BDwbU

ag©MÖš’ cwiwPwZ 3
f~wgKv :
ag© (a„+gb&) k‡ãi Øviv aviY Kiv eywS‡q _v‡K| A_©vr hv aviY K‡i gvbyl Zvi Rxeb‡K me©v½xY my›`i, mdj I
g½jgq K‡i †Zv‡j ZvB ag©| †h MÖ‡š’ a‡g©i m„wóZË¡, Zvrch©, KiYxq Kg©mg~n, DcvL¨vb BZ¨vw` _v‡K Zv‡K ag©MÖš’
e‡j| †e`, Dcwbl`, cyivY, ¯§„wZ, ivgvqY,
gnvfviZ, MxZv, fvMeZ cÖf„wZ ag©MÖš’| G
BDwb‡U †e` (mswnZv), eªvþY, AviY¨K,
Dwbl` cÖf„wZ ˆew`K MÖš,’ kªxg™¢Me`&MxZv,
kªxg`&fvMeZ I kªxkªxPÛx cÖf„wZ wn›`yag©MÖ‡š’i
msw¶ß cwiPq Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|

Qwe : kªxg`&fMeZ MxZvi cÖ”Q`

BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV- 3.1 : †e`mswnZv
cvV- 3.2 : eªvþY, AviY¨K I Dcwbl`
cvV- 3.3 : †e`v½
cvV- 3.4 : kªxg™¢Me`&MxZv
cvV- 3.5 : †cŠivwYK MÖš’mg~n
cvV- 3.6 : kªxkªxPÛx
cvV- 3.7 : kªxg™¢vMeZ cyivY
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.1 †e`mswnZv

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 †e` Kx, Kv‡`i Øviv cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †e` KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx, Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †e‡`i ÁvbKvÛ I Kg©Kv‡Ûi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

FK&, mvg, hRyt, A_e©, mswnZv, Dcwbl`, m~³, gš¿, Q›`, civwe`¨v, Acivwe`¨v, MvqÎx, Abyózc&,
gyL¨ kã/ e¨vm, wgÎ, eiyY, Dlv, B›`ªvYx, mvweÎx, Kg©KvÛ, ÁvbKvÛ BZ¨vw`|
(Key Words)

welqe¯‘ :
†e` wn›`ya‡g©i Avw` ag©MÖš’| †e` k‡ãi A_© Ávb| cÖvPxbKv‡j FwlM‡Yi gvbmc‡U Hk¦wiK Ávb Dw`Z n‡qwQj
Ges Zuv‡`i Øviv †mB Ávb cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| ZvB †e` Ck¦‡ii evYx| FwlMY wkl¨‡`i gy‡L gy‡L †e` wk¶v
w`‡Zb| †e` cÖ_‡g Awef³ Ae¯’vq wQj| cieZ©xKv‡j gnvgywb K…ò‰Øcvqb e¨vm †e`‡K Pvi fv‡M wef³ K‡ib|
h_vÑ FK&, mvg, hRyt, A_e©| Zuvi wcÖq Pvi wkl¨ h_vµ‡gÑ ˆcj, ˆRwgwb, ˆek¤úvqb I mygš— G Kv‡R Zuv‡K
mnvqZv K‡ib| Pvi †e‡`i GK GKwU fvM‡K mswnZv e‡j| †hgb- F‡M¦` mswnZv, mvg‡e` mswnZv BZ¨vw`| †e‡`
mvZwU Q›` i‡q‡Q, h_v- MvqÎx, DwòK&, Abyózc&, e„nZx, cO&w³, wÎózc& I RMZx|
F‡M¦` mswnZv : †e`mg~‡ni g‡a¨ F‡M¦` cÖvPxbZg ag©MÖš’| F‡M¦` c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg MÖš’ wn‡m‡eI we‡ewPZ| ZvB
gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m F‡M¦‡`i g~j¨ Acwimxg| †Kbbv G †e‡`i g‡a¨B cÖvPxbKv‡ji gvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•¶v I
`vk©wbK wPš—vi ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q| F‡M¦‡` i‡q‡Q ¯‘wZ I cÖv_©bvg~jK gš¿| G¸‡jv c‡`¨ iwPZ| GLv‡b 10552wU
gš¿ i‡q‡Q| Avevi KZ¸‡jv gš¿ wb‡q GKwU eo AvKv‡ii KweZv evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gi GK-GKwU KweZv‡K ejv
n‡q‡Q m~³| F‡M¦‡` Giƒc 1028wU m~³ i‡q‡Q| m~³¸wj RMZx, Abyóc z &, MvqÎx, wÎózc& cÖf„wZ Q‡›` iwPZ|
Ò†n m~h©, Zzwg †`eZv‡`i m¤§y‡L D`q nI, gvby‡li mvg‡b D`q nI.................

†h mKj Fwl F‡M¦` `k©b K‡iwQ‡jb Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb- Fwl gayQ›`v, M„rmg`, wek¦vwgÎ, evg‡`e, `xN©Zgv,
Flf, Kk¨c, fiØvR mn Av‡iv A‡b‡K| FwlMY †h mKj †`eZvi ¯—wZ K‡i‡Qb ev †h mKj †`eZvi cÖm‡½ FK&
iPbv K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡QbÑ AwMœ, B›`ª, eyiY, Dlv, wgÎ, evqy, m~h©, wek¦Kg©v BZ¨vw`| F‡M¦‡` 7 Rb bvix
m~³ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †jvcvgy`ªv, Acvjv, mvweÎx, evK&, B`ªvYx D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
mvg‡e` mswnZv :
mvg gv‡b Mvb| †h gš¿ Mvb Kiv hvq Zv‡KB mvg e‡j| hÁ Kivi mgq †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv FK& Ave„wË bv K‡i myi K‡i
MvIqv n‡Zv| GB †Mq FK&mg~n‡K ejv nq mvg‡e`| Avi mv‡gi msKjbB mvg‡e` mswnZv|
mvg‡e` mswnZvq me©‡gvU 1801wU gš¿ Av‡Q| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ 75wU Qvov evwK me¸‡jvB F‡M¦` †_‡K †bIqv|
GLv‡b Fwl‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡QbÑ Z…YcvwY, wmÜzØxc fM©, †gavwZw_, evg‡`e cÖf„wZ| Q‡›`i g‡a¨ e„nZx, MvqÎx,
DwòK&, weivU, wÎózc& cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

BDwbU-3 29
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq wn›`yag© I ˆbwZK wk¶v

hRy‡e©` mswnZv :
h‡Á e¨eüZ g‡š¿i msKjb hRy‡e©`| ÔhRytÕ ej‡Z h‡Ái gš¿ †evSvq| Zvi Ávb‡K ejv nq hRy‡e©`| Avi GB
Áv‡bi msKjb n‡jv hRy‡e©` mswnZv| hRy‡e©‡`i `ywU kvLv i‡q‡Q| h_v- ïK¬hRy‡e©` I K…òhRy‡e©`| F‡M¦` I
mvg‡e` c‡`¨ iwPZ| wKš‘ hRy‡e©‡` M`¨ I c`¨ Dfq ixwZi gš¿ cvIqv hvq| hÁvbyôv‡bi wbqgc×wZ hRy‡e©‡`
msKwjZ| hRy‡e©‡` 7wU KvÛ Ges 2184wU gš¿ i‡q‡Q|
A_e©‡e` mswnZv :
A_e©‡e‡`i cÖvPxb bvg wQj A_e©vw½im| A_e©b I Aw½iv cÖvPxb Kv‡ji Fwl huv‡`i bvg Abymv‡i Gi bvgKiY Kiv
n‡qwQj| A_e© k‡ãi A_©Ñ A_e©‡e‡` (7/1/4) cieªþ fMevb Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_e©‡e` mswnZvq wewfbœ welqK gš¿
msKwjZ i‡q‡Q Ges ag©, A_©, Kvg I †gv¶ wel‡q Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e mvabvi Rb¨ kixi I g‡bi my¯’Zv
†h‡nZz me©v‡MÖ `iKvi, ZvB G †e‡` G wel‡q AwaK ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| wPwKrmv ev †flR we`¨v, gv½wjK
wµqvKvÛ, kÎye‡ai Dcvq cÖf„wZ A_e©‡e‡`i welqe¯‘| G †e‡` 20wU KvÛ Ges 731m~³ Ges cÖvq 6000 gš¿
i‡q‡Q|
welq Abymv‡i mswnZv (gš¿), eªvþY, AviY¨K I Dcwbl` GB mgMÖ ˆew`K mvwnZ¨‡K `ywU fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q,
h_vÑ (1) Kg©KvÛ I (2) ÁvbKvÛ|
mswnZv I eªvþY Kg©Kv‡Ûi AšÍM©Z Ges AviY¨K I Dcwbl` ÁvbKv‡Ûi AšÍM©Z| Avevi Kg©Kv‡Ûi we`¨v‡K
Acivwe`¨v Ges ÁvbKv‡Ûi we`¨v‡K civwe`¨v iƒ‡c AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Kg©KvÛ: mswnZv I eªvþY fvM‡K †e‡`i Kg©KvÛ ejv nq| hÁ m¤úwK©Z welq¸‡jv Kg©Kv‡Û Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
B›`ª, AwMœ, eiyY, wgÎ cÖf„wZ †`eZv‡`i cÖxwZi Rb¨ hvM-hÁvw` K‡g©i Abyôvb Kxfv‡e m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e,
Kg©Kv‡Û i‡q‡Q Zvi wb‡`©kbv I c×wZ| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q K‡g©i ga¨ w`‡q me©kw³gvb cig eª‡þi w`‡K avweZ
nIqv|
hvM-hÁvw` ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b gvbwmK ¯^w¯Í I AvwZ¥K cywó †hvMvq| ˆew`K FwlMY ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Avgv‡`i cuvPwU
h‡Ái K_v we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| h_v: eªþhÁ, b„hÁ, ˆ`ehÁ, wcZ„hÁ I f~ZhÁ| eªþhÁÑ †e` Aa¨qb,
b„hÁ Ñ AwZw_‡mev, ˆ`ehÁ Ñ †nvgKg©, wcZ…hÁ Ñ wcZv-gvZvi †mev (Zc©Y) I f~ZhÁ Ñ we‡k¦i Rb¨ wb‡R‡K
DrmM© Kiv| GB c gnvhÁ Aek¨ KiYxq|
ÁvbKvÛ : AviY¨K I Dcwbl` fvM‡K ÁvbKvÛ ejv nq| GLv‡b g~jZ eªþwe`¨vi Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| m„wó,
w¯’wZ I cÖj‡qi g~‡j †K Av‡Qb Ges Zvi mv‡_ Avgv‡`i m¤úK©B ev wKÑ G cÖ‡kœi DËi AbymÜvb Ges DËi `v‡bi
cÖ‡Póv ÁvbKv‡Ûi AšÍM©Z| Fwliv mvabvi Øviv Rvb‡jb, mKj wKQzi GKRb mªóv Av‡Qb| GB g~j ev cig mËv‡K
Zuviv e‡j‡Qb eªþ| eª‡þi Dcjwä †h GKgvÎ mvabv Ges Pig cÖvwßi c_, ÁvbKv‡Û Zv ejv n‡q‡Q| eªþwe`¨v,
AvZ¥ZË¡, m„wói inm¨ cÖf„wZ ÁvbKv‡Ûi g~j welqe¯‘|

mvims‡¶c :
cÖvPxb hy‡M Fwl‡`i Øviv †e` cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| †e` cÖ_‡g Awef³ Ae¯’vq wQj| gnwl© K…ò‰Øcvqb e¨vm‡`e
†e`‡K Pvi fv‡M wef³ K‡ib| GB PviwU fvM n‡jv Ñ FK&, mvg, hRyt I A_e©| †e‡`i GK GKwU fvM‡K
mswnZv e‡j| ˆew`K FwlMY †e`-we`¨v‡K `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i‡QbÑ 1. ÁvbKvÛ ev civwe`¨v I 2. Kg©KvÛ ev
Acivwe`¨v| Kg©Kv‡Û hÁvw` Ges ÁvbKv‡Û eªþwe`¨vi ZË¡vw` ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Kg©Kv‡Ûi Ávb‡K Acivwe`¨v Ges
ÁvbKv‡Ûi we`¨v‡K civwe`¨v ejv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-30
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3.2 eªvþY, AviY¨K I Dcwbl`

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 eªvþY Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AviY¨K Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dcwbl` Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Kg©KvÛ j¶Y, eªvþY, AviY¨K, Dcwbl`, Aa¨vZ¥we`¨v, eªþZË¡, cy‡ivwnZ, hÁ, †e`všÍ, wewa,
gyL¨ kã/ A_©ev`, cyivKí, cÖksmv BZ¨vw`|
(Key Words)

welqe¯‘ :
†e` mswnZvi ci ˆew`K mvwn‡Z¨i avivq eªvþY, AviY¨K I Dcwbl` G‡m‡Q| †e‡` eªþ k‡ãi GK A_© gš¿ ev
†¯ÍvÎ| †h MÖ‡š’ eªþ ev gš¿ m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi bvg eªvþY| eªvþY cÖavbZ M`¨gq n‡jI gš¿
wewb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î eû c`¨ cvIqv hvq|
eªvþY wZb As‡k wef³| cÖ_g Ask n‡jv ï× eªvþY ev eªvþY| wØZxq As‡ki bvg AviY¨K| AwšÍg fv‡Mi bvg
†e`vš— ev Dcwbl`|
eªvþY :
eªvþY †e‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ûi AšÍM©Z| G‡Z hÁvw`i wewea wµqvKvÛ wjwce× Av‡Q| eªvþY QqwU j¶Y Øviv cwiwPZ|
G¸‡jv n‡”Q Ñ wewa, A_©ev`, wb›`v, cÖksmv, cyivKí I ciK…wZ|
wewa : we‡kl we‡kl Kg© Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ †h wb‡`©k i‡q‡Q ZvB wewa| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, Abve„wói Kv‡j e„wó
Kvgbvq †h hÁvw` Kiv nq Zv wewaevK¨|
A_©ev` : †e`g‡š¿i A_© cÖm‡½, wewea KvÛ m¤ú‡K© †h mKj e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq Zv‡K A_©ev` e‡j| A_©ev` eªvþ‡Yi
GKwU eo Ask Ry‡o i‡q‡Q| G‡Z gš¿ I hÁ‡K †K›`ª K‡i e¨vKiYMZ Av‡jvPbvI i‡q‡Q|
wb›`v : we‡ivax g‡Zi mgv‡jvPbv LÛb I Z¨vM Kiv‡K wb›`v e‡j| GLv‡b wewfbœ we‡ivax g‡Zi †`vl †`Lv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv g‡š¿i mwVK A_© Kx Zv wb‡q cy‡ivwnZ‡`i g‡a¨ gZ‡f` wQj| GKR‡bi Dw³ Ab¨ R‡bi Øviv
LwÛZ n‡Zv|
cÖksmv : cÖksmv ej‡Z ¯‘wZ Ges hvi ¯‘wZ Kiv nq, †mB wµqvi Aby‡gv`b †evSvq| †h mKj ev‡K¨ h‡Ái
Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g evwÃZ dj jvf nq e‡j g‡b Kiv nq, †m mKj cÖePb‡K cÖksmv ejv n‡q‡Q|
cyivKí: AwZ cÖvPxbKv‡j †h mKj hÁ m¤úvw`Z n‡qwQj †m¸‡jv‡K ÒcyivKíÓ ejv n‡q‡Q| gvbyl hÁ Abyôvb
Avi¤¢ Kivi eû c~e© n‡Z †`eZvMY hÁ Abyôvb Avi¤¢ K‡ib| G h‡Ái D‡Ïk¨ wQj wek¦eªþv‡Ûi kvwšÍ|
ciK…wZ : c‡ii K…wZ ev KvR‡K ciK…wZ ejv nq| AwfÁ cy‡ivwnZ, mdj hÁ Kivi Rb¨ weL¨vZ ivRv‡`i KxwZ©
cÖf„wZ ciK…wZ e‡j cwiwPZ|
cÖwZwU †e‡`i mv‡_ eªvþY, AviY¨K I Dcwbl` hy³ Av‡Q| HZ‡iq, ZvÛ¨, kZc_, †Mvc_ cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
eªvþY|

BDwbU-3 31
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq wn›`yag© I ˆbwZK wk¶v

AviY¨K :
eªvþ‡Yi cieZ©x I Dcwbl‡`i ga¨eZ©x As‡ki bvg ÒAviY¨KÓ| AviY¨K bvgKi‡Yi KviY n‡jv Ai‡Y¨ e‡m Gi
gbb, cVb, cÖPvi I cÖmvi| G Ask gyL¨Z ÁvbKvÛ I Kg©Kv‡Ûi mwܯ’j| Aa¨vZ¥we`¨v, eªþZË¡, m„wói inm¨
AviY¨K I Dcwbl‡`i welqe¯‘| Ai‡Y¨ e‡m ˆew`K FwlMY eªþwe`¨vi w`K wb‡`©kbv w`‡Zb Ges eªþwRÁvmy
wkl¨‡K wk¶v w`‡Zb Aa¨vZ¥we`¨v| GRb¨ †KD †KD AviY¨K‡K Dcvmbv KvÛ e‡j‡Qb| Qv‡›`vM¨, e„n`viY¨K cÖf„wZ
AviY¨‡Ki `„óvšÍ|
Dcwbl` :
†e‡`i ÁvbKvÛ wn‡m‡e Dcwbl` cwiwPZ| †e‡`i †k‡l ev AwšÍ‡g Aew¯’Z ZvB G‡K †e`vš— ev Dcwbl` ejv nq|
Gi cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq eªþZË¡| eªþ ev Ck¦i A_©vr mªóvi Amxg ¶gZv I gwngv Ges m„wói mv‡_ mªóvi m¤ú‡K©i
wel‡q †h Ávb Zv‡K eªþZË¡ e‡j| Dcwbl‡` GB eªþZË¡ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Dcwbl‡`i msL¨v A‡bK| gyw³K Dcwbl‡`
108 Lvbv Dcwbl‡`i D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖavb Ges cÖvPxb wn‡m‡e 12 Lvbv Dcwbl` i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ Ck,
KV, †Kb, cÖkœ, †k¦Zvk¦Zi cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcwbl`|

mvims‡¶c :
†e`mswnZvi ci G‡m‡Q eªvþY, AviY¨K I Dcwbl`| ˆew`K h‡Ái wewa-weavb I `„óvÛ eªvþY MÖ‡š’i welqe¯‘|
AviY¨K I Dcwbl‡` eªþwe`¨v A_©vr m„wó I mªóvi ¯^iƒc Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q weavq G‡K ÁvbKvÛ ejv nq|

cvV-3.3 †e`v½

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 †e`v½ Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †e`v½ KqwU I Kx Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Q›` I †R¨vwZl kv‡¯¿i e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wk¶v, Kí, wbiy³, e¨vKiY, Q›`, †R¨vwZl, D”PviYZË¡, hv¯‹, Awfavb, KvÛ, ˆbN©ÈyK, ˆbMg,
gyL¨ kã/ ˆ`eZ BZ¨vw`|
(Key Words)

welqe¯‘ :
†e‡`i mswnZv, eªvþY, AviY¨K I Dcwbl` mwVK I ï×fv‡e cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv mwVK I ï×fv‡e
Kg©KvÛ cwiPvwjZ bv n‡j cÖZ¨vwkZ dj jvf bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ï×Zv i¶vq ZvB A‡bK¸‡jv mnvqK MÖš’ i‡q‡Q|
†e‡`i kã‡eva, A_©‡eva, Kv‡Ri mv‡_ g‡š¿i m¤^Ü, cv‡Vi ixwZ cÖf„wZ e¨vcv‡i G mKj MÖš’ Acwinvh© e‡j G‡`i
bvg †e`v½| †e`v½ QqwU Ñ wk¶v, Kí, wbiy³, e¨vKiY, Q›` I †R¨vwZl| GK GKwU A½ Øviv GK GK KvR mvwaZ
nq e‡j †e`v½‡K †e‡`i QqwU A½iƒ‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-32
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wk¶v : Qq †e`v‡½i g‡a¨ wk¶v‡K cÖ_‡g ¯’vb †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| †e‡`i eY©, ¯^i, gvÎv BZ¨vw`i h_vh_ D”PviY I
cÖ‡qvMwewa †h MÖ‡š’ wjwce× Av‡Q Zv‡K wk¶v e‡j| AvaywbK A‡_© wk¶v‡K aŸwbi D”PviYZË¡ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ‡Z¨K †e‡`i c„_K c„_K wk¶v Av‡Q| †e`g‡š¿i mwVK D”Pvi‡Yi wbqgvewj †h As‡k Av‡jvwPZ ZvB wk¶v| †e`
gš¿¸‡jv hv‡Z mwVKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq Zvi Rb¨ Òwk¶vÓ GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
Kí: hv Øviv hÁvw` KwíZ, mgw_©Z nq Zv‡K Kí e‡j| †e‡`i hvM-hÁvw`i weeiY eû we¯Í…Z| ZvB A‡bK wKQz
ev` w`‡q †Kej h‡Ái Abyôvb cÖwµqvw` wb‡q †h me MÖš’ iwPZ Zv‡KB Kím~Î ev Kí bvgK †e`v½ ejv nq|
wbiy³ : ˆew`K g‡š¿i A_© †evSvi Rb¨ †h kv¯¿ m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv‡K wbiy³ e‡j| Qq †e`v‡½i g‡a¨ wbiy³ bvgK †e`v½
¸iyZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| GB MÖš’ hv¯‹ bvgK Fwl KZ©„K iwPZ| wbiy³‡K ˆew`K Awfavb ejv n‡q _v‡K|
wbiy³ wZbwU Kv‡Û wef³| h_vµ‡g Ñ ˆbN©ÈzK KvÛ, ˆbMg KvÛ I ˆ`eZ KvÛ|
e¨vKiY : †e‡`i gš¿ mwVKfv‡e D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vKiY bvgK †e`v‡½i cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv cÖK…wZ, cÖZ¨q,
mwÜ, mgvm, kãiƒc, avZziƒc cÖf„wZi Ávb bv _vK‡j KLbI †e‡`i gš¿ mwVKfv‡e AvqË Kiv hv‡e bv| c‡`i MVb
c×wZ Rvbv _vK‡j mn‡R I h_vh_fv‡e †e` Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e| G Kvi‡YB e¨vKiY †e`cv‡Vi Av‡iKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
mnvqK MÖš’|
Q›` : Qq †e`v‡½i Ab¨Zg Av‡iKwU n‡”Q Q›`| †e‡` Q‡›`ve× gš¿ i‡q‡Q| A_©vr AwaKvsk †e`gš¿ c‡`¨ iwPZ|
h‡Á G mKj Q‡›`ve× gš¿ D”PvwiZ n‡Zv| A¶i MYbv K‡i Q›` wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| †e‡`i Q›` mvZwU; h_v Ñ
MvqÎx, DwòK&, Abyózc&, e„nZx, cO&w³, wÎózc& I RMZx| GB mKj Q›`mg~‡ni Ávb GB †e`v‡½i AšÍM©Z|
†R¨vwZl : ˆew`K hy‡M wewfbœ cÖKvi h‡Ái weavb wQj| wfbœ wfbœ hÁ wfbœ wfbœ mg‡q ev FZz‡Z AbywôZ n‡Zv| ZvB
†Kvb hÁ †Kvb mg‡q AbywôZ n‡e Zv wbiƒc‡Yi †¶‡Î †R¨vwZl kv‡¯¿i f~wgKv wQj Lye ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| eZ©gvb mf¨
RM‡Z ivwkPµ I MÖn-b¶‡Îi wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi g~‡j i‡q‡Q GB †R¨vwZl bvgK †e`v½|

mvims‡¶c :
wbfy©j I h_vh_fv‡e †e` cv‡Vi mnvqK MÖš’mg~n‡K †e`v½ e‡j| †e`v½ QqwU: wk¶v, Kí, wbiy³, e¨vKiY, Q›`
I †R¨vwZl| mwVK mg‡q ˆew`K Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Ges mwVKfv‡e D”PviY, A_© Abyaveb, Q›` BZ¨vw`
†evSvi Rb¨ †e`v½¸wj Acwinvh© weavq †e` cv‡Vi mnvqK|

cvV-3.4 kÖxg™¢Me`&MxZv

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 kªxg™¢Me`&MxZv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MxZvq KZwU Aa¨vq I †køvK Av‡Q Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kg©, Ávb I fw³‡hvM m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MxZvi gvnvZ¥¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ag©MÖš’, fx®§ce©, †KŠie, cvÛe, kÖxK…ò, e¨vm, ¶wÎq, welYœ, AR©yb, wb®‹vgKg©, MxZv, g½jgq,
gyL¨ kã/ mLv, mviw_, †hvM BZ¨vw`|
(Key Words)

BDwbU-3 33
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq wn›`yag© I ˆbwZK wk¶v

welqe¯‘ :
kªxg™¢Me`&MxZv wn›`ya‡g©i GKwU AZzjbxq ag©MÖš’| kªxg™¢Me`&MxZv‡K g½jgq Ck¦‡ii ïf msMxZ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ
Kiv n‡q‡Q| gnwl© K…ò‰Øcvqb e¨vm‡`e iwPZ gnvfvi‡Zi fx®§c‡e©i GKwU Ask MxZv| gnvfviZ †_‡K Avgiv
Rvwb Kziy‡¶‡Î Kyiy-cvÛe‡`i g‡a¨ GK fxlY hy× nq| hy‡× †mKv‡ji A‡bK ivRv Ask †bb| †KD cvÛe c‡¶,
†KD †KŠei c‡¶| fMevb kªxK…ò hywawôi, fxg I AR©ybvw` cvÛe c‡¶i i‡_i mviw_ n‡q hy‡× Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb|
Avi Zuvi †mbv evwnbxi GKwU eo Ask (`k A‡¶ŠwnYx ˆmb¨) `y‡h©vabvw` †KŠie c‡¶ Ask wb‡qwQj| hy× hLb ïiy
n‡e, AR©yb `yc‡¶i †hv×v‡`i †`L‡Z PvB‡j fMevb kªxK…ò Dfq c‡¶i gvSLv‡b Zuvi i_ ¯’vcb K‡ib| mgvMZ
†hv×v‡`i †`‡L AR©yb welYœ n‡q co‡jb| †Kbbv, mevB Zuvi wbKU AvZ¥xq I AvcbRb hv‡`i nZ¨v K‡i hy‡× Zuv‡K
Rqjvf Ki‡Z n‡e| welv‡` wbgw¾Z †`‡L fMevb Zuvi wcÖq mLv AR©yb‡K †hme Dc‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb ZvB
kªxg™¢Me`&MxZv, ms‡¶‡c MxZv|

Qwe : kªxg™¢Me`&MxZv
gnvfvi‡Zi fx®§ c‡e©i cuwPk Aa¨vq n‡Z weqvwjøk Aa¨vq ch©šÍ AvVv‡ivwU Aa¨vqB MxZv| gnvfvi‡Zi Ask n‡qI
MxZv GKwU c„_K ag©MÖ‡š’i gh©v`v †c‡q‡Q Ges wn›`y‡`i N‡i N‡i cwVZ n‡”Q| G MÖ‡š’ fMevb kªxK…‡òi
kªxgyLwbtm„Z 575wU †køvK, AR©y‡bi 84wU, mćqi 40wU Ges a„Ziv‡óªi gvÎ 1wU †køvKmn †gvU 700wU †køvK Av‡Q|
G Rb¨ G‡K mßkZxI ejv nq| AvVv‡ivwU Aa¨v‡qi cÖwZwUi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v: welv`‡hvM, mvsL¨‡hvM,
Kg©‡hvM, Ávb‡hvM, mbœ¨vm‡hvM, a¨vb‡hvM, Ávb-weÁvb‡hvM, A¶ieªþ‡hvM, ivR‡hvM, wef~wZ‡hvM, wek¦iƒc
`k©b‡hvM, fw³‡hvM, †¶Î †¶ÎÁ‡hvM, cyiy‡lvËg‡hvM, †`evmyi m¤ú` wefvM‡hvM, kª×vÎq wefvM‡hvM I
†gv¶‡hvM| Gi g‡a¨ cwÛZMY †h wZbwU Aa¨v‡qi cÖwZ we‡kl `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb †m Aa¨vq wZbwU nj: Kg©‡hvM,
Ávb‡hvM I fw³‡hvM| wek¦iƒc `k©b‡hvM, †gv¶‡hvM cÖf„wZ Aa¨vqI D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
Kg©‡hv‡M fMevb kªxK…ò AR©yb‡K we‡klfv‡e e‡j‡Qb, wbivm³fv‡e KZ©e¨Kg© KivB Òag©Ó| Zzwg ¶wÎq, hy× KivB
†Zvgvi ag©| Avmw³nxbfv‡e hy× Ki‡j †Zvgvi †Kv‡bv cvc n‡e bv| AwaKš‘ GKwU mydj Aek¨B cv‡e| ZvB
fMevb e‡j‡Qb,
Kg©‡Y¨evwaKvi‡¯Í gv d‡jly K`vPb|
gv Kg©dj‡nZzf©~g©v †Z m‡½vn¯ÍKg©wY \
(MxZv 2/47)
A_©vr
ÒK‡g© Ze AwaKvi Kg©d‡j bq,
djAvkv Z¨vM Ki, Kg© †hb iqÓ|
BDwbU-3 c„ôv-34
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ZvB kªxK…ò ARy©b‡K e‡j‡Qb ÒGLb hy‡×i gv‡V hy× KivB †Zvgvi Kg©| Zzwg hy× Z¨v‡Mi †h-me K_v ejQ Zv‡Z
†Zvgvi ag© bó n‡e| ¯^ ¯^ ˆewkó¨ Abymv‡i Kg© m¤úv`b KivB ag©|Ó
fMevb mywbqwš¿Zfv‡e Kg© m¤úv`b‡K Kg©‡hvM e‡j‡Qb| K‡g© wmw× jvf n‡jB Áv‡bi D`q nq| Ávb hLbB
cwic~Y©Zvq Av‡m ZLbB Av‡m fw³| fw³i D`q n‡j ZLb wb‡Ri e‡j Avi wKQz _v‡K bv| f‡³i `„wó‡Z GB
we‡k¦i me wKQzi g‡a¨B Ck¦‡ii iƒc g‡b nq| f³ fMev‡bi wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i me‡P‡q †ewk Z…wß jvf K‡ib|
GB fw³mn Avgv‡`i Rxebhvc‡bi †¶‡Î A‡bK Dc‡`k MxZvq i‡q‡Q GRb¨ MxZv Avgv‡`i wbZ¨ cvV¨ag©MÖš’|
MxZv mg¯— Dcwbl‡`i mviMÖš|’ whwb cÖwZw`b fw³hy³ n‡q MxZvi GK Aa¨vq cvV K‡ib, wZwb †e`-cyivYvw`
cv‡Vi mg¯— dj jvf K‡ib| whwb MxZvcv‡Vi ci MxZvi gvnvZ¥¨ cvV K‡ib wZwb cyY¨ jvf K‡ib|

mvims‡¶c :
ag©xq I `vk©wbK Kve¨ wn‡m‡e kªxg™¢Me`&MxZv Abb¨ I AZzjbxq| gnwl© K…ò‰Øcvqb e¨vm‡`e iwPZ gnvfvi‡Zi
fx®§ c‡e©i 25 Aa¨vq n‡Z 42 Aa¨vq ch©šÍ GB 18wU Aa¨vqB MxZv| G‡Z 700wU †køvK i‡q‡Q| Gi fvlv
mnR, mij I mygayi| Ck¦i jv‡fi Rb¨ Gi g‡a¨ 3wU wel‡qi (Kg©, Ávb I fw³) K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Kg© n‡Z
Ávb Ges Ávb n‡Z fw³i D`q nq| Ck¦i jv‡fi Rb¨ MxZvcvV Avek¨Kxq|

cvV-3.5 †cŠivwYK MÖš’mg~n

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 cyivYmg~‡ni bvg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cyiv‡Yi j¶Y m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ag©MÖš’ wn‡m‡e cyivYmg~‡ni ¸iyZ¡ eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvPxb, Aóv`k, eªþv, weòz, wke, `yM©v, Kvjx, kÖxK…ò, mM©, cÖwZmM©, esk, gš^šÍi, eskvbyPwiZ,
gyL¨ kã/ e¨vm‡`e, cyivY, gby, DccyivY BZ¨vw`|
(Key Words)

welqe¯‘ :
ÔcyivYÕ kãwUi A_© cÖvPxb ev cyivZb| wn›`y agx©q AwZ cÖvPxb ev cyivZb Kvwnbxi eY©bv _vKvq ZvB Gi bvg cyivY|
cyivYmg~‡n M‡íi ga¨ w`‡q ag© wel‡q wk¶v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme MÖ‡š’ wewfbœ †`e-†`ex, m„wó inm¨, Fwl I
ivRPwiZ, agx©q Kvwnbx BZ¨vw`i eY©bv i‡q‡Q| ZvB agx©q RM‡Z G MÖš’mg~‡ni Acwimxg ¸iyZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
gnwl© K…ò‰Øcvqb e¨vm cyivYmg~‡ni iPwqZv| gnwl© e¨vm‡`e †h‡nZz cyivYmg~‡ni iPwqZv ZvB Gi iPbvKvj
gnvfvi‡Zi mgmvgwqK aiv †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖavb cÖavb cyiv‡Yi msL¨v AvVv‡ivwU| G¸‡jv n‡”QÑ (1) eªþcyivY, (2)
weòycyivY, (3) wkecyivY ev evqycyivY, (4) fvMeZcyivY, (5) cÙcyivY, (6) bvi`cyivY, (7) gvK©‡ÛqcyivY, (8)

BDwbU-3 35
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq wn›`yag© I ˆbwZK wk¶v

AwMœcyivY, (9) fwel¨cyivY, (10) eªþ‰eeZ©cyivY, (11) wj½cyivY, (12) eivncyivY, (13) ¯‹›`cyivY, (14)
evgbcyivY, (15) K~g©cyivY, (16) grm¨cyivY, (17) MiyocyivY I (18) eªþvÛcyivY|
GB cyivY¸‡jvi Abymi‡Y Av‡iv AvVv‡ivwU DccyivY iwPZ n‡q‡Q| G me cyivY I Dccyiv‡Y wZbRb †`eZv I `yRb
†`exi gwngv we‡klfv‡e cªKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zuviv n‡jbÑ eªþv, weòy, wke, gnvgvqv `yM©v I Kvjx| fvMeZ cyiv‡Y
fMevb kªxK…‡òi Rxebjxjv we‡klfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
cyiv‡Yi j¶Y m¤ú‡K© evqycyiv‡Y ejv n‡q‡Q-
mM©ð cªwZmM©ð es‡kv gš^šÍivwY P
eskvbyPwiZs ˆPe cyivYs cÂj¶Yg& \
A_©vr cyiv‡Yi i‡q‡Q cuvPwU j¶Y| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ (1) mM,© (2) cÖwZmM,© (3) esk, (4) gš^šÍi I (5) eskvbyPwiZ|
mM© gv‡b m„wó| Rxe RM‡Zi m„wó Kxfv‡e n‡q‡Q Zv cyiv‡Y Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZmM© A_© cybivq m„wó| cªjq
ev wej‡qi c‡i Avevi bZzb K‡i †h m„wó nq Zv‡K cÖwZmM© e‡j| †`eZv I Fwl‡`i eY©bvB n‡”Q ÔeskÕ| m„wói
Avw`‡Z cÖwZevi GKRb gby _v‡Kb| A_©vr gby n‡”Qb m„wói Avw` cyiyl| GK gby †_‡K Av‡iK gbyi c~e© ch©š Í
mgq‡K gš^šÍi ejv nq| m„wó RM‡Z Ggwb K‡i †PŠÏRb gbyi Kvj AwZµvšÍ n‡q‡Q| ivRv, Fwl ev †`eZv‡`i
RxebPwiZB n‡”Q eskvbyPwiZ| GB cuvPwU welq cyivYmg~‡n we‡klfv‡e i‡q‡Q| GQvov eY©vkªg, c~Rv, eªZ, `vb,
kªv×, bvbv Abyôvb I Zx_©¯’v‡bi eY©bvI i‡q‡Q| myZivs agx©q Rxe‡b cyiv‡Yi Acwimxg ¸iyZ¡ i‡q‡Q|

mvims‡¶c :
gnwl© e¨vm‡`e cyivYmg~‡ni iPwqZv| AvVv‡ivwU cyivY I AvVv‡ivwU DccyivY i‡q‡Q| G me MÖ‡š’ wewfbœ †`e-
†`ex, m„wói inm¨, ivRv, Fwl BZ¨vw`i eY©bv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e eªþv, weòy, wke, `yM©v, Kvjx Ges fMevb kªxK…‡òi
gwngv we‡klfv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB cuvPwU j¶Yhy³ cyiv‡Yi agx©q fveRM‡Z Acwimxg ¸iyZ¡ iq‡Q|

cvV-3.6 kÖxkÖxPÛx

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 kªxkªxPÊxi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kªxkªxPÊxi iPwqZv, Aa¨vq I †køvK msL¨v Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †`ex `yM©v I gwnlvmy‡ii hy‡×i Kvwnbx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gnvgvqv, gvnvZ¥¨, Av`¨vkw³, kßkZx, `yM©v, KvZ¨vqbx, gnwl©, myi_, gwnlvmyi, B›`ª, gvK©‡Ûq,
gyL¨ kã/ ivgP›`ª, AR©yb, Kvjx, ivgK…ò, ivgcÖmv` BZ¨vw`|
(Key Words)

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-36
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

welqe¯‘ :
gvK©‡Ûq Fwl Øviv cÖYxZ gvK©‡Ûq cyiv‡Yi AšÍM©Z 81Zg Aa¨vq n‡Z 93Zg Aa¨vq ch©šÍ 13wU Aa¨vq‡K †`ex
gvnvZ¥¨ ev PÛx e‡j| kªxkªxPÛx AwZ cÖvPxb ag©MÖš’| G MÖš’ Z…Zxq kZvãx‡Z iwPZ n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| PÛx‡Z
†Z‡ivwU Aa¨v‡q 700wU †køvK Av‡Q| GRb¨ MxZvi g‡Zv G‡KI mßkZx ejv nq| Av`¨vkw³ gnvgvqv| wZwb gvqv
I kw³i †`ex| Amyi ev Ab¨vq‡K wZwb aŸsm K‡ib| wZwb `yM©viƒ‡c Rx‡ei `yM©wZ niY K‡ib e‡j Zuvi GK bvg
`yM©v|
fviZe‡l© kw³c~Rvi cÖPjb cÖv‰MwZnvwmK Kvj †_‡K Ges e½‡`‡k Gi cÖmvi I cÖPvi me©vwaKfv‡e cwijw¶Z nq|
ivgvq‡Y ivgP›`ª 10wU cÙ w`‡q †`ex c~Rvi Av‡qvRb K‡iwQ‡jb Ges gnvfvi‡Zi fx®§ c‡e© kªxK…ò ARy©b‡K
hy×vi‡¤¢i c~‡e© R‡qi Rb¨ `yM©vc~Rvi Dc‡`k w`‡qwQ‡jb| ivgcÖmv`, ivgK…ò, evgv‡¶cv, KgjvKvš— cÖf„wZ
mvaKMY kw³c~Rvix wQ‡jb| Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q kw³i †`ex Kvjx eªþ ev Ck¦‡ii iƒc jvf K‡iwQj| ivgcÖmv‡`i fvlvq-
ÒKvjx eªþ †R‡b gg© ag©vag© me †Q‡owQ|Ó
gnvgvqv †`ex gnvj²x, gnvmi¯^Zx I gnvKvjx GB wZb iƒ‡c cÖKvwkZv| KvZ¨vqb Avkª‡g gnvgvqv Avwef©~Zv
n‡qwQ‡jb e‡j wZwb PÛx‡Z KvZ¨vqbx bv‡gI AwfwnZv| mgMÖ Zš¿kv‡¯¿i cÖwZcv`¨ welq †`ex gnvgvqv| kªxkªxPÛxi
cÖwZcv`¨ welqI †`ex gnvgvqvi ¯^iƒc eY©bv| MxZv †hgb gnvfvi‡Zi Ask Ges mgMÖ Dcwbl‡`i mvi MÖš’ †Zgwb
PÛx gvK©‡Ûq cyiv‡Yi Ask Ges mgMÖ Zš¿kv‡¯¿i mvi MÖš’iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ|
kªxkªxPÛx‡Z mnR my›`i A‡bK †¯ÍvÎ Av‡Q| h_v:
Òhv †`ex me©f~‡Zly kw³iƒ‡cY msw¯’Zv|
Bg¯Í‰m¨ bg¯Í‰m¨ b‡gv bgt\ (5/34)
Òhv †`ex me©f~‡Zly kvwšÍiƒ‡cY msw¯’Zv|
Bg¯Í‰m¨ bg¯Í‰m¨ bg¯Í‰m¨ b‡gv bgt\ (5/49)
A_©vr †h †`ex mKj Rx‡e I PivP‡i kw³iƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡ib †mB †`ex‡K bg¯‹vi, evievi bg¯‹vi Kwi| †h †`ex
mKj Rx‡e I PivP‡i kvwšÍiƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡ib †mB †`ex‡K bg¯‹vi, evievi bg¯‹vi Kwi|
kªxkªxPÛx‡Z i‡q‡Q :
cyivKv‡j myi_ bv‡g GK ivRv ivR¨ nvwi‡q e‡b e‡b NyiwQ‡jb| Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z wZwb G‡jb †gav bv‡g GK gnwl©i
Avkª‡g| Ab¨w`‡K mgvwa bv‡g GK ˆek¨I ¯¿x I mšÍvb‡`i AvPi‡Y Amš‘ó n‡q Ni †Q‡o †ewi‡q c‡ob| wZwbI
Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z Av‡mb †gav gywbi Avkª‡g| Avkª‡g G‡mI nviv‡bv iv‡R¨i Rb¨ ivRv myi‡_i g‡b gvqv KvR KiwQj|
Avevi mgvwa ˆek¨I Zvi ¯¿x-cy·`i fyj‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| †Kb GB AšÍ‡ii AvKl©Y-Zv eyS‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv|
ivRv myi_ I mgvwa ˆe‡k¨i †`Lv n‡jv| `yR‡b `yR‡bi Kv‡Q g‡bi K_v e¨³ Ki‡jb| Zvici †M‡jb gnwl© †gavi
Kv‡Q| wM‡q Rvbv‡jb wb‡R‡`i Aš—‡ii K_v| gnwl© †gav ej‡jb †h, Gi bvg gvqv| Avi G gvqv n‡”Q gnvgvqvi
cÖfve| Z‡e gnvgvqv mš‘ó n‡j wZwb g½j K‡ib Ges gyw³ `vb K‡ib| gnwl© †gav gnvgvqvi gvnvZ¥¨ ivRv myi_ I
mgvwa ˆe‡k¨i Kv‡Q eY©bv Ki‡j †`exi K…cvq Zv‡`i RvMwZK I gvbwmK AkvwšÍ `~ixf~Z nq| gnvgvqvi GKwU
KxwZ© n‡jv gwnlvmyi ea| wZwb `yM©viƒ‡c `ya©l© AmyiivR gwnlvmyi‡K ea K‡iwQ‡jb| KvwnbxwU GgbÑ
cyivKv‡j †`eZv‡`i ivRv B›`ª Ges Amyi‡`i ivRv gwnlvmy‡ii m‡½ fxlY hy× nq| hy‡× †`eZviv ¯^M© n‡Z weZvwoZ
n‡q g‡Z©¨ wePiY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| GKw`b ivR¨nviv †`eZviv GKwÎZ n‡q eªþv‡K AMÖfv‡M wb‡q gnv‡`e I weòzi
wbKU Dcw¯’Z n‡jb| mK‡ji Dcw¯’wZ‡Z Amyi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii eY©bv w`‡jb| ZLb eªþv, weòz, wke I Ab¨vb¨
†`eZv‡`i kixi †_‡K wbM©Z †Z‡Rvivwk GKwÎZ n‡q GK †`ex g~wZ© aviY Ki‡jb| mKj †`eZv Zuv‡`i wbR wbR
A¯¿ w`‡q †m †`ex‡K mymw¾Z K‡ib| w`e¨ A‡¯¿ mymw¾Z †`ex `yM©v Zuvi `k evû D‡Ëvjb K‡i AÆnvm¨ Ki‡j ¯^M©,
gZ©¨ I cvZvj wÎfyeb Kw¤úZ n‡q DVj| †`eZviv †mB †`exi RqaŸwb Ki‡Z jvM‡jb| gywbMY fw³f‡i †`exi ¯Íe
Ki‡Z jvM‡jb|

BDwbU-3 37
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq wn›`yag© I ˆbwZK wk¶v

Gw`‡K gwnlvmyi nvRvi nvRvi ˆmb¨ wb‡q †`exi w`‡K avweZ n‡jv| †NviZi hy× n‡jv| hy‡× Amyi kw³ civRq
eiY Kij| †`eZv‡`i ZLb Avb‡›` Avi a‡i bv| Amyi‡`i AZ¨vPvi n‡Z †`eMY gy³ n‡jb, wd‡i †c‡jb Zuv‡`i
wcÖq ¯^M© ivR¨| †`eMY I gywbMY Lywk‡Z gnvgvqvi ¯‘wZ Ki‡jb-
Òme©g½jg½‡j¨ wk‡e me©v_©mvwa‡K|
ki‡Y¨ Ψ¤^‡K †MŠwi bvivqwY b‡gvn¯‘ †Z \Ó
(kªxkªxPÛx- 11/10)
Zzwg me© cÖKvi Kj¨vY`vwqbx| Zzwg g½jgqx I me© cÖKvi B”QvcyiYKvwiYx, GKgvÎ kiY‡hvM¨v| †n wÎbqbv †MŠix,
bvivqYx ZvB †Zvgv‡K evi evi bg¯‹vi Kwi|

mvims‡¶c :

kªxkªxPÛx wn›`y‡`i GKwU cÖvPxb ag©MÖš’| gvK©‡Ûq Fwl KZ©„K cÖYxZ I gvK©‡Ûq cyiv‡Yi AšÍM©Z kªxkªxPÛx|
kªxkªxPÛxi GKwU Kvwnbx gwnlvmyi ea| †`ex `yM©v I gwnlvmy‡ii g‡a¨ fxlY GK hy× nq| hy‡× †`ex `yM©vi Rq
nq| †`eZviv gwnlvmy‡ii Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡q Zuv‡`i ¯^M© nvwi‡qwQ‡jb| ZvB wcÖq ¯^M© wd‡i †c‡q Zuviv Avbw›`Z
n‡jb Ges †`exi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯Íe Ki‡jb|

cvV-3.7 kÖxg™¢vMeZ cyivY

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 kªxg™¢vMe‡Zi cwiPq w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivRv cixw¶r †Kb eªþkvc cÖvß n‡jb Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kªxK…‡òi †h jxjvi K_v fvMe‡Z Av‡Q Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvMe‡Z ewY©Z fMevb I f‡³i m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cyivY, ¯‹Ü, Awfgby¨, cixw¶r, kgxK gywb, ïK‡`e, jxjv fvMeZ, h‡kv`v, kÖxK…ò, f³, fMevb,
gyL¨ kã/ g_yiv, Ksm, b›`ivR, emy‡`e BZ¨vw`|
(Key Words)

welqe¯‘ :
Aóv`k cyiv‡Yi g‡a¨ kªxg™¢vMeZ cyivY Ab¨Zg| kªxg™¢vMeZ cyivY ms‡¶‡c fvMeZ Ab¨Zg ag©MÖš’| gnwl©
†e`e¨vm G cyivY iPbv K‡i‡Qb| G‡Z 12wU Aa¨vq ev ¯‹Ü Av‡Q| kªxK…‡òi wcÖq mLv ARy©b, ARy©‡bi cyÎ Awfgby¨,
Awfg‡by¨i cyÎ wQ‡jb ivRv cixw¶r| GK`v cixw¶r fv`ª gv‡m ïK¬ c‡¶i begx wZw_‡Z nwiY wkKv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨
†ei nb| wKš‘ e‡b wM‡q wkKvi bv cvIqvi ci AZ¨šÍ K¬všÍ I wccvmvZ© n‡q wZwb Rj cv‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ kgxK gywbi
Avkª‡g hvb| gywb ZLb Mfxi a¨v‡b gMœ wQ‡jb| ivRv gywb‡K wKQz bv e‡j GKwU giv mvc‡K gywbi Mjvq Rwo‡q
BDwbU-3 c„ôv-38
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

w`‡q P‡j Av‡mb| mܨvi mgq gywbi cyÎ k„½x Avkª‡g G‡m evevi H Ae¯’v †`‡L fxlY iyó nb Ges Awfkvc †`b,
Ò†h Avgvi wcZvi Mjvq mvc Rwo‡q w`‡q‡Q mvZ w`‡bi g‡a¨ Z¶‡Ki `sk‡b Zvi g„Zz¨ n‡e|Ó GB eªþkv‡ci K_v
gnvivR cixw¶r Rvb‡Z †c‡i cyÎ Rb‡gR‡qi wbKU ivR¨fvi Ac©Y K‡i `xb Kv½vj‡e‡k nwiØv‡i e¨vm‡`‡ei cyÎ
ïK‡`e †Mv¯^vgxi wbKU mvZ w`b nwiK_v I fvMeZxq K_v kªeY K‡ib| GB nwiK_v wb‡qB fvMeZ| fvMe‡Z
cÖm½µ‡g AviI A‡bK Kvwnbx G‡m‡Q| Z‡e kªxK…‡òi jxjvB G‡Z cÖavb n‡q D‡V‡Q|
fvMe‡Z kªxK…‡òi Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ wewfbœ jxjvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| kªxK…ò g_yivi ivRv Ks‡mi KvivMv‡i
Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| kªxK…‡òi wcZv emy‡`e Zuv‡K †m iv‡Z b›`iv‡Ri evwo‡Z †i‡L Av‡mb Ges †mLvb †_‡K b›`iv‡Ri
m‡`¨vRvZ †g‡q‡K wb‡q G‡m Ks‡mi nv‡Z Ac©Y K‡ib| kªxK…ò e„›`ve‡b h‡kv`vi †Kv‡j eo n‡Z _v‡Kb| Ksm‡K
ea Kivi c~e© ch©šÍ kªxK…ò e„›`ve‡b wQ‡jb| c‡i gy_yivq G‡m Ksm‡K ea K‡i wZwb g_yivi ivRv nb|
g_yiv I e„›`vebjxjv, ivmjxjv, h`yes‡ki KxwZ© I aŸsm cÖf„wZ fvMeZ cyiv‡Yi welqe¯‘| G Qvov eªþvi m„wó,
aª“ePwiÎ, cÖnjv`PwiÎ, P›`ª I m~h© es‡ki weeiY cÖf„wZ fvMe‡Z ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
fvMe‡Zi †K›`ªwe›`y fMevb kªxK…ò| GLv‡b kªxK…ò f‡³i fMevb n‡q mK‡ji Dcvm¨ †`eZviƒ‡c c~wRZ nb| wZwb
mvaviY gvby‡li g‡Zv mK‡ji m‡½ wg‡jwg‡k jxjv K‡i‡Qb, mK‡ji cÖv‡Yi g‡a¨ Avmb K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Zuvi
evj¨jxjvi g‡a¨ Ô`vgeÜbÕ †hgb PgrKvi †Zgwb wk¶vcÖ`| Ab¨ fw³kv‡¯¿ f³ fMevb‡K Wv‡K, Avi fvMe‡Z
fMevbB euvwk evwR‡q f³‡K Kv‡Q Wv‡Kb| c~RvP©bv K‡i Ab¨vb¨ †`e-†`eZvi Avkxe©v` cvIqv hvq wKš‘ fvMe‡Z
Av‡Q kªxK…ò f‡³i wbKU wb‡R G‡m Dcw¯’Z nb| fMevb‡K jvf Ki‡Z n‡j mva‡Ki mvabv PvB| fw³ PvB|
f‡³i fw³‡Z fMevb Zzó nb Ges Zv‡K K…cv K‡ib| G cyiv‡Y wZwb f‡³i fMevbiƒ‡c ewY©Z n‡q‡Qb|
cyivYmg~‡ni g‡a¨ fvMeZ cyivY me‡P‡q cÖwm× Ges RbwcÖq cyivY| we‡kl we‡kl ag©xq Abyôv‡b fvMeZ cyivY cvV
Kiv nq|
fvMeZ cvV ev kªeY Ki‡j fMev‡b fw³ my`„p nq| †Kbbv fvMeZ cv‡V f³ I fMev‡bi g‡a¨ †h gayi m¤úK©
i‡q‡Q Zv Abyaveb Kiv hvq| wZwb f‡qi bb, wZwb `~‡ii AbvZ¥xqI bb; wZwb Avgv‡`i cÖv‡Yi mLv, AwZ AvcbRb
Ñ G GKvZ¥Zv †eva RvMÖZ nq| ZvB f³ I fMev‡bi m¤úK© gayi Ges Awew”Qbœ iƒc jvf K‡i| †hLv‡b f³
_v‡Kb †mLv‡b fMevb wM‡q nvwRi nb Ges f³I fMevb‡K Qvov euvP‡Z cv‡ib bv| ZvB f³ I fMevb ci¯ú‡i
Awfbœ m½x n‡q D‡Vb| fvMeZ cyiv‡Y f³ I fMev‡bi Ggb m¤ú‡K©i K_vB eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mvims‡¶c :
kªxg™¢vMeZ cyiv‡Y kªxK…‡òi evj¨, ˆK‡kvi I †hŠe‡bi jxjvmn Zuvi Kg©gq Rxe‡bi msw¶ß cwiPq i‡q‡Q|
fvMe‡Zi Dcvm¨ fMevb kªxK…ò ¯^qs| fvMe‡Z fMevb kªxK…òB f³‡K Kv‡Q Wv‡Kb Ges f‡³i fMevbiƒ‡c
Avwef©~Z nb| f³ I fMev‡bi g‡a¨ †h gayi I Awe‡”Q`¨ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q ZvB fvMeZ cyiv‡Y ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b
1. Dcwbl‡`i Av‡jvP¨ welq Kx?
K. eªþZË¡ L. wkíZË¡
M. †hvMZË¡ N. weòzZË¡

BDwbU-3 39
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq wn›`yag© I ˆbwZK wk¶v

2. MxZvq kªxK…‡òi gyLwbtm„Z KqwU †køvK Av‡Q?

K. 700 wU L. 500 wU
M. 575 wU N. 600 wU
3| MxZvi g‡Zv PÛx‡K mßkZx ejvi KviYÑ
i) A‰ew`K MÖš’ e‡j ii) mvZkZ †k vK i‡q‡Q e‡j
iii) GKB mg‡q iwPZ e‡j
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i L) ii
M) iii N) i I ii

# wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b:

fvMe‡Z f³ I fMev‡bi m¤úK© AwZ gayi| f‡³i Wv‡K fMevb Zvi Kv‡Q wM‡q nvwRi nb| f³ I fMevb
ci¯ú‡ii m½x| AwZ AvcbRb iƒ‡c Zuviv G‡K Ac‡ii mvwbœa¨ Kvgbv K‡ib|
4| f³ Kvi cÖZxK ?
K) cigvZ¥vi L) AvZ¥vi
M) †`eZvi N) gvby‡li
5| f³ I fMevb ci¯ú‡ii m½x Ges G‡K Ac‡ii mvwbœa¨ Kvgbv K‡ib| KviYÑ
i) Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ AvZ¥v I cigvZ¥vi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q
ii) `vb cÖwZ`v‡bi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q
iii) wb®‹vg fv‡jvevmv i‡q‡Q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i L) i I ii
M) i I iii N) ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:
cÖYe Zuvi eÜz‡`i wb‡q GKwU msN cÖwZôv K‡ib| ms‡Ni m`m¨‡`i wb‡q wZwb MÖv‡gi ¯‹zj K‡j‡R wk¶vg~jK wewfbœ
Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb K‡ib Ges wk¶v_x©‡`i gv‡S fv‡jv djvd‡ji Rb¨ cyi¯‹vi weZiY K‡ib| GKB m‡½ Zv‡`i
bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK Kj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R m¤ú„³ K‡ib| d‡j Zviv ÁvbPP©v Ges gvbe‡mevq AviI †ewk DrmvwnZ
n‡q D‡V|
K) Ávb Ges wb®‹vg K‡g©i K_v †Kvb MÖ‡š’ we‡klfv‡e ejv n‡q‡Q|
L) wb®‹vg K‡g©i Øviv gyw³i K_v †K Kv‡K e‡j‡Qb?
M) mgvR cwieZ©‡b cÖY‡ei D‡`¨vM ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L Ñ e¨vL¨v Kiyb|
N) AvwZ¥K weKvk mvab I mvgvwRK DbœwZ m¤ú~iK KvR Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3 : 1. (K), 2. (M), 3.(L), 4. (L), 5. (M)

BDwbU-3 c„ôv-40