WEB TECHNOLOGY

The methods by which computers communicate with each other through the use of markup
languages and multimedia packages is known as web technology.

INTERNET & WWW

Internet WWW
1. The Internet is a global network of 1. WWW is collection of information which is
networks. accessed via the Internet
2. Internet is infrastructure. 2. Web is service on top of that infrastructure.
3. Internet can be viewed as a big book- 3. Web can be viewed as collection of books on that
store. store.
4. We can even think of the Internet as 4. We can even think of the Web as software in
hardware in nature. nature.
5. Internet comprises of network of 5. Web comprises of files, folders & documents
computers, copper wires, fiber-optic cables stored in various computers
& wireless networks
6. Governed by Internet Protocol. 6. Governed by HTTP.
7. This is the base, independent of the World 7. It depends on Internet to work.
Wide Web.
8. Computing devices are identified by IP 8. Information pieces are identified by Uniform
Addresses. Resource Locator (URL).

PROTOCOL
A protocol defines the format and the order of messages exchanged between two or more
communicating entities, as well as the actions taken on the transmission and/or receipt of a
message.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to
another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address
that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. When you send or receive data
(for example, an e-mail note or a Web page), the message gets divided into little chunks called
packets. Each of these packets contains both the sender's Internet address and the receiver's
address.
IP is a connectionless protocol, which means that there is no continuing connection between the end
points that are communicating. Each packet that travels through the Internet is treated as an
independent unit of data without any relation to any other unit of data. In the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) communication model, IP is in layer 3, the Networking Layer.
HTTP
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files, such as text, graphic
images, sound, video, and other multimedia files, on the World Wide Web.
Communication between client computers and web servers is done by sending HTTP Requests and
receiving HTTP Responses.
 A client (a browser) sends an HTTP request to the web
 An web server receives the request
 The server runs an application to process the request
 The server returns an HTTP response (output) to the browser
 The client (the browser) receives the response
A typical HTTP request/response circle includes:
The browser requests an HTML page. The server returns an HTML file.
The browser requests a style sheet. The server returns a CSS file.
The browser requests an JPG image. The server returns a JPG file.
The browser requests JavaScript code. The server returns a JS file
The browser requests data. The server returns data (in XML or JSON).
WEB CLIENT
It typically refers to the Web browser in the user's machine. It is a software application for retrieving,
presenting, and traversing information resources on the web server. It is used to create a HTTP
request message and for processing the HTTP response message.

WEB SERVER
When client sends request for a web page, the web server search for the requested page if
requested page is found then it will send it to client with an HTTP response. Examples are IIS, Apache
and many more.
If the requested web page is not found, web server will the send an HTTP response: Error 404 Not
found.
If client has requested for some other resources then the web server will contact to the application
server and data store to construct the HTTP response.

WEB PAGE
A web page or webpage is a document commonly written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
that is accessible through the Internet or other networks using an Internet browser. A web page is
accessed by entering a URL address and may contain text, graphics, and hyperlinks to other web
pages and files.

WEBSITE
A website or simply site, is a collection of related web pages containing images, videos or other
digital assets. A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the
Internet or a private local area network through an Internet address known as a Uniform Resource
Locator. Web sites can be static or dynamic. The first page of a website is called home page. Each
website has specific internet address (URL) that you need to enter in your browser to access a
website. A website is managed by its owner that can be an individual, company or an organization.

Difference between Static and Dynamic Web Pages

S.N. STATIC WEB PAGE DYNAMIC WEB PAGE
1. In static web pages, Pages will remain In dynamic web pages, Content of pages are
same until someone changes it manually. different for different visitors.
2. Static Web Pages are simple in terms of Dynamic web pages are complicated.
complexity.
3. In static web pages, Information are In dynamic web page, Information are
change rarely. change frequently.
4. Static Web Page takes less time for loading Dynamic web page takes more time for
than dynamic web page. loading.
5. In Static Web Pages, database is not used. In dynamic web pages, database is used.
6. Static web pages are written in languages Dynamic web pages are written in languages
such as: HTML, JavaScript, CSS, etc. such as: CGI, AJAX, ASP, ASP.NET, etc.
7. Flexibility is the main advantage of static Content Management System (CMS) is the
website. main advantage of dynamic website.
8. Static websites is difficult to upgrade. Dynamic websites can be easily upgraded by
end users.
SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
All scripting languages are programming languages. The scripting language is basically a language
where instructions are written for a run time environment. They do not require the compilation step
and are rather interpreted. It brings new functions to applications and glue complex system
together. A scripting language is a programming language designed for integrating and
communicating with other programming languages.

Some of the most widely used scripting languages are JavaScript, VBScript, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby,
ASP and Tcl. Since a scripting language is normally used in conjunction with another programming
language, they are often found alongside HTML, Java or C++.

SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING

Server-side scripting languages create the scripts Client-side scripting languages create the
that run on the server and hence minimize the scripts that run on the client side (i.e. your
workload of a browser. browser).
The functionality of the website is written in those These are sent from the server by server-
scripting languages. side scripts.
Works in the back end which could not be visible at Works at the front end and script are visible
the client end. among the users.
Processing requires server interaction. Processing does not need interaction with
the server.
Perl, Ruby, Python, PHP, etc. HTML, CSS, jQuery, JavaScript, etc.
It is useful in customizing the web pages and It can effectively minimize the load to the
implement the dynamic changes in the websites. server.

Server-side scripting is more secure than client-side It is insecure as a client-side script is visible
scripting as the server side scripts are usually to the users.
hidden from the client end.
Web 1.0
Web 1.0 refers to the first stage of the World Wide Web evolution. Earlier, there were only few
content creators in Web 1.0 with the huge majority of users who are consumers of content. Personal
web pages were common, consisting mainly of static pages hosted on ISP-run web servers, or on
free web hosting services.

Web 2.0
The second stage of WWW, Web 2.0, is identified by the modification from static to dynamic web
pages which are better organized and are completely based on serving web applications, user-
generated content to the end users. Web 2.0 describes the current state of the web, with more user-
generated content and usability for end users, compared to its earlier incarnation.
Five major features of Web 2.0 –
 Free sorting of information, permits users to retrieve and classify the information
collectively.
 Dynamic content that is responsive to user input.
 Information flows between site owner and site users by means of evaluation & online
commenting.
 Developed APIs to allow self-usage, such as by a software application.
 Web access leads to concern different, from the traditional Internet user base to a wider
variety of users.

Web 3.0
It is the third stage of WWW. Web 3.0 is scheduled to be the new model in web interaction and will
mark a fundamental change in how developers create websites, but more importantly, how people
interact with those websites.
Computer scientists and Internet experts believe that this new paradigm in web interaction will
further make people's online lives easier and more intuitive as smarter applications such as better
search functions give users exactly what they are looking for, since it will be akin to an artificial
intelligence which understands context rather than simply comparing keywords, as is currently the
case.

Main features of Web 3.0

1. Semantic Web: The succeeding evolution of the Web involves the Semantic Web. The semantic
web improves web technologies in demand to create, share and connect content through search
and analysis based on the capability to comprehend the meaning of words, rather than on keywords
or numbers.

2. Artificial Intelligence: Combining this capability with natural language processing, in Web 3.0,
computers can distinguish information like humans in order to provide faster and more relevant
results. They become more intelligent to fulfill the requirements of users.

3. 3D Graphics: The three-dimensional design is being used widely in websites and services in Web
3.0. Museum guides, computer games, ecommerce, geospatial contexts, etc. are all examples that
use 3D graphics.

4. Connectivity: With Web 3.0, information is more connected thanks to semantic metadata. As a
result, the user experience evolves to another level of connectivity that leverages all the available
information.

5. Ubiquity: Content is accessible by multiple applications, every device is connected to the web, the
services can be used everywhere.
 Web 1.0 Web 2.0 Web 3.0
As per Accessible as Read – Only Accessible as Read – Accessible as Read – Write-
Definition Mode Write Mode Execute Mode
Stages First Stage Second Stage Third Stage
Classification Simply Web Social Web Semantic Web
Technologies Web Servers Instant Personal Intelligent
Connected E-mail Messaging Digital Assistants
With Enterprise Portals Adobe Flex Ontologies
Subscribe Java Script Semantic Searching
Technologies Frameworks
File Sharing Blogs

Fundamental To Connect Information To Connect People To Connect Knowledge

Concept
Highlights It allowed to do It gave Highly mobile, 3D
bookmarking and introduction to web Artificial
hyperlinking on pages. applications. Intelligence
User Participation It allows end Information is
Static Pages users to better connected to
Content served differentiate and semantic data
from the server’s file find information Every device i.e.
system instead of RDBMS. It counts on every content seems handy
Graphics, GIF functions like video through multiple
buttons to promote streaming, image applications
operating systems and hosting.
other products.

Affiliated CNN YouTube Blogger My Yahoo

Websites Google Maps
Number of Millions Billions Trillions
Users Linked
Government 2.0 vs. Government 3.0
The E-Government standard describes how governments work, share information and deliver
services to external and internal stakeholders. It harnesses information and communication
technologies (ICTs) to transform relationships with citizens and businesses and between the
branches of government. The benefits may include reduced corruption, increased transparency,
greater convenience, higher revenues, and lower costs. The current E-Government 2.0 describes
user-oriented portal services that are integrated into and provided through one portal site using
Web 2.0 technologies, such as RSS, blogs, social networks, etc., and that are accessible from various
channels. However, building E-Government 2.0 is difficult because the transition from E-Government
to E-Government 2.0 should be an organizational integration agenda, not only a technology one.
Agencies may encounter many unpredictable design challenges and tensions that must be managed.
Governments are now beginning to focus on the larger and more holistic task of service innovation
in order to provide more productive and better services. One of the key observations about making
progress with service innovation is that agencies need a framework to help them move forward.

E-Governance is the public sector’s use of information and communication technologies with the aim
of improving information and service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the decision-
making process and making government more accountable, transparent and effective.
Government 2.0 or Gov 2.0 refers to government policies that aim to harness collaborative
technologies to create an open-source computing platform in which government, citizens, and
innovative companies can improve transparency and efficiency.
Government 3.0 or Gov 3.0 refers to the utilization of Information and Communication Technologies
and neighboring scientific and technological domains, towards societal problems solving, resource
optimization and citizen well-being, through civic and enterprise collaboration at local and
international level
Things to expect from Gov 3.0: 1) Smart Government / Smart City integrated solutions 2) Societal
problem solving based on internet awareness platforms, voluntarism 3) New, disruptive services for
societies and businesses 4) Any extremely efficient solution 5) Applications deeply rooted in culture
6) Internet of Things applications 7) Semi-automated / Crowd sourcing-based decision making
8) A re-thinking of Gov 1.0 and Gov 2.0 infrastructures and services, with the Gov 3.0 principles
Gov 1.0 Gov 2.0 Gov 3.0
Main Goal Better Services Openness & Societal problem solving, citizen well
collaboration being, optimization of resources
Main Method Connected Governance Open & Collaborative Smart Governance
Governance

Usual National National & Local Local to International

Application
Level
Key Tool Portal Social Media Ubiquitous Smart Services /
Devices / Apps

Key Public Sector Mentality Public Sector Mentality Public Sector Mentality
Obstacle/Risk
Key ICT area Infrastructures & People & Data Machine Intelligence & IoT
Organization
Most needed Management Sociology Everything
discipline,
beyond ICT