“Analysis of Delay in Airport Construction Projects in Nepal”

By Subodh Adhikari
(CM 16-1028)

Nepal Engineering College- Center for Postgraduate Studies

PrayagPokhari, Lalitpur, Nepal
Pokhara University

January 2020
Contents
Chapter 1...................................................................................................................................3
1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................3
1.1 Background..................................................................................................................3
1.2 Statement of problem...................................................................................................4
1.3 Research Questions......................................................................................................5
1.4 Research Objectives.....................................................................................................5
1.5 Significance of study....................................................................................................5
1.6 Scope and limitation of study.......................................................................................6
Chapter 2...................................................................................................................................7
2. Literature Review.................................................................................................................7
2.1 Types of delay..............................................................................................................8
2.1.1 Critical Versus Non-Critical Delays......................................................................8
2.1.2 Excusable versus Non-Excusable Delays..............................................................8
2.1.3 Compensable Delays versus Non-Compensable Delays.......................................9
2.1.4 Concurrent Delays...............................................................................................10
2.2 Causes of Delay.........................................................................................................11
2.3 Effects of Delay.........................................................................................................16
2.4 Methods of Minimizing Construction Delays............................................................17
2.5 Extension of time (EOT)............................................................................................18
Chapter 3.0..............................................................................................................................20
3. Methodology........................................................................................................................20
3.1 Research Design.........................................................................................................20
3.2 Research Approach....................................................................................................21
3.3. Study Area................................................................................................................21
3.4 Sampling and Population...........................................................................................21
3.4.1 Research population.............................................................................................21
3.4.2 Sample size..........................................................................................................22
3.5. Data Collection.........................................................................................................22
3.5.1. Primary data........................................................................................................22
3.5.2 Secondary data collection....................................................................................22
3.6 Data analysis...........................................................................................................23
3. 6 Research Matrix........................................................................................................24
 Chapter 1
1. Introduction

1.1 Background

In the study of (Assaf & AL-Heiji, 2006), delay could be defined as the time over run
either beyond completion date specified in a contract or beyond the date that the parties
agrees upon for delivery of a project. It is a project slipping over its planned schedule and
is considered as common problem in construction projects. (Bassioni & El-Razak, 2008)
identified that delay in construction project is considered one of the most common
problems causing a multitude a negative effect on the project and its participating parties.
Therefore, it is essential to identify the actual causes of delay in order to minimize and
avoid the delays and their corresponding expenses.

(Arditi & Pattanakitchamroon, 2006) stated that delays in construction can cause a
number of changes in a project such as late completion, lost productivity, acceleration,
increased costs, and contract termination for the party experiencing damages and the
parties responsible for them in order to recover time and cost. However, in general delay
situations are complex in nature. A delay in an activity may not result in the same amount
of project delay. A delay caused by a party may or may not affect the project completion
date and may or may not cause damage to another party. A delay may occur concurrently
with other delays and all of them may impact the project completion date.

Delays caused by the client such as late submission of drawings and specifications,
frequent change orders, and inadequate site information generates claims from both the
main contractors and subcontractors which many times entail lengthy court battles with
huge financial repercussions. Delays caused by contractors can generally be attributes to
poor managerial skills. Lack of planning and a poor understanding of accounting and
financial principles have led to many a contractor’s downfall.
1.2 Statement of problem
Many construction projects have faced various problems and delay of time is one of the
major problems. The delay in dispute settlement has manifold effects such as it will give
detrimental to the relationship between owner and contractor. Moreover, it will also
contribute to the cost and time overruns. The most serious problem is it sends bad signals
to investors thereby slowing down the national progress. It is generally said that the
contract language is considered difficult to comprehend and they are therefore a major
source of disputes.

The study of (sha et al.,2017) was carried out the cause and effects of delays in
construction projects in Nepal using questionnaire survey with FCAN members and
SCAEF members. The major findings of the survey were cost overrun and time overrun to
be the most important effects of construction delays and major causes include high level
performance of the project managers, standard management practices, wide adoption of
modern management tools, effective time and quality management, and techniques and
team involvement in the project. The survey only took into consideration of consultant and
contractors but did not include the opinion of the client.

Delays are one of the major problems in the construction industry across the globe, and
Nepal is no exception. The Melamchi Drinking Water Supply Project, for instance, was
started in December 2000 with the aim of completing it in 2007, but it is still incomplete.
The World Bank (WB) withdrew its investment from the project in 2005 due to delays.
Gautam Buddha International Airport was started in the year 2015 and was set to be
finished by the end of 2017, but it is also still incomplete. Airport expansion under ADB
of Tribhuvan International Airport had to be terminated in the middle due to delays and
the remaining work has still not been finished.
In the study of (Ahmed, 2000), delays of time in a project, which has divided the reason
of construction delays into 2 parts, i.e. lacking of material and other factors include labor,
material and equipment, and financial problem. Besides those factors, other additional
factors are weather, late of receiving order, change of structure, plan specification error,
force majeure, and workers’ strike. This research had been divided into 9 factors of the
reasons of construction delays.
1.3 Research Questions
This research intends to answers following questions:

a) What are the main reasons of construction delay in airport construction projects?
b) What are the main effects of construction delay?
c) What are the possible methods of minimizing construction delay?

1.4 Research Objectives

The overall objective of the project is to analyze the delay factors in airport construction
projects in Nepal.
The specific objectives of the project are as follows:
a) To identify the main reasons of construction delay in airport construction projects.
b) To identify the effects of construction delay.
c) To identify the methods of minimizing construction delay.

1.5 Significance of study

The studyis influential in determining the major causes of delays in airport construction
projects in Nepal. The effects and their importance will also be determined. The study is
significant in reducing the significant delays in future projects.

1.6 Scope and limitation of study

The main scope of the research focus on literature review and questionnaire survey.
Research is mainly focused on the airport construction projects in Nepal. The
questionnaire would be designed based on the causes of construction delays, effects of
construction delays and the methods of rectification of the construction delays.

The limitations of this study are as follows:

 Chapter 2
2. Literature Review

In the study of (Alaghbari, 2007), delay is generally acknowledged as the most common,
costly, complex and risky problem encountered in construction projects. Because of the
overriding importance of time for both the Owner (in terms of performance) and the
Contractor (in terms of money), it is the source of frequent disputes and claims leading to
lawsuits.

Delays caused by the client such as late submission of drawings and specifications,
frequent change orders, and incorrect site information generates claims from both the main
contractors and sub-contractors which many times entail lengthy court battles with huge
financial repercussions. Delays caused by contractors can generally be attributed to poor
managerial skills. Lack of planning and a poor understanding of accounting and financial
principles have led to many a contractor’s downfall.

Under some circumstances, a Contractor may be entitled to claim delay damages if he

finishes later than an Owner-accepted early completion schedule but is still ahead of the
official contract completion date. This may occur if the Contractor establishes a direct
cause-and-effect relationship between Owner’s breach of a contractual obligation and the
delay. In addition, the Contractor has the burden of establishing its increased costs as a
result of the delay.

(Majid, 2006) stated that delays can be minimized when their causes are identified.
Identification of the factors that contributed to the causes of delays has been studied by
numerous researchers in several countries. Delay is a situation when the contractor,
consultant, and client jointly or severally contributed to the non-completion of the project
within the original or the stipulated or agreed contract period. Add Nepalese context
2.1 Types of delay

Theodore (2009) mentioned that there are four basic ways to categorize type of delays:
a) Critical or noncritical
b) Excusable or non-excusable
c) Compensable or non-compensable
d) Concurrent or non-concurrent

In the process of determining the effect of a delay on the project, the analyst must
determine whether the delay is critical or noncritical. The analyst must also assess if delay
are concurrent. All delays that are identified in the analysis will be either excusable or
non-excusable. Delay can be further categorized into compensable or non-compensable
delays.

2.1.1 Critical Versus Non-Critical Delays

Delays that affect the project completion, or in some cases a milestone date are considered
as critical delays: and delays that do not affect the project completion, or a milestone date,
are noncritical delays. If these activities are delayed, the project completion date or a
milestone date will be delayed. The determining which activities truly control the project
completion date depends on the following:
a) The project itself
b) The contractor’s plan and schedule (particularly the critical path)
c) The requirement of the contract for sequence and phasing
d) The physical constraint of the project, i.e. how to build the job from a practical
perspective

2.1.2 Excusable versus Non-Excusable Delays

All delays are either excusable or non-excusable. An excusable delay is a delay that is due
to an unforeseeable event beyond the contractor’s or the subcontractor’s control.
Normally, based on common general provisions in public agency specifications, delays
resulting from the following events would be considered excusable:
a) General labor strikes
b) Fires
 c) Floods
d) Acts of God
e) Owner-directed changes
f) Errors and omissions in the plans and specifications
g) Differing site conditions or concealed conditions
h) Unusually severe weather
i) Intervention by outside agencies
j) Lack of action by government bodies, such as building inspection

Non-excusable delays are events that are within the contractor’s control or that are
foreseeable. These are some examples or non-excusable delays:

a) Late performance of sub-contractors

b) Untimely performance by suppliers
c) Faulty workmanship by the contractor or sub-contractors
d) A project-specific labor strike caused by either the contractor’s unwillingness to
meet with labor representative or by unfair labor practices

2.1.3 Compensable Delays versus Non-Compensable Delays

A compensable delay is a delay where the contractor is entitled to a time extension and to
additional compensation. Relating back to the excusable and non-excusable delays, only
excusable delays can be compensable. Non-compensable delays mean that although an
excusable delay may have occurred, the contractor is not entitled to any added
compensation resulting from the excusable delay. Thus, the question of whether a delay is
compensable must be answered. Additionally, a non-excusable delay warrants neither
additional compensation nor a time extension.

Whether or not a delay is compensable depends primarily on the terms of the contract. In
the most cases, a contract specifically notes the kinds of delays that are non-compensable,
for which the contractor does not receive any additional money but may be allowed a time
extension.
Figure 2. 1 Delay Categories (Theodore & Trauner Jr., 2009)

2.1.4 Concurrent Delays

The concept of concurrent delay has become a very common presentation as part of some
analysis of construction delays. The concurrency argument is not just from the standpoint
of determining the project’s critical delays but from the standpoint of assigning
responsibility for damages associated with delays to the critical path. Owners will often
cite concurrent delays by the contractor as a reason for issuing a time extension without
additional compensation. Contractors will often cite concurrent delays by the owner as a
reason why liquidated damages should not be assessed for its delays. Unfortunately, few
contract specifications include a definition of concurrent delay and how concurrent delays
affect a contractor’s entitlement to additional compensation for time extension or
responsibility for liquidated damages.

In analyzed concurrent delays, each delay is assessed separately and its impact on other
activities and the project duration is calculated. There are some guidelines for concurrent
delays classification. Firstly, if excusable and non-excusable delays occur concurrently,
only a time extension is granted to the contractor. Next, if excusable with compensation
and excusable without compensation delays occur concurrently, the contractor is entitled
to time extension, but not to damages. Lastly, if two excusable with compensation delays
occur concurrently, the contractor is entitled to both time extension and damages. In
addition, although the guidelines are useful for the purpose of carrying out the delay
analysis, it is in the best interest of all parties involved in a construction project to agree, at
the beginning, the definitions of such delays and accommodate them throughout the
contract language. There was no reliable method to differentiate the impact of contractor
caused delays from client caused delays until the development of CPM schedule analysis
is developed. By the available of sophisticated computerized techniques, the possibility to
segregate the impacts of apparently concurrent client and contractor delays would be
higher.

2.2 Causes of Delay

There are many factors that contributed to causes of delays in construction projects. These
range from factors inherent in the technology and its management, to those resulting from
the physical, social, and financial environment. There are in total of nine groups of causes
for delay in construction project:
Table 2.1: List of causes of delay categorized into 9 groups
SN Causes of delay Existing Literature
1 Consultant related (Odeh & Battaineh, 2002); (Long,et.al, 2004); (Assaf
factors (8 factors) & Al-Heiji, 2006)
2 Contractor related (Chan & Kumaraswamy, 1997); (Ogunlana et.al,
factors(10 factors) 1996); (Odeh & Battaineh, 2002); (Long,et.al, 2004);
(Assaf & AL-Heiji, 2006)
3 Design related (Chan & Kumaraswamy, 1997); (Assaf & Al-Heiji,
factors(9 factors) 2006); (El Razek et al.,2008)
4 Equipment related (Chan & Kumaraswamy, 1997); (Ogunlana et.al,
factors (7 factors) 1996); (Majid & Mcaffer, 1998) (Odeh & Battaineh,
2002); (Long,et.al, 2004); (Assaf & AL-Heiji, 2006)
5 Externality related (Ogunlana et.al, 1996); (Al-Momani, 2000)(Odeh &
factors( 14 factors) Battaineh, 2002); (Long,et.al, 2004); (Wiguna &
Scott, 2005); (Assaf & AL-Heiji, 2006);
 6 Labor related factors(8 (Chan & Kumaraswamy, 1997); (Ogunlana et.al,
factors) 1996); (Majid & Mcaffer, 1998); (Odeh & Battaineh,
2002); (Assaf & AL-Heiji, 2006)
7 Material related (Chan & Kumaraswamy, 1997); (Majid & Mcaffer,
factors(9 factors) 1998); (Odeh & Battaineh, 2002);(Frimpong et.al,
2003); (Koushki et al., 2005) (Wiguna & Scott,
2005); (Assaf & AL-Heiji, 2006)
8 Owner/client related (Ogunlana et.al, 1996); (Odeh & Battaineh, 2002);
factors(12 factors) (Long,et.al, 2004); (Koushki et al., 2005); (Assaf &
AL-Heiji, 2006)
9 Project related (Chan & Kumaraswamy, 1997); (Han, 2005); (Assaf
factors(6 factors) & AL-Heiji, 2006); ( Dikmen et al., 2007)

Group 1 : Causes of delay by Consultant

No Causes of delay
1 Lack of experience of consultants in construction projects
2 Conflicts between consultant and design engineer
3 Delay in approving major changes in scope of work by consultant
4 Delay in performing inspection and testing
 5 Inaccurate site investigation
6 Inadequate project management assistance
7 Late in reviewing and approving design documents
8 Poor communication and coordination with other parties

Causes of delay by contractor

No Causes of delay
1 Frequent change of subcontractors
2 Inadequate contractor experience
3 Inappropriate construction methods
4 Incompetent project team
5 Ineffective project planning and scheduling
6 Obsolete technology
7 Poor communication and coordination with other parties
8 Poor site management and supervision
9 Rework due to errors
10 Unreliable subcontractors
11 Poor performance due to involvement in many contracts

Causes of delay due to design

No Causes of delay
1 Complexity of project design
2 Design changes by owner or his agent during construction
3 Design errors made by designers
4 Insufficient data collection and survey before design
5 Lack of experience of design team in construction projects
6 Mistakes and delays in producing design documents
7 Misunderstanding of owner’s requirements by design engineer
8 Poor use of advanced engineering design software
9 Unclear and inadequate details in drawings

Causes of delay due to equipment

No Causes of delay
1 Equipment allocation problem
 2 Frequent equipment breakdowns
3 Improper equipment
4 Inadequate modern equipment
5 Low efficiency of equipment
6 Shortage of equipment
7 Slow mobilization of equipment

Causes of delay due to external factors

No Causes of delay
1 Accidents during construction
2 Changes in government regulations and laws
3 Conflict, war, and hostilities
4 Delay in obtaining permits from concerned authorities (eg. CDO,
municipalities )
5 Delay in performing final inspection and certification by a third
party
6 Delay in providing services from utilities( such as water, electricity)
7 Global financial Crisis
8 Loss of time due to operational airport and restrictions at job site
9 Natural disasters(flood, earthquake)
10 Price fluctuations
11 Problems with adjoining community
12 Slow site clearance
13 Unexpected surface and subsurface conditions(such as soil water
table)
14 Unfavorable weather conditions

Causes of delay by labor

No Causes of delay
1 Absenteeism
2 Low worker motivation and morale
3 Low worker productivity
4 Personal conflict among workers
5 Labor shortage
6 Slow mobilization of labor
7 Strike
8 Unqualified/inexperienced workers
Causes of delay by material
No Causes of delay
1 Changes in material types and specifications during construction
 2 Damage of sorted materials
3 Delay in manufacturing materials
4 Escalation of material prices
5 Late delivery of materials
6 Poor procurement of construction materials
7 Poor quality of construction materials
8 Shortage of construction materials
9 Unreliable suppliers
Causes of delay due to owner/client
No Causes of delay
1 Change orders
2 Conflict between joint owners
3 Delay in approving design documents
4 Delay in progress payments
5 Delay in site delivery
6 Improper project feasibility study
7 Lack of capable representative
8 Lack of experience of client in construction projects
9 Lack of incentives for contractor to finish ahead of schedule
10 Poor communication and coordination with other parties
11 Slowness in decision making
12 Suspension of work by owner

Causes of delay due to project

No Causes of delay
1 Project Complexity
2 Inadequate definition of substantial completion
3 Ineffective delay penalties
4 Legal disputes between project participants
5 Shortness of original contract duration
6 Unfavorable contract clauses

2.3 Effects of Delay

(Aibinu & Jagboro, 2002) studied the effects of construction delays on project delivery in
Nigerian construction industry. The six effects of delay identified were:
a) Time overrun;
b) Cost overrun;
c) Dispute;
d) Arbitration;
e) Total abandonment; and
f) Litigation.

In the study of 20 highway projects in Nepal by (Manavazhia & Adhikari, 2002), delays in
the delivery of materials and equipment to construction sites are often a contributory cause
to cost overruns in construction projects in developing countries. The actual impact of
these delays on project costs was found to be on average, only about 0.5 per cent of the
total budgeted cost of the projects.

Effect of
construction
Delays

Total
Time Cost Abandonment
Dispute Arbitration Litigation
Overrun Overrun

Figure 2. 2 Effects of Construction Delays

2.4 Methods of Minimizing Construction Delays

When a construction delay occurs, there is no question that the Owner suffers financially.
But the extent to which an Owner can recover its loss of income from the Contractor, and
more importantly minimize the risk that such delays will occur, depends largely on how
the construction contract will be drawn up. Based on several studies of project success
factors and rectification of delays in construction project, a total of 15 methods have been
identified as follows:

Table 2.2: Methods of Minimizing Construction Delays

No Methods
1 Frequent progress meeting (majid, 2006)
 2 Use up-to-date technology utilization (Majid, 2006)
3 Use proper and modern construction equipment (Majid, 2006)
4 Use appropriate construction methods (Majid, 2006)
5 Effective strategic Planning (Majid, 2006)
6 Proper material procurement (Majid, 2006)
7 Accurate Initial cost estimates (Majid, 2006)
8 Clear information and communication channels (Majid, 2006)
9 Frequent coordination between the parties involved (Majid, 2006)
10 Proper emphasis on past experience (Majid, 2006)
11 Proper project planning and scheduling (Majid, 2006)
12 Complete and proper design at the right time (Assaf & AL-Heiji,
2006)
13 Site management and supervision (Long et.al, 2008)
14 Collaborative working in construction (kumaraswamy, 1997)
15 Compressing construction durations (Long et.al, 2008)

2.5 Extension of time (EOT)

(Hamid & Torrance, 2006) identified extension of time (EOT) as an excusable delay that
occurs when the contractor is delayed by occurrences beyond his control. The Government
of Nepal, Public Procurement Monitoring Office is the responsible authority that develops
the standard forms of contracts widely used in airport construction projects. Besides the
forms of contract, Government of Nepal has also issued rules and regulations pertaining to
public sector contracts and which also provides information on extension of time. Clauses
relating to extension of time are:
IN Public Procurement Act 2063: PPA section 56 entails the following:
(1) Provisions concerning the extension of period of procurement contract shall be as
provided in the concerned procurement contract.
(2) Not withstanding anything contained in Sub-section (1), if the period of procurement
contract is to be inevitably extended due to force majeure, failure of the Public Entity to
make available the materials to be made available by it or other reasonable causes, the
competent authority may extend the period on the prescribed grounds upon submission of
application by the person obtaining procurement contract.

IN Public Procurement Regulations 2064: PPR rule 120 states the following:
Time of Procurement Contract may be extended:
(1) If the work under the procurement contract cannot be completed within the time of
such a contract due to the occurrence of conditions set out in Section 56 of the Act, the
concerned construction entrepreneur, supplier, service provider or consultant, as the case
may be, shall have to make an application, for extension of time, stating reasons thereof, to
the concerned Public Entity at least seven days before the time of such contract expires.
(2) Upon receipt of the application pursuant to Sub-rule (1), the concerned competent
authority may conduct or cause to be conducted necessary inquiry in respect thereof. In so
conducting or causing to be conducted inquiry he /she must take into account the
following matters:-
a. Whether the concerned construction entrepreneur, supplier, service
provider or consultant ,as the case may be, had made, to his/her best efforts,
to complete the work under the procurement contract on time or not,
b. Whether the concerned Public Entity had made available to the
construction entrepreneur, supplier, service provider or consultant, as the
case may be, the matters to be made available as per the contract or not,
c. Whether the work is delayed due to force majeure circumstances or not,
(3) If, upon an inquiry made pursuant to Sub-rule (2), the grounds referred to in the
application are found to be reasonable, the authority accepting the bid may extend a period
of up to six months and the chief of Department may extend a period above it.
 Chapter 3.0
3. Methodology

3.1 Research Design

Statement of Problem

Research Question

Establish Objective of the

Study

Data Collection
visor’
Super

Guid

ature
Liter

Revi
ance

ew
s

Primary data Secondary data

source source

Reports, Journals, Websites,

Questionnaire survey, KII, Expert
Related Books etc.
Interview

Data Analysis

Results and Discussions

Conclusion and Recommendation

  Literature review and guidance of supervisor will be consulted throughout the
research. Records, articles, manuals, books, journals will be reviewed during
research.
 Data will be collected using questionnaire survey, key Informant Interview, Expert
I with the various personnel’s associated with the airport construction.
 Once the data is collected it will be analyzed.
 After the analysis, findings will be concluded along with possible
recommendations.

3.2 Research Approach

In this study, both qualitative and quantitative research approach will be used. Qualitative
approach will be used for FGD, to assess the safety practices, to identify and classify the
occupational hazards and their degree of risk in construction of water treatment plants.
Quantitative approach will be used for the analysis of collected data from results of
responses of questionnaire survey and field observation method.

3.3. Study Area

The study area is the airport construction projects that are running under Civil Aviation
Authority of Nepal, Aerodrome Engineering Department and Tribhuvan International
Airport Civil Aviation Office, Civil Engineering Division.

3.4 Sampling and Population

3.4.1 Research population

In this study, the population means all the personnel of Client, Consultant and Contractor
staffs involved in the airport construction projects. There are 20 technical staffs of client,
20 staffs of consultant and 40 staffs of contractor currently working in various projects in
airport construction projects in Nepal under the study area. The research population is
selected so that they have a good knowledge of construction delays such as managers,
supervisors, engineers etc.
3.4.2 Sample size

Table 3. 1 Sample size

S.N Targeted Population (N)

Respondents
1 Client 20
2 Consultant 20
3 Contractor 40
Total 80

3.5. Data Collection

3.5.1. Primary data

Primary data will be collected from questionnaire survey, FGD and field observation.
Multiple choice and closed ended questions will be prepared to collect primary data. The
questionnaires will be directly distributed to staffs of client, consultant and contractor and
necessary queries will be conducted.

Expert Interview

3.5.2 Secondary data collection

Data will be collected from different sources. These include related books, journals,
papers, articles, websites, thesis reports, booklets, contract documents of related projects
etc. Also, informal discussions with engineers, supervisors and workers working in
construction companies, consultancies, clients and contractors will be carried out.
3.6 Data analysis
Relative importance of the various factors that contribute to causes of construction delays,
effects of construction delays, and methods rectification of construction delays will be
established. There are consists of 3 steps to analyzing the data:
 Calculating the Relative Importance index (RI)
 Ranking of factors in each category based on the Relative Importance Index (RI)
 Determine degree of correlation on ranking the factors among the three groups

The data collected from the questionnaire survey will be analyzed using the Microsoft-
Excel software. Since the study is the descriptive type, simple frequency distribution table
will be used as analytical tool. Data will be analyzed, interpreted and presented using
simple descriptive statistics, tables, bar charts and pie charts.

Relative Importance Scale

Questions in the survey will be prepared in Likert scale. The Relative Importance Index
(RII) will be adopted for determination of significance of factors because, Adnan et al
(2007) asserted that to analyze data on ordinal scale (e.g. Likert scale 1-5), the application
of Relative Importance Index is suitable. Hence, RII will be used to rank the variables.
The Relative Importance Index is computed as in (Adnan et al., 2007):

Relative Importance Index = ∑𝑤/ (𝐴𝑁)

= (5*𝑛5+4*𝑛4+3*𝑛3+2*𝑛2+1*𝑛1)/ 5(𝑛1+𝑛2+𝑛3+𝑛4+𝑛5)

Where: W is the weightage given to each factor ranging from 1 to 5.

A is the highest weightage.

N is the total number of respondents.

n1 – number of respondents who answered “very low important”; n2 – number of

respondents who answered “low important”; n3– number of respondents who answered
“medium ”; n4 – number of respondents who answered “high important”; n5 – number of
respondents who answered “very high important”.

It is worth to note that nearer the value of importance index to unity (1) or 100%, the more
significant it is and hence, it possesses a greater impact on the rest of the variables.
For conducting t-test and paired t-test secondary data related to before and after delay of
the project was collected from respective offices. Hypothesis testing was done by the use
of the following formula (Arora et al., 2007).

Mean of sample Ӿ = Σx/n

Estimated Unbiased Variance S2=(ΣD) 2/(n(n-1))

Test statistic: t=(Ӿ-μ)/S/ƴn

Population mean( μ)

Degree of freedom =n-1

For Paired T-test:

Mean difference Ḋ = ΣD/n

Estimated Variance S2=ΣD2/(n-1)-(ΣD) 2/(n(n-1))

Standard Error of difference S.E.(Ḋ)=S/sq.rt(n)

Test statistic: t=Ḋ/S.E.(Ḋ)

Degree of freedom =n-1

3. 6 Research Matrix

S.N Objectives Data required Collection tools Data Expected

Analysis Outcomes

1. Measurement of Primary data: Observation Mean/medi Average

level of service in time, location, Sheets an passenger
international number of processing
terminal in airport. passengers times.

2. Determination of Passenger Tables Queuing Assessment

queue areas. processing model of range of
times, average queue areas,
walking time, explanation
distance of causes
between and effects.
stations, waiting
times at
different
stations

3. Factors affecting Internal and Closed ended Relative Key factors

level of service. external factors questionnaires importance influencing
index. level of
service