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    The document provides the steps to perform LU decomposition on a 3x3 matrix A. The LU decomposition results in a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, such that A = LU. The inverse of the original matrix A is then obtained by solving the systems Ly = I and Ux = y. The inverse is reported as another 3x3 matrix.

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    Lili

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    Selly The Spice
    54 views8 pages
    The document provides the steps to perform LU decomposition on a 3x3 matrix A. The LU decomposition results in a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, such that A = LU. The inverse of the original matrix A is then obtained by solving the systems Ly = I and Ux = y. The inverse is reported as another 3x3 matrix.

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    process modelling and simulation

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    The document provides the steps to perform LU decomposition on a 3x3 matrix A. The LU decomposition results in a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, such that A = LU. The inverse of the original matrix A is then obtained by solving the systems Ly = I and Ux = y. The inverse is reported as another 3x3 matrix.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    54 views8 pages

    Lili

    Uploaded by

    Selly The Spice
    The document provides the steps to perform LU decomposition on a 3x3 matrix A. The LU decomposition results in a lower triangular matrix L and an upper triangular matrix U, such that A = LU. The inverse of the original matrix A is then obtained by solving the systems Ly = I and Ux = y. The inverse is reported as another 3x3 matrix.

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    You are on page 1of 8

    Q11. Determine the lowest real root of 𝑓(𝑥) = −12 − 21𝑥 + 18𝑥2-2.

    4 𝑥3 using the Secant


    method to a value of ℇS corresponding to three significant figures.

    Solution:

    Given function, 𝑓(𝑥) = −12 − 21𝑥 + 18𝑥2-2.4 𝑥3

    f ( x i)( x i−1−x i)
    Secant Formula, x i+1=x i−
    f ( xi −1 ) −f ( xi )

    Take two initial guesses,

    Let, x 0=1and x 1=0

    First iteration, i=1,

    f ( x 1 )( x0 −x1 )
    x 2=x 1−
    f ( x 0 ) −f (x 1 )

    f ( x 0 ) =−12−21 ( 1 ) +18 (1 )2 −2.4 ( 1 )3=−17.400

    f ( x 1 ) =−12−21 ( 0 ) +18 ( 0 )2−2.4 ( 0 )3=−12.000

    (−12 )( 1−0 )
    x 2=0−
    (−17.4 )−(−12 )

    x 2=−2.222

    2 3
    f ( x 2 ) =−12−21 (−2.222 ) +18 (−2.222 ) −2.4 (−2.222 ) =149.863

    Second iteration, i=2

    f ( x 2 )(x1 −x2 )
    x 3=x 2−
    f ( x 1 ) −f (x 2 )

    ( 149.863 ) ( 0−(−2.222 ) )
    x 3=−2.222−
    (−12 ) −( 149.863 )

    x 3=−0.165

    f ( x 3 ) =−12−21 (−0.165 ) +18 (−0.165 )2−2.4 (−0.165 )3=−8.042


    Third iteration, i=3

    f (x 3)( x 2−x 3 )
    x 4 =x3 −
    f ( x 2 )−f (x 3)

    (−8.042 ) (−2.222−(−0.165 ) )
    x 4 =−0.165−
    ( 149.863 )− (−8.042 )

    x 4 =−0.269

    By using spreadsheet, the result as below.

    i Xi X(i-1) f(Xi) fX(i-1) x(i+1) Error


    1 0.000 1.000 -12.000 -17.400 -2.222 1.000
    2 -2.222 0.000 149.893 -12.000 -0.165 12.491
    3 -0.165 -2.222 -8.042 149.893 -0.269 0.389
    4 -0.269 -0.165 -4.987 -8.042 -0.440 0.388
    5 -0.440 -0.269 0.948 -4.987 -0.413 0.066
    6 -0.413 -0.440 -0.081 0.948 -0.415 0.005
    7 -0.415 -0.413 -0.001 -0.081 -0.415 0.000
    8 -0.415 -0.415 0.000 -0.001 -0.415 0.000
    9 -0.415 -0.415 0.000 0.000 -0.415 0.000
    10 -0.415 -0.415 0.000 0.000 -0.415 0.000

    The lowest real root is -0.415 in the 6th iteration with ℇS=0.005 corresponding to three
    significant figures.
    d x1 d x2
    Q13. Given =1999 x1 +2999 x 2 and =−2000 x 1−3000 x 2. If x 1 ( 0 )=x 2 ( 0 )=¿1, obtain
    dt dt
    a solution from t=0 to 0.2 using step size of 0.05 with the Euler methods.

    x i+1=x i + f ( x i , t i ) h

    Solution:

    d x1
    For the first differential equation of solution as below.
    dt

    Initial condition at x 1=1 ,t 1=0.05

    f ( 1 , 0.05 )=1999 ( 1 ) +2999 ( 1 )=4998

    Therefore, the approximate Xi at ti=0.05 is,

    x 1=x 1+ f ( x 1 , t 1) h

    x 1 (0.05)=x 1 (0)+ f ( 1 ,0.05 ) h

    x 1 ( 0.05 )=1+ ( 4998 ) ( 0.05 )

    ¿ 250.9

    The actual Xi at ti=0.05 is,

    x 1=1999 x1 t 1 +2999 x 2 t 1+ 1

    x 1=1999 ( 250.9 )( 0.05 )+ 2999 (−249 )( 0.05 ) +1

    ¿−12259.095

    Hence, the error is

    Et = Actual− Approximate=−12259.095−250.9=−12509.995
    Besides, the relative error, εt= 1.020 or 102.047%

    d x2
    For the second differential equation of solution as below.
    dt

    Initial condition at x 2=1 ,t 1=0.05

    f ( 1 , 0.05 )=−2000 ( 1 ) −3000 ( 1 ) =−5000

    Therefore, the approximate Xi at ti=0.05 is,

    x 2=x 2+ f ( x 2 , t 1 ) h

    x 2 (0.05)=x 2 (0)+ f ( 1 ,0.05 ) h

    x 2 ( 0.05 )=1+ (−5000 ) ( 0.05 )

    ¿−249

    The actual Xi at ti=0.05 is,

    x 2=−2000 x 1 t 1−3000 x2 t 1+1

    x 2=−2000 ( 250.9 ) ( 0.05 )−3000 (−249 ) ( 0.05 ) +1

    ¿ 12261.000

    Hence, the error is

    Et = Actual− Approximate=12261−(−249)=12510

    Besides, the relative error, εt=1.0203 or 102.03%


    The whole calculation for every step size were put in excel by using formula given. Refer
    table below.

    d x1
    First differential equation, =1999 x1 +2999 x 2
    dt

    Approximate Relative
    i ti dx/dt Actual Xi Error, Et
    Xi Error
    0.0
    0 1.000 4998.000 1.000 0.000 0.000
    0
    0.0
    1 250.900 -245201.900 -12259.095 -12509.995 1.020
    5
    0.1
    2 -12009.195 12014608.195 1201461.820 1213471.015 1.010
    0
    0.1 - - -
    3 588721.215 1.007
    5 588716072.215 88307409.832 88896131.047
    -
    0.2 28847087281.3 5769417457.2 5798264539.6
    4 28847082.39 1.005
    0 96 79 75
    6

    d x2
    Second differential equation, =−2000 x 1−3000 x 2.
    dt

    Approximat Relative
    i ti dx/dt Actual Xi Error, Et
    e Xi Error
    0.0
    0 1.000 -5000.000 1.000 0.000 0.000
    0
    0.0
    1 -249.000 245200.000 12261.000 12510.000 1.020
    5
    0.2
    2 12011.000 -12014610.000 -2402921.000 -2414932.000 1.005
    0
    0.2 147179018.62 147767738.12
    3 -588719.500 588716070.500 1.004
    5 5 5
    - - -
    0.2 28847084.02
    4 28847087283.0 5769417455.6 5798264539.6 1.005
    0 5
    25 05 30
    Q15. Derive LU Decomposition for the matrix below and then, determine its matrix inverse.

    3 −0.1 −0.2

    [
    [ A ] = 0.1 7 −0.3
    0.3 −0.2 10 ]
    Solution:

    It follows the rules of matrix multiplication that

    [ L ][ Y ] =[ X ]

    [ U ] [ X ] =[ I ]

    [ X ] is the identical matrix and [ I ] is the inverse matrix.

    3 −0.1 −0.2

    [
    [ A ] = 0.1 7 −0.3
    0.3 −0.2 10 ]
    3 −0.1 −0.2

    [
    ¿ 0 7
    0.3 −0.2
    −0.29
    10 ]
    3 −0.1 −0.2

    [
    ¿ 0 7 −0.29
    0 −0.19 10.02 ]
    3 −0.1 −0.2

    [
    ¿ 0
    0
    7
    0
    −0.29 =U
    10.01 ]
    1 0 0

    [
    ¿ 0.03 1 0 =L
    0.1 −0.03 1 ]
    Inverse matrix:

    0.333 0.005 0.007

    [
    [ A−1 ]= −0.005 0.143 0.004
    −0.010 0.003 0.100 ]

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