Absorption Suma

Absorption
1. Introduction
The most common use of the mass transfer coefficients developed in Chapter 8 from
this book is the analytical description of large-scale separation processes like gas
absorption and liquid-liquid extraction. These mass transfer coefficients describe the
absorption of a solute vapor like SOz or NH3 from air into water. They describe the
extraction of waxes from lubricating oils, the leaching of copper from low-grade ores,
and the efficiency of the distillation of xylene isomers. Mass transfer coefficients are
useful because they describe how fast these separations occur. They thus represent a
step beyond thermodynamics, which establishes the maximum separations that are
possible. They are a step short of analyses using diffusion coefficients, which have a
more exact fundamental basis. Mass transfer coefficients are accurate enough to cone
late experimental results from industrial separation equipment, and they provide the
basis for designing new equipment. All industrial processes are affected by mass
transfer coefficients but to different degrees. Gas absorption, the focus of this
chapter, is an example of what is called "differential contacting" and depends directly
on mass transfer coefficients. Distillation, the focus of the next chapter, is an example
of what is called "stage-wise contacting" and is less influenced by mass transfer.
Extraction and adsorption, the subjects of Chapters 11-12, may be effected in either
differential or staged contactors. Understanding absorption is the key to all thus
operations. This understanding is usually clouded by presenting the ideas completely
in algebraic terms. All chemistry and all simple limits are implied rather than
explained. As a result, novices often understand every step of the analysis but have a
poor perspective of the overall problem. To avoid this dislocation, we begin, in Section
9.1, with a description of the gases to be absorbed and the liquid solvents that absorb
them. A few of these liquids depend only on the solubility of the gas; many more
liquids react chemically with the components of the gas. Once this chemical problem
is stated, we turn, in Section 9.2, to the physical equipment used. This physical
equipment is simple, but it is constrained by the fluid mechanics of the gas and liquid
flowing past each other. These flows are complicated, described largely by empirical
correlations. The best strategy may be to follow the turnkey procedure to solve the
fluid mechanics. In Section 9.3 we turn to the simple case of dilute absorption and in
Section 9.4 to the parallel case of concentrated absorption. For the dilute solution
case, we assume a linear isotherm, that is, that a solute's solubility in liquid is directly
proportional to its partial pressure in gas. This leads to a simple analytical solution.
For the concentrated case, we do not assume the isotherm is linear and we recognize
that the liquid and gas flows change within the equipment. Now the solution requires
numerical integration.(1)
In addition to the distillation, there are other unit operations used for separating
substances Absorption is the unit operation in which one or more components of a gas
stream are removed from the gas mixture by being absorbed onto a non-volatile liquid
(called a “solvent”) In this case, the solvent is the separating agent 2 Stripping is the
operation that is in the opposite direction to the absorption, in which one or more
gaseous components in a liquid stream is removed from the gas-liquid solution by
being vaporized into an insoluble gas stream In the stripping operation, the insoluble
gas stream is the separating agent.
Absorption can be:-
1. physical, when the solute is dissolved into the solvent because it has higher
solubility in the solvent than other gases
2. chemical, when the solute reacts with the solvent, and the resulting product still
remains in the solvent Normally, a reversible reaction between the solute and the
solvent is preferred, in order for the solvent to be regenerated
Note:- Similar to the distillation, both absorption and stripping are operated as
equilibrium stage operations, in which liquid and vapor are in contact with each other.
(3)
(4)
2. PROBLEMS INVOLVING GAS ABSORPTION:

1. Calculation of tower height
2. Calculation of number of equilibrium stages
3. Calculation of efficiency
4. Calculation of vapor-liquid handling capacity of the equipment involved (2)
Which Gases Are Absorbed
most gas absorption aims at separation of acidic impurities from mixed gas streams'
These acidic impurities include carbon dioxide (COz), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur
dioxide (SOz), and organic sulfur compounds. The most important of these are CO2
and H2S, which occur at concentrations of five to fifty percent. The organic sulfur
compounds include carbonyl sulfide (COS) and merceptans, which are like alcohols
with a sulfur atom in place of the oxygen. Merceptans stink: For example, butyl
merceptan is responsible for the stench of skunks.
Other impurities vary widely. One common impurity is water, which can be removed
by either absorption or adsorption. Another is ammonia (NH:), which is basic, rather
than acidic. Sulfur trioxide (SOr), prussic acid (HCN), and nitrogen oxides (NO*) are of
concem because of their high chemical reactivity. Oxygen must be removed from some
reagent streams, and nitrogen can be absorbed to upgrade natural gas.
The occurence of these streams and the targets for their removal are summarized in
Table 9. 1-1 . The ubiquitous presence of H2S reflects the fact that fossil fuels'
especially coal and petroleum, contain large amounts of sulfur. Moreover, as the world
becomes more industrialized, the targets will decrease. This is particularly true for
SO2 in flue gas, which is the source of acid rain.
3. OBJECTIVES
This research aims:
1.To give details about absorption process and clarify the differences between
absorption and adsorption process.
2.To explain the process of gas absorption and the importance terms involved
in it.
3.To enumerate some equipment used to make the process and understand how
it works.
4.To show the importance of the operation and its application in everyday life.
(5)
4. DESIGN OF GAS-ABSORPTION SYSTEMS

The use of physical absorption processes is preferred whenever
1. feed gases are present in large amounts at high pressure and the amount of the
component to be absorbed is relatively large.
2. the purified gas (the fraction of gas that is not absorbed) must be of high purity.
3. one or more selectively absorbed components are to be obtained in enriched or
pure form, possibly still at elevated pressure.
4. the absorbent is also the product of a subsequent synthesis, e.g., methanol (Gas
Production).
On the other hand, absorption processes with simultaneous chemical reaction
(chemisorption) are always preferred when
1. the components to be separated from feed gases are present in small
concentrations and at low partial pressures.
2. the purity requirements of the purified gas are not too high.
3. the components to be separated from feed gases are strongly acidic and undergo a
thermally reversible reaction with the chemical component of the absorbent.
4. low-cost waste heat is available for thermally regenerating the absorbent.
Absorption equipment for both types of absorption generally consists of a column with
internals for heat and material exchange (plate or packing) in which the feed gas is
brought into countercurrent contact with the regenerated absorbent. The purified gas
is taken off the head of this column. The absorbent loaded with the removed
component, the absorbate, leaves the bottom of the column and is regenerated by
desorption. The basic scheme thus consists of an absorption and a desorption stage
with the absorbent cycling between them as it takes up and again gives off the
absorbate (Fig. 1).(6)
Rate of absorption
The rate of absorption can be expressed in four different ways, either using individual
coefficients or overall coefficients based on the gas or liquid phases. Volumetric-based
calculations are generally used in order to determine the total absorber volume. For
this project, the following rate of absorption per unit volume was used (7)
http://calliope.dem.uniud.it/CLASS/IMP-CHIM/C9-Cussler.pdf
https://www.scribd.com/document/325471625/GAS-ABSORPTION-pdf
http://prodpran.che.engr.tu.ac.th/AE335/08%20Absorption%20and
%20Stripping.pdf
https://www.cpp.edu/~tknguyen/che313/pdf/chap5-1.pdf
https://www.coursehero.com/file/17995356/GAS-ABSORPTION-REVISED/
https://mycourses.aalto.fi/pluginfile.php/160669/mod_folder/content/0/Absorptio
n%20design%20Ullmann.pdf?forcedownload=1
https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042408-
133605/unrestricted/Modeling_Absorption.pdf
https://www.academia.edu/4216699/8_Absorber_Design
https://www.academia.edu/22699967/DESIGN_OF_ABSORBER

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Absorption

2. PROBLEMS INVOLVING GAS ABSORPTION:

4. DESIGN OF GAS-ABSORPTION SYSTEMS

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