Progress in Olivia Johnston Giilay KirathiPearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex (M20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the World. Visit our website at www.longman-eltcom © Pearson Education Limited 2000 The right of Olivia Johnston and Gillay Krrath to be identified as authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Al rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. First published 2000 Set in Rotis Printed and bound in The Lebanon by Librairie du Liban ISBN 0-582~43573-0 Prepared for the publishers by AMR Illustrations by Celia Hart and Bill Piggins Cover design by Jim Weaver " Project managed by Julia Newsome and Chris BarkerWelcome to Progress in English Grammar, Book 3. Progress in English Grammar is a series of three books which give students practice in English grammar. Book 3 is for pre-intermediate Teamers, You can usé it in the classroom, for homework or for self-study. Progress in English Grammar is designed to supplement your course book. The order of the sections follows the most common order of grammar presentation in. major course books. However, you may not want to work straight through the book. You may want to practise only some sections, or you may want to study them in a different order from the way the book is laid out. The Contents list at the front and the Index at the back will help you to find specific. grammar points. Each of the sections has a short presentation box to remind you of a particular grammar point. This is followed by graded exercises which begin by helping you to recognise the item of grammar and to practise it on its own. Then there are exercises practising the item in other forms or with other items. For example, you will practise the past perfect simple in the positive and-negative. Then you will practise it in questions. Finally, you will practise it with the past simple and time phrases such as ufter, before, as soon as and when. In this way both the form and the meaning of each grammar point become familiar in easy steps. Throughout the book there are mixed practices of groups of grammar points which complement each other. The grammar items in each exercise are given at the top of each page. For the teacher there are answer keys and progress tests available separately.Mixed tense practice: present . 6 present simple and present continuous 6 Past simple, regular and irregular 9 Past continuous with f while, as, when 12 Clauses of purpose © 1B Defining and non-defining relative clauses 18 defining 18, non-defining 19 mixed practice 20 Mixed tense practice: future + 22 present simple for future, 22 present continuous or will / won't.” 23 mixed practice 4 Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives and adverbs, 26 ~ with intensifiers 27 ‘comparison of adjectives with almost, just, not as...as 28 Present perfect continuous 29 positive and negative 29 with question forms 30 with for and since 31 with past simple with present perfect simple 9 Prepositions motion... place and mation time soa 10) “Phrasal verbs 11 Future with may / might, will [ won't 12 Modals can, could can, could, be able to should, ought to must, have (got) to have to (questions) mustn't, don't have to with don’t need to / needn't 13 Question tags and echo questions fositive statement, negative tag negative statement, positive tag positive and negative question tags echo questions: positive and negative 14 Question tags and echo questions with modals 15 Modal verbs: must, can't for deduction a7 19 20 2 22 23 24 The passive present simple and past simple present perfect simple passive with modals Active and passive: mixed tense practice Negative questions showing surprise expecting agreement correcting politely Articles the indefini the defir zero article mixed practice article: a /an Causative have Conditionals first conditional second conditional Past perfect simple positive and negative with questions with after, before, 5 soon as, when Time clauses Joining sentences with after and before with so and because 69 72 73 74 75 75 76 78 80 81 84 84 86 88 89 an 92 94 94 96 25 too much, too many, not enough 26 Third conditional mixed practice 27 .1 wish / If only + past perfect mixed practice 28 used to: positive, negative and questions 29 so'+ adjective / adverb, such a/an + noun “with that 30 Reported speech reported commands and requests reported statements ” reported questions 31° too + adjective / adverb + to (nod) + adjective / adverb + enough to 32 Verbs followed by the gerund / the infinitive mixed practice Irregular verb list 97 99 102 103 105, 106 10 Mm 13 13 5 "7 ng 120 121 123 124d tense practice: present * Present simple and present continuous REMEMBER Present simple and present continuous We use the present simple for permanent situations and routines:, He works in @ shop. He usually goes to work at eight o'clock. We use the present continuous for things happening at the time of speaking: It's eight o'clock but he isn't going to work. He's staying at home today. We can also use the present continuous for future arrangements and planned actions: We're flying to Istanbul on Sunday. ° 1 Choose the correct verb and write it in the gap. Examples Quick! Shut the window. ('s raining / rains) It, My parents usually (are going / go) go... to _ in Egypt in the It (isn't raining / doesn't rain) summer. : | 2 They (are playing / play) tennis at the moment. 3 1¢m not doing / don't do) . my homework tonigh 4 They (aren't going / don’t go) out very often | during the week. . your party’ Where (are you having / do you have) , this year? Listen! Jack ('s singing | sings) ‘What (are you doing / do you do) enormous box? wn in the shower aga) . with that a x 8. How often (are-you going / do you go) to the doctor? 9. We sometimes (ave staying / stay) . With my aunt j Edinburgh. 1 0. You can turn off the TV. 1 ('m not watching / don't watch) . it.d tense practice: present I] «Present simple and present continuous nN Use the prompts to write sentences in the present simple or the present continuous. Examples | (write) to my grandparents once a month, 1 to my grandparents once a month. Why (you / wear) sunglasses when it's raining? Why are you wearing. sunglasses when it's raining? 1 (eat) my supper at the moment. Can you ring later? 2 When (your mother / get up) in the mornings? wo (your parents / leave) for Paris this weekend? > Our teachers (not / usually / give) us homework on Thursday afternoons. a (you / wear) my jacket? Please take it off now! 6 (you / ever / leave) your bag on the bus? 7 Who (you / take) to Soraya's New Year's Eve party? © My sister and I (usually / sit) at the front of the bus. ! 1 (not / often / play) tennis in the winter. © 10. Take Mario's bike. He (not / use) it today. 11 (you / ever / have) barbecues on the beach? 12. Tony (help) me with my art project tomorrow aftemoon.EI) Mixed tense practice: present * Present simple and present continuous | 3 Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous. Dear Carol T (have) .am.! .. @ good time here in Rome. At the moment I (it) (1) outside a café and I (drink) lovely glass of fresh orange juice. The sun (shine) . not too bright for me because I (wear) _ and a hiat, Hats are the fashion in Rome this summer. The women usually (wear) (6) straw hats with flowers in them and the men often .. (6) baseball caps. . ‘All the young people here (go) (7) around on little .. (8) helmets. Salvatore (9) it's datigerous but I (know) | (10) he’s wrong. (11) a lot of photos at the moment. He (12) at six in the morning because the | ... (13) to the Piazza Navona motorbikes. Often they (not / wear) (not / think) Peter (take) sometimes (get up) light is best then. He often (go)... and (take) (14) pictures of the fountains in the early morning light. He (not / like) . (15) crowds of people and Rome is quite empty at six in the morning. I (not / get up) qd before nine. I (like) (17) my sleep! What time (you / get up} (18) on work days? (you / have) raining? (Mark / work) (18) good weather in England or is it (20) hard for his exams? When (Kal 24 ... (22) at the Serena Hotel. We .. (28) there. But our room here at (24) a very good . (25) it every day and it's very and Rod / get married) . ‘You know we usually (stay) this year, we (not / stay) the Minerva is excellent. It (not / have) view but somebody (clean) .. comfortable, : ‘hat’s all I have time for. Write to me if you have time! Lots of love SandraPast simple: regular and irregular © Past simple: positive and negative ‘REMEMBER Past simple: positive and negative We form the past simple positive of reqular verbs, by adding ed or dto the infinitive: ‘She walked ta work this morning, She arrived at eight forty-five, Remember that a change in spelling is sometimes necessary, e.. stop ~ stopped For the past simple of irregular verbs, see the list on pages 124-125. We form the past simple negative of regular and irregular verbs with didn't + infinitive: | didn't like that itm. We didn't see the TV programme about Turkish cooking. 4 Write positive and negative sentences in the past simple as in the example, Example We (not / meet) any friends last night. We (meet) one of our teachers. ide't. mi is bt. T (not / buy) a bike last weekend. 1 (buy) a surfboard, » We (not / play) tennis at my old school. We only (play) basketball. ‘They (not / make) pasta last night. They (make) pizza. we The thief (not / steal) her bag on Saturday. He (steal) her camera. - Last summer we (go). to Spain. We (not / go) to Italy. w ‘Three years ago 1 (fall) off.a horse. 1 (not / fall) off my bike. a x You (choose) the: blue tent. You (not / choose) the green one. ©PY Past simple: regular and irreguiar © Past simple: questions ‘REMEMBER Past simple: questions We form questions in the past simple with did + infinitive: Did you see Jone yesterday? Where did you spend New Year's Eve? 5 Write questions and answers in the past simple. Example A: Where (you / sleep) last night? Lyou.slee: B: We all (sleep) on the beach... We-all.sleaton.the.beach,. A: What time (you / come) home last night? AS vesssssseeesee sasnesnesre B: OF course. 1 (tell) my parents yesterday. B: Martin (come) first. 6 A: What (you / draw) in the art class yesterday? A B: | (draw) a vase of flowers and then 1 (paint) it.* Past simple: positive, negative and questions 6 Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple. Sue: Why (you / be) Ben: 1 (lose) ., but I (cannot) ,, Sue: So what (you / do) . Ben: First, | (look) .... late for school this morning? (1) my glasses. 1 (look) ,. (2) everywhere .. (5) in.the sitting room. They (not / be) . So then 7 (go) .... (7) into my bedroom (8) a look'on my desk. Sue: (they / be) . (9) on your desk? Ben: No. Then 1 (think) 10) for a long-time and 1 (decide) (11) to look in the kitchen. 1 (open) a esscsssssseceeee (12) all the kitchen cupboards and (begin) seven 13) to look through them. 1 (get) (14) bored with that after five minutes and also | (feel) 15) really tired and fed up. So 1 (sit) os swe (16) down and (drink) ... ww (17) a glass of orange juice and (eat) . ... (18) an apple. That (give) (19) me a bit of energy and 1 (start) (20) looking again. Sue: Well, where (you / search senes (21) NeXt? Ben: 1 (not / know) ... (22) where to look. 1 (not / have} . (23) any ideas. So 1 (go) . (24) to the bathroom to wash my hands. Sue: And ... (25) in the bathroom? Ben: Sort of. Sue: Where (you / find) Ben: Well, 1 (look) , of course 1 (notice) then 1 (run out) to school. Sue: What (Mrs Chandler / say) .. _ (31) when you (arrive) (32) late? {she / be) ..... .. (33) angry with you? ... (34) her about my fost glasses and she (35) it was a very bad excuse, and (have) ey | be) (26) them? (27) at myself in the bathroom mirror and .. (28) them on my head! So ... (30) straight Ben: 1 (tell) (ay)3 Past continuous with while, as, when © Past continuous with while, as, when REMEMBER Past continuous We can use the past continuous and the past simple in the same sentence to show that somethil happened in the middle of something else. We use the past continuous for the longer action and the past simple for the shorter action. While | wos making a coke, a bird flew in through the kitchen window. A bird flew in, aso oe geo oooan 1 was making the cake. As she was standing at the bus stop, somebody stole her wallet. He was playing football when he pulled a muscle. We often use while and as withthe past continuous We often use when with the past imple. | When the while, when or os clause comes first, it is followed by a comma, While we were eating lunch, the phone rang. cr The phone rang while we were eating lunch... 7 In each sentence put one verb in the past continuous and one in the pa: simple. P Example Philip (fix) his watch when his friend Frank (ring) at the door. ing. his wate! isis tithe, 1 What (you / think) about when the teacher (ask) you that question? 2 1 (find) a €20 note under my bed while 1 (clean) my room. 3 As we (run) around the track, | (get) a terrible pain in my leg. 4 Luckily, he (not / drive) very fast when the car (hit) the tree. 5 1 (not / see) any of my friends while 1 (shop) in town.Past continuous with while, as, when [Gy Complete the sentences by choosing the correct verb and putting it into the correct tense: past continuous or past simple, © Example (find, camp) . Were... you camping, when you found. the snake in your shoer (steal, wait) As Barry for the bus, a thief his wallet. a (do, have) Wladek .. x, . a brilliant idea. (not / tisten, call) Thomas 1 www him in from'the garden, (work, hear) While in the sitting room, 1 . a loud'crash upstairs. (not / make, tell) We . much noise when she w s ws the house, he a (fa I, paint) While Migue x {not / look, hide) My Tittle brother . the sofa while 1... my keys under 8 (fall, watch) . asleep while you . that boring video? 9 (push, get off) As Reyhan the bus, a horrible man (wear, push) , watch when shi 1. (buy, stay) While they your you into the pool? . in Istanbul, they a beautiful carpet. (drop, take). As .. the shopping out of the bag, 13 (walk, see) interesting birds while you ,,, 4 (send, not / do) We ‘teacher ._ 5 (go, do) What the lights suddenly any . by the river. . anything wrong when the us both out of the classroom. whenBe Past continuous with white, os, when Past continuous and past simple 9 Write the verbs in the past continuous or the past simple. Last night Angela (relax) ,as,relaxin@.vaaa. at home in front of the TV She (not / watch) . (1) the news because she (paint) (2) her nails, drinking tea and eating chocolate biscuits Suddenly she (hear) . (3) the name Bettina Markham. Shi (look) (4) up at the TV and (see) . (5) her best friend, Bettina. “Bettina Markham (Stop) «in _. (6) two bank robbers outsic the First Savers Bank in Bridge Street today, the TV presenter said. ‘How fyou / stop) . .. (7) the thieves, Bettina?’ the TV presenter asked her. “It (be) (8) a lucky accident; Bettina answered. ‘I {arive) (9) up Bridge Street slowly when suddenly these .. (10) down it in a black car. 1 {not / know) (11) it but they were bank robbers. 1 was in the middle of the road, turning right, and they (go) =. U2) ve fast. They (crash) (13) into my car and (start) (14) to shout at me. They (tell) ... me to move my car immediately, but 1 didn’t. While they (shout) (16) at me, I quietly (phone) .. police on my mobile phone. You see, I (not / think) the crash was my fault. And 1 (not / like) , they were shouting at me! “(the robbers / still shout) .. (20) + you when the police (arrive) , (21}?" the presenter asked. ‘No! Bettina answered. ‘They were out of the car and they (run) ., _ (22) down-the hill with a bag of money from the bank. One off the police officers ran after them and (catch) _...sssssessssneenee (23) theny ‘What (the police / say) (24) to you?" the presenter. asked Bettina, “They (be) two men (come) ,, (19) the way i (25) angry with me because 1 (not / wear) (26) my seatbelt when the robbers crashed into my car!Clauses of purpose * Infinitive of purpose and so as not to ‘REMEMBER Infinitive of purpose : ‘We can express @ purpose by using the infinitive with to. This is called the infinitive of purpose. 1H phone Jim to invite him to dinner. - She went to the market to do some shopping. s0 a5 not to a We can express a negative purpose with so as not to. We'd better toke o taxi so as not to be late. Can we keep this a secret so as not to upset Jane? 10 Join these sentences using the infinitive of purpose or so as not to. Example He always arrives early. He has to open up the office. He always arrives early to. open. uo the offi He turned on the TV. He wanted to watch’ the news. She is on a diet. She doesn’t want to put on weight. We are saving money. We want to go abroad this summer. we She looked at the ground. She didn’t want to start laughing. s T'm going to the hospital. 1-want to give my aunt some chocolates, wn Can you take your shoes off? Then you won't make a noise. a Paul went to Canada. He! wanted to visit his relatives. x ‘My mother needs some flour and eggs. She wants to make a cake. 2 Let's leave'early. Then we won't arrive in the dark. © 10 I'm going to bed now. Then 1 won't be tired in the morning.EY eee) 16 4 Julia has sent the children out because she wants to have a rest. * so that, so that... not REMEMBER so that, so that... not We can use the infinitive of purpose and so as aot te only when the subject of the main clause and the subject of the clause of purpose are the same: She's saving up. She wants to buy o boot. = She's saving up to buy a boat. agreed. didn't want to upset her. = lagreed so as nat to upset her We can use so that when the subject of the main clause and the subject of the clause of purpose are the same ... ‘'m washing the wolls today. Then can paint the room tomorrow. 'm washing the walls today so that I can paint the earn tommorrow. and when they are different: 'm painting the room white. It will look bigger. {I'm painting the room white so thot it will look bigger. The negative of so thats so that... not: Iwoter the garden every day. That way, the plants don’t die. I water the garden every day so that the plants don't die. We often use can, con't, will, won'tin sentences with so that: ?'m buying a computer so that | con work at home. Film stars often wear sunglasses s0:that riobody will recognise them. 11 Rewrite the sentences using so that or so that... not> Example The police have stopped the traffic. They want everyone to cross the street. (can) The. poli 1 He has taken his mobile phone with him. He wants me to call him when he’s out. 2. He's building a high wall, He doesn’t want children to get into his garden, ig hard. He wants to have the weekend free. 5 Till draw a map for you. | don't want you to get lost.Clauses of purpose. Pam infinitive of purpose, so as not to or so that, so that ... not 12. Match the pairs of sentences. Then join each pair using to or s0 os not to, if possible. If it is not possible, use so that or so that... not. I'm hiding. He always tells lies. Change the channel. | put the letters away carefully. He usually wears a hat. She goes running every day. She called me. T need some change. He's fixing the boat. Write this phone number down. Get here early. He's put bars on the windows. They're talking in whispers. Turn the volume down. a) He doesn’t want to get. sunburnt. b) He wants to impress people. 1 didn't want to lose them. @) TV don't want George to see me. -e) 1 want to buy a newspaper. f) 1 want to see the news. g) She wanted to invite me to dinner. hh) They don’t want us to hear them. i) We can use it this weekend. JJ 1 want to see you alone first. k) He doesn't want thieves to get in. 1) 1 don't want you to wake my little sister. 1m) She wants to keep fit. n) You don't want to forget it.5 Defining and non~defining relative clauses © Defining relative clauses with who, which, where, that REMEMBER Defining relative clauses Defining relative clauses give essential information. We use who for people, which or that for things and where for plac The girl who lives next door had a cor accident yesterday. Who took the CD which / that was on.the table? The shoji where | work sells foreign newspapers. 13 Complete the sentences with who, which / that or where. Examples | don't like people .. 1 What's the name of the git! .. .. works at the cinema? 2 The shop 1 buy most of my clothes is called Atlantic. 3 1 don't like books . have sad endings. 4 The place he works is in Seaview Street. 5 People .. talk at the cinema are very annoying. 6 7 8 9 Do you know anyone has got a computer like mine? Where ate the cakes «sss were on top of the fridge? Is there a place near here .. .. we can get a sandwich? She wants to buy the red dress .. . is in the shop window. 10 Here are some tapes will help you with your English. 11. The beach we went last weekend was really fantastic. 12 The girl came with me to John’s party was called Nadia. 13 Let's go to a restaurant... 14 My favourite ice creams are the ones .. have nuts on top. 15 What's the name of the actor .. Starred in the Terminator film_ 16 I Tike ice cream has raspberry sauce and cream on top. 17 Do you know anyone .. can help me with my Physics? 18 1 don't like clubs .. you have to wear really smart clothes. 19 People .. don’t tell the truth really annoy me. 20 She wants to go to a beach ... .. she can windsurf. .. we can sit outside.Defining and non-defining relative clauses [Egy * Non-defining relative clauses with who, which,-where ‘REMEMBER Non-defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses give an extra bit of information. We use who for people, which for things and where for places, We cannot use that ‘There is a comma ()) at the beginning of a non-defining relative clause and a comma or a full stop at the end of it. My mother, who loves films, gaes to the cinema three times 0 week. The London Eye, which is a huge ferris wheel, was built in 1999, Rame, where | went last summer, is full of famous paintings. 14 Make one sentence from two. Put in commas. Examples My aunt Nora still rides a bike. She is seventy five. Mv aunt Nora, who is seventyciFa Defining and non-defining relative clauses 20 16 Defining and non-defining relative clauses : Complete the sentences with who, which / that or where, Put in commas where necessary. " Examples. Give me the glasses which.l.that.. are on the top shelf. Safiye who... Sits next to me in classe has problems with her eyes. My cousin Rob _ is only eighteen already has a car of his own. Liverpool ... my mother was born stands on the River Mersey. The pool we usually go,swimming.is called The Water Hole. The teacher gives us the most, homework is Mrs Birkett. Albert Bridge is one‘of the nicest bridges in London is pink and white. . Do you like books ... make you laugh? Florida _, we're going for our next holidays is full of interesting wildlife. ‘The disco .., My sister Lucy with a French boy. The hotel we stayed last year was not very expensive. The Hiphop Club __ opens at nine is a good place to meet. The man wrote this book lived in Poland for ten years. My cousin George lives in Canada is coming to stay next March. The Rex Cinema .. films. Is your jacket the one is on the sofa? She doesn't like films . make her cry. Are you going to stay in the village you stayed last year? Do you know that girl ,. lives in the flat opposite yours? ‘opened here last month always has terrible music. __.. doesn't speak a word of French is going out the tickets cost about £5 usually has good “My mother ... __ has failed her driving test again is going to buy ¢ bicycle. New York V lived for six months has recently become a much safer city.Defining and non-defining relative clauses [fay + Defining and non-defining relative clauses ‘REMEMBER Leaving out relative pronouns : When who, which or thatis the object in a defining relative clause, we can leave it out: ! con't find the letter which /that | got yesterday. or: I cant fad the letter | got yesterday. Did you like the girl who{m) we met in the pork? or: Did you lke the girl we met in the park? When who, which or thatis the subject in a defining relative clause, we cannot leave it out: Did you like the girl who talked to us in the park? (not Die you-tike-te-gir- talked! tous inthe park) We cannot leave out who or whichin any non-defining relative clauses; Borcelcno, which I visited last summer, has fantastic cafés and clubs. (not Bereclona-t-isited ast summer has fontestie-cefés-ond clus) Do not leave out where in any relative clauses: ‘The shop where | bought this poster is called Art-Attack. {not Fheshops-hought this posteris-coled-AreAtock) . 16 Make one sentence from two using a relative pronoun each time. IF itis possible to omit the relative pronoun, write it in brackets. Exomples We had a teacher last year. She was great. Ths.tsacher.(who) 1 That's the strange’ man. We saw him’ outside the school. : i 2 He didn’t see the thief. He took Pedro's wallet. 3 Can 1 have the tapes? 1 lent them to you last week. 4 Lets go to the new park. You can swim in the lake there. 5 ‘Let's look at the photos. You got them last week. 6 He broke all the glasses. They were on the kitchen table. 7. The painter Picasso lived in France for many years. He was born in Spain. 8 War and Peace is a very long book. | read it last summer.22 5 Mixed tense practice: future ¢ Present simple for future REMEMBER Present simple for future We use the present simple when we talk about timetables and programmes: The bus leaves Victoria Coach Station at 10.30 and arrives in Brighton at. 12.30, What time dées the concert begin? It doesn’t start until 6.30 p.m. 17 You are in the basketball team. You are asking your friend. about the programme. Complete the questions and answers. Exomple A: Where B B: We me it of the school. Basketball A Team against New Haven High School Saturday 2nd February TAS am. Meet in front ofthe school 10.00 aim. The game starts. (Please do NOT be late!) 12.30 pam. Hare’ Tuneh in New Haven 200 am. Leave by bus. school efector. 4.15 am, Arie at New Haven High 2.00 pam. The bus leaves New Haven School High School. 930 am. Get changed in the Junior : Changing Room (Room 442). Laura MeDerrot (Captain 2 at New Haven High School} 3 B: At 9.30 a.m. 4 A: Where _ changed? It's the Junior Changing Room. | 5 B: It starts at 10 o'clock. in the school refectoMined tense practice: Future [¢y © Present continuous and will / won't for future REMEMBER Present continuous » We use the present continuous to talk about future arrangements and planned actions. We often use time phrases with this tense: We're going to Paris next month, She isn’t coming to lunch this week. ‘Are you wearing your new dress to Silva's party on Sunday? will / won't : We use will/ won't 1 for predictions: They'l probably be back by ten thirty. It won't be easy to mend the tent. 2 for sudden decistons: phone the Tourist Information Office. 3 for offers, promises, threats: "get you a glass oF water, I won't doit again. Fwon't forget this, 18 Put the verbs into the present continuous-or future with will. Example Come on! We (give) you a lift home. 1 Stephanie (meet) , her boyfriend at eight o'clock. 2 It's only a little injection.-It (not / hurt) sveseunessnnenee MUCH. 3. This is Mariah Carey's best single. 1t (go) straight to the top. 4. That homework looks. difficult. 1' (help) you with it. 5 1 (play) : “La. tentiis with Lucy on Saturday. 6 Roxanne phoned. There.is a.problem, so she (not / come) tonight. a - 7 Sadly, 1 think our team {hot / win) tomorrow's match. @ Have you heard the news about Mike? He (go) holiday with Cathy and her parents. T think: (take) .. . g S # g 5 3 Z 5 a 3 g 2 g a you / could / if / borrow / You / my / like / car A wu from | He / permission / must | his / get / first / parents A: aModal verbs: must, can'tfor deduction Modal verbs: must, can't for deduction tEMEMBER vust and can't for deduction Je can use must /con't+ the verb be, or another verb, to make deductions about the present: con't be a snake, It's got legs. ft must be a kind of lizard, he's got a big house in the centre. She must have a lot of money. 'e didn’t come to school today. There must be something wrong with him. 2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the correct form of the word in brackets. Example _|'m sure you aren't warm enough in that cotton dress. (can) You can't be warm enough in that cotton dress Their lights are off so I'm sure they're not at home. (can) Their lights are off so they It has got eight legs so I'm sure it isn’t a fly. (can) It has got eight legs so it , I'm sure there is some money in the envelope under the bed. (must) There niet ._ in the envelope under the bed. 1'm sure they aren't from Texas. They haven't got a Texan accent. (can) They They haven't got a Texan accent. T'm sure they are joking. 1 can’t lend them the car tomorrow. (must) They’, . 1 can't lend them the car tomorrow. There's music coming from the house so I’m sure somebody's at home. (must) There’s music coming from the house so somebOGY occas 7 I'm sure he's tired after playing football ail afternoon. (must) He ... after playing football all afternoon. You aren't serious about cooking a meal for twenty people. (can) You about cooking a meal for twenty people. T'm sure you're feeling tired after that long drive. (must) ~ - YOU sass esses after that long drive. ) I'm sure these grapes aren't ripe. They're very hard. (can) These grapes ,. » They're very hard. 61BRE] Modat verbs: must, con't for deduction 62 * Modal verbs: must, can't for deduction 63 Complete the sentences with must be or can't be. Example You've been travelling for eight hours. You .must.be.. tired, 1 The children have been playing basketball for two hours. They” 2 The rice _. feady yet. The water only started boilin: one minute ago. 3 Come on, you .. ired. You've only walked 500 meti 4 They out. Nobody's answering the phone. 5 a very good restaurant. It’s always empty. 6 A: Have you asked Rachid to help you with your English? B: You joking. He failed all his exams. 7 hungry. They've just had a big inch. 8 your jacket. It's got my name inside the coll: 9 1 don't feel very well. 1. 10 He .. already this year. 11 She a very nice person. She's always saying horrit things about her best friend. 12 Anna got full marks. She ., very hardworking. 13 A: Is that Steven over there with a friend? B: No, it . Steven. He’s in the States at the moment. 14.1 think this fish «., bad. It doesn't smell very fresh. 15 Did you hear that noise? There _.. someone upstairs! 16 His parents , ... very rich. They spent £1,000 on his la birthday party. 17 ‘She ..., .. very happy. She looks miserable and she’s always crying. L 18 A: Where-are the photos of the party? B: They ,.. Gina's house. We left them there yesterday. 19 She _. Very good at languages. She leamt Chinese iy just three months. 20 My cassette is in my bag so this one ..., getting a cold. bea very good driver. He's had four accidents‘Modal verbs: must, can't for deduct * Modal verbs: must, can‘t for deduction 64 Match the responses in Box B to the questions and statements in Box A. Complete the responses with must be or can't be. Are you good at Maths? .b), Dave's gone to China. |... Thad to get up at four this moming to collect Tim from the airport... This door is locked. :... Let's go out to a club tonight: It's four o'clock. Shall we try the new café in-Lime Square? It's freezing in here... She's got a job in a very noisy office. wn woarauan a) You serious. I've got hours of homework to do for tomorrow. l can’t even add 2 and it It was three o'clock five minutes ago! d):The central heating. working. ¢) There . another way in, round the back of the building. At difficult to concentrate in an office like that. exhausted. . bad. It’s always full of people. right. 1 saw him driving down East Street this moming. g) You hh) Why not? It i) That ...64 © The passive: present simple and past simple ~ REMEMBER ‘The passive: present simple and past simple We use the passive when 1 we want to focus on an action, not who or what did it The classrooms are cleaned every day. ‘Music isn't taught at this schoof. 2. when we don't want to take responsibility for something or don’t know who did something: The window wos broken last night. The rooms weren't cleaned yesterdoy. IF we want to say who or what is responsible for an action, we use by and the agent: These biscuits were made by a friend of mine. The photocopier wasn't turned off by the office staff, Wha was writing invented by? : 65 Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in the positive form the present simple or past simple passive. arrest control ask fix cultivate invent make give play serve in 1954. _ Examples. This book .was, writer at midnight. The gates are.locksd. 1 __ list of instructions this morning. 2 The telephone by Alexander Graham Bell. 3 Lunch ,.... at one o'clock. Please don't be late. 41 0 buy presents for all the office staff for the ‘New Year's party. 5 The bike is working now. The brakes .. yesterday. 6 Football _ all over the world. 7 Olive trees ., all around the Mediterranean. 8 The thief _, by the police at 2.25 a.m. 9 Some of the best chocolates in Belgium. 10 The temperature in this building ,. by a computer you can't tum the heat up.Cena BB © The passive: present simple and past simple 66 Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in the negative form of the present simple or past simple passive. Example Luckily, the cars very badly in the crash. sk (damage) take hurt allow pay You will only need paper and pencils in this test. You.,, .. to use calculators. ‘Luckily the drivers ,, A: When do you get your money? B: 1, end of the month. These photos are recent. They ., People only want to know about my trips to China. 1 about my journeys in Europe. x in the accident last night. w& wa 67 Rewrite the sentences in the passive. Where necessary, add by. Examples People didn't tell us. Wi Who waters the garden? ‘Where did they find the diamond ring? They don't expect me to help with the cooking. N e Do they speak French in many African countries? How did they discover the temples? + People don’t use this word very often nowadays. a When do they send out the exam results? a 7 Who invented computers: 8 Who built this bridge? 65ym) «The passive: present perfect simple ‘REMEMBER The passive: present perfect simple We form the present perfect simple of the passive with the present perfect of the verb to be an! the past participle. Positive Negative Thave been told. Thave not been told. _She / He has been told. She / He has not been told. Questions Short answers Have you been told? Yes, | have, / No, | haven't. Has she been told? Yes, she has. /|No, she hasn't. _ 68 Put the sentences into the passive form. Examples You've left the TV on: You haven't put yoiir clothes away. . Why haven't you cleaned the bath? 1 You've left the lights on. 2 You've eaten all the:food. + 3 You've emptied the fridge., et 4 You've thrown your clothes all over the place. 5 You've dropped food all aver the floor. 6 You've spilt coffee’on my new carpet. 7 You've drunk all the orange juice 8 Why’have you allowed the cat to sleep on my bed? ‘the central heating up so high? 10 You haven't,tidied your room. ,, 11 You haven't taken your books back to the library. 12 You"hayen't ‘watered the plants.* Modals will, should, must, can and could + passive infinitive REMEMBER Modals will, should, must, can and could + passive infinitive ‘We can use the passive infinitive after modal verbs. The passive infinitive is formed with be + past participle, ft won't be repaired before Wednesday. The police should be informed. These boxes must be moved. Our tickets couldn't be exchanged, 69 Use the modal + the passive infinitive of the verb in brackets to complete each sentence. Medina Bay High School Athletics Team 1 Ahigh level of commitment l,i gapste,. from all members ofthe team this year, (will / expect) 2 We Gontest on July 3rd. (must not / beat) 8 The following changes ., 4 From June Ist, Saturday training sessions ,, at the Carl Lewis Stadium. (will / hold) 5 Training sessions at school ,. six hours a week. (will / increase) 6 Allsessions of the Athletics team. (must / attend) Latecomers , (could / dxop) 8 Proper athletics shorts and shirts .. at all training sessions. (must / wear) after the ten at the National Schools . (will / make) 4 ... from the team. Tracksuits minute warm-up. (should not / wear) 10 Sports items .... shop on Saturdays. (cannot / buy) 11 Bracelets, watches and other jewellery... at any training sessions. (should not / wear) Captain, (will / make) © . from the school 12 6716 a) 68 * Modals will, shoufd, must, can and could + passive infinitive REMEMBER When will my bike be fixed? Can the boxes be moved tomorrow? 70 Write the tourists’ questions to the tour company. Put all the question: the passive form. Example Who will choose the hotels? e.hotels.bs. chosen. bys... ‘Who will cook the food during the wildlife tour? Can someone meet us at Nairobi airport? s How could we contact our family in ar’ emergency? wo 4 Which game parks will they take us to? Can we find all kinds of medicine in Kenya? - w Should we leave our heavy luggage in the hotel in Nairobi? a 7 Can we use mobile phones on the bus?, oe Must we cary passports at all times? Should we leave valuables and money at the hotel reception? © 10 Why won't somebody. show us around Nairobi? 11 Must we pay all our bills separately? 12. Will somebody drive us to the airport at the end of our trip?Mixed practice: active and pa: © Active and passive: present simple, past simple, present perfect simple 71 Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple, past simple or present perfect simple, active or passive. Dear Antonio; Dvhowing w good time here in Oxford. I (meet) at the-statiow by Mry Brenchley wher I (arrive) . last week, Since thew (take) w. CL) ol around the town and my Italian friend Laura (show) . (2) me some of the beautiful old colleges. Life wen the Brenchley family ix very pleasant and enjoyable. I (do) .. (3) light housework every morning and inthe afternoon Mr Brenchley Carine) ... 4) moto my English clas. I (sometime / ask) (5) to de some babysitting ww the fuwv because the childrery (teach) .. (6) me loty of English. I (pay) (7) quite well and of course; I (not / ce 5 (8) pay for my roonvor food: I (not (hear) wae (9) from Mawk for three weeks, Iyhie OK? (hiv motorbike/ repair)... . 10) yet? Che-/ find) (11) wholiday jolr yet? I Gust / give) sa. (12) my money for thir week so- I’m going out to- spend it now! Please write soon. Love from ClaudiaBBA Mixed practice: active and passive «Active and passive: mixed tenses 72 Complete the sentences with the active or passive form of the verbs in brackets. Choose the correct tense each time. For future tenses, use will! Examples Edison invented.. (invent) the electric light bulb. The Topkapi Palace ted. (visit) by thousands of tourists every year. 1 The painters ‘(already / paint) the house. - 2 We, (not / finish) the housework yet We ,, (already / wash) the dishes but clothes .. . {not / iron} yet and the windows are still dirty. 3. The letters ... (already / type) but we (wait) for Mr Simon to sign them. 4 More cars , ., (make) in Turkey now thi ever before. 5 Most of the oranges in this country ,. (grow) in the region nearest to the coast. 6 My uncle's car _. (steal) two weeks ag and it (not / find) yet. 7 You can ‘post your letters and buy stamps in the post office but envelope : (not / sell) there. find) all the reports on my desk sau (arrive) this moming. They {send) out as soon as 1 have read them. Plants will not grow properly if they .. (not / water) regulaily. 10 The swimming pool ,.. month. MW He ro (repair) next . (work) since morning but he (not / finish) the project yet. Spain , ... (visit) by hundreds of thousar, of tourists every year. 70end 7 e Active and passive: mixed tenses 73 Complete the sentences with the active or passive form of the verbs in brackets. A The earliest paper, papyrus, gs. Mostly, pine trees, fir trees, birches and poplars (use) Every year, paper (manufacture) of course millions of trees have to (cut down) trees then must (replace) , paper can (recycle) (save) . d, (use) in ancient Egypt. It (make) 1) from water reeds. The first true paper (produce) 2) in China in around 105 A.D. from pulped fishing nets (3) by processing wood. 4. (5) in huge quantities and (6). These ) by new young trees. Of course, ton of recycled paper generally (9) the life of eight trees. B c In New York, @ policeman (shoot) his car yesterday, Two men, who were members of a terrorist organisation, (approach) ... the police car on a motorcycle just after 5 p.m. One of the men got off the motorcycle and (run) 8) ‘towards the police car, which was parked outside a bank, The terrorist then (shoot) .. ‘the police officer three times, before getting back on the motorcycle. ‘The two terrorists then quickly (ride) .. (5) away in the rush-hour traffic. The 28-year-old policeman take) to hospital by people working in the bank. Doctors said he was lucky to be alive. .. (2) (4) (6) ‘A 18-year-old-girl has been away from school for over a month because she (give) (1) a smokers’ cough by the underage smokers on the school bus. Jenny was one of the best athletes in her school until she (force) 2) to breathe in cigarette fumes while travelling to and from school. Jenny, who (live) .@) more than 25 kilometres away from school, told this newspaper, ‘The school bus is the only way I can get to school. Treally (hate) . .@ cigarette smoke and woul smoke, but the school bus is always full of smoke. Now I have this terrible cough and really bad headaches. I (not / allow) , to travel on the bus in case all the smoke (make) . my cough even worse.’ 6) . 6) n=) 72 * Negative questions: showing surprise REMEMBER Negative questions: showing surprise We can use negative questions to show surprise: Haven't you had your supper yet? It's 11 p.m. Sometimes the speaker doesn't expect an answer: Isn't it cold today! Note © Note the meaning of the answers to negative questions: Didn't you enjoy the concert? Yes, (= Yes, | did enjoy it) ‘No. (= No, I didn't enjoy it) 74 Answer each statement with a negative question. Exomple A: | won't see you again until Monday. B: Why not? {you / not / come / to Cindy's party tonight / ?) Why not? Aren't. vou. coming to Cindy’s.party.tenight? 1 A: This little cat always comes into our house. B: Why? (it | not’/ belong / to anyone / ?) Don't ever eat at that restaurant! Why not? (it / not / be / good / ?) 3A: 1 lent Sylvie £30. B: Why? (she / not / have / any money of her own / ?) 4 A:1’'m not going to Kate's barbecue on Sunday. B: Why not? (you / not / make / friends with her again yet / ?) 5 A: You have to turn left here. B: Why? (I / not / can / drive down Redford Street / 2)Cone I * Negative questions: expecting agreement REMEMBER Negative questions: expecting agreement ‘We can also use negative questions when we expect the other person to agree with us: ‘A: Haven't we met before?B: Yes, | think we have. isn't this a wonderful museum! (=This is a wonderful museum, isn’t it?) 75 Use the prompts to write negative questions for the answers given. Example we (meet) at Sandra's last party? A: Didn't we meet at Sandra's last party?, B: Yes, | think we did. you (be) wearing a bright pink jacket? : You're absolutely right. 1 was. the view from this balcony (be) amazing? Le B: It certainly is. the two girls on the sofa (be) Kasia’s cousins? A B: That's right. They are her cousins. they (look) like Kasia? AD. B: Yes, they do. Kasia (dance) well?, A: B: Yes. Like a professional. your brother (be) in a pop group called Roxy? A B: Yes, he was. That was a long time ago. He works in a bank now. 7 you (be) "upset if Kasia goes to live in New York? A B: Yes, | will be a bit. But ] can always go and visit her there. it (get) crowded in here? A B: Yes, it has. It's suddenly got very crowded. v w > wu a © 73BRE] Negative questions 74, * Negative questions: correcting politely REMEMBER Negative questions: correcting politely Note We can also use negative questions to * Some negative questions start with Why. correct someone politely: They are used to criticise or show surprise: ‘A: Egypt isin Asia. Bs Isn't it in Africa?" Why don't you ever put your clothes away? 76 Correct the statements with negative questions. Use the words in the bo Antarctic eight English February Liverpool Neil Armstrong green snake thirty-one Washington'D.C. (Thomas Edison Example Alexander Bell invented the electric light bulb. Didn't Thomas. it.the. electric. light bulb? Valentine's Day is on January 14th, Spiders have got six legs. You mix blue and yellow to get purple. wn » The Beatles were from Brighton. Cleopatra killed herself with a scorpion. wu a Penguins live in the Arctic Circle. New York is the capital, of the USA. Buzz Aldrin was the first person to walk on the moon. oy Manchester United are a Scottish football team. wo 10. March has thirty days. 77 Mrs Gray is criticising her son. Match the sentence halves. 1 [b)] Why can't you ' a) combed your hair today? L 2 [ ] Why don't you keep 3 [ ] Why aren't you more ¢) helpful in the house? 4 [. ] Why wasn't your last d) school report better? 5 [ ] Why haven't you ¢} your room tidy?© The indefinite article: a /an REMEMBER The indefinite article: a/an 3. when.we talk about cost or speed or how We use aor an often something happens: 1 with countable nouns to indicate one of It costs £2.20 a kilo, (= for one kilo) them: ‘She drove at 140 kph. (=,in one hour) She's got two sisters ond a brother. He works nine hours a day (= in one day) 2 with professions: He cleans it once a week. (= in one week) He is a journalist. 4 with some numbers to mean one: She is a dentist. o hundred, a thousand BUT: | need to go to the dentist. (There is ‘only one dentist that | go to.) 78 An indefinite article is missing at least once in every line. Write a/anin the correct places. S w Example Our last house had/big garden with(Swimming pool and apple trees. 1 My mother has new job. She is assistant in supermarket in Barcelona. 2 There are thousand metres in kilometre. 3. He's so dirty. He only washes his hair once month. 4 T've got problem. 1 need to find bank where I can change money. 5 They cycled hundred and fifty kilometres in three days. 6 They say fruit is good.for you. Have apple or orange. 7 Can 1 have cup of coffee, please, and glass of water? 8 We need to take lighter or matches on this trip. 9. You have lovely face, beautiful eyes and fantastic hair. © You are driving at hundred and fifty kilometres hour. Please slow down! Where did you have lunch? Did you go to restaurant? These carrots are fifty pence kilo. When you were on holiday did you stay at nice hotel? How much does he get paid week? The speed limit in towns is fifty kilometres hour. wR ww 7876 © The definite article: the REMEMBER We use the: 1a when we talk about 2 known object: I must go to the bank. (The speaker and listener both know which bank it is.) BUT: Is there a bank near here? (The speaker doesn’t know anything about the bank) ‘1b when we talk about particular things or people: The music in that film was awful, BUT: I Jove classical music. (= in general) ‘1¢ when only one object exists: The earth, the sun, the moon, the sky, the sea, the ground, the country. BUT We say space: The rocket is travelling through space. Turn on the light. (There is only one in the room.) 2 when a word Is used a second time: J bought a newspaper and a magazine but I left the maga7ime in the shop. 3a with plural names of people and plac the Walkers (= the Walker family), the United States, thet. ‘ands, the Alps, the Andes BUT: Rebecca Walker, Aftica, Japan, Cyprus, Mount Everest 3b with some nationality adjectives to mean the people of that country: The French, the Chinese, the Spanish, the Italians, the Germans, the Turks, the Scots 4 with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, deserts and regions: the Atiantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, the Nil, the Sahara, the north of Spain BUT: Lake Ontario, northern Spain 5 with the names of public buildings: the post office, the Rex (Cinema), the Scala (Opera House), the Museum of Modern Art BUT: Waterloo Station, Windsor Castle, Heathrow Airport, London Zoo. 6 in the following time phrases: in the morning, in the oftemoon, in the evening 7 with superlatives: She's the kindest person I've ever met. 8 with musical instruments: | play the quitar. 9. before same (the some}: Your jacket is the same colour as mine. These two mirrors are the same. 10 with radio (the radio: | heard it on the radio, BUT: I saw it on television.© The definite article: the Write in a /an or the. 79 Example . We stayed at 2... very nice hotel. It was the... most expensive hotel in the town. 1 Do you play ..., flute? Yes, I've just bought ........ew flute. 2 There was white bird outside. bird had ........ big green leaf in its beak. . 3 Tum off ._....:, light. 1 want to look at ,....,, moon through ......., window. 4 1 want to leave note for .......... owner of this car. Have you got seneaes BENCH? 5 There's been ... accident in ,, . town centre. | heard it on ., radio. 6 Can you pass me T semane C27 1S 8B cnae, Americans use word ‘automobile’ more than ........ British. 9 It was beautiful evening and she decided to go for ‘walk in een nearest park. . 10 We listened to interesting programme on.,......... Tadio yesterday. ll Heis.........., excellent teacher. In fact, he’s .......... best teacher | know. 12 He went to ........ post office in morning we went to 14. She was driving at .,,.,, hundred miles ,, stopped her. 15. A: What is B: There isn't 16 I'd like to be 17 Did you like ._ aftemoon. café in... centre of |. _ hour when pop star when 1 leave school. actor who played Biba in... play last night? noes Nile is ongest river in... world. 19 She already plays piano really well. Now she’s just bought ., violin and is learning to play that, too. 20 They've just bought ......, house in 21 lot of people think French are 22. They went to ......... Himalayas and climbed to south of Spain. best cooks in Europe. . top of Mount Everest. nn78 © Zero article REMEMBER We use no article: 1 with uncountable nouns: I don't take sugar in my tea. 2 with countable nouns in the plural: Doctors have to work very hard. 3 with abstract nouns: life, beauty, love, work Love makes the world go round. 4 with languages and school subjects: Do you speck French? I'm no good at history. | prefer geography. 5 with materials: Silver is cheaper than gold. 6 with the words school, prison, hospital, university, college, church when we aren't thinking abe 2 particular one: He's going to university after he leaves school. 7 with the names of mast streets, squares and parks: Oxford Street, Broadway, Madison Avenue, Times Square, Hyde Park @ with many two-word names of places: Victoria Station, Cambridge University, Kennedy Airport, Brooklyn Zoo 9 with the names of most shops and companies: Let's go to Harrods / McDonata's / Barclays Bank. 10 with the words work, bed and home: 1'm going to work. 11 with the names of meals: breakfast, junch, tea, supper, dinner What did you have for lunch? 12 before most: [ike most vegetables. -~ BUT: She is the most interesting person I've ever met. - 13 Before a nou + number: Platform 12, Room 23, page 180, size 37 14 with the word television: She watches television every day,8 6 won = s wu a x © we Zero article Write in a /an or the only where necessary. Example A: Do you speak German? B: No, ve forgotten al German. | learnt at school. She takes milk in coffee but not in tea. -». We missed train because Dave stopped to buy newspaper. Do you think that most people who live.in Country know'about plants and animals? : : After | leave school, | want to work for year, then go'to university and study Medicine. A; Shall 1 bring you breakfast in bed? B: Yes, please. And could you turn television on? When he was walking to work, he saw strange man with long hair and big black hat. One of most expensive metals in world is gold, which is found in ground. V'm not very good at science but 1 enjoy languages, especially French and German. : Which is more important: love or money? A: Did you watch television yesterday? B: No, | went shopping at Woolworths. For homework, can you do Exercise 6 on page 85, please? Most trains to Gatwick Airport leave from Platform 11. A: Where is Room 34? B: It’s on fourth floor. ‘We had dinner at Wok City. It’s Chinese restaurant. 1 had noodles and chicken. Dogs need exercise and that's why I'm taking dog for walk in Hyde Park. 7960 8 wn aya Mixed practice: articles Complete each sentence with a word from the box and the if necessary. (bed) capital love cinema_—dinmer-.~— moon platform Platform 7 Question 4 sea_— size 40 Example’ They were very tired and went straight to We're going out tonight after , Which film are you going to see at is a planet. They love summer holidays by ,. J couldn’t do ... The 11.33 train to Oxford will leave from , Oh dear! I've left my suitcase on Can I try these shoes in of Argentina is Buenos Aires. is more important than money. ... tonight? in the exam. Circle the correct form in each sentence. Exomples I don't like Jazzy the jazz . My friends live in (smal Tag the small village in Cornwall. The astronauts / Astronauts are people who travel through the space / space. What makes the people / people nervous? The spiders / Spiders are the most unpopular / most unpopular animals in the world / world. Why did you kill the friendly spider / a friendly spider that lives in the bat, @ bath upstairs? You should eat the fruit / fruit every day. Look at the fruit / fruit on those trees. 1 couldn't park the car /a car because the space / space was too small. The most people / Most peopte think that the pollution / pollution is @ serious / serious problem.© Causative have: present tense REMEMBER ¥ Causative have: present tense ; We use causative have when we arrange for someone else to dé do samething for us: I never have my hair cut at the hairdresser's. ! always cut it myself ‘We use causative have with a past participle: | always have my sweaters dry-cleaned. ! never wash them. Note * We can replace have by getin more informal speech: I need to get my eyes tested. 83 Match the prompts then write pairs of sentences with get and have, like the sentences in the example. 1 We / repair | our car a) change the lock 2 Tony | repair / his bike b) fit a new volume control 3 You [repair / your camera 4 They / repair / their front door 4d) replace one lens 5 We /.tepair / our TV e) fix the torn collar 6 You / repair / your glasses f} replace the front wheel 7 She | repair / her computer g) sew on a new strap 8 He | repair / his jeans h) replace the broken zip 9 Katie / repair / her coat i) fix the flash 10 1/ repair / my bag 4) replace the hard disk 9. Somrnunvwne 81* Causative have: present tense, imperative, infinitive, gerund 84 Complete the advertisements with the correct form — have, to have or. having ~ and the past participle of one of the verbs in the-box. clean cut mend shorten Tengthen. swash Example GOLDRUSH JEWELLERS" Earrings for menand women. ~. ‘your ears pierced... here. It's quick, clean and painless. “CLIPPERS You'll love yy us. We ALWAYS) get the style right. SPLASH LES Don't get yourself dirty and wet, simisinensnennn YOUY CAP sonnsnsonon DY } professionals. You'll love the perfect, shiny finish. 82° Causative have: questions and answers REMEMBER ‘Causative have:questions and answers When are you going to have your photos developed? Why haven't you had the car repaired yet? 85 Write questions and answers, with the present simple, present continuous, present perfect or past simple of have. Example A: (she [ repair / her camera) yet? ‘A: Has she had ih No, (she / repair / it) tomorrow. : No, she didn't. 2 A; (he / cut / his hair) last week? : No, he didn't. He (cut / it) tomorrow. How often (you / usually / test / your eyes / 2) : (1 / usually / test / them) every six months. 2 (they /.ever / clean / their carpets / ?) : Yes, (they / sometimes / clean / them) in the summer. 1y aren’t you wearing your blue dress? : Because | (not / dry-clean / it} yet. : What (they / do) to the house at the moment? B: Right now (they / build / a new bathroom) B: 8384 ¢ First conditional ‘REMEMBER First conditional We form conditional sentences with ifor unless. In first conditional sentences the verb in the if unless clause is in the present simple tense. In the main clause, we can use the future simple tense (wil), the present continuous with futur reference, going to, can, mightor an imperative. 86 Match each if clause to a main clause and write the sentences in full. 1 Hyyou (not / work) harder If 1 (go) past that new cake shop If Steve (not / sell) his car first If Carly (lend) me her bike If we (turn on) the radio now If anyone (call) if Judy (come) round If the weather (not / improve) If you (leave) that food on the table 10 If Dave (help) me with my Maths homework x warananw a} he (not / be able) to afford a big motorbike b} 1 (go) for a ride by the river ¢) 1 (help) him with his French d) I might go to the cinema wit her e) please tell them I'm out f) 1 (buy) an apple pie g) the cat (eat) it h) we (get) the latest news i) we (not / be able) to play tennis : G) you (not | pass) your exams IE you don't, wor. © - First conditional with going’to, present continuous, imperatives 87 Write sentences in the first conditional using the tenses given. going to Example | (get) angry / she (not / turn) her CD player down. maging. to ast. . player. day What (you / do) / it (rain) on the night of the barbecue? x Where (they / live) / they (sell) their house? w 1 (not / talk) to her ever again / she (not / apologise) he (say) that one more time / 1 (scream) s Present continuous . Example , He (leaving) for China tomorrow / he (get) a visa we (walk) to work tomorrow / it (be) sunny? w a we (finish) our work by twelve, we (play) tennis this aftemoon x my watch (stop) again / 1 (take) it back to the shop. © Franco (get) here by nine, we (all catch) the nine-thirty bus to Izmi Imperative _ Example you know the answer, please (not / shout) it out .lEvou.know. the. answer,.pleass. don't SDOUk IS Obs une we (not / worry) / we (come) back quite late 10. she (tell) you anything about me and Mick, (not / believe) a word! 11 (not / ask) me for help / you (not / understand) your Chemistry homework86 * Second conditional ‘REMEMBER Second conditional We use the second conditional to talk about unreal or unlikely situations, or to give advice. In the ifclause of a second conditional sentence, we use if+ past simple. In the main clause we use ‘d, would{n't) or couldfn't). Note © if were youis more common than If! was you. 88 Write sentences in the second conditional, adding commas where necessary. Example If | (be) you / | (not dive) off that rock. - Jf | wouldn't dive off that rock. (she / not / mind) / if we (borrow) this tape for a day. © 1f1 (be) you / 1 (not / go) out with him. w& What (you / do) / if you (win)-£1 million.in the lottery? Where (you / go) on, holiday /.if you (can) choose any place in the world S w Tf he (have) ‘a bike / he (can} save money on his bus fare. a She (look) nicer / if she (cut) her hair. 3 If he (be) the richest man in the world / he still (not / lend) you any money. 2 You {not | feel) sick’/ if you (not / eat) so fast. z 3 & “3 gz 3a = 3 z 3 gi zi 3 S 3 = zs 3 zi 3 z é 3 < &© Second conditional 89 Write the quiz questions. Then circle an answer and write it in full. ARE YOU A LION OR A MOUSE? WHAT WOULD YOU DO IN THESE SITUATIONS? ER kau Ee Deen SOME er ae cee You see a child in trouble in rough sea Mo ne iia Seg 'b) Find someone else to rescue him / her ) Stanid-by.the water and scream a) Spend a few days at a friend's house b) Tell your mother two days later c) Immediately tell your mother the truth a) Faint ») Give him the money ) Take the knife and ruin away, a) Ask for your money back b) Ask the shop assistant to mend them ) Try to mend them yourself a) Take it outside b) Take a photo of it 4 Shut the cupboard quickly a) Refuse b) Agree to do it Ina week's time . ) Agree Immediately a) Swim out to the child and rescue him/her.Past perfect simple * Past perfect-simple ‘REMEMBER Past perfect simple We form the past perfect simple with had + the past participle. Positive Thad started (I'd started) She /He had started (She'd / He'd started) Questions Had Heft? Had she /he left? We use the past perfect simple tense to describe the first of two events in the past: When we arrived at the party, he had left. (= He left first, then we arrived at the party] 3 9 oa aa a olago90 Note * The past perfect simple of have is had had /‘d had: We'd had an argument just before they arrived. 90 Complete the sentences with a verb from the box in the past perfect simpl positive or negative. Example They did the washing up when everyone had finished, eating. They couldn't get a room because they The cake wasn't cooked because 1 1 didn’t recognise him because 1 He was nervous on the plane because he .. She won the match although she It was easy for the thieves to get in because she ,, the window on the ground floor. ‘There wasn't any food in the fridge because my brother 1 2 3 4 He read the letter which he .. 5 6 7 © it all. play eat forget receive shut reserve see fly Negative Thad riot finished (1 hadn't finished) ‘She / He had not finished (She / He hadn't finish Short answers Yes, you had. /No, you hadn't. Yes, she / he had. / No, she / he hadn't. he left we arrived] 9:00 10:30 ni to turn the-oven him for a¢Rien BE © Past perfect simple: positive and negative 91. Read about the situations and write sentences in the past perfect simple. Example The parrot was dead and there were feathers in the cat's mouth. (The cat / kill / the parrot} The.cat.had. killed. the, parrot... ‘The plant was brown. (She / not / water / it for two weeks) 2 Martina didn’t want to go out in the rain. (She / just / wash / her hair) We arrived at college late. (Luckily, the lesson / not / start) we a 1 asked Anna to help me with my Maths. (I / miss / the last three lessons) She couldn't do the homework. (She / not / listen / in class) wo a The plates were in bits on the floor. (John /‘drop / them by accident) The ground was very dry. (It / not / rain / for months) N My plate was empty. The dog looked very happy. {It / eat / my lunch) 2 © There was glass everywhere. (Someone / throw / a stone / at the window) 10 She felt tired all day. (She / not / be able / to sleep the night before) 11 There was paint all over the floor. (He / knock / over the paintpot) ing test. (He / not / leam_/ the highway code) He failed his dri 13 She got her pilot's licence. (She / spend / 250 hours flying) 14° ‘The teacher was annoyed. (Chloe / not / do / her homework)PY Fast pertect simple © Past perfect simple: positive, negative and questions REMEMBER Past perfect forms of go There are two past perfect forms of go: had gone and had been. We use had been when the person had made a visit and come back: Andrea had three heavy plastic bags in her hands. She had been to the supermarket. We use had gone when the person had gone and not returned: | went to Josie's house but she wosn't there. She had done to the cinema. 92 Put the verbs in the correct form of the past perfect. A : Kate: When 1 got back from school today, ! found my mother climbing through the bedroom window. Anna: (she / lose) Had she lost. her keys? Kate: Yes, she had. She (leave) somewhere at the airport. Ama: At the airport? Kate: Yes, she had, to. collect my sister, Linda, from the airport this morning. Anna: Where (Linda, 1 go)... . (2)? Kate: She (be) .. . (3) on holiday in India. Anna: Wow! How long (she / spend) .. Kate: Two 'months. It wasn’t her first visit. She (go) .. (5) there before. “ ‘Anna: Did she get you ariything nice in India? Kate: Yes, she did. A lovely scarf. Come and I'll show you. Zoe: |-went:back to ‘Ditching last weekend. Ben; , When (you / last / go) ... “Twelve years ago! (it | change) .. ‘Yes, it had. They (knock) ... Sy parents’ old house and they (build) “y supermarket instead. It was horrible! ... (1) there? 30Past perfect simple Poe ¢ Past perfect simple with after, before, as soon as, when ‘REMEMBER Past perfect simple and past simple We can use the past perfect simple and the past simple in the same sentence with after, befare, 5 soon as and when, We use the past perfect simple for the event which happened first and the past simple for the event which happened second. ‘As soon as we'd done our last exam, we all went out to a club, 93 In each sentence put one verb in the past simple and one in the past perfect. Example After t (buy) my ticket, | (get) on the train to Stansted. Aftertid sis ansted, As soon as 1 (sit) down, the ticket inspector (ask) to see my-ticket. ‘When I (show) him my ticket, 1 (get) out my book. NS Before | {read) one page, my mobile phone (ring). w& s 1 Gust / finish) talking on the mobile when an annoying child (spill) lemonade all over my knee. After 1 (clean) up the tess, the same child (drop) a piece of chocolate cake on my book. uo When 1 (get) all the caké' off:'my book, 1 (decide) to move to another seat. a 7 1 Gust | move) to a nice quiet seat when the inspector (come) round again. After he (look at).my ticket, he (tel) me to move back to my old seat. ©, When he (hear) my story about the annoying child, he (say) it was OK for me to stay in my new seat. © As s6on’as‘l (pick up) my book again, the train (arrive) at Stansted. 10 a123 Time clauses with future meaning 92 * Time clauses with when, as soon as, before, after, until REMEMBER Sequence of tenses We use the present simple in time clauses to talk about the future. future simple / going to time marker present simple Il phone you when “she arrives, 1'm going to phone you 5 soon os : before ‘ after {not Ht phone-pouwher-shewilbardve) until is similar: future simple / going to time marker present simple We'll wait until * you arrive. We're going to wait We won't go out We aren't going to go out n “ wattuntit pouwliterrine) 94 Put the verbs into the future simple or present simple. Example _{ (phone) you when | (get back) from Paris. Ho ‘Lact back from Pars. He (not / buy) it until you (give} him the money. v When Dad (find out) about this, there"(be) trouble. we 1 (tum) ‘the gas off as soon as'the water (boil). * Before she (cut) the cake, (you / take) a photo of it? ws What (you /'do) after you (finish) your exams? What (he / do) when he (get) to New York? a x Why (she / not / wait) until Misha (bring) the car? © (you / write) to me as soon as he (send) you the photos?Time clauses with future meaning PAR} © Time clauses with when, as soon as, before, after, until 95 Match the clauses and write full sentences with one verb in the present simple and one verb in the future with will. Add commas where necessary. 1 (give) you your homework as “soon as ‘As soon as we (finish) our exams Before you (throw away) that letter . 1 (be able) to talk to you in private when (he / be able) to give us a lift every day after After she (leave) school ‘We (not / buy) any more fruit until When Jenny (come) into the toom 9 (you / close) the window before 10 When 1 (win) the lottery Bw » wo ao © b) LIL gi hi a) everyone (go out). ©) he (pass) his driving test? d) t (read) it one last time. e) 1 (die) of cold? 4] she (probably / go) to university in the States. g) I (take) you all on holiday to the Caribbean. h) we (all / jump) up and sing Happy Birthday. i) we (finish) all the oranges. 4) we (all go) clubbing. 934 © after and before + present participle REMEMBER afterand before + present participle In time clauses with afterand before, we can use the present pa clauses is the same: fe if the subject of both | talked to Mona, Then I changed my mind. After talking to Mona, I changed my mind. First she did the washing up. Then she went out. Before going out, she did the washing up. 96 Put the verbs in the past simple. Then join the pairs of sentences with after + present participle. Example | (leave) left. school. | (get) I haol, | got a js 1 (save) up some money. 1 (pay) .. .. for driving lessor 2 1 (take) . thirty lessons. 1 (go) 3.1 (pass) ... .. my test first time. 1 (buy) 4 1 (drive) fo work every day for a year. 1 (get) fed up with the traffic. . 5 1 (put) . 6 1 Gell) my car. 1 (buy) 7 1 {fall off} .. the bike several times. | (give) my mum. 8 1 (buy) . a horse. 1 (give) up all other forms transport! seseeeesentences PY] © after and before 97 Write Before or After in the first gap in each sentence. Then fill in the verbs in the correct forms. Exomple Before... (go) going... (play) ... hungry and tired. {go) .. .. to bed, 1 (clean) .. my teeth and (wash) .. my face. (start) work in the kitchen, the cook to bed, | (lock) locked. the door. . football for hours, they (feel) always (wash) (park) . the car, 1 (tum) the engine off and (get) .. (enter) my hair. 98 Match the sentence halves then write full sentences with should / shouldn't and after / before + present participle. 1 Bring the keys to reception a) after you drive through water. 2 Do not overtake other cars b) after you heat the chocolate. 3 Tum off the engine 4 Take one tablet . d) before you check in the mirror. 5 Do not look at the answers e) after you finish your meal. 6 Add sugar and cream f) before you finish the exercise. 7 Clear the table g) before you go to bed. 8 Always test your brakes h) before you help yourself to petrol. oo) fi OrYaunAwN = 9596 * so and because REMEMBER We can join two sentences with the conjunction so to show the result: It was very cold, | shut the window It was very cold so | shut the window. We can join two sentences with the conjunction because to show the reason: I shut the window because it was very cold. . Because it was very cold, I shut the window. ‘We can also show the reason with the phase: That's why. it must be at the beginning of a sentence. It was very cold. That's why I shut the window. 99° Complete the sentences with so or because. Example. The weather was horrible 59, we stayed inside. Thad to walk to school my bike was broken. T couldn't get any money all the banks were closed. He didn’t use enough sugar in the dessert it tasted horribl She didn't want to go to school , she pretended to be ill. The food wasn't very nice . there wasn't enough salt in it. Tt was very dark in the room 1 tumed on the lights. ane wn 100 Rewrite the pairs of sentences using because or That's why. Example | didn’t go on holiday. | didn't have any money. (that's: wt) A.didn't have. any.t That's. why. | ig 1 1 didn’t go to the party. | didn’t feel well. (That's why) 2 We couldn't get tickets. We didn’t go to the concert. (because) 3 The postman couldn't get into the building. The door was locked. (That} why) 4 There was bad fog. The plane didn’t take off. (That's why) 5 The police stopped them. They were driving very fast. (because)too much, too many and not enough » too much and too many REMEMBER Ne use too much with uncountable nouns and too many with plural countablé nouns: ‘here was too much violence in that film. ‘here were too many violent scenes. 101 In each sentence write the verb in the correct form in the first gap and too much or too many in the second gap. Example Valerie ate nearly a kilo of ice cream last night and she felt very sick. She afe.... (eat) too.much.. ice cream. There are GO students in the class so we don't get much attention from the teacher. There , (be)... “on Students in the class. ‘There were fifty sandwiches and five big cakes but only seven people at the picnic. There ,.... «. be} .,., wan food for seven people. Jack works from s seven in the morning until eleven at night even at the weekends. He really... ... (do) .. work. She packed six skirts for a weekend in the country. She only wore one skirt. She .. (take) ,, skirts with her. 1 always write letters on the computer because it's quicker. In my opinion, time to write letters by hand. scusene (DE) ,. x w * wu it (take) , 6 1 couldn't decide which shirt to buy. There colours to choose from. 02 Complete the sentences with too much or too many. T've just come to live in London but 1 don't like it very much because there i . Noise. There is also ,, wa. (1) traffic and ,, . (2) pollution. There are (3) people everywhere . (4) shops, and there's (5) rain. I'm thinking of going back to my village in Sicily. But there are . (6) tourists there and ., (7) people on the beaches in the summer. Ah well, there's always (8) of something! | guess 1'll never be satisfied. 97FJ too much, toa manyand not enough 98 * too much, too many and not enough REMEMBER not enough We can use not enough with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. There wosn't enough food at the party so | came home hungry. He didn’t answer the last question because he didn't have enough time, There weren't enough seats so | had to stand. 103 Write the verbs in the correct form. Complete the sentences with enoug| + the correct noun from the box. copies bedrooms good music space teéth “time Exomple | couldn't go to the cinema because | (have) didn’t.have.enouah.mansy... 1 He didn’t finish the exam because he {have) 2 The party was bad because there {be) ., 3 Thit the car in front when T was parking because there (be) ... 4 We'te moving house because this one (have) . 5 The baby can’t eat real food. yet because he (have) . 6 He couldn't give everyone a photo because he (have) .. 104 Selim saw the doctor about his health problems. Use too much, too man and not enough to write what the doctor said. Exomples. (get) fresh air” You.acen't.getting.enouah.fresb.alt, {do} work Youlre.deing.tan.mush.wock, 1 (eat) fresh fruit arid vegetables 2 (drink) coffee . 3 (eat) cakes and sweet ‘things ., 4 (take) exercise 5 (get) sleep 6 (spend) time relaxing 7 (sperid) time in your office 8 (eat)’oil and fat* Third conditional REMEMBER third conditional ‘Ne use the third conditional to talk about unreal situations in the past. 'f + past perfect tense, would have, ‘d.have, might have or could have + past participle | IF been on that plone, 'd have died in the crash. 2 [fhe hadn't slowed dawn, ‘he could have hit the little girl If you'd crashed their new cor, what would your parents have said? | = But wasn't on the plane so | didn’t die.in the crash. | = But he did slow down so he didn't hit the little girl. + = But you didn't crash it so they didn't'say anything. 105 Put the verbs in the correct form to make sentences in the third conditional with would / wouldn't have. Example _ If | (oe) more careful / this (not / happen) fd been. this. ws 1 Ifyou (ask) me, 1 (lend) you some money. 2 What (she / do) if we (take) her car without asking? 3 If 1 (know) you were in hospital, T (bring) you some flowers. 4 She (not / marty) him if she (know) about his past. 5 {you / dance) with him if he (ask) you? G They (go) to the party if they (be able) to find a babysitter. 7 1 (not / eat) at that restaurant if 1 (know) about the dirty kitchen, 8 She {not / meet) Darek if she (not / go) to Poland. 99[3] Third conditional 100 © Third conditional 106 Match the sentence halves. Then write sentences in the third conditional 1 He (not / miss) the train a) if 1 (know) about the watersnakes 2 1 (be) sick b) if 1 (eat) any more. 3 1 (not / swim) there o)_we (not/ get) lost. 4 Do you think he (enjoy) the party 5 If we (buy) a good map ©) if he (have) better eyesight. 6 My father (be) a pilot “of} if he (come)?. ional so that it means 107 Complete the second sentence in the third cont the same as the first sentence. Example He didn't wear gloves so his hands got cold. If he'd worn. gloves. hi His hands wouldn't have aj We had our mobile phone so we were able to call the police. If we hadn't She left the cinema because the film was boring. She wouldn't .., She didn’t set her clock so she missed the train. If she had .., He didn't get better because he didn’t take the medicine. Tf he had You drove too fast and that’s why we crashed. If you hadn't .. v w > uw‘Third conditional © Third conditional 108 Put the verbs in the correct form to make sentences in the third conditional. Lucy: That evening at the gym changed my life forever. Kate: What do you mean? Lucy: Well, | got back from the gym really late. 1 was very tired-and 1 forgot to set my clock. | needed to get up early to go to an interview at Sussex University. | wanted a place there to study French and Spanish. Kate: $0? Lucy: Well, if] (not / be) ha . 50 tired, 1 (not | forget) have forgotten, _ to set my alarm. And if I (set) 1) my alarm 1 (wake up) ... six in the morning, as planned. Instead, 1 woke up at seven-thirty. If 1 (wake up) ., .. (3) at six, 1 (not | miss) (4) the eight o'clock train to Brighton. ‘Instead | had to get the nine o'clock train. If 1 {not | travel) ... (5) on the nine o'clock train, 1 {not / (6) Ricardo. meet) Kate: Yes? Lucy: Well, don’t you see? If 1 (not / marry) Ricardo, | (not go) .. Argentina. If 1 (not / move) .;. Argentina, 1 (not / get) ,. Argentinian TV. If 1 (not / become) presenter on TV, the film director Miguel Almirez (not / notice) (12) me. If Almirez (not / notice) (13) me, 1 {never / become) (14) a professional actress. If | (not / become) (15) an actress, 1 probably (become) (16) a translator or a teacher. So you see, exercise is very important. Go to the gym. It could change your life forever! Xate: Well, erm ... yes. 1 suppose you're right. 10126 Eo 102 * First, second and third conditional 109 Match the sentence halves then write the sentences in full. 1 If it rains tomorrow, a) 1 wouldn't buy that dress. 2 If 1 were you, b) if you. won £1,000? 3. If she hadn't jumped back, ¢) if he'd seen.us reading his lett 4 You shouldn’t eat sweets d) if you want good teeth. 5 It would have been awful ¢) the car would have hit her. 6 What would you buy first 7) we won't go to the bead i. If it rains tomorrow, we won't go,to.the, beach, aurAUn— 110. Use the prompts to complete the sentences using the correct conditionals. Example Which famous person would you fike to meet (if you / can choose anyo| in the world?) 1 If 1 were you, (1 / phone./. him, tonight) 2 What would you have done if (our car / break down at the top of that mountain?) 3 If you-promise not to repeat it, {I / tell you a really interesting secret) 4 Ifyou hadn't rescued me in the boat, (1 / probably / drown) 5 1 won't help Shona with her homework if (she / not / lend me her bike) 6 What would you do if (you / find a wallét containing £100?)A I wish / If only + past perfect «© =| wish + past perfect REMEMBER I wish + past perfect We use / wish + past perfect to express regret about the pasts J wish I'd learnt more vocabulary before the test. (Then | wouldn't have failed.) J wish { hadn't gone to bed so fate before my exam. (=Then ! wouldn't have foiled.) J wish you'd told me about your problems. (= Then | could have helped you.) J wish you hadn't torn my silk shirt. (= Then I could have worn it) 111 Read Marina's reasons for her team losing a basketball game. Write sentences with / wish + past perfect. i 2 Our star player, Nina, has givenvup basketball 3 Wedidwit train hard enough in the week before the game: 4 Wehad a big-party the night before the game: 2 5 Sandy injured her knee and war unable to-play, 6 Tara didnt pas methe ball. 7 Nadwvfell over during-the game. 8 Wedidnit bring our first-aid thingy with us 9 broke my glaser during the game. - 10 I didwit remember to bring a-spare-patr of glasses. LL Cavoldidm't listen to-the referee, mar _l.wish we hadn't changed 10327 Ee ¢ If only + past perfect REMEMBER Ifonly + past perféct We use /Fonly + past perfect to express regret about the past. It means the same as / wish + p perfect. ‘only I'd learnt more vocabulary before the test. (=Then I wouldn't have failed.) df only i hadn't gone to bed so late before my exam. (=Then | wouldn't have failed.) 112. What are these people thinking or saying? Write sentences with /f on or | wish + past perfect. Example If only / not steal the money 1 1 wish / not come 2.1 wish / not wear these shoes . 6 IT wish / remember the beach umbrella 3. If only / slow down at the corner 7 1wish | never give him my nm1 wish /iFonty + past perfect PP] © | wish /If only + past perfect 113 Jason didn't enjoy his camping holiday. Look at his notes about the holiday and write sentences with / wish or ff only + past perfect. i a gdh. 2 Why didn't '| Invite Cathy and Mike 9 Why didn't we go to the South of Instead? They would have been more France instead of Cornwall? The sea fun. “would have been a lot warmer. 3 We wert in May. 10 Why did Nick go climbing and twist 4 Why didn’t we go in August Instead? , his ankle? . ‘The weather would have been better. “tt. Why didn't | take lots of good books 5 It rained every day. . to'read? . 6 The sea was so cold. 42-1 ate in that horrible figh FoR aU 7 We weren't able to.ewim. 1 1 wish 2 If only Julie and Nick, They were really boring. They would have been more fun. 3 1 wish . . The weather 4 Ifonly would have been better. 5 Twish .. 6 Ifonly .. 7 1wish 8 Ifonly everywhere in the rain. 9 TD WISH cots The sea would have been a lot warmer. 10 Ifonly . 11 wish ... to do when it rained. 12 If only ., days. . There was nothing ~ Twas ill for three 105Ei=:) © used to: positive, negative and questions REMEMBER With used to we can talk about things which were true in the past but which are not trie no Positive ° . Jused to have really jong hair (but I've had it cut). ‘My sister used to live in Rome (but she doesn't now). Negative She didn’t use to wear glasses (but she does now). He didn’t use to read very much (but he does now). Questions Short answers Did you use to fight with your brather? . Yes, I did. / No, I didn't. Didn't there use tobeacaféhere? =="... Yes, there diel. /No, there didn't. 114 Jale got a new job in Istanbul last year a life changed. Write pairs of sentences using She didn't and She used to. Now she Before suc 1 lives in a flat in Istanbul lived with her parents in Bursa 2 drives everywhere walked to work 3 eats out every night ate at home with her parents 4 spends a lot of money on clothes made her own clothes 5 goes to the gym at the weekend went to the cinema at the weeke 6 has fifteen friends had two good friends 7 takes expensive holidays abroad took all her holidays in Turkey 8 goes to bed late most nights went to bed by ten every night ey AnaAwBN—© used to: positive, negative and questions 115 Complete the dialogue with the correct form of used to and the verbs in brackets. Miguel: Grandpa, 1 need your help. For. homework, 1 have to interview an old person and lear about life in the: past. Grandfather: OK. What would you like to know? M: You like watching television a lot. (you / have) .Did television when you were a child? G: Oh, no. We never had enough money to buy one. There (not / be) (1) so many televisions then, and they were we (2) very expensive. Only really rich. people (have) .... them. RS M: So what (you / do) ... How did you relax and have fun? G: Well, my father (play) .. we (sing and dance) ... (5) People really (talk) ... (6) in those days. M: I know there were no supermarkets then. Where (you / buy) »- (7) your food? There was a small shop in the village and my father (grow) .. (8) fruit and vegetables in our garden, M: Really! You (play) .. .. (9) football, didn’t you? G: Yes. 1 think it's the only thing that never changes. Boys have always liked playing football. M: And what about school? What were your teachers like? G: There (not / be) . (10) so many schools when 1 was a child and country children had to travel a long way to the nearest school. Teachers (not / be) (11) so friendly then. We had to do as we were told. MW: Girls / go) . (12) to school in those days? G: Of course they did, silly! You know your grandmother was in my class. 1 (sit) +. (13) behind her and pull her hair! (3) in the evenings? . (4) the drums and 107108 116 Complete the sentences with the positive, negative or question form| Nv w a an oy © used to: positive, negative and questions used to. . Example Kerem (play) 4 football when he was at school, but now never takes any exercise. Do you remember me? 1 {work) same office as your mother. (You / eat) ... a kid? My grandfather (be) .. ‘teacher. a lot of sweets when you a secondary sch She (travel) very much until she got as a tour guide. My cousin (eat) .. Z cheese but she does | When you were young, (you / put} in] in your sister’s bed? People (believe) There (be) .... beach is covered in oil and rubbish: My mother (have) before she started working. (David / have) . Turkey? 1 (drive) much when | was in New Yo! had a bike and 1 (cycle) What (you / do) .. you were a teenager, Grandma? There (be) and quiet with hardly any tourists. Where (you / go) . came here? She (eat) vegetarian. au that the world was fi any pollution here but no a lot of free time short hair when he live _.. an airport here so it was 1] to school before yor , Meat but now she's a* used to: positive, negative and questions 117 Look at the chart and complete the sentences using used to / didn't use to and the present simple of the verbs in brackets. The Ozan Shoe Company Thirty years ago. Now. Number of shops 15 +a factory Number of workers 0 {all men) 350 (180 men, 170 women) Number of shoes made 100 pairs a month 500 pairs a week Sales 100% in Turkey 25% in Turkey;75% exported Example (have) The company used.to,have,, one shop but now it hs fifteen and_a factor 1 (be) There 2 (employ) The company .. any women workers but now 3 (make) The company month but now .. 4 (sell) The company now it only .. 100 pairs of shoes a a week. _ all its shoes in Turkey but of them in Turkey. 118 Write sentences with used to / didn't use to and the present or past simple. Example She (have) her hair cut at the hairdresser's but now she (cut) it herself. She.used.to_bave.her ait cut.at.the. hairdressers but.now.she. cuks.it hersslt.. He (not / ike) fish but he (eat) a lot of it these days. ‘We (have) a parrot but it (die) last year. i} - 2 z S 2 3 a 2 z 3 = z 5 & z 3 3 a 3 3 a29 50+ adjective / adverb, such a/an+ noun 10 * so, such a/ on in exclamations REMEMBER 50+ adjective / adverb, such a/an+ noun ‘We can make exclamations using so with an adjective or adverb: You're so good ot music! She works so hard! . With a singular noun or adjective + singular countable noun, we use such a /an: He's such an idiot! She's such an omazing cook! With plural or uncountable nouns, we use such: They're such idiots! They're such nice peoplel We had such delicious food! 119 Make exclamations with so, such or such a /an. Put the verbs in the present simple or past simple. Examples We (have) / amazing holiday! h.an.amazing. holiday... You (be) / good at drawing cartoons! You.are.se.good at. drawing, ‘These (be) / expensive shoes. , We (have to) work / hard these days. uN 3. The music at Thrills (be) usually / good. Tt (be) / beautiful day. ‘We (play) / badly in the last match. You (have) / beautiful eyes. . We (have) / difficult test yesterday. She (look) / happy and excited these days. aryaun We (go) to / amazing party on New Year's Eve. © 10 He (drive) / fast last night. ..,50+ adjective J adverb, such a /an+ noun pfs] » so + adjective / adverb ... that , such a / on + naun ... that REMEMBER - Ne can make rc.ult clauses using so and such with or without that: ‘he film was so boring (that) | fell asleep in the middle, Ye waiked so fast (that) | couldn't keep up with him, twas such a boring film (that) ell asleep in the middle de was such a fast walker (that) | couldn't keep up with him. Note * such can also be followed by a plural noun or an uncountable noun. In this case, there is no Indefinite article (a /an). : Thot director makes such boring films that. body goes to: ‘See them ony more. He was talking such rubbish that nobody listened to him. 120 Fill the blanks with so, such a /an or such. Example It was ,59..,, hot he.took his shoes off. It was .. _ cold they lit a fire. Te had awful day I'm going straight to bed. . much that nobody listens. 2; heavy that she had to put it down. ._ dirty water, that 1 didn’t swim. hot we couldn't sleep. sore feet that 1 can't walk. good: book I:couldn’t put it down. musical that you could be a professional musician. ‘bad'driver nobody will go in the car with him. unusual film that 1 can’t describe it. hard that he got ill. He worked ‘These are difficult problems that 1 can't do them. He ate ... . lowly that the food got cold. They gave us ,, expensive presents that | felt embarrassed. This food is The party was He was talking He is salty 1 can’t eat it. fun that we didn’t want to leave. _ Nonsense that we left the meeting. iar that 1 don’t believe a word he says. _, hot today we should go swimming. CeLEeYnDAUVEWYN=-CKOMe®YaUNeUNH m112 ive } adverb, such a /an+ noun * so + adjective / adverb ... that, such a /an+ noun ... that 121 Write sentences in the past simple with so ... that or such @ /an ... that. Examples The film (be) boring / they (not stay) to the end. ‘The. file boring that. they. didn't. stay to.the. end We (have) cold winter / the lake (freeze) for a month. We had such a cold winter that the lake froze for.a,month.. 1 The boss (be) angry / he (shout) at her in public. 2. My grandmother (have) big feet / she’ (can)-never find shoes to fit her. 3 Tim (be) tired / he (fall) asleep.on the train. “4 1 (buy) enormous sandwich '/ 1 (can't) finish it. 5 He (drive) slowly / someone (go) into the back of him. 7 He (open) the door quietly. / no-one hear) him. 8 She always (wear) expensive clothes / we_all (feel) jealous. 9 He (dance) well / everyone (want) to dance with him. 10 1 (have) awful cold / 1 (stay) in bed. 11 Our suitcases (be) heavy / we (pay) a porter to carry them. 12. He (have) strange dreams / he (ask) the doctor about them. 13 It (be) enormous bill / we (can't) pay 14 She (be) cold / her lips (go) blue.Reported speech © Reported commands and requests REMEMBER Reported commands and requests When we report commands and requests we use the verbs fel askand want + an abject + the infinitive. ‘The pronouns and possessive adjectives may need to change. Direct speech Reported speech ‘Sit down!’ he said, He told me to'sit down. ‘Don't laugh at me, Jim} she said, ‘She told Jim not to fough at hee ‘Could you get your book out, Sue?’ he said, He asked Sue to get her book out. 122 Write the teacher's commands in reported speech using the verb tell, Example ‘Stop talking!" The teacher.t “Put your books away! “Write your names on your test papers! i} ‘Read the instructions carefully’ & 4 ‘Write the answers in pencil! wu ‘Don't use pens: aden ‘Stop writing at eleven o'clock’ a x ‘Don't look at your friends’ answers’ ‘Don't talk at any time during the test! ‘Don't ‘t leave the room without asking? © 113RYO] cnorted speech © Reported commands and requests 123 Match the requests with the sentence beginnings. Then complete each _ sentence with the correct reported request. ¢), | wanted an early night so 1 told _Z We both looked amazing so 1 asked . 1 felt weak and tired so 1 asked I couldn't think of the.answer so.1 asked It was an important secret so 1 told .. My-parents were asleep so 1 didn't want The paint was still wet so | told 8 ..... Rex was barking so 1 wanted a) Can you make me a cup of tea, Rita? : b) Can you repeat the question, Mr Kaye? ¢) Please don't make a noise, Tony. 4d) Don't repeat it to anyone, Mark #1 Don't touch the window, Bill. g) Please take the dog out, Ben. h) Please take a photo of us, Liz. 124 Write reported requests and commands using asked or told. Example . (Mr Francis / Amanda) ‘Could you give me your address, please?” Mr Francis asked Amanda to.aive him her address. 1 (Mrs Salter / Joe) ‘Sit down. sane 2 (Sara ] Jane) ‘Could you come five minutes later?’ 3 (Mrs Jay / Tim) ‘Don't play with that knife’ 4 (receptionist / Bob) ‘Could you fill in the form first?’ 5 (Robin / waiter) ‘Can you bring some more bread, please?" 114Reported speech PRXO) © Reported statements REMEMBER Reported statements: tense changes ‘There are rules for tense changes after a past reporting verb, e.g. said or told, Direct speech Reported speech 1 present simple > past simple ‘She lives in Florida He said that she lived in Florida. 2. present continuous > past continuous ‘1'm studying medicine? She tald me that she was studying medicine. 3 present perfect > * past perfect ‘She hasn't finished yet! They said that she hadn't finished yet. 4 past simple > past perfect ‘He broke my heart! She said that he had broken her heart. 5 will/can/moy/might cb would / could / might / might ‘Til tell you soon! You said that you'd tell me soon. ‘He con borrow it! said that he could borrow it. ‘may be late’ I told you that might be late, ‘it might not hoppen’ He said that it might not happen. Tellis always followed by an object: . You told me that you were going ouit tonighit. told John that he needed a haircut. Note * * We can leave out the word that: You told me you were going out tonight. You said you were going out tonight. 125 Report what the singer Ajda Pekkan said in a recent interview. 1 Lam fifty years old. 5 | recorded my first hit song at 2 Ilove art as well as musle. the age of 25. 3 Thave just returned from Japan. G I'm giving a concert in Rumeli 4 I don't play any instruments, Hisar! in August. She said that .she, was fifty years old. She told us She said that She told us that ,, She Said saan She told us that , aun = 15"RYO} feported speech) 6 e Reported statements REMEMBER Time and place phrases Note ‘Some time and place phrases change in reported speech. * When there are two sentences iy Direct speech Reported speech direct speech we don't repeat th today/tonight that day / thet night reporting verb. this morning > thet morning She said ! don’t like chocolate. 1 tomorrow 2 the next day never eat it! yesterday > the day before She said that she didn’t like lost night » the night before chocolate, She never ate it. last week > the week before © There is no comma after said in next week > the following week reported speech. here > there this place > that place 126 Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Example Aykut said, "| want to go to the concert tomorrow! ut anted,to.g0.t0, the concer 1 Martin said, ‘I don’t have any money because | lost my wallet last night? 2. Gill said, ‘I'l see Juan again next week! 3. Sally said, ‘I tried skiing last year and 1 hurt myself badly’ 4 Mrs Carter said, ‘I'm looking for a good teacher for my son. 5 Helen said, ‘My sister and I want to go abroad for our summer holidays! 6 Mr Smith said, ‘I arrived last night and I'm already feeling better 7 James said, ‘It was a wonderful party. We enjoyed ourselves a lot!