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    Process Capability

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    Vaibhav Arora
    The document discusses process capability and how it is measured. It defines key terminology like control limits, tolerance limits, and capability indices. It then explains how to calculate two common capability indices: Cp, which measures how close the process average is to the target, and Cpk, which measures how close and centered the process is compared to the upper and lower specification limits. Higher values of Cp and Cpk indicate a more capable process. The document provides examples of calculating Cp and Cpk and interpreting the results. It also includes a conversion table from sigma level to Cpk to assess process capability.

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    Process Capability

    Uploaded by

    Vaibhav Arora
    29 views7 pages
    The document discusses process capability and how it is measured. It defines key terminology like control limits, tolerance limits, and capability indices. It then explains how to calculate two common capability indices: Cp, which measures how close the process average is to the target, and Cpk, which measures how close and centered the process is compared to the upper and lower specification limits. Higher values of Cp and Cpk indicate a more capable process. The document provides examples of calculating Cp and Cpk and interpreting the results. It also includes a conversion table from sigma level to Cpk to assess process capability.

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    The document discusses process capability and how it is measured. It defines key terminology like control limits, tolerance limits, and capability indices. It then explains how to calculate two common capability indices: Cp, which measures how close the process average is to the target, and Cpk, which measures how close and centered the process is compared to the upper and lower specification limits. Higher values of Cp and Cpk indicate a more capable process. The document provides examples of calculating Cp and Cpk and interpreting the results. It also includes a conversion table from sigma level to Cpk to assess process capability.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views7 pages

    Process Capability

    Uploaded by

    Vaibhav Arora
    The document discusses process capability and how it is measured. It defines key terminology like control limits, tolerance limits, and capability indices. It then explains how to calculate two common capability indices: Cp, which measures how close the process average is to the target, and Cpk, which measures how close and centered the process is compared to the upper and lower specification limits. Higher values of Cp and Cpk indicate a more capable process. The document provides examples of calculating Cp and Cpk and interpreting the results. It also includes a conversion table from sigma level to Cpk to assess process capability.

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    You are on page 1of 7

    Concept of Process Capability

    In 6-sigma

    Prof. S. K. Neogy
    Indian Statistical Institute
    Delhi Centre

    Process Capability
    Design
    Specifications

    (a) Natural variation


    exceeds design
    specifications; process
    is not capable of
    meeting specifications
    all the time.
    Process
    Design
    Specifications

    (b) Design specifications


    and natural variation the
    same; process is capable
    of meeting specifications
    most the time.

    Process
    Process Capability
    Design
    Specifications

    (c) Design specifications


    greater than natural
    variation; process is
    capable of always
    conforming to
    specifications.
    Process
    Design
    Specifications

    (d) Specifications greater


    than natural variation,
    but process off center;
    capable but some output
    will not meet upper
    specification.
    Process

    Process Capability
    • Terminology
    – Control limits
    • represent the natural variation in a quality
    characteristic
    – Tolerance limits
    • represent variation acceptable to the customer
    – Capable Process
    • In a capable process, specification limits are well
    outside control limits
    • The goal is to choose a capable process such that
    the natural control limits of the process are within
    the specifications of the customer
    Process Capability
    Index
    • There are several indices that may be
    used to measure process capability. We
    will examine one.

     X − LSL USL - X 
    Cpk = min or 

     3σ 3σ 

    Process Capability
    Index
     X − LSL USL - X 
    Cpk = min or 

     3σ 3σ 

    Capability Index shows how well


    parts being produced fit into
    design limit specifications.

    As a production process
    produces items small shifts Shifts in Process Mean
    in equipment or systems
    can cause differences in
    production performance
    from differing samples.
    Interpreting Process
    Capability
    • Interpretation of index values
    – If Cpk = 1, then the natural control limits
    and the customer specification are
    exactly equal. The process is just
    capable
    – If Cpk < 1, the process is not capable
    – If Cpk > 1, the process is highly capable
    of meeting customer specifications
    • Note: If the process is not under
    control, then Cpk has no meaning

    Process Capability
    Measures
    Process Capability Ratio

    tolerance range
    Cp =
    process range

    upper specification limit -


    lower specification limit
    =
    6σ
    Computing Cp
    Net weight specification = 9.0 oz ± 0.5 oz
    Process mean = 8.80 oz
    Process standard deviation = 0.12 oz

    upper specification limit -


    lower specification limit
    Cp =
    6σ

    9.5 - 8.5
    = = 1.39
    6(0.12)

    Process Capability
    Measures
    Process Capability Index

    =
    x - lower specification limit
    ,
    Cpk = minimum 3σ
    =
    upper specification limit - x
    3σ
    Computing Cpk
    Net weight specification = 9.0 oz ± 0.5 oz
    Process mean = 8.80 oz
    Process standard deviation = 0.12 oz
    =
    x - lower specification limit
    ,
    Cpk = minimum 3σ
    =
    upper specification limit - x
    3σ

    8.80 - 8.50 9.50 - 8.80


    = minimum , = 0.83
    3(0.12) 3(0.12)

    The Statistical Meaning of Six Sigma


    Process capability measure
    Lower Upper
    Specification
    USL − LSL
    Specification
    Limit (LSL) Limit (USL)
    Cp =
    6σˆ
    Process A
    (with st. dev σA) xσ Cp P{defect} ppm
    1σ 0.33 0.317 317,000
    σA
    X-3σ σA
    X-2σ σA
    X-1σ X σ A X+2σ
    X+1σ σ σA
    X+3σ
    2σ 0.67 0.0455 45,500
    σ
    3σ

    3σ 1.00 0.0027 2,700


    Process B 4σ 1.33 0.0001 63
    (with st. dev σB)
    5σ 1.67 0.0000006 0,6
    6σ 2.00 2x10-9 0,00
    σB
    X-6σ X σB
    X+6σ

    • Estimate standard deviation: σ̂ =R/d2


    • Look at standard deviation relative to specification limits
    • Don’t confuse control limits with specification limits: a process can be out of
    control, yet be incapable
    Sigma To Cpk Conversion Table

    Sigma Cpk
    1.5 0.50

    3.00 1.00

    3.50 1.17

    4.00 1.33

    4.50 1.50

    5.00 1.67

    6.00 2.00

    Assumptions
    In the above table, we have assumed that the standard sigma shift of 1.5 is appropriate (the
    calculator allows you to specify another value), the data is normally distributed, and the
    process is stable.

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