown in Figure 3 a), which is not less than that
exhibited cracks within these limits shall be given in Table 6.
acceptable only for use as a make-up section Table 6 — Minimum angular deflection and
(see 2.10). straight draw for joints (see note to 18.6.1)
NOTE Given the inspection procedures specified in this Nominal size Minimum Minimum straight
standard and the minimum cover specified in 8.2 for pipes not angular draw
exposed to particularly aggressive environments, the permissible deflection
crack width of 0.25 mm is consistent with the crack control
provisions given in BS 8110-1 and BS 8110-2. DN degree mm
18.4 Depth of cover to reinforcement 900 to 1 200 1 20
Pipes shall be sampled and tested in accordance 1 350 to 1 800 ½ 20

with Appendix H.
1 950 to 3 000 To be stated by the manufacturer
Pipes that have been successfully tested shall be
made good with material complying with 7.6.1 d) 18.6.3 Straight draw test. When tested in
before despatch and shall be taken to comply with accordance with K.2 the pipes, or parts of pipes, that
this Part of BS 5911 in that respect. have been jointed shall, without loss of
18.5 Joint face strength watertightness at the joint, provide a straight draw,
measured as shown in Figure 3 b), which is not less
When tested in accordance with Appendix J, the than that given in Table 6.
average ultimate strength of the concrete faces shall
be not less than 100 N/mm2 and no individual result 18.6.4 Shear test. When tested in accordance
shall fall below 70 N/mm2. with K.3 the pipes, or parts of pipes, that have been
jointed shall, without loss of watertightness at the
NOTE 1 These strengths give an indication of the quality of the
concrete in the joint faces but the permissible jacking load should joint, withstand a test load which is not less than
on no account be taken to be that obtained by using them in that given in Table 7.
conjunction with the areas of the jacking faces.
Table 7 — Minimum shear test loads
NOTE 2 The purchaser should specify in the enquiry or order
whether he requires a statement of the jacking loads for which Nominal size Minimum load
the pipes were designed (see Appendix A).
DN KN
18.6 Tests for flexible joints
900 22.5
18.6.1 General. Type tests for flexible joints shall be
carried out on pipes, or parts of pipes, that have 1 050 26.25
been jointed and subjected to an internal 1 200 30.0
hydrostatic pressure as described in Appendix K.
Where more than one test is carried out 1 350 33.75
simultaneously all the requirements of each test 1 500 to 3 000 37.5
shall be met.
© BSI 02-1999 11
12
BS 5911-120:1989
Figure 3 — Joint test measurements
© BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
Section 5. Inspection procedures
19 Type of inspection and batch size Table 8 — Maximum number of individual

defectives in last 10 batches permitted for
19.1 Type of inspection
switching to reduced inspection (hydrostatic
19.1.1 Normal inspection. Normal inspection shall and “no-crack” load crushing test)
be used when a process has been in operation long
Number of jacking Total number of defectives in
enough to be in a state of control. pipes sampled from last 10 batches on normal
19.1.2 Tightened inspection. Tightened inspection last 10 batches inspection
shall be used: 30 to 79 0
a) when inspecting a new product, a redesigned 80 to 129 2
product or a new production line; or
130 to 199 4
b) when so directed by the switching rules in 19.2.
200 to 319 8
19.1.3 Reduced inspection. Reduced inspection shall
be substituted for normal inspection only when 320 to 499 14
permitted by the switching rules given in 19.2.4. 500 to 799 25
19.2 Switching rules 800 to 1 249 42
19.2.1 General. Changes from one inspection type to NOTE The values in this table are consistent with those in
another shall be in accordance with the following Table VIII of BS 6001:1972 for a target acceptable quality level
switching rules. The rules given in 19.2.2, 19.2.5 (AQL) of 6.5 %.
and 19.2.6 shall apply in all cases, whereas the rules
given in 19.2.3 and 19.2.4 shall apply at the 19.2.5 Reduced (hydrostatic and “no-crack” load
discretion of the manufacturer. crushing test) to normal inspection. When using
reduced inspection, switch to normal inspection if:
19.2.2 Normal to tightened inspection. When using
normal inspection, switch to tightened inspection if a) a batch is rejected; or
two in five or less consecutive batches have been b) a batch is accepted where the acceptance
rejected. number given in column 4 (single sampling)
19.2.3 Tightened to normal inspection. When using or 6 (double sampling) of Table 9 has been
tightened inspection, switch to normal inspection exceeded, but the rejection number in
only when five consecutive batches have been column 5 (single sampling) or 7 (double
accepted. sampling) has not been reached; or
19.2.4 Normal to reduced inspection (hydrostatic c) production becomes irregular or delayed.
and “no-crack” load crushing test). When using 19.2.6 Tightened inspection to stopping production.
normal inspection, switch to reduced inspection only When using tightened inspection, stop production if
if: it is not possible to switch to normal inspection
a) the last 10 batches (see Table 8) have been (see 19.2.3) after 10 consecutive batches.
subject to normal inspection and have all been Investigate the cause of failure and take any
accepted; and necessary remedial action. Resume production
using tightened inspection.
b) the total number of defectives in samples taken
from the last 10 batches is less than or equal to 19.3 Size of batch
the number given in Table 8. When double When inspecting jacking pipes, it is permissible to
sampling is used, all samples inspected shall be choose any size of batch, provided that:
included, i.e. not the first samples only. a) it is in accordance with 17.3; and
b) where a batch consists of more than 150 pipes,
it is produced within a 24 h period.
20 Inspection procedures
20.1 Inspection procedure for the hydrostatic
test or “no-crack” load crushing test
NOTE The sampling plan in this clause follows
BS 6001-1:1972, which is intended primarily to be used for a
continuing series of batches and warns that for isolated batches
more stringent sampling plans will be required to give the
desired protection (see also BS 6000). On that basis therefore,
more stringent inspection criteria should be specified where
batches are not to be produced as part of a regular pipe
production process.
© BSI 02-1999 13
BS 5911-120:1989
The inspection procedure given in items a) to f) shall f) Record the results.

be used whenever a regular process is in operation Where a batch has been rejected during the
and jacking pipes are being produced on a inspection for the hydrostatic test, the
continuing basis. manufacturer shall be permitted to test the
a) Determine the appropriate inspection type remaining jacking pipes in that batch, and to claim
(see 19.1). compliance for those pipes that pass the tests.
b) Select the batch size (see 19.3). For the 20.2 Inspection procedure for the maximum
hydrostatic test only, it is permissible to group load crushing test and test for depth of cover
together jacking pipes of different specifications, to reinforcement
provided that all the following conditions are When carrying out the maximum load crushing test
satisfied: and the test for depth of cover to reinforcement, the
1) all pipes in such a batch are produced by the inspection procedure shall be as follows.
same manufacturing process;
a) Select one jacking pipe at random from
2) the ratio of the largest to the smallest every 30 pipes of a given specification selected for
nominal size in the batch is not greater the “no-crack” crushing test in accordance
than 1.5; with 20.1, provided that not more than one pipe
3) the production period is not more than one is selected from consecutive batches comprising a
week; total of 600 pipes or less of the given specification.
4) the size of the batch does not b) Subject the pipe to the maximum load crushing
exceed 150 pipes; test specified in 18.3.3 and the depth of cover to
5) any subsequent acceptance or rejection reinforcement test specified in 18.4.
applies to all pipes in the batch. c) If the pipe fails, record the result, discontinue
c) Take a random sample of the size given in the manufacturing process, investigate the cause
column 3 of Table 9 for the appropriate inspection of failure and take any necessary remedial action.
type and size of batch. d) Restart the process and test the first three
d) Subject the sample to the hydrostatic test jacking pipes made thereafter.
specified in 18.2 or the “no-crack” load test e) If all three pipes pass the test, resume
specified in 18.3.2. production and inspection, using the tightened
e) Assess the acceptability of the batch, as rate of inspection for the “no-crack” crushing test
follows. (see 19.1.2).
1) For batches of 25 or less (single sampling), if However, if any pipe fails, discontinue the
the number of defectives is nil (see “Accept” manufacturing process and carry out further
number in column 4 of Table 9), accept the investigations and remedial action.
batch. If the number of defectives is one or f) Repeat d) and e) until satisfactory results have
more (see “Reject” number in column 5 of been obtained.
Table 9), reject the batch. Where a pipe fails the depth of cover to
2) For batches of 26 or more (double sampling), reinforcement test, the batch from which it was
if the number of defectives is equal to or less selected shall be rejected but it is permissible to
than the “Accept” number in column 4 of subject the remaining pipes in the batch to the test.
Table 9, accept the batch, with the exception of Only those that pass the test shall be accepted.
any defectives. If the number of defectives is Where a pipe fails the maximum load crushing test,
equal to or greater than the “Reject” number in the batch from which it was selected shall be
column 5 of Table 9, reject the batch. rejected.
However, if the number of defectives is greater A maximum load crushing test and test for depth of
than the “Accept” number in column 4 but less cover to reinforcement shall be carried out on each
than the “Reject” number in column 5, take a size manufactured at least once per year.
second random sample of the same size as the
first one. Then if the cumulative number of
defectives for both samples is less than the
second “Reject” number (column 7), accept the
batch, with the exception of any defectives
[see also 19.2.5 b)]. If the cumulative number
of defectives is equal to or greater than the
“Reject” number in column 7, reject the batch.
14 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
20.3 Inspection procedure for the joint face It is permissible to group together pipes made to this
strength test Part of BS 5911 with those made to Part 100 of
After carrying out a successful type test on each BS 5911 at the same works provided that:
nominal size of pipe manufactured, a pipe shall be i) the overall sampling rate complies with that
selected at random from a batch of one nominal size specified above;
in each group of the production range and tested in ii) all pipes are produced by the same
accordance with procedure described in Appendix J. manufacturing process;
This test shall be repeated annually, selecting a
iii) the ratio of the largest to the smallest nominal
different size of pipe within each group each year
size is no greater than 1.5;
until the full range of production at a particular
works is covered. iv) the production period is not more than one
week;
20.4 Inspection procedure for water
absorption test v) the size of the combined batch does not
exceed 150 pipes;
When carrying out the water absorption test, the
vi) any subsequent acceptance or rejection
following inspection procedure shall be used.
applies to all pipes in the batch.
a) From each manufacturing process, select one
in 500 or two pipes per week, whichever is the 20.5 Inspection procedure for joints (angular
greater, and take specimens as described in deflection, straight draw and shear)
Appendix E. Use the same type of specimen for all Pipes, or parts of pipes, of two nominal sizes from
each of the first two groups given in Table 6, shall be
tests on a given product.

b) Subject the specimens to the water absorption so selected as to be representative of the range with
test specified in 18.1. regard to the rubber joint ring and that part of the
joint profile that is effective when jointing. A joint
c) If the specimens pass the test, accept the pipes assembly of each of these representative nominal
in the batch or batches from which they were
sizes shall be submitted to the tests for deflection,
taken. If any specimen fails, repeat a) and b)
straight draw and shear specified in 18.6.
using a second sample.
For nominal sizes greater than DN 1800, pipes, or
d) If the specimens obtained from the second
parts of pipes, of one representative nominal size
sample of pipes pass the test, accept the pipes in shall be selected.
the batch or batches from which they were taken.
However, if any of these specimens fail, proceed If any of the specified size ranges includes more
as follows. than one joint ring type or more than one joint
profile, i.e. jointing surfaces of differing relative
1) Reject the batch or batches. However, it is
dimensions, separate type tests shall be carried out
permissible to take specimens from all the
on representative samples of the differing profiles
remaining pipes and subject them to the test.
within that particular size range.
Only those pipes that pass the test shall be
accepted. If any joint assembly is subsequently modified by
changing any dimension affecting the joint, or if
2) Investigate the cause of failure and take any
there is any modification of pipe joint ring
necessary remedial action.
specification that affects the joint performance, the
3) Resume production and increase the rate of type tests for the joint assembly shall be repeated.
inspection to one in 250 or four pipes per week,
Once a type test has been used to establish joint
whichever is the greater. criteria, the manufacturer shall keep and make
4) Resume the rate of inspection given in a) available a list of critical dimensions.
only after all samples taken during a
production period of five consecutive weeks
have passed the test.
© BSI 02-1999 15
BS 5911-120:1989
Table 9 — Inspection plans for hydrostatic and “no-crack” load crushing tests
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Inspection Batch size Sample size Accept Reject Accept Reject
type (see note 2)
Numbers of defectives
Normal 2 to 25 2 (single) 0 1
26 to 150 5 (double) 0 2 1 2
Tightened 2 to 25 3 (single) 0 1
26 to 150 8 (double) 0 2 1 2
Reduced 2 to 25 2 (single) 0 1
26 to 150 2 (double) 0 2 1 2
NOTE 1 This table follows tables in BS 6001-1:1972 and is consistent with a target acceptable quality level (AQL) of 6.5 % at
General Inspection Level 1.
NOTE 2 Sample sizes given in this table are not suitable for assessing compliance with the standard on an isolated batch basis
(see 20.1).
16 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
Appendix A Information to be Appendix B Methods of assessing

supplied in an enquiry and order surface finish
The following particulars cover essential details B.1 Surface evenness
required by the manufacturer so that an enquiry or Place the gauge (see Figure 4) in the pipe so that its
order may be fully understood. axis is in the same plane as the longitudinal axis of
a) Quantity and nominal size of pipe the pipe.
(see clause 9). Roll the gauge around the inside of the pipe, taking
b) Crushing test loads of pipes (see 18.3). The care to ensure that its axis remains in the same
maximum load if crushing test loads higher than plane as the pipe’s longitudinal axis at all times.
those given in Table 5 are required. Ascertain that the gauge rolls over any part of the
c) The classification of exposure conditions for internal surface without the central portion of the
sulphate attack, if higher than class 2 gauge contacting the pipe.
(see clause 4). B.2 Surface voids
d) If samples of aggregates, and/or evidence of Apply the ball of the gauge (see Figure 5) to the void
satisfactory performance of concrete made with and observe whether or not diametrically opposite
such aggregates, are required (see Appendix L). points in the rim touch the surface of the pipe.
e) If any restriction on admixtures is required
(see 6.2). Appendix C Methods of test for
f) If additional concrete cover is required because squareness of ends

of unusual conditions of use (see foreword).
Lay end to end two pipes which are potentially
g) If details of internal diameter are required
capable of being jointed, obtaining best alignment
(see clause 10).
as indicated by string lines or straight edges placed
h) If lifting holes, grout holes or inserts are along the outside springings and crowns.
required (see 7.7).
Mark one of the pipes as follows:
i) The number and type of tests to be witnessed
CROWN =A
and if any additional tests are required
(see Appendix L). SPRINGING(1) = B
INVERT =C
j) If the pipes are to be covered by a third party
certification scheme (see Appendix L). SPRINGING(2) = D
k) Sufficient details for the design of recesses in Measure and record the gaps between the jointing
lead and interjack pipes. surfaces, both inside and outside, at the crowns,
l) If a statement of the jacking loads for which the inverts and springings. Record these gaps as “A”,
pipes were designed is required. “B”, “C” or “D” and inside or outside as appropriate.
m) The type of joint and material of any collar
(see clause 16).
n) If jacking pipes are not to be produced as part
of a continuing series of batches, the specified
inspection procedures (see 20.1).
Figure 4 — Gauge for assessing surface evenness
© BSI 02-1999 17
BS 5911-120:1989
Figure 5 — Gauge for assessing surface voids

Rotate one of the pipes about the longitudinal axis Appendix D Method of assessment of
through 180°. Realign the pipes. Make eight further deviation from straightness
gap measurements at crown, invert and springings,
inside and out. Record these gaps as “AR”, “BR”, “CR” Assess the deviation from straightness of pipes
or “DR” and inside or outside as appropriate. using the following method.
Calculate the out of squareness for each Place a rigid straightedge, made into a gauge of
corresponding pair of measurements using the the form and dimensions shown in Figure 6, in
appropriate formula and compare this figure with the bore of the pipe with edge X in contact with
the permitted tolerance in Table 3. the pipe and on a line parallel to the pipe axis.
ROTATED PIPE: Hold the plane of the gauge in a radial plane. If
Crown/Invert = |((C – A) + (AR – CR)) /2| both ends of the gauge, wherever so placed, are
in contact with the internal surface of the pipe,
Springing(1)/ = |((D – B) + (BR – DR)) /2| the deviation from straightness is excessive.
Springing(2)
b) If both ends of the gauge, when used as
STATIONARY PIPE: described in a) above, are not in contact with the
Crown/Invert = |((C – A) – (AR – CR)) /2| internal surface of the pipe at both ends, reverse
Springing(1)/ = |((D – B) + (BR – DR)) /2| the gauge so that edge Y, placed as in a) above, is
Springing(2) adjacent to the internal surface of the pipe.
For pipes with collars, measurement of external If the two studs in edge Y cannot be made to touch
joint gap is not practicable and the above the surface of the pipe simultaneously, the deviation
from straightness is excessive.
measurements and calculations shall be made using
only the internal gap dimensions. c) Repeat the procedure [in a) and b)] on the
outside of the barrel.
18 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
A = [3.5 × effective length (in m)] mm ± 5 % for the inside of all pipes and for the outside of pipes above DN 1800.
A = [2.5 × effective length (in m)] mm ± 5 % for the outside of pipes up to and including DN 1800.
L = (effective length of the pipe – 10) mm (to the nearest mm).
NOTE The studs should be detachable from the basic straight edge to facilitate checking and replacement.
All dimensions are in millimetres.

Figure 6 — Gauge for measuring deviation from straightness
Appendix E Method of test for water Appendix F Hydrostatic test method

absorption
Apply the hydrostatic pressure to the whole pipe,
From each pipe selected for test, take a specimen including the portion of the socket or rebated joint
that is either approximately 100 mm square or a that is subjected to pressure in the “as laid”
core approximately 75 mm in diameter and of the condition.
full thickness of the pipe. Take care to remove all air from the pipe before the
Dry the specimen at a temperature of 100 ± 5 °C for pressure is applied.
not less than 72 h in a ventilated drying oven that Apply an internal hydrostatic pressure
complies with BS 2648. On removal from the oven, of 0.14 N/mm2 to the pipe for 1 min. Ensure that the
allow to cool to room temperature, weigh (M1) and rate of application is such that 0.07 N/mm2 is
immediately submerge in potable water at a applied in not less than 5 s.
temperature of 20 ± 2 °C. After 1 min, reduce the pressure to just above
After 30 min, remove the specimen and atmospheric pressure and inspect the pipe for signs
immediately wipe with a dry towel for a total period of leakage.
of 30 s to remove surface water and reweigh (M2).
After weighing, re-immerse the specimen in water Appendix G Crushing strength test
for 23.5 h. Then remove, dry with a towel and weigh methods
as before (M3).
Calculate the 30 min and 24 h percentage G.1 Testing machine
absorptions of dry mass from the formula: G.1.1 A testing machine having a device that will
apply the load at a uniform rate of about 30 kN/m
wet mass ( M 2 or M 3 ) – dry mass ( M 1 ) per minute, or in increments of not more
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 100
dry mass ( M 1 ) than 1.5 kN/m at the same rate, shall be used for
the test.
© BSI 02-1999 19
BS 5911-120:1989
G.1.2 Ensure that the testing machine is G.2.3 The bearing strips shall consist of rubber cut
substantial and rigid throughout, so that the or formed from material having a hardness
distribution of the load will not be affected between 55 IRHD and 65 IRHD measured in
appreciably by the deformation or yielding of any accordance with BS 903-A26. The top bearing strip
part and that, under the maximum load, the shall be of rectangular cross section having a width
deflection of the pipe is uniform throughout its of 150 mm and a thickness of not less than 25 mm
length. The bearings shall be as specified in G.1.3 and not more than 40 mm. The two bottom bearing
and be attached to the machine so as to receive and strips shall be of equal width and
uniformly transmit the maximum loads required in thickness: 150 mm wide and 25 mm thick.
the tests without lost motion, vibrations or sudden Use the single top bearing strip with the 150 mm
shock. The machine and bearings shall be designed face in contact with the pipe.
to transmit the load in a vertical plane through the NOTE 1 The strips may be positioned on the bearing by the use
longitudinal centre lines of the bearings and pipe. of wood or metal strips along its outside edges, provided the
Where the testing machine is so constructed that, thickness of each positioning strip does not exceed one-half the
instead of a single load, a number of equal thickness of the rubber bearing strip.
individual loads, equally spaced, are applied along Lay the lower bearing strips on the 150 mm face.
the bearer, ensure that the resultant of all such NOTE 2 The strips may be positioned on the bearing with wood
individual loads acts at the centre of the overall or metal strips between them and adjacent to their outside edges,
provided the thickness of each positioning strip does not exceed
length of the pipe. The loaded length of the pipe one-half the thickness of the rubber bearing strips.
used in this test may extend over the socket, at the Ensure that the two strips are parallel and 25 mm
discretion of the manufacturer.
apart for all nominal sizes of pipe.

G.1.3 The bearings shall consist of a lower member, NOTE 3 The rubber bearing strips may be attached to the
being a rigid beam, on which two bearing strips are facings or, in the case of the single upper strip, directly to the
symmetrically disposed parallel to a vertical plane upper beam by adhesive provided such method of attachment
results in the strip remaining firmly fixed in position when
passing through the longitudinal axis of the pipe, carrying the maximum load.
and an upper member, also being a rigid beam, on
which one bearing strip is centred and disposed so
that it lies in the vertical plane passing through the
longitudinal axis of the pipe.
It is permissible to interpose a timber packing strip
between the beam and the rubber bearing strip as
shown in Figure 7.
NOTE The machine may apply the test load either upwards or
downwards on the pipe under test. For convenience, the
description given here is for top loading.
G.2 Procedure
G.2.1 The pipe to be tested shall be supported in a
horizontal position on two bearings parallel to its
longitudinal axis. Apply the load to it along the
length of the pipe through a third bearing on top of
the pipe.
G.2.2 Use a low carbon steel plate to face the upper
flange of the bottom beam. Ensure that the facing is
straight and free of warping or twisting and is
centrally and permanently located on the flange of
the beam. The cross section of the facing shall be
rectangular, 330 mm × 25 mm minimum, without a
joint and with the addition of steel wedge strips
attached to it as shown in Figure 7.
20 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
Figure 7 — Testing arrangement for the crushing test

G.3.3 Ensure that the loading of the pipe is a
continuous operation and that the pipe is not under
load longer than is required to apply the load.
G.3.4 Inspect the pipe and measure any cracks as
described in G.4.
G.4 Inspection of crack
Inspect any crack by means of a feeler gauge
complying with BS 957-2, with the dimensions as
NOTE Nominal thickness for “no-crack” load test is 0.03 mm.
Nominal thickness for maximum load test is 0.25 mm.
detailed in Figure 8.
All dimensions are in millimetres.
Appendix H Methods of measuring
Figure 8 — Dimensions of feeler gauge for
inspecting cracks
depth of cover to reinforcement
G.3 Loading Either make a channel at least 300 mm long

and 25 mm wide to expose the reinforcement on all
G.3.1 Apply the load to the top bearing at a point surfaces of the pipe and measure the depth of cover
distant from the spigot end of the pipe equal to or determine the depth of cover by taking cores or
one-half of the overall length of the pipe including cut sections.
the socket, if any.
NOTE For checking units not forming part of the sample it is
G.3.2 Apply the test load to the top bearing in such permissible to use an electronic cover-measuring device in
a way that the bearing is free to rotate in a vertical accordance with BS 4408-1 suitably calibrated for the size of
reinforcement and curved surfaces where appropriate.
plane through the longitudinal centre lines of the
top and bottom bearings.
© BSI 02-1999 21
BS 5911-120:1989
Appendix J Joint face strength test The two complete pipes, or parts of pipes shall be
axially aligned and jointed with a gap between the
The following test may be carried out with the pipes pipes equal to the joint gap plus the minimum
in any attitude. straight draw specified in 18.6.3.
Apply the load as indicated in Figure 9 and Test the pipes or part pipes as described in K.1.2.
Figure 10 at a constant rate of 50 ± 10 kN/min until K.3 Shear
failure of the concrete occurs. Record the ultimate
K.3.1 Two pipes, or parts of pipes, shall be axially
load.
jointed with a gap between the pipes equal to the
Should the loading plate prove to have been located joint gap between the pipes as laid before the test,
above longitudinal reinforcement, the test shall be plus a nominal 10 mm on the centre line
repeated at a location free from such reinforcement. (see Figure 11). Their ends shall be restrained to
For pipe sizes above DN 1200, make four tests on prevent further longitudinal movement during the
each joint face. For pipe sizes up to DN 1200, if there test.
is a shortage of concrete due to spalling during tests, The pipe having the socket of the joint being tested
it is permissible to reduce the number of tests to shall be supported on blocks at each end of its barrel
three on any one surface, but the total tests shall not and be restrained from movement. The second pipe
number less than fourteen. shall have a minimum effective length of 1 200 mm
supported by a block at either its point of balance, or
Appendix K Methods of testing pipe at least 600 mm from the joint being tested,
joints for angular deflection, straight whichever is the greater distance (see Figure 11).
draw and shear The length of the restraint or support, measured

parallel to the pipe axis, shall be 150 mm or 1/10 of
NOTE The reduction in internal hydrostatic pressure and the the nominal size of the pipe, whichever is the
increase in time of application for joints over DN 1800 in these
tests is for safety reasons and to avoid excessive end thrusts. greater.
K.1 Angular deflection K.3.2 When the joint has been assembled, fill with
water, taking care to remove all air from the pipes.
K.1.1 The test apparatus shall accommodate two
complete pipes, or parts of pipes, flexibly jointed so Keep the temperature of the water within 5 °C
as to allow movement in relation to each other up to to 24 °C.
the limits required by the test. The two complete Apply hydrostatic test pressure, as described
pipes, or parts of pipes, shall be jointed so that the in K.1.2 and the appropriate test load specified
angular deflection is not less than that stated in 18.6.4 as shown in Figure 11.
in 18.6.2 throughout the test. NOTE The test load may be applied upward or downward.
K.1.2 Fill with water, taking care to remove all air Maintain the test conditions for not less than 5 min.
from the pipes before the full pressure is applied. Reduce the pressure to just above atmospheric
Apply an internal hydrostatic pressure to the pressure and inspect the joint for signs of leakage.
jointed pipes of 0.07 N/mm2 for pipes up to and
including DN 1800, or 0.035 N/mm2 for pipes larger
than DN 1800. Ensure that the rate of application is
such that the maximum pressure is applied in not
less than 5 s.
After 5 min for pipes up to and including DN 1800,
or 10 min for pipes greater than DN 1800, reduce
the pressure to just above atmospheric pressure and
inspect the joint for signs of leakage.
NOTE The use of a test pressure maintained for 5 min
or 10 min is in order to provide an indication of the
watertightness of the joint in service.
K.2 Straight draw
K.2.1 The test apparatus shall be as described
in K.1.1 and shall be adjusted to maintain the
specified amount of straight draw specified in 18.6.3
throughout the test.
K.2.2 Measure the joint gap between the pipes as
laid before the test.
22 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
Figure 9 — Loading arrangements for joint face strength test

Figure 10 — Loading plate and location for joint face strength test
© BSI 02-1999 23
BS 5911-120:1989
K.4 Combined tests Representative samples of the aggregates should be

K.4.1 The test apparatus shall be as described supplied to the purchaser on request.
in K.1.1, and shall be adjusted to maintain the When required by the purchaser, evidence of
specified amounts of angular deflection and/or satisfactory performance of the concrete
straight draw. manufactured with such aggregates should be made
Where the combined test includes a shear test the available at the time of placing the order.
pipe support apparatus shall also be as described Where the manufacturer is not covered by a scheme
in K.3.1. of third party certification, the purchaser should be
K.4.2 First, carry out the test procedure as permitted to select samples for test, using the
described in K.1.2. After the successful completion appropriate inspection criteria specified in this Part
of the procedure, carry out the procedure described of BS 5911.
in K.3.2. NOTE The allocation of the cost of carrying out any additional
tests over and above the tests specified in this Part of BS 5911 is
generally agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser
Appendix L Facilities for purchasers prior to testing.
The purchaser or his representative, by

arrangement with the manufacturer, should at all
reasonable times have free access to the places
where the pipes are manufactured and tested, for
the purpose of examining quality control procedures
and records and of witnessing the testing and

marking of pipes.
Figure 11 — Loading arrangement for shear test on joints
24 © BSI 02-1999
BS 5911-120:1989
Publications referred to
BS 12, Specification for ordinary and rapid-hardening Portland cement.
BS 146, Specification for Portland-blastfurnce cement.
BS 146-2, Metric units.
BS 882, Specification for aggregates from natural sources for concrete.
BS 903, Methods of testing vulcanized rubber.
BS 903-A26, Determination of hardness.
BS 957, Specification for feeler gauges.
BS 957-2, Metric units.
BS 970, Specification for wrought steels for mechanical and allied engineering purposes.
BS 970-1, General inspection and testing procedures and specific requirements for carbon, carbon
manganese, alloy and stainless steels.
BS 1449, Steel plate, sheet and strip.
BS 1449-2, Specification for stainless and heat-resisting steel plate, sheet and strip.
BS 1610, Materials testing machines and force verification equipment.
BS 1881, Testing concrete.
BS 1881-120, Method for determination of the compressive strength of concrete cores.
BS 2494, Specification for elastomeric joint rings for pipework and pipelines.
BS 2648, Performance requirements for electrically heated laboratory drying ovens.
BS 2971, Specification for Class II arc welding of carbon steel pipework for carrying fluids.
BS 3019, TIG welding.
BS 3019-2, Austenitic stainless and heat-resisting steels.
BS 3148, Methods of test for water for making concrete (including notes on the suitability of the water).
BS 3892, Pulverized-fuel ash.
BS 3892-1, Specification for pulverized-fuel ash for use a cementitious component in structural concrete.
BS 4027, Specification for sulphate-resisting Portland cement.
BS 4360, Specification for weldable structural steels.
BS 4408, Recommendations for non-destructive methods of test for concrete.
BS 4408-1, Electromagnetic cover measuring devices.
BS 4449, Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4482, Specification for cold reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4483, Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete.
BS 4994, Specification for design and construction of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics.
BS 5075, Concrete admixtures.
BS 5135, Specification for the process of arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steels.
BS 5480, Specification for glass fibre reinforced plastics (GRP) pipes and fittings for use for water supply or
sewerage.
BS 5480-1, Dimensions, materials and classification.
BS 5911, Precast concrete pipes, fittings and ancillary products.
BS 5911-100, Specification for unreinforced and reinforced pipes and fittings with flexible joints.
BS 6000, Guide to the use of BS 6001, sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes.
BS 6001, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes.
BS 6001-1, Specification for sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot
inspection.
BS 6588, Specification for Portland pulverized-fuel ash cement.
BS 6699, Specification for ground granulated blastfurnace slag for use with Portland cement.
BS 8110, Structural use of concrete.
BS 8110-1, Code of practice for design and construction.
BS 8110-2, Code of practice for special circumstances.
© BSI 02-1999
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British Standard

A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most

Precast concrete pipes,

Committees responsible for this

The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Cement,

Association of Consulting Engineers

Institution of Water and Environmental Management (IWEM)

This British Standard, having

ISBN 0 580 17246 5

load crushing tests 16

For an enquiry or order to be fully understood it is essential that the

© BSI 02-1999 iii

prefabricated steel cages or hoops

BS 5911-120 “RA” 150

Figure 1 — Effective length of pipes

4 Cement 5.2 Mechanical properties

7.3 Work in cold weather 7.6 Making good

NOTE For guidance on the use of epoxy and polyester resins,

3) Obtainable from CIRIA, 6 Storey’s Gate, London SW1P 3AU.

pipe. Spacers for this purpose shall be of

Section 3. Dimensions and tolerances

9 Nominal size and effective length 11 External manufacturing diameter

Pipes exhibiting cracks other than those described 16.2 Collars

effluent carried. If corrosion can be expected, the design of joint

17 General 18 Test requirements

Table 4 — Summary of test requirements and inspection procedures

NOTE These tests are to be carried out as and when required.

18.3 Crushing tests Table 5 — Crushing test loads

b) interpolated between the values given in Kilonewtons per metre of effective

c) where stronger pipes are designed and DN

Pipes shall be sampled and tested in accordance 1 350 to 1 800 ½ 20

Figure 3 — Joint test measurements

Section 5. Inspection procedures

19 Type of inspection and batch size Table 8 — Maximum number of individual

The inspection procedure given in items a) to f) shall f) Record the results.

tests on a given product.

Appendix A Information to be Appendix B Methods of assessing

f) If additional concrete cover is required because squareness of ends

Figure 4 — Gauge for assessing surface evenness

Figure 5 — Gauge for assessing surface voids

All dimensions are in millimetres.

Appendix E Method of test for water Appendix F Hydrostatic test method

apart for all nominal sizes of pipe.

Figure 7 — Testing arrangement for the crushing test

G.3 Loading Either make a channel at least 300 mm long

draw and shear The length of the restraint or support, measured

Figure 9 — Loading arrangements for joint face strength test

K.4 Combined tests Representative samples of the aggregates should be

The purchaser or his representative, by

and records and of witnessing the testing and

Figure 11 — Loading arrangement for shear test on joints

| implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless

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