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RS Lecture2 Basics RS PDF

Remote sensing uses aerial photographs and satellite images to monitor changes on Earth's surface. Different sensor technologies allow remote sensing to utilize various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and provide spectral information in addition to spatial data. Remote sensing has evolved from early aerial photography to include satellite platforms that provide global coverage and synoptic views with geometric accuracy and repeatability.

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103 views22 pages

RS Lecture2 Basics RS PDF

Remote sensing uses aerial photographs and satellite images to monitor changes on Earth's surface. Different sensor technologies allow remote sensing to utilize various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and provide spectral information in addition to spatial data. Remote sensing has evolved from early aerial photography to include satellite platforms that provide global coverage and synoptic views with geometric accuracy and repeatability.

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Abhinav Thakur
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Introduction

• Remote sensing can be either airborne or


satellite
– Aerial photographs
– Satellite images
• Aerial photographs have been used as the basis
of mapping for many decades

AIM: MONITOR THE CHANGES ON


EARTH SURFACE
R.S. Technology Vs. Conventional A.P.

1 The use of different and extended portions of the


electromagnetic spectrum
2 Development in sensor technology
3 Emphasis on the use of spectral information
as compared to spatial information
4 Advancement in image processing and
enhancement techniques and Automated image
analysis in addition to manual.
The electromagnetic spectrum

Visible: 0.4-0.7; blue: 0.4-0.5 green: 0.5-0.6 red: 0.6-0.7


REMOTE SENSING
Sun
D A
Satellite

Data Archival
B

E Ground Station
C

F G

Interpretation & Analysis Final Product


Data Products
A brief history of remote sensing

1826 – The ability to have permanent record came through first


photograph,
It was a first step towards modern remote sensing. In 1839, William
Henry Fox Talbot was first person to employ a negative/positive
process laying the groundwork for modern photography.

1858- The bird’s eye view tempted to take pictures from an elevated
platforms. Balloons were the first elevated platforms used for
Photography.
The French Gaspard Felix Tournachon (Nadar) to photograph the
village of Petil Becetre near Paris.

1861-1865 - Balloon photography used in American Civil War


From the Civil War until the first World War, People experimented with
other platforms such as kites and pigeons.

1903 - pigeon-mounted camera Patented


1903- The invention of aeroplane was the great step forwards to have
stable platform for photography.
1909 – The first aerial photography from a plane was made by Wilbur
Wright - over Centocelli, Italy
1914-1945 - Aerial reconnaissance started during WWI, WWII using
Plane mounted Cameras
1954- “Air Shipping and Transport company” established in India,
latter renamed “Air Survey Company of India, Calcutta” in 1954.
1957 - Sputnik-1, first man made satellite was launched and within 2
years, first picture of earth was transmitted from a satellite in 1959.

1960 – Systematic Earth observation started;1st meteorological satellite


Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS-1)` launched.

Many Missions named as CORONA, Apollo, Gemini,,,,were


To start to collect images.

The term Remote sensing was used by Evelyn L Pruitt, a


Geographer to replace the more limiting term ‘aerial’ and ‘photographs’
First Symposium was organised on Remote Sensing by Institute of
Science and Technology at the University of Michigan

1967 - NASA `Earth Resource Technology Satellite` programme

1972 – A new era in remote sensing began when first primarily land
observation satellite known as Earth Resources Technology Satellite
(ERTS)- 1 was launched.

With the launch of second satellite in 1975, the name of the series
changed to LANDSAT.
• Landsat -1, 2 carried 4 band multi spectral scanner (MSS) and three
band cameras.
• Landsat – 3 carried fifth band in thermal IR, added to MSS.
• Landsat – 4 and 5 carried advanced scnner called Thematic mapper
(TM) with better spectral and spatial resolution.
• Landsat- 7 (1999)carried enhanced TM (ETM) with an additional 15m
resolution panchromatic band.

• NIMBUS series launched by USA had a variety of microwave sensors


designed primarily for meteorological application.1978 - Launch of
SEASAT-1 as Oceanographic research satellite. RADARSAT of Canada
launched in 1995.

Today many countries apart from the USA operate remote sensing
satellites, notably France (SPOT), Japan (ADEOS) and India (IRS).
A remarkable step was the launch of IKONOS, 1999 which has high spatial
resolution showing the capability of civilian satellite approaching the
needs of military.
Indian Remote Sensing Program-

In India, it all started with aerial photography in 1926. It was applied


For flood risk analysis of river Indus in Dera Ismail Khan, then part
Of undivided India.

Since then, black & white aerial photography has been widely used
To prepare maps on a scale of 1:15000.

Remote sensing as practiced today using multi spectral imaging analysis


was introduced first in 1970 by Prof. Pisharoty on the early detection of
Coconut tree diseases.
However, a focused remote sensing program was started in India after
LANDSAT started giving regular images and also establishment of
National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) in 1975 at Hyderabad.

Many satellites were launched includes Aryabhatta, Bhaskara and then


Under Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Program, many were launched –
IRS-1A, 1B, P2, 1C,,,P5 (Cartosat).
Indian Imaging System – Till now
1979/81 1999/2003
BHASKARA –1 /2
INSAT-2E
VIDICON, VHRR, CCD (1 km)
SAMIR
INSAT-3A
VHRR,CCD

1999
1988/91 IRS-1A & 1B IRS-P4 (Oceansat– 1)
LISS-1&2 OCM (360m)
(72/36m)
MSMR
2001
1994
TES
IRS-P2 PAN (1m)
LISS-2 Step& Stare

1996 2003 IRS-P6 (Resourcesat-1)


LISS 3 (23m)
IRS-P3 LISS 4 (5.8m)
WiFS, AWiFS (55m)
MOS X-Ray

2005 IRS-P5(Cartosat-1)
1995/1997 PAN-(2.5 mF/A)
IRS-1C/1D 2007/8
LISS-3 (23/70m)
PAN (5.8 m) Cartosat-2/2A
WiFS (188m) PAN-(2.5 mF/A) //1M
IMS- MX-37m; HySI-506m
PLATFORMS AND SENSORS

PLATFORMS

Platform is a stage to mount the camera


or sensor to acquire the information about a
target under investigation. Based on its
altitude above earth surface, platforms may
be classified as
(1) Ground borne
(2) Air borne
(3) Space borne
from 1 meter height
to 36,000 km height
Ground-based platforms

The ground based remote sensing system for earth resources studies are
mainly used for collecting the ground truth or for laboratory simulation
studies.

Air-borne platforms

Aircraft’s are generally used to acquire aerial photographs for photo-


interpretation and Photogrammetry purposes. Scanners are tested against
their utility and performance from these platforms before these are flown
onboard satellite missions.

Space-borne platforms

Platforms in space are not affected by the earth's atmosphere. These


platforms are freely moving in their orbits around the earth, and entire earth
or any part of the earth can be covered at specified intervals. The coverage
mainly depends on the orbit of the satellite.
Resolution

• Resolution is defined as the ability of the


system to render the information at the
smallest discretely separable quantity in
terms of distance (spatial), wavelength band
of EMR (spectral), time (temporal) and/or
radiation quantity (radiometric).
Resolution

• Four kinds of resolution determined by user needs:

•Spatial Resolution: How small an object do you need to


see (pixel size) and how large an area do you need to
cover (swath width)
•Spectral Resolution: What part of the spectrum do you
want to measure
•Radiometric Resolution: How finely do you need to
quantify the data
•Temporal Resolution: How often do you need to look
Advantages
1. Global coverage 2. Synoptic view

3. Geometric accuracy &


Repeatability

4. Extended Spectrum range


IKONOS IMAGE OF IIRS (Google)
IKONOS IMAGE OF DEHRADUN ON 19-4-2001
Sources and Suggested Reading

• Lillesand Thomas M. & Kiefer Ralph 1993 : Remote


Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Villey
• Campbell John B. 1996 : Introduction to Remote
Sensing, Taylor & Francis
• Floyd F. Sabins : Remote Sensing and Principles and
Image Interpretation
•P.J. Curran, 1985: Physical aspects of Remote Sensing

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