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Article in Gaofenzi Cailiao Kexue Yu Gongcheng/Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering · January 2011
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3-Methyl--4-・Nitrophenol
Bertrand Roduitl,Patrick Folly2,Alexandre Sarbach2,Beat Berger2,Franz Brogli3,Francesco Mascarell04,
Abstract:Kinetic parameters of the decomposition of hazardous chemicals can be applied for the
estimation of their thermal behavior under any temperature profile.Presented paper describes the application
of the advanced kinetic approach for the determination of the thermal behavior also under adiabatic conditions
ing rates and temperatures and verified by comparing simulated and experimental signals.After application of
the heat balance to compare the amount of heat generated during reaction and its removal from the system.the
knowledge of reaction rate at any temperature profiles allowed the determination of the temperature increase
due to the self-heating in adiabatic and pseudo—adiabatic conditions.
Heat-Wait—Search(rtwsl mode
Applied advanced kinetic approach allowed simulation the course of the
of operation of adiabatic calorimeters.The thermal safety diagram depicting dependence of Time to Maximum
Rate(TMR、on the initial temperature was calculated and compared with the results of HWS experiments
carried out in the system with中.factor amounting to 3.2.The influence of the毋一factor and reaction
progress reached at the end of the HWS monitoring on the TMR is discussed.Presented calculations clearly
indicate that even very minor reaction progress reduces the TMRad of 24 h characteristic for a
sample with
. .. . ●
Described estimation method can be verified by iust one HWS.ARC,or by one correctly chosen ISO—
ARC run of reasonable duration by knowing in advance the dependence of the TMR on the initial temperature
for any垂-factor.Proposed procedure results in significant shortening of the measuring time compared to a
evaluation.
收稿日期:20lO—09一16
通讯联系人:陈鏖,ao.chen@setaram.cn
. …..Estimation
Bertrand Roduit,ct al
of Time to Maximum Rate Under Adiabatic Conditions(TMR)Using Kinetic
‘85
Par锄et盯s Derived Fr咖DSC山ves堍ati伽of The肌aI Behavior of 3-Meth。yl-4-Nitrophen01
used for the precise determination of the heat flow temperature.This assumption is valid for most of
the decomposition reactions but as it is not an axiom
generated(or consumed)by a sample during
it needs to be verified in each analysis.If the
experiments carried out in non-isothermal or
modes.In the present paper we discuss the application experimental set-up e.g.non-isothermal or isothermal
of the DSC traces after advanced kinetic analysis for DSC,HWS or ISO-ARC,the process of data
the determination of the Time to Maximum Rate under collection can be more or less time consuming.
We advanced kinetic elaboration of the the prediction of the TMR value for the 3-methyl—-4・・
propose an
DSC data which allows constructing link between nitrophenol(MN),CAS N。:258 1-34-2,using the
the results collected in different experimental results collected in a round robin test in which few
rates in the range generally between O.25-1 0 K/min; proposed by us all non—iso and isothermal data
DSC data obtained at different delivered by the participants of the test were used
(ii)Isothermal
rate amounts to 0 for the determination of the kinetic parameters of the
temperatures(heating K/rain);
data obtained from reaction of the MN decomposition and the heat of
(iii)ARC adiabatic(①=1)or
the reaction A Ht.The correctness of the procedure
pseudo—adiabatic conditions(①>1)in which the
several K/min due to the sample self-heating.This verified by the comparison of the experimental and
process depends mainly on the kinetics of the simulated signals.The DSC derived kinetic parameters
were applied for the simulation of the adiabatic
decomposition,adiabatic temperature rise,cp of the
experiments.
The key factor allowing the simulation of the
Experimental
reactions course under any temperature mode is the
knowledge of the kinetic parameters depicting the For the determination of the kinetic parameters
dependence of the rate of heat evolution on different of the decomposition of MN originating from different
heating rates.These kinetic parameters are calculated suppliers and different batches,the DSC technique
from the nonoiso or isothermal signals using advanced was applied.Different DSC apparatus from various
kinetic analysis based on the differential manufacturers were used.The measured data were
化学推进剂与高分子材料
・86・ Chemical Propellants&Polymeric Materials 201 1年第9卷第l期
IIlin and,isothermally,at temperatures 200,2 1 0,220, The typical DSC signal of MN recorded in non-
230,240,250 and 2600C.A1l experiments were isothermal conditions is presented in Figure 1(top).
performed in gold plated high pressure sealed After endothermic melting(maximum of endo・peak
crucibles【1叫with a sample nlass varying between centred at 128.2。C,the sample starts to decompose.
-2
^I-譬事v、事。口_—o譬
,、 2
毛1.5
喜 t
口
号O 0.5
醋
0
Temperature/。C
Fig.1(Top)Typical DSC trace of 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol recorded at 4 K/min and sigmoid baseline construction
(Bottom)The reaction rates for all samples at 4 K/min.Despite of the different experimental setups
and sample origins the reproduci.bility of the DSC traces is acceptable.
For the depicted sample,analysed with the quite higll reproducibility of the results.Experimental
heating rate of 4 K/min,the maximum of the exo- discrepancy between the curves concerns mainly the
peak iS centred at 294.3 oC.With the applied sigmoid- occurrence of a small thermal event in the region of
type baseline the determined reaction heat and the detected decomposition onset as well as the
temperatures of the beginning and the end of the temperature of the exothermal event.A1l data collected
decomposition amount to about-2 1 94 J/g;1 99℃and in non—isothermal and isothermal experiments are
for all samples in one diagram(Figure 1,bottom) The simulation of the experimental data(see
they are norma lized and the reaction course is insets in Figure 2)requires the determination of the
displayed as the dependence of the reaction rate(rate kinetic parameters of the decomposition reaction.It
of the change of the reaction progress a varying was done applying a differential isoconversional
between 0 and 1 at the beginning and the reaction method based on Friedman approach[15|.
end,respectively)on the temperature. The reaction rate can be expressed as
0.003
0.002
O.OOl
了曲奄;-口o{ 一岂
l 00
O 8
O 6
O 4
∞ 2∞o邕口。一芍器酲 O 2
O
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Temperature/。C
l
^下晡了o_Iv、譬盛口。召u—p出
O
l m
O盘
O石
O■
嚣pl甚。墨口o_l嚣∞0州 O 0
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0
Time/h
da/dt and progresses corresponding to the normalized DSC。signals for the decomposition of
Fig.2 Reaction rates a
values of
a11 3-methyl-4.nitrophenol samples under non-isothermal(top)and isothermal(bottom)conditions・The
marked on the curves.The comparison of the experimental and
the heating rates and temperatures are
insets・
simulated signals at chosen experimental conditions is shown in the respective
ln㈦=ln㈣M咖半酉1) (2)
chosen progress
decomposition Ot.The
slope of this
and
where一层(d)/R and ln(A(a)・八IX))are the slope dependence gives the apparent activation energy
the decom-
and the intercept with the vertical axis of the plot of preexponential factor at each stage of
1 02
n depending on the reaction mechanism- apparent activation energy amounts to about
progress
化学推进剂与高分子材料
・88・ Chemical Propellants&Polymeric Materials 201 1年第9卷第l期
一6
蔓一8
昌一10
号0—12
蛊一14
a
一一16
1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 1.9 1.95 2.0 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2
1 000/丌1 000/K)
35 一一O. 8
—22一
30
一≥簪m肛alph§a=0.9
-一O. 825
。20己
25
.1 8著 -0. 85
20
一16皇 一一O. 875
1 5
一14< 一一O. 9
10
一l -一O. 925
2呈
05 JJoou_lo匕oU
【t-Io暑.f邑、目
00 :10言 -一O. 95
95
-8 3 一一O. 975
j
.6
90 —.1
real and isothermal data.The values of the heating rates and temperatures are marked on the curves.(Bottom)Apparent
activation energy.pre—exponential factor and a correlation coefficient as a function of the reaction progress a.
kJ/mol and for a=0.9 the apparent activation energy non-linear numerical analysis for baseline optimization
is only slightly larger(different slope)and amounts to reach that best value by adj usting the tangents used
The construction of the baseline of the DSC average value of all regression coefficients is a
signal(Figure 1,top)plays an important role in the measure of the quality of the experimental data(1evel
is based on the integration of the DSC signals area. construction,correct choice of the temperature in
Incorrect baseline construction influences the integral the isothermal experiments,etc.)and the correctness
intensity of the signal what leads to the incorrect of the assumption concerning the isoconversional
determination of the reaction progress what,in turn, principle stating that the reaction rate depends only
influences the values of the kinetic parameters.In on the temperature.The optimized adjustment of the
order to optimize the determination of the kinetic baseline changes additionally the standard deviation
parameters from DSC traces in AKTS—Thermokinetics ofthe value ofthe reaction heat&HT.The mean value
Software Version 3 the reaction range iS divided into of the A Ht was measured from the DSC traces by
numerous intervals and the evaluation ofthe apparent calculating the average of the values measured at
preexponential factor A
activation different heating rates(non-isothermally)and
energy E(a)and
carried for each differential temperatures(isothermally).The standard deviation
(a)・f(a)is out
in the coordinates expressed in the eq.2 and depicted obtained from the various DSC traces,△珥.f is the
in Figure reach the best value of heat of reaction determined from each DSC trace and
3(top)should
‘一l’.AKTS.Thermokinetics Software applies 胛is the number of applied heating rates and
Estimati姗of T曲。to Maximum Rat。Under圳abatic con曲i0Ins(TMRad)using胁etic
Bertrand Roduit,et al ~
.89.
Parameters Derived From DSC—Investigation of Thermal Behavior of 3.Methyl-4-Nitrophenol
temperatures.Since,generally,we don’t know the (ii)minor change of the temperature range of the
value of the heat of reaction we are measuring.its selected of thermal analysis curves;
standard deviation may help in estimation how reliable (iii)new measurements when necessary.
our measurements and baseline construction are.If In the current study,the average value of all
the isoconversional principle applies to the examined correlation coefficients amounts to一0.992 8 and the
reaction,the heat of reaction should be independent mean reaction heat A日to(-2 001.7±216.5)J/g.
of the heating rate and therefore the same for all Deviation of the average regression coefficient from
considered thermoanalytical CUlTes.Depending on the its maximal value and relatively large standard
of the average heat of reaction for all curves.As a temperatures in isothermal mode of the investigations.
rule of thumb the values of the reaction heat used At too high isothermal temperatures(as 250 and 260
later for the kinefic evaluation should have the maximal ℃1 the significant part of the data collected at the
standard deviation lower than l O%.In addition.a beginning of the decomposition is not fully applicable
kinetically dependent relationship should be retrieved in kinetic analysis.Due to the time required for the
temperatures.An improper baseline construction leads constant of the measuring sensors—see e.g.intl“17】
however to low value of the average correlation ・・——starts
a to play an important role in the correct
coefficient and confirms an inconsistent relationship evaluation of the thermograms.These remarks are
ot—r Generally.our average correlations coefficients illustrated by the results of the isothermal thermal
procedures can be applied: the decreasing of the accuracy of the kinetic analysis.
(i)slight modification of the tangents at the T11is issue will be discussed in details in a
forthcoming
O.8
0.6
O.4
O.2
(Ik.事-、事。口苗u}I
—O.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time/min
化学推进剂与高分子材料
・90’ Chemical Propellants&Polymeric Materials 201 1年第9卷第l期
=;;=;=======================;===================: :=
:
in lower limit of the applicable temperature range. between the sample and the calorimetric eell or
The verification of the correctness of the kinetic container,A/-L:heat of reaction,indices c,s and
corresponds to thermal runaway reactions in adiabatic and the whole system will have the same temperature
or pseudo-adiabatic conditions as in ARC experiments
rise rate,therefore we can simplify the above equation
in batch reactors containing larger amount of
or a a
to:
(ii)the effect of heat balance in the adiabatic (i)the adiabatic temperature rise:
to the environment.
咖=型型旦堕
m)01( 、 7
,Cp,s
,鱼:坠,+璺=等
、————-—v————J-—vo nf
(4) 誓=△‰百dot(with中≈1)
№¨“呦姗H嘲g“”妇Bn言吕乏Ⅲ静 and finally r=八f,kinetics,△月0 c”) (1 2)
The energy balance of an exothermic reaction The graphical presentation ofthe main parameters
taking place in semi—adiabatic conditions(ARC of the process running in the adiabatic conditions is
一
Tim。幻M。ximum
R缸。。。。。。。TMR“,/厂 宇。
一I'a州—嚣.pv、粤—-鼬I=一QI_J—p∽
Fig・5
1—刁 Time/h
It comes from the above equations that using parameters for the prediction of the adiabatic
the kinetic based approach for predicting the reaction at which the process
temperature can be investigated
progress d(,)and rate da/dt one can,in tum,predict in a reasonable time scale.Such prediction leads to
the development of the temperatures及力and d刀出 the optimization of the experimental work because if
and Time to Maximum Rate(dT/dt)m。。for several an ISO—ARC test iS performed at an initial temperature
initial temperatures after integration of d刀出.This that iS tOO lOW.then the duration of the experiment
唑警2
da
value of the中.factor which influences: 卫L:一1—(-A—Hr)
df 口 c。 百2西× (14)
parameters such as the adiabatic temperature rise (i)a conservative TMR of 4.22 h for r=f1 84+
卫dt蛐=半盟dt
After all,the numerical integration of dT/dt
毋
(13)
、—’7
舻184℃and
(ii)a
(iii)a
best TMR prediction of c.a.4.86 hours for
A%=312.8℃;
non—conservative TMR of 5.63 h for丁=
enables to predict TMR in ISO.ARC tests for several
(184-1)℃=183℃and△死d=(312.8—33.8)℃=
initial temperatures To and①.factors within some 279℃.
confidence interval. The safety diagram based on these calculations
is presented in Figure 6.
Simulation of Iso-ARC and HWS Adiabatic
Results shown in Figure 6 illustrate how the
Experiments
kinetic parameters obtained from DSC data enable to
化学推进剂与高分子材料
.92. Chemical Propellants&Polymeric Materials 201 1年第9卷第1期
s!
¨
p奄;苗矗盘暑Q卜
跎
Time/h
Fig.6 Thermal safety diagram for 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol simulated for the following parameters:
initial ISO-ARC
△研=(-2 001.7±216.5)J/g,△‰=(一AHr)/(cp・中=(312.8±33.8)℃,咖=3.2 and cp=2 J/(g・℃).For an
temperature of 184。C.TMR amounts to ca.4.86 h with the confidence interval(range 4.22—5.63 h)calculated for the
adiabatic temperatures lower by l K(top curve)and higher by 1 K(bonom curve).
collection without necessity of carrying out some Presented results show that the good fit of simulated
HWS—ARC be
preliminary HWS
test
testing.However,the ARC test and experimental results in can
carried out in a HWS mode can be simulated as well. additionally applied for the verification of the
at the detection limit which corresponds usually to a The next important advantage of the use of the
rate ofO.02 K/min amounts to ca.183.8 kinetic parameters derived from DSC data consists
self-heating
℃with①.factor=3.2 and was reached after 11.29 in the possibility of the simulation of the reaction
h.The time remaining from this point to the measured course in fully adiabatic conditions(①=1)for the
TMR(see Figure 7)amounts to(15.67-1 1.29)h2 totally not decomposed sample(a=0)what is very
4.3 8 h.The measured TMR value is consistent with difficult to achieve from the experimental point of
the calculated results presented in Figure 6 confirming view.Such a simulation is presented in Figure 8
that an initial ISO.ARC temperature of 1 84 oC lcads depicting the safety diagram for 3-methyl一4一
to a TMR of about 4.86 h.However,some minor nitrophenol calculated for few initial temperatures by
reaction progress a OCCurS during the initial period the procedure applied for the simulation of TMR in
of a HW S.ARC test when the sample is stillin the ISO—ARC shown in Figure 6.Depending on the
heat.wait.search mode.When the detection limit of decomposition kinetics and A Ld,the initial
the ARC apparatus is reached,the reaction progress temperatures differently influenee the TMk values
and the rate of the temperature evolution under
a is ilo longer=0.but a>0.Having the kinetic
description of the reaction rate derived from the DSC adiabatic conditions.For 9=l the determined TMk
data,one can estimate that the reaction progress a is about 8 hours at an initial temperature of about
after the 11.29 h of HWS testing(Figure 71 amounts l 64.9 oC(for that temperature a more conservative
value for TMR州js 6.76 b).’111e critical value
to about 0.009 5(ca.1%).The simulation of the TM&d
adiabatic temperature rise from that temperature of =24 hours,commonly accepted as the safety limit in
l 83.8℃can be further calculated and is presented in the industrial scale.is obtained at about l 5 1℃(for
Figure 7 as a solid line.The numerical results are in that temperature a more conservative value for TMk
accordance with the experimental data and indicate is 20.22 h1.The confidence interval is determined
Estimation of Time tO Maximum Rate Under Adiabatic Conditions(TMR耐)Using Kinetic ,、.
Bertrand Roduit,et al
Parameters Derived From DSC-Investigation of Thermal Behavior of 3-Methyl-4.Nitrophenol
500
450
900
350
p
警300
兰250
g
卜200
150
100 O.8
50 O.4
O
∞ o.IM2Q口01u矗Q譬
O 2 4 6 8 lO 12 14 16
Time/h
Fig.7 Typical ARC test for 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol carried out in HWS mode.Having the kinetic descrirItion of the reaction
rate from the DSC data.one can estimate that the reaction progress瑾after ca.1 1.3 h of HWS testing amounts to
about 0.009 at
5(ca.1%).From the time which the temperature ofthe detection limit(183.8l℃)was reached
the value ofTMR amounts ca.4.4h(15.67-11.29h).Solid line depicts the simulation being ”
to
in a
good agreement with the experimental HWS—ARC data presented as
symbols.
The Table l contains the results of the order reaction.Similar approach was presented in the
calculations of the TMR。d for a11 experimental data paper of Pastre et al【19】which verified his model by
delivered by the participants of the round robin test. Dewar vessel experiments.They proposed the linear
Despite the variety of the experimental set—ups and regression procedure to find out a conservative value
dif如rent origins of the samples the mean value of of the initial temperature that leads to TMRad=24 h
the temperature displayed in the Figure 8. If one estimates roughly from Figure l that the
The TMRad values calculated by the presented possible detected onset lays between 220 and 250℃.
method are less conservative as those derived by using then according the Keller’S approximation TMR。d=
the estimation of Keller et altl 81.He presented the 24 h will be reached for initial temperatures between
estimation method for TMR。d from non-isothermal 97 and l l 7 oC。These values are 30~50 oC more
DSC measurements based on the model of zeroth conservative compared to presented by US value of
Tab.1 Summary of the results of determination of the initial temperatures leading to TMRad2 24h with AKTS-Therrno・
with 2.5 K/min were applied.Determination of the initial temperature leading to TMR“=24h was done by combining
the non—isothermal DSC data of 2.5 KJmin with the ARC data using AKTS—Thermokinetics Software.
化学推进剂与高分子材料
.94・ Chemical Propellants&Polymeric Materials 201 1年第9卷第1期
:2
p奄'I拿苗矗a暑。卜
i}l
l
印
O 5 10 l 5 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time/h
Fig.8 Thermal safety diagram for 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in fully adiabatic conditions with中=1.The choice of
the initial temperatures strongly influences the adiabatic induction time.With A E;(-2 00 1.7±2 1 6.5)J/g,
A%=(一△H,)/(cp。中=1 000.9 4-108.3 oC and Cp=2 J/(g‘℃),TMR。d are 8 and 24h for initial temperatures
can be considered as an interesting preliminary step (Figure 91 that the reaction progress口after 3 days
in a thermal hazard assessment for determining amounts to about 0.038(ca.3.8%1 only.The decrease
TMRad=24 h. .
of the①value significantly changes the time required
Influence of口.factor on the reaction course for the total decomposition.As presented in this figure
The interesting feature of the simulation method the total decomposition under fully adiabatic
ppesented in this paper is the possibility of the conditions Occurs after 1 day(24 h)however,with
comparison of the predicted signals in isothermal, 0=3.2(value applied with ARC calorimeter Figure
pseudo.adiabatic and fully adiabatic conditions. 61 the reaction ends after ca.2.4 days.
1 200 中 ;1
1 000
∞O
印O
一●中=3.2
圃扣3+卜
∞O
p,。;苗J3口暑D一
l}
一
r 、L
O 口 =1
1.O踢
口13.2
0.8岛
O
0.6&
O.4 g
—一一
/ 口=1x 101。 0.2譬
0盘
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 l 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75 3
Time/d
Fig.9 Comparison between the T-t relationship(top)and reaction progress(bottom)in isotl_ermal(T=I 5 1.06。C)and adia-
batic conditions.TMR,a were calculated for a
starting temperature of 151.06。C with 0=3.2 and 1,respectively using the
values of△珥=(一2001.7 4-216.5)J/g and cp2 2 J/g/。C.Under isothermal conditions the reaction progress d after ca 2.4
days amounts to only ca.0.038(3.8%).The decrease ofthe中-factor results in significant shortening ofthe time
required for the total decomposition which occurs after 2.5 and 1 day for中-factors 3.2 and 1.0.respectively.
. EstimatiOil ofTime to Maximum Rate Under Adiabatic Conditions(TMR耐)Using Kinetic 一一
numerically retrieved by setting an exceptionally large During Initial Period of HWS Adiabatic
value of the thermal inertia factor such as∞=1 010 to on Determination of TMR_d
Experiment
achieve an insignificant adiabatic temperature rise
The correct interpretation and simulation of the
△死一0.Ifthe①is very high all heat released by
adiabatic experiments requires introducing into
the reaction is dissipated to the surrounding.As a
considerations the problem of the certain,unknown
consequence,the sampl‘e temperature remains
degree of the decomposition of the investigated
constant because with
material which starts to decompose before the
盟dt=古△‰舢普 中一‘”4”df
temperature of the detection limit is reached.This,
even being relatively small,reaction progress leads
for very large values of①we have
to the shortening TM‰value comparing to the value
adfif_r
0 and Ts(a=O)錾兀@=1)望死酬(17) characteristic for the absolutely not decomposed
∞
吕
× 06 progress of0.001,0.0 1;O.025,and O.05,respectively.
。=
× 03
o
;
‘
≮ 1 200
们
^l_lI—g.p一奄_暑
∞∞∞∞ X o一3
200 300 400 500 700 900 l 100
芝1 000
Temperature/℃
鲁800
矗 600
X 06 A
X 03
鲁400
卜200
∞I =爵oIl-J13∞ 0 5 lO l 5 20 25
一I.a一目.护v,a;- ∞∞∞∞ × 0’3
Time/h
0 lO 1 5 20 25
Time/h
Fig.1 1 Influence of preliminary reaction progress
Fig.10 Simulated self-heating rate curves for 3-methyl-4- a on TMRad values.Note that the reaction
limit of the heat evolution rate 0.02 K/min is reached depends not only on the experimental settings(the
after 13.8 h i.e.10.2 h before TMRad value of 24 h. choice of the initial temperature in adiabatic
During this initial period of the adiabatic reaction the experiments)but also on the kinetics of the
the point of the detection limit amounts to 0.009 5 controlling step in the decomposition process this
(ca.1%、.Even such a small reaction progress can influence of the preliminary口value on the TMR。d
influence the value of the time remaining to 24 h,this can be different and this issue will be discussed in
化学推进剂与商分子材料
・96・ Chemical Propellants&Polymeric Materials 201 1年第9卷第1期
17・6 h for口20.025)・
The decompositi。n。f 3.methyl.4.nitrophen。1
References
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carefully considered because even not significant 【l 9】Pastre J,W6rsdOrfer U,Keller气et a1.J Loss Prev Ind,
木木木木木:Ic木木木木球球木:lc木木=lc,lc水木拳术宰木枣:Ic术木木术,lc木水枣半木水,Ic水:l=宰:Ic枣jlc木木木丰:I:木宰,Ic宰木枣术木木枣木木木木木枣木宰半宰:lcjlc木,Ic木水木木,lc木木木木
占全球超纯过氧化氢市场近60%市场份额的日本三菱 计划将美国亚利桑那州生产厂装置产能从3.5万t/a提高
瓦斯化学公司(MGC)近日表示,将在201 1年大幅提高超 至7万t/a.将新加坡厂产能提高至l万t/a。在韩国市场,
纯过氧化氢生产能力,计划投资数十亿日元对美国、韩 为满足三星电子业务扩张的需要,将把目前的4万t/a产
国、新加坡以及中国台湾省的相关设施进行扩能改造。 能提高到6.5万t/a。对于中国台湾省生产厂,将通过脱
超纯过氧化氢广泛应用于半导体材料生产的晶片清洁 瓶颈改造和生产使产能增至2万t/a。
工序,美国和亚洲市场增长迅速。据预测,这方面需求 (于剑昆提供)
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