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 SLAS / 2017/GK/04
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YS% ,xld mßmd,k fiajd újD;$ iSñ; ;r. úNd.h
idudkH - ±kSu

N+ foaYmd,kh - Geopolitics
ye|skaùu
ks¾ndO fj<|m< wd¾Ólh u; mokï jQ f,dal wdêm;Hh jHdma;sh i|yd n, foaYmd,kh" yuqod Yla;sh" hqO
;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka ;r`.ldÍj N+ñh yd thg wh;a iajNdúl iïm;a uxfld,a,h yd w;am;a lr .ekSu N+
foaYmd,kh hkqfjka w¾:l:kh l< yel' fuu ikao¾Nh ;=< l,dmSh yd f.da,Sh N+ foaYmd,ksl jqjukdjka
fukau újD; fj<|m< hdka;%Kfhka ksoyiaj yqol,dj meje;aug f,dal is;shu ;=< lsisÿ rdcHhla wiu;ah'
;uka iajdëk hhs lshd.kakd rdcH fmlksjef,kau .eg .eiS we;af;a f.da,Sh N+ foaYmd,k yd kj ,snr,a
;r`.ldrS wd¾:sl .¾NdIhghs' tfy;a ia:dkSh jYfhka ck uki úcs;lrKh fldg (Colonizing the mind) mqrjr
flakaøSh wdYajdoh u; ks¾úkaokh lr iudch úiqrjd yerSug jd¾.sl;ajh" wd.ñl Wkaudoh" ud;DN+ñh" úfoaY
l=uka;%K jeks joka l+G foaYfm%auhg w;sYhskau jeo.;ah' n,y;aldrh" lEorlu" iQrdlEu" ysxikh"
m%pKav;ajh yd iud.ï mrsfndack u;jdofhka (consumer ideology) yev.ik f.da,ShlrKh jQ f,dal is;shu
u; iajdëkj meje;aug m%h;ak oerSu ys;¿jls' j;auka f,dal is;shu u; wdêm;HOdrS fukau mrsjdr rdcHhka
ish,a, uqyqK fok m%Odk .eg¿j ;u rdcHhka mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd w;HjYH jQ f*diS, bkaOk
fkdue;sluhs' ienúkau j;auka f,dalh N%uKh jkafka f*diS, bkaOk u;h' tfyhska iajNdúl iïm;a yd
fj<| ud¾. ksoyfia Ndú; lsÍu" mßjdr rdcHhka Wmdhud¾.slj wiu;a lsrSu fyda hgm;a lsrSu yd f,dj mqrd
yuqod yd wd¾Ól wdêm;H me;srùu f*diS, bkaOk hq.h fyj;a N+ foaYmd,kfha kj ishji hkqfjka ye|skafõ'

fydk¿,q yS msysá wdrlaIl lghq;= wOHhkh lsrSfï wdishd meis*sla uOHia:dkfha uydpd¾h fudydka u,sla
j¾I .Kkdjla N+ foaYmd,kh .ek l< m¾fhaIKd;aul wOHhkfha wruqK jQfha n,Yla;s iïm;a w;am;a
lr.ekau Wfoid wdêm;HOdÍ rdcHHka iDcqj yd jl%j mrsjdr rdcHhka foaYmd,kslj wiu;a lsrSu yd hgm;a
lsrSu yeoErSuhs' tysoS wdishdkq mßfNdack u;jdofha yd ck.ykfha j¾Okh;a" tlai;a ckmoh we;=¿
Ok;ka;%jdoS (capitalist) rdcHh moaO;sfha ksIamdok l%shdj,sh yd fj<|m< fidhdhdu u; wkd.; f,dalfha
.ukau. ;SrKh jk j. fyf;u ks.ukh lf<ah' N+ foaYmd,kh fldgia lSmhlg j¾.SlrKh l< yel'

 n, Yla;s N+ foaYmd,kh Energy geopolitics

 wd¾:sl N+ foaYmd,kh Economic Geopolitics
 yuqod N+ foaYmd,kh Military Geopolitics
 úfoaY m%;sm;a;s N+ foaYmd,kh Foreign Policy Geopolitics
 iud.ï N+ foaYmd,kh Cooperate Geopolitics
 ixialD;sl N+ foaYmd,kh Cultural Geopolitics

kj ,snr,ajdoh
kj ,snr,a f.da,ShlrKh fyj;a ksoyia fj<|m< mrsfndack u;jdoh f.da,Sh iudch yd cd;Hka;r in|;d
kj udj;lg m%fõY lf<ah' iuld,Sk .eg¿ rdcH N+ l,dmh u; úi|d.; fkd yelsh hk ixl,amh udkj
uki ;=< frdamKh lf<ah' cd;sl rdcHh hk l,ams;h l,a bl=;a jQ isyskhlehs m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï u;
oefkkakg bv yeßfhah' ulaksidoh;a f,dal is;shu u; ks¾ndê;j .,d hk iud.ï m%d.aOkh ksIamdokh yd
fnodyerSu l%shdj,sh ;=< mdrcd;sl iud.ï (TNC) cd,fha m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul fjki jgyd .ekSu"
;dlaIKsl ixj¾Okfha msìoSu u; f.da,Sh udOH yeisrSu rgdj ksid cd;sl ;;ajhg jvd f.da,Sh iudc wd¾Ól
foaYmd,kh úu¾IKh b;d jeo.;ah' kj ,snr,a wd¾Ól kHdh újD; fj<|m< u; N%uKh jkafka mdrcd;sl
iud.ï fjkqfjks'

1
tfukau mdrcd;sl iud.ï ksIamdok yd fiajd ksr;=rej foaYiSud udhsï blaujhs' ta i|yd rdcH wdh;k fyda
foaYmd,k k¿jka wjYh fkdfõ' ukdj ixfhda. fldg ilia l< foaYmd,k u;jdo" wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾."
ixialD;sl jÜfgdare Tjqka i;=j we;' kj ,snr,ajdoh merKs iïNdjH ,snr,ajdoh fukau mqoa., wjYH;d yd
wNs,dI u; r|d mj;S' tfy;a fcdaka f,dlaf.a iajNdúl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| ,snr,ajdoh" fcdaka iagqjÜf.a
Wmfhda.s;d ,snr,ajdoh fyda y¾nÜ iafmkaI¾f.a vdúkajdoS iudc ,snr,ajdoh blau jQ kj ,snr,ajdofha tlu
wruqK wiSñ; ,dNhhs' uqo,a /ia lsrSuhs' iïm;a uxfld,a, hhs' uq¿ uy;a mDÓúhu wuqøHhla njg mßj¾;kh
lsrSuhs'

iajNdúl bkaOk ishji

tlai;a ckmoh 30] la" hqfrdamh 45] la" cmdkh 100] la ueo fmros. yd uOHu wdishdfjka bkaOk wjYH;dj
imqrd .kshs' Ökh" bkaoshdj" ´iafÜ%,shdj" cmdkh yd kjiS,ka;h ffokslj f;,a ner,a ñ,shk 15 - 30 l
m%udKhla mrsfndackh lrhs' wkd.; Ök b,a,qu f;,a ner,a ñ,shk 5 - 3 isg 12 - 9 olajd" bkaoshdj 2-7 isg 5-3
olajd by< hd yel' cd;sl n,Yla;s lKavdhu 2001 fjdIskagka md,k wêldrshg bosrsm;a l< jd¾;djg wkqj
wkd.; wfursldfõ n,Yla;s b,a,qu 2$3 la u hefmkafka úfoia bkaOk u;h" f.da,Sh Lksc f;,a ksmehqfuka
j;auka bkaoSh wjYH;dj 3] la jQ jo wkd.;fha ^2025& th 6] olajd by< hhs' 2025 yhsfv%da ldnka oelaug wkqj
bkaOk yd n,Yla;sh cd;sl m%;sm;a;shg w;=,q lsrSfuka th bkaoSh N+ foaYmd,ksl jqjukdjla j. b;d
meyeos<sh'

Ökh ueofmros. isg f;,a m%jdykh i|yd Ndú; lrkafka fyduqia isg u,lald olajd jQ f,dj m%Odk uqyqÿ
ud¾.hhs' tys jd¾Islj f;,a fk!ld 83"000 la muK osh;afõ' uE;l isg fidud,shdkq uqyqÿ fld,a,lrejkaf.ka
t,a,j we;s ;¾ckh ksid Lksc f;,a m%jdykh wêl úhoula yd oeä wjodkuls' fuu wk;=r ksid Ökh
mlsia;dkfha .jdv¾ ys jrdhla f.dvke.+ w;r" ueo fmros.ska ,nd .kakd bkaOk mlsia;dkfha wIdoa lIaórh
yryd f.dvìug t,q k, ud¾.hlska Ökfha laIskacshdka m%dka;hg Lksc f;,a f.k hhs' fj<| l,dmhla f.dv
k.d wm%sldkq uydoaùmhg NdKav m%jdykh fuu ie,iqfï ;j;a wruqKls' nf,dÉ f.da;%slhkaf.ka wkd.;fha
t,a,úh yels úfrdaO;d iukh lr /lshd wjia:d iy wd¾:sl ixj¾Okh ;j;a wfmalaIdjls' j;auka fm< .eiau
wkqj jrdfha yd f;,a k, moaO;sfha wdrlaIdj i|yd laIKsl úysÿï n,ld /|ùu oekgu;a olakg ,efnk
oiqkls' fuu ie,iqfï os.=jla f,i ñhkaudrfha is;afõ ys Ök jrdh u.ska ksrs;os. hqkdka m%foaYhg f;,a
m%jdykh i|yd f.dvìfuka k, ud¾.hla boslsrSu yïnkaf;dg muKla fkdj nx.a,dfoaYfha o jrdhla
boslsrSu Ök N+ foaYmd,kfha bosrs mshjrls' Ökh ksr;=rej brdk foaYmd,kfha yeisrSu" ñhkaudr yuqod
cqkagdfõ ia:djr;ajh' nx.a,dfoaYfha yd fkamd,fha foaYmd,k wiu.sh yd ,xldfõ Ök ñ;%;ajh wfmalaId
lrhs'

n,Yla;s iqrlaIs;Ndjh
n,Yla;s iqrlaIs;Ndjh wêm;HOdrS fukau mrsjdr rdcHhka wo uqyqK fok m%Odk .eg¿jhs' we;eïúg n,Yla;s
ys`.h ;=kajk f,dal hqoaOh fj; udkjhd le|jd hkq we;' rdcHhka wiu;a lsÍu" wNHka;rsl jd¾.sl" wd.ñl"
foaYiSud .egqï ks¾udKh ;u ys;j;a rElv md,lhka n,hg m;a lsÍu" n,j;a rdcHhkaf.a Wmldrh u;
md,lhka tald wêm;ska olajd mrsj¾;kh lsrSu" n, Yla;sh w;am;a lr .eksu i|yd flfrk foaYmd,k Wmdh
ud¾.hkah' f*dis, bkaOk i|yd flfrk wdfhdackh yd hqoaOh yd ii|k úg úla,am n, Yla;s W;amdokh
fjkqfjka lrk wdfhdackh b;d w,amh' tu.ska f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< .sh o foaYmd,lhka ta ms<sn|j Wkkaÿ
jk j.la olakg fkd,efnhs'

n,Yla;s mrsfndckfha j;auka ;;ajh u; wkd.;fha Ökh" bkaoshdj" cmdkh" ol=Kq fldrshdj we;=¿
bkaoshdkq yd meis*sla id.r l,dmfha rdcHhka i|yd f.da,Sh ksmehqfuka 80] la muK wjYHh' wka;¾cd;sl
n,Yla;s ksfhdacs;dh;kh ^IEA) m%ldYhg m;a lrk world energy outlook jdr m%ldYkhg wkqj 2025 jir jk
úg Ökhg f.da,Sh bkaOk ksIamdokfhka 40] la wjYH jkq we;' fuu l,dmfha rdcHhka fndfyduhlu n,
Yla;s wjYH;dj ueofmros.ska yd uOHu wdishdfjka imqrd .kS'
2
^bkaoshdj 80] la" Ökh 90] la" cmdkh yd ol=Kq fldrshdj 100] la & f*diS, bkaOk iïm; w;am;a lr .ekSu
i|yd tlai;a ckmoh" Ökh" hqfrdamd fldñhqkh" reishdj yd bkaoshdkq ueosy;aùu u; Wmdhud¾.slj uOHu
wdishdkq yd wm%sldkq rdcHh fndfyduhla foaYmd,k yd wd¾:sl jYfhka wiu;a lrkq ,eîh' f.da,Sh n,
wdêm;Hh Wfoid ;r`. josk rdcHhfhdaa uOHu wdishdkq yd wm%sldkq rdcHhka ;=< ;ukag ys;j;a rElv
md,lhka n,hg m;a fldg tu rdcHH ;=< jd¾.sl" wd.ñl fkdikaiqka;d biau;= l<y' tys m%:sm,hla f,i
;%ia;jdoh meK ke.sk' b;d kùk wú wdhqOj,ska ikakoaO jQ tu m%pKav;ajh f,dj mqrd oi oyia .Kkl
wysxil ckhdf.a hymeje;aug muKla fkdj f,dal iduhg ;¾ckhls'

hqO wdOdr
hqO wdOdr f,i ye|skafjkafka mrsjdr rdcHhka ;%ia;jdohg tfrys hqOhg fm<Uùu yd hdno rdcHhka yd ;u
N+ñfha u fjkia wd.ñl jd¾.sl ckhdg tfrysj m%pKav l%shd ixj¾Okh fldg hqO jeoSug wú iemhSuhs'
tu.ska wdêm;HOdrshdf.a N+ foaYmd,khg wjYH miqìu ielfihs' hqO wdOdr yuqod mqyqKq" uqo,a yd kùk wú
úfoaY yuqod yd ;u ys;j;a lKavdhï fj; ,nd fohs' ieuúgu wú f;drd .ekSfï oS yd ñ, oS .ekSfï oS wdOdr
ÿka rdcHhka fj;skau imhd .; hq;=h' fndfydaúg fuu rdcHhka j, orejka mdi,a heùu" ikSmdrlaIl lghq;=
ia;%S m%ckk fi!LHh jeks w;HjYHh ld¾hhka i|yd wdOdr ,efnkafka b;d w,am jYfhks'

wú fj<|du
j;auka f,dalfha udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Kh jkafka f,dj mqrd isÿjk wú fj<|m< jHdma;sfhks' fndfyda
rdcHhka iudc ixj¾Okhg jvd uq,a ia:dkhla ,nd oS we;af;a yuod ixj¾Okhghs' iEu jirlu f,djmqrd
fvd,r ì,shk 60 ;a 100 ;a w;r wú fj<|dula isÿ fjhss' wú fj<|m< m%Odk .Kqfokqlrejka jkafka 75] la u
ÿmam;a rdcH moaO;shhs' 2004 isg 2012 olajd f.da,Sh wú fj<|dfuka 85] la u isÿ lr we;af;a tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
wdrlaIl ix.ufha ks;H idudcslhka jQ wfursldj" reishdj" m%xYh" ì%;dkH"h Ökh" c¾uksh" b;d,shhs'

wd¾laála uqyqo
wd¾laála ñÿk uqyqÿ m%foaYh u; os.= ld,Skj lekvdj" fvkaudlh" fkd¾fõ reishdj yd tlai;a ckmoh ;u
foaYiSud igyka lr we;' fuu m%foaYh +' úoHd{hkaf.a woyig wkqj iajNdúl .Eia yd f*diS, bkaOk nyq,j
we;' tfukau b;d fmdfydi;a fj<| uqyqÿ ud¾.hla o fjhs' foaY.=Ksl fjki úiska fuu m%foaYfha .e,eishr
yd whsia ;Ügq osh lr yerSu n,j;a rdcHhkag f*diS, bkaOk lekSï i|yd hym;a f.dÿre ìula ks¾udKh lr
we;' fuys jdih lrk iajfoaYsl udkjhka yd jkcSj úfYaI fuu fjki ukdj jgyd f.k we;'

f.da,Sh yuqodlrKh

tlai;a ckmoh wdrlaIl lghq;= fjkqfjka úYd, úhoula cd;sl wdodhfuka 58] la wdrlaIl lghq;= i|yd jeh
lrhs' miq .sh oilh Ökh yd reishdj ;u wdrlaIl úhou bl=;a oilhg jvd ;=ka .=Khksla jeä lr we;'
miq.sh jif¾ Ökfha wdrlaIl úhou fvd,r ì,shk 84'9 la yd reishdj fvd,r ì,shk 58.6 la jeh lrñka ;u
N+ foaYmd,ksl jqjukd ukdj m%o¾Ykh lr we;' tfy;a wfursldj fvd,r ì,shk 750 blaujd jeh lrk w;r
brdlfha yd w*a.ksia;dkfha hqO úhou fuhg we;=<;a fkdfõ'

f.da,Sh yuqod úysoSu iS;, hqoaOfhka miq úYd, j¾Okhla olakg ,efí' tlai;a ckmoh rdcHhka 103 l ;u
yuqod l|jqre 700 lg wdikak m%udKhla f.dvk.d we;' f,dj mqrd yuqod jHdma;sh i|yd jd¾Islj fvd,r
ì,shk 800 la muK jeh lrhs' tlai;a ckmoh ;ksj f.da,Sh yuqod úhofuka 43] la" Ökh 7"3]la' ì%;dkHh 3"7]
la" m%xYh 3"6] la" reishdj 3"6 la" hqfrdamSh n,j;a rdcHh oyh 21"5 la yd wfkla ish,q rdcHhka 17'8] la u jeh
lr;ss' wú ksIamdolhkaf.a fj<| m%pdrhkag wkqj rdcHHkaf.a wNHka;r yd ndysr wdrlaIdj yd wú ksmojk
rdcHhka ;=< /lshd iemhSu m%Odk wruqKqh' l=vd m%udKfha wú fndfydaúg rdcHhka ;=< ks¾udKh lrk .egqï
i|yd b;d fyd| fj<|m<la W;amdokh lrhs' f,dj mqrd we;sj ;sfnk isú,a .egqï 90] lgu wú iïmdokh lr
we;af;a iduh .ek fodvjk f,dl n,j;=kah' wú fj<|m< f,dalfha ;sfnk ÿIs;u fj<|m<hs' foaYmd,lhka
yuqod yd mrsmd,k ks<Orhka w,a,ig jxpdjg k;= lrñka rdcH md,kfha wksjd¾Hh wx.hla f,i hqoaOh
iudc .; lrhs' tfy;a wú fj<|m< u; we;s YslaId moh udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Kh i|yd wú fhdod fkd.;
hq;= j.hs' ta i|yd cd;aHka;r wdh;k úúO iïuq;s iïmdokh lr we;' tfy;a n, foaYmd,kh yd w¾:sl ,dN
jqjukdjka bosrsfha ish¨ iïuq;Ska ksy`vh'
3
wfußldkq ishji

bkaoSh id.rfha fyduqia isg u,lald olajd .uka ud¾.fha wfursldkq yuqod ia:dk .;j isák oshdf.da .¾Ishd ÿm;
bia,dudndoa isg kdúl ie;mqï 2500 la" kj os,a,sfha isg kdúl ie;mqï 2200 la" yïnkaf;dg isg kdúl ie;mqï
500 la ÿrska msysgd we;' bkaÿ mlsia;dk foaY iSudjg wdikak jYfhka ie;mqï 600 l ÿrska msysá ´udkh yd tlai;a
ckmoh w;r we;af;a uqyql=rd .sh ydoluls' uosrd ÿm;aj, .=jka yuqod l|jqr há;, myiqlï jeä oshqKq fldg ;u
hqO wjYH;d i|yd mrsyrKh lsrSfï yelshdj wfursldj i;= lr f.k we;' ;dhs,ka;fha ;.df.da rdclSh .=jka
yd kdúl yuqod l|jqr" isx.mamQ¾fõ i:dk .;ùfï yelshdjo wfursldj Wod lrf.k we;'

merKs reishdkq iuQy wdKavqfjka fnoS fjkaj .sh lsrs.sia;dkh Ök foaYiSudj hdnoj msysgd we;' 2002 ckjdrs
ui tys wfursldkq yuqodjg fufyhqï lghq;= i|yd myiqlï ,eìk' lsrs.sia;dkfha —ì*aflaIa˜ isg ie;mqï 19 la
ÿrska msysá —ukd˜ys fuu l|jqr msysgd we;' tys m%ydrl hdkd" NdKav m%jdyk hdkd ia:dk .; lr we;'
Wiafnlsia;dkfha —lkaodndoa˜ ys l|jqrla" ;cslsia;dkfha —;=,ahdï" fldcdkaâ" ;=¾.d;a˜j, laIKsl úysÿï
n,ldhka fkajdislj isáhs' ;=¾lsfïkshdfõ wfursldkq wdfhdck u.ska bos l< k, ud¾.hlska w*a.ka yd
mlsia;dkh yryd bkaoshdkq id.rhg f.dvìfuka iajNdúl .Eia yd Lksc f;,a m%jdykh lrhs' lgd¾ rdcHfha
wê ;dlaIKsl myiqlï iys; .=jka l|jqrla fvd,r ñ,shk 1'5 la jeh fldg wfursldj f.dv ke.Sh'
wfursldkq yuqodj,g wu;rj Ök" reishdkq yuqod ldKav lsrs.sia;dkh" ;cslsia;dkh yd W;=re lilia;dkfha
jdä ,d isá;s' w*a.ksia;dkfha lkoyd¾ yd ldnq,a k.rhg hdno —nd.%dï˜j, ia:sr yuod l|jqrla f.dv ke.Sug
wfursld m%h;ak orhs' ms,smSkfha —cdf,da˜ ÿm;aj, wfursldkq kdúl l|jqrla" miq hqO iufha isg cmdkfha
—kdf.da yd Tlskdjd˜ ÿm;aj, iaÓrju wfußldkq yuqod mosxÑj isáhs' th wdishdkq l,dmfha osidk;s lr we;s
tlai;a ckmo iuia: yuqod Yla;sfhka 75] ls' maf,drsvdfõ —gïmd˜ ys msysgs uOHu yuqod wd{d n, ldKavh
(centcom) .,a*a l,dmfha Lksc iïm;a fj; lEor ne,aula fy<ñka wdrlaIl fufyhqï iu. osjd rd;%sfha
wjosfhka isáhs' w*a.ksia;dkfha yd brdlfha hqO fufyhqï ndrj isákafka fuu yuqod n, wKshhs' bkaoshka
id.rfha wdrlaIl wdêm;Hh orkafka fydk¿,q ys msysá(paccom)meis*sla n, >Khhs' fuu oaú;aj l%shdldr;ajh
m¾ishka l,dmfha bia,dóh rdcH 25 la" W;=re wm%sldj" uOHu wdishdj yd ol=qKq wdishdj wdjrKh lrhs'

;drld hqoaOh

tlai;a ckmoh wNHjldYh wúfhka ixj¾Okh lr yuqodlrKh i|yd fhdod .ekaug m¾fhaIKhl
ksr;j isáhs' th tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wNHjldY iduh fjkqfjka ksoyfia fhdod .; hq;=h hk wruqK
W,a,x>Kh lsrSuls' wdrlaIdj i|yd wNHjldYfha ñihs, moaO;shla Anti-Ballistic Missileia:dk .;
lsrSug fmkag.kh os.= l,l isg W;aidy orhs' ta i|yd Tjqka f.;+ ñ;Hdj fjk;a .%y f,dal j,ska
wkd.;fha w,a, úh yels ;drld hqoaOhlska star warmD:súh wdrlaId ùu yd cd;sl wrlaIl jvms<sfj,la
y`ÿkajdoSuhs' fï i|yd úYd, uqo,la wdfhdackh lsrSug isÿ fjhs'

ueo fmros. yd W;=re wm%sldj WKqiqïùu

ueo fmros. yd W;=re wm%sldkq N+ñh mqrd wd¾:sl w¾nqoh" cSjk úhou" ú/lshdj tfukau os.= l,la b;d ÿIs;
wdêm;HOdrS md,k ;ka;%h hgf;a cSj;a jQ ;reK mrïmrdfõ bÉPdNx.;ajh úiska rdcHhkag tfrys igka ìug
le|jd we;' Bcsma;=fõ yd áhqkSishdfõ u;=jQ Woaf>daIK úiska md,lhka n,fhka my lr oeóh' wfkla
rdcHhka ;=< foaYmd,ksl fkd.e,mSï yd wiu;=<s;;djka u;= lrk wr., olakg ,efnhs' brdlh iy isrshdj
bia,dóh rdcHhka úh hq;=h hk u;h ks¾udKh lf<a tlaia; ckmoh" ijqos wdrìh yd lgd¾ hk rdcHhkah'
j;auka isrshdfõ we;sj ;sfnk wiykldrS ;;ajh ixj¾Okh i|yd ijqoa wrdìh yd lgd¾ rcHhka uqo,a
iïmdokh lf<ah' fudjqyq ;%ia;jdoh u; hqoaOfha oS oaú;aj N+ñldjl fhfo;s' brdlfha wka;jdoS lKavdhï
fjkqfjka uQ,HdOdr ,nd fokafka .,a*a l,dmfha wfursldkq ys;j;=kah' ta brdkhg ;¾ckh lsrSfï
wfmalaIdfjks' ngysr u;h wkqj fuu m%h;akh .,a*a l,dmfha .;dkq;l;ajh ì| oud kùlrKh fldg
mrsfndack u;jdoh ixj¾Okh lsrSuhs' wrdì jika;h tjeks ks¾udKhls' f,fndkkfha fjfik Ishd wd.ñl
ysisnq,a,d igkaldóka wvmk lsrSug nqIa md,kh iqkaks wd.ñl ijqos wdrdìfha Wmdlrh ,nd .;af;ah'
j;aufkys isrshdkq úmlaIhg hqf.dia,dúhdfõ Idf.%í yd ;=¾lsh" fcda¾odkh yryd hqfrdamh yd tlai;a ckmoh
isrshdjg wú imhhs' wdrlaIl f,aLkj,g wkqj isrshdjg wú fgdka 3000 la wfußldkq CIAixúOdkh ,nd oS we;s
w;r uq,HdOdr ijqos rcfhks'
4
2001 iema;eïn¾ 11 osk wfursldfõ f,dal fj<| ixúOdkhg t,a, jQ ;%ia;jdoS m%ydrhg ms<s;=re f,i
;%ia;jdohg tfrsys hqoaOh w*a.ksia;dkfhka wdrïN úh jir 10 lg miq Tidud ìka ,dvka mlsia:dkfha oS urd
oeóh' tfy;a mlsia;dkfha muKla fkdj fndfyda bia,dóh rgj, ngysr úfrdaë wka;jdoh biau;= úh'
foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK uOhu wdishdfõ rdcHhka 20 l muK biau;=j we;' we,acSrshdj" nydf¾ka" csnQ;s"
Bcsma;=j" brdkh" Bcsma;=j" fcda¾odkh" l=fjÜ" ,sìhdj" fudrsgdkshd" fudfrlaflda" Tudkh" m,ia;Skh" ijqos
wrdìhdj" fidaud,shdj" iqvdkh" isrshdj" áhqkSishdj" ngysr iyrdj" fhukkh jeks w¾nqoldrS rdcHh md,lhka
n,fhka /|S isákafka ngysr" reishdkq fyda Ñk iyfhda.h u;h'

brdlfha foaYmd,k .egqu

brdlfha tlu bia,dóh oyu woyk Ishd - iqkaks yd l=¾oS jd¾.sl;ajfhka fnoS we;' iodï yqfika n,fhka
myfldg >d;kh lsrSfuka miq tlai;a ckmo yuqod Ishd uqia,sï lKavdhug n,h mjrñka brdlfhka bj;aj
.sfhah' tlS md,k lKavdhu wfkla jd¾.slhka talrdYS lr .ekaug wfmdfydi;a úh' iodï iufha isgu
l=¾osjre iajhx md,khla fjkqfka igka l<y' tu wr.,h hgm;a lsrSug tlai;a ckmofha yd uyd ì%;dkHhfha
iyfhda.h u; ridhk wú iodïg ,eìk' iqkaksjre ;u m%foaYfha n,h ;yjqre lr.ksñka úreoaOjdoS
lKavdhula f,i bosrshg meñK we;' fuu ;;ajh u; brdlfha wfursldkq ys;j;a ckm;sjrhdg jd¾.slhka
fnoS fjkaj hdu ksid md¾,sfïka;=j le|úh fkdyelssh' iqkaksjre" IShd uqia,suajre yd l=¾oSjre cSj;a jk
m%foaYj, wdl%uKh lsrSu fyda n,mEï fkdlrhs' tfy;a md,l Ishdjre iqkaksjrekag tfrysj m%pKav;ajh osh;a
lr we;' uOH.; rcfha n,h ySkj m%dfoaYSh n,h osfkka osk tla tla lKavdhï úiska w;am;a lr.ksñka
brdlh foaYmd,k jYfhka ixlSrK wkd.;hla fj; fhduqj we;'

hqlaf¾k w¾nqoh
u.Ska 198 fofkla /.;a uef,aishdkq .=jka hdkh hqlaf¾k - reishdkq foaYiSudj wi, oS ñihs, m%ydrhlska weo
jeàu;a iu. hqlaf¾k w¾nqoh f.da,Sh m%jk;dfõ m%Odk ud;Dldj njg m;a úh' j;auka wfursldkq yd hqfrdamSh
n, Yla;s jqjukdj /|S j;skafka iajNdúl .Eia u;h' hqlaf¾kh merKs reishdkq iuQy wdKavqfjka ì|S fjkaj
.sh wfkla rgj,a fukau iajNdúl .Eia iïm;ska b;d fmdfydi;ah' j;auka hqlaf¾k w¾nqohg i;shlg fmr
hdno rdcHhka fvd,r ì,shk 2"2 l Kh f.jd fkdue;s fyhska reishdjg wh;a .Eiafm%dïgazprom wdh;kh
úiska .Eia iemhqu lmd ouk nj reishdkq ckdêm;s mQáka hqfrdamhg wk;=re we`.ùh' reishdj hqlaf¾kh u;ska
iajndúl .Eia ksIamdokfhka 15] la m%jdykh lrhs' reishdkq Lksc f;,a yd iajNdúl .Eia wmkhk fj<|m<
70] la muK jk w;r" tu.ska fvd,r ì,shk 500 l wdodhula wfmalaId lrhs' fï w;r reishka ni l:dlrk
l%sñhdkq N+ñfha cSj;a jk ckhd 2014 ud¾;= ui 16 osk mej;s cku; úpdrKfhka reishdj iu. tl;=ùug ;u
93] ukdmh m< l<y' ienúkau th yuqod yd n,Yla;s .eg¿jls' reishdfõ wruqK iajNdúl .Eia iïm; w;am;a
lr .ekau i|yd hqlaf¾kfha N+ñfhka fldgila fnod fjka lsrSuhs' tfukau tlai;a ckmoh yd hqfrdamh mqáka
ys;jdoshl= n,hg m;aùu fkdbji;s'

m,ia;Sk yd BY%dh, .egqu

m,ia;Sk wrdìjre yd IsfkdhsiaÜ cQia ^j;uka BY%dh,a& w;r .egqu kj ixiaoaêhls' ienúkau th wdrïNjQfha 19
jk ish ji wjidkfhah' flfiajqjo fudjqka wd.ñl jYfhka uqi,sï" l%sia;shdks yd cqod wd.ug wh;ah' tfy;a
wr.,h W;amdokh jQfha wd.ï fjki fjkqfjka fkdj N+ñh w;am;a lr .ekSfï wfmalaIdfjk' fojk f,dal
hqoaOh miq iufha ^1948–1949) m%Odk lKavdhï ;=ku ;u Y+oaO jQ foaYh f,i m,ia;Skh fjkqfjka ;u
whs;sjdilï bosrsm;a l< w;r tu N+ñh lKavdhï ;=kgu wh;ajk fia fldgia lf<ah' th BY%dh,h" fcda¾odka
.x.dj hdno ngysr bjqr" .dId ;Srh hkqfjka kï lf<ah' tu fldgfia iïmQ¾K ìu m%udKh j¾. ie;mqï
10"000 ls' hqfoõfjda th nhsn,fha i|yka mrsos wdn%yïf.a fmdfrdkaÿj mrsos Tyqf.a mej; tkakkg wh;a hehs
m%ldY lr;s' tneúka th ft;sydisl cqod foaYhhs' m,ia;S wdrìjre th ;u ft;sydisl kscìu hehs y`ÿka j;s'
ienúkau 1948 jk f;la Tjqyq iu.sfhka tys jdih l<y' tneúka Tjqka nhsn,fha Wreuh wkqj wdn%yïf.a mq;%
biauhs,a wdrdìkaf.a wdos uq;a;dh' tfyhska fmdfrdkaÿ foaYh Tjqkg wh;a hehs Tjqyq l,amkd lr;s' 1948 miq
f,dj mqrd úysoS úisÍ isá hqfoõjka fuu m%foaYhg meñK cd;shla jYfhka ixj¾Okh úh' tu.ska iajhx
md,khla iys; iajdëk hqfojq rdcHhla ìys úh'

5
ueo fmros. b;sydih bl=;a ishjiu m%pKav;ajfhka msrS .sfhah' thg m%Odk fya;=j iajNdúl bkaOk
uxfld,a,h úiska ckhd úúO fldgiaj,g fnod fjka fldg m%pKav;ajh weú, hdug wjYH miqìu ilia lr
we;' w;S;fha m,ia;Sk úuqla;s ixúOdkh miqj yudia ixúOdkh yd ysisnq,a,d ixúOdkh BY%dh,hg tfrys
igfka fmruqK f.k we;' 1993 oS Tiaf,da iïuq;sh u.ska iduh ia:dms; lsrSug fjr oerEj o th ksIam< jQfha N+
foaYmd,ksl jqjukd ksidh'
uyd Ndr;h

miq ksoyia iufha bkaoSh rch wkq.ukh lf<a fidaúhÜ ys;jdoS m%;sm;a;shls Y%S fkare fidúhÜ mkakfha
uOH.; rdcH mrsmd,kh flfrys oelajQfha oeä we,auls' bka miq ish,q md,l md,sldjka wkq.ukh lf<a fkare
m%;sm;a;shhs' tfyhska yuqod Yla;sh j¾Okh i|yd reishdkq ueosy;aùu bkaoshdj je<| .;af;a oeä fm%aufhks'
.;jQ oil yh ;=< wdrlaIl lghq;= õjeä oshqKqj i|yd bkaoshdj reishdjg fvd,r ì,shk 32 la f.jd we;'
reishdkq wú fj<|m< m%Odk .ekqïlrejd bkaoshdjhs' 2010 jif¾ bkaoshdkq wdrlaIl úhou 34] lska by<
.sfhah' th fvd,r ì,shk 21 jeäùuls' wfursldkq iyfhda.h u; yuqod ;dlaIKh oshqKq lsrSu bkaoshdkq
wfmalaIdj jQfha hdno mlsia;dk bia,dóh wka;jdoS wNsfhda.h ch .ekSuhs'

 mlsia;dk wIdoa ldIaórh ;=< o,q ,d jeãhk ysxÿ úfrdaê bia,duSh wka;jdoh ;u foaYiSudjg m%fõYùu
j<ld.ekSu'
 m%dka; rdcH 17 l tkï osia;%slal 682 ka 223 la ;=< m%Njh ,nd igkaldój yeisfrk klai,hsÜ
udfjdajdoS lKavdhï" weiEuh" kd.,ka;h ;=< biau;= jQ fjku rdcHhka i|yd jQ wNsfhda.h
 ;ñ,akdvq øúvhkaf.a yeisrSu"
 fkamd,fha udfjdajdoSka rdcH n,h olajd .uka lsrSfuka bkaoSh jdujdoSka ;=< kj wfmalaId cks;ùu
 bkaoSh id.r l,dmfha yd uOHu wdishd Ök ueosy;a ùu'

l,dmSh n,j;=ka

iS;, hqOfhka miq bkaoshdkq id.r l,dmfha n, wdêm;Hh i|yd l,dmSh n,j;=ka f,i pSkh yd bkaoshdj
biau;= úh' ì,shk y;la blau jQ f.da,Sh ck.ykfhka ì,shk follg wêl ck.ykhla fuu rdcHh folg
wh;ah' tfukau l,dmSh jYfhka ksIamdok yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Ofhka wfkl=;a rdcHhhka wNsNjd bosrsfhka
isàug TjQyq iu;ajQy' l,dmSh n, wdêm;Hh i|yd ;r`. lrk Ökh yd bkaoshdj úoHd yd ;dlaIKsl ksmehqï
w;rska o mqfrda.dñfhdah' iudcjdoS l|jqf¾ tf;la mej;s reishdkq wdêm;Hhg ysñ jQ ia;dkh fj; <`.dùug
bl=;a oil fol ;=< Ökh m%h;ak orhs' rdcHhka folu ;u wdêm;Hh ;yjqre lr .ekau i|yd iajNdúl .Eia
yd f*dis, bkaOk nyq, uOHu wdishdj fj; ;u foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾. ie,iqï osh;a lr we;'
tfukau bkaÿ pSk foayiSudfõ ;u yuqod Yla;sh j¾Okh lrñka hdno l=vd rdcH iu. oaú md¾Yúl .súiqï fj;
fhduq fjñka ;u NdKav i|yd fj<|m< m%idrKh lrñka bkaoshdkq id.r l,dmfha n,j;=ka njg m;aùfï
;r`.h WKqiqï lr we;'

wrdì jika;h

2011 wdrdìlrh mqrd me;sr .sh wr.,ldrS ;;ajh ngysr udOHh wrdì jiak;h f,i kï lf<ah' ienúkau wrdì
md,lhkag tfrysj ck wr., mek ke.=fka uq,skau áhqkSishdfõ md,l fnka w,sg tfrysjh' tu ;;ajh;a
iu. wdrdìh mqrd ÿIs; md,lhkag tfrysj ck;d ke.Sàï W;aikak jQy' fuu jok wmg uq,skau ngysr udOHh
Ndú; lrkq olakg ,enqfka 1980 oS kef.kysr hqfrdamfha we;sjqk foaYmd,k wr., ú.%y lsrSughs' újD;
fj<|m< yd kj ,snr,a u;jdoh úiska fuu ;;ajh W;amdokh lf<ah' Bcsma;=j" áhqkSishdj yd fhukkh oS¾>
foaYmd,k m%;sixialrK l%shdj,shlg wj;SrKh jQ w;r ,sìhdj yd isrshdj isú,a hqO ;;ajhla olajd j¾Okh
úh' tlaia;a ckmo ys;jdoS ueoafmros. md,lhka oeä u¾OkldrS;ajh u.ska ;djld,slj ck Woaf>dIK hgm;a
l<y'
6
wrdì jika;h hk jok ngysr udOH ckm%sh;ajh Wfoid fhdod .;a jpkd¾:hla úkd tu.ska ueofmros.
ckhdg w;am;a jQ jika;hla fkdue;' wrdìh mqrd weú, .sh wr.,fha uqLHd¾:h jQfha os.= ld,Skj rdcH
md,kh lrK taldêm;Skag" ú/lshdj" cSjk úhou by<hdu" yd rdcH ÿIKh" yuqod cqkagdjkag tfrys
wr.,hls' we;eï ;ekl os.= ld,Skj rdcH n,h i;= lr.;a md,lhka t,jd oeóu wmyiq ld¾hhls' tufkau
iuia: wd¾:slh" fmdÿ iïm;a" yuod Yla;sh" ngysr n,j;a rdcHhkaf.a Wmldrh muKla fkdj wd.ñl
ixia:dj o md,lhka iu. w;aje,a ne`o isá;s'

cmka Ök in|;dj, j;auka ;;ajh

cmdkh yd Ökh kef.kysr Ök uqyqoska fnoS fjkaj we;' cmdk NdIdj" f.dú;ek" ixialD;sh" wd.u" o¾Ykh"
kS;sh iliaùfï oS Ök n,mEu b;d úYd, f,i olakg ,efnhs' tfy;a miq hqO iufha tlai;a ckmoh yd
ì%;dkHH wd¾:sl ueosy;aùu jsiska cmdkfha fj<|m< újD; lrk f,i b,a,d isáhy' t;eka isg cmdkh
kùlrKh úh' 2006 jif¾ Ökh yd cmdkh tlaj fojk f,dal hqOfhka miq in|;d .ek kej; úu¾IKhl
fhÿks' tfy;a 2010 jif¾ cmdkh ;ukag wh;a iïm;a úfYaIfhka fikaldl= ÿm; w;am;a lr.ekSu ms<sn|j
Ökhg fodia mejrSh'
cmdkh yd Ökh f,dj fyd|u wd¾:ssl ixj¾Okhla we;s rdcHhka w;rska fojk yd ;=kajk ia;dkfha
jecfU;s' fuu ;r`.ldrs;ajh;a ld,dka;rhla ;=< we;s jQ foaYmd,k fkd.e,mSï fya;=fjka cmdk yd Ök
ckhd ;=< Tjqfkdjqka fkdbjiSfï ;;ajhla j¾Okhù we;' 2011 jif¾ Ök úfoaY wud;HxYh l,dmSh ;¾ckh
ms<sn| cmdk úfoaY ms,sfj; fy,d oelaflah' 2012 jif¾ kef.kysr Ök uqyqfoa msysgd we;s fldfoõj" cmdkh
fikaldl= f,i o" Ökh oshd´hq hkqfjka o ye|skafjk ÿm; fjkqfjka wiu.s;djla yg .;af;ah' fuu ;;ajh
u; fomd¾Yjhu ;u yuqod Yla;sh jeä oshqKq lsrSug fm<U we;s w;r tu.ska l,dmfha Wkqiï ;;ajhla Wodj
we;'

iïm;a md,kh yd m%pKav;ajfha ke.Su

miq hqO iufha wêrdcHjdoS hqfrdamh ÿ¾j, úh' merKs hg;a úcs; kj ksoyi hgf;a jefvkakg úh' fuf,i
ksoyi fjkqfjka l%shd;aul jk úg ueo fmros. foig iS;, hqO iufha N+ foaYmd,ksl yia;h os.= úh' f*diS,
bkaOk iïm;a f.da,Sh foaYmd,kfha m%Odk ia:dkhlg m;a úh' udkj ysñlï W,a,x>Khg yd md,lhkag
tald wêm;Ska olajd by<g hdug wjYH miqìu ieliSug hqfrdamh yd tlai;a ckmoh Wmldr lf<ah' tys
wdksYxih jQfha wd.ñl" jd¾.sl wka;jdoh yd ;%ia;jdofha W,am;a;shhs'

mlsia;dkfha wIdoa lIañrfha uqid*rdndoa yd ,dfydrh wi, ia:dk .;j ,Iala¾ B f;dhsnd bia,dóh wka;jdoS
lKavdhu b;d fõ.fhka bkaoshdkq id.r l,dmfha nx.a,dfoaYh" ud,osjhsk" fkamd,h" ,xldj" Ökfha
laIskacshdka m%dka;h" uef,aishdj" ;dhs,ka;h yd bkaÿkSishdj ;=< me;sfrñka mj;sk j. tlai;a ckmo meis*sla
yuqod ldKadvh (paccom) wfursldkq wú fldñiug okajd we;" mlsia;dk - w*a.ka foaYiSudj wjg merKs kï
w;yrsñka kj kdu hgf;a kej; kej; yev.efiñka ngysr yd ysxÿ úfrdaOh ck.; lr m%pKav;ajh wjq,d
ouk wka;jdoS lKavdhïj, kdu f,aLkh b;d úYd,h' 2008 uqïndhs m%ydrfha isg iEu bkaoshdkq m%ydrhlu
ie,iqïlrejka jQfha ,iala¾ B ;dhsnd l,a,shhs'

w,a Lhsod" ;d,sndka idudcslhka tf,i úisr hñka kj lKavdhï f,i ms<sis| .ekSug fya;= jQfha f.da,Sh
;%ia;jdohg tfrys kefgda NATOixúOdkh mlsia;dk rch iu. taldnoaOj fufyhqï weröuhs' mlsia;dk"
brdk" w*a.ka foaYisud wi, wka;jdoh o,q oud jeãhkafka oeä u;OdrS mia;+ka" ;csla" kIria;dks" yIdrd" jiS¾
yd f.da;%sl lKavdhï w;r tu uQ,O¾u b;d fyd|ska uq,a nei we;s fyhsks' 1979 isg reishdkq - wfursldkq
ueosy;aùu u; cSú; wfmalaIdj ì|S .sh mSä; jd¾.slhka w;r úfoaY úfrdaOh me;srhdu wksjd¾h ixisoaêhls'
w*a.ka -mlsia;dk foaYiSud hdno fmIdj¾" ,kaäfldagd,a" c,d,dndoa" w,sfla,a" cdñkd¾" pu;a" .=,sia;dka"
l=tagd" o,ankaoSka" ñrdïId" ud,dldkaoa jeks ÿria: m%foaYj, oyï mdi,a ^uøid& 10"000 la muK mj;ajd f.k hhs'
uøid j, wOHdmkfha uq,sl;ajh yuqod wNHdi yd bkaÿ ngysr úfrdaOhg ysñ fjhs'
7
f.da,Sh ;%ia;jdoh

tlai;a wdrdì rcHh ueofmros. u;=j we;s hqouh ;;ajh ie,ls,a,g f.k bia,dóh wka;jdoS lKavdhï 80 la
;%ia;jdoS ixúOdk f,i m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' w,a Lhsvd" w,a kqIard fmruqK" brdlSh bia,dóh rdcHh ISIL"w,a
bia,dIa" yd ;j;a lKavdhï rdYshla fuu f,aLkhg we;=,;a h' w,a bia,dIa tlai;a wrdì rdcHfha ia:dk .; jQ
ixúOdkhla jqj o th Bcsma;=fõ uqia,ï ifydaor;aj ixúOdkh iu. we;s in|;d uq,a fldg f.k ;ykug ,la
úh' ijqos wdrdìh o uqia,sï ifydaor;aj ixúOdkh g ;yxÑ mkjd we;' ueofmros. rdcH hka;% fmr<d oeóug
m%h;ak oerSu tu ixúOdkhg tfrys fpdaokdjhs' ;jo fuu ;%ia;jdoS f,aLkhg wkqj fhukkfha fyda;s
ler,slrejka" khscSrshdfõ fndflda yrdï iy w*a.ksia;dkfha ;f,hsndka lKavdhu we;=,;a fjhs' tfy;a
we;ï m¾fhaIlhkaf.a úfõpkhg wkqj fuu f,aLkfha we;eï lKavdhï ixialD;sl ixúOdk jk w;r
;%ia;jdoS lKavdhï f,i kï lsrSug fya;=j wd.ñl fjkialï h"

kHIaál hqoaOh

f,dalfha n,j;a rdcHhka wgl iuQy >d;kh i|yd fhdod .; yels kHIaál wú ksmojd .nvd lr we;' thska
rdcHhka myla kHIaál wú iys; rdcHka "nuclear-weapon states" (NWS) f,i ngysr udOHh kï lrhs' hqoaOh
i|yd mrudkq wú m%.=Kkh fkd lsÍfï .súiqug Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) wfursld tlai;a
ckmoh" /ishdj" ì%;dkHh" m%xYh yd Ökh tl`.j tl`.dj m< lr we;' fuu iïuq;sh we;s jQfha 1970 jif¾ h'
tfuka u bkaoshdj" mlsia;dkh yd W;=re fldrshdjg kHIaál m¾fhaIK i|yd wjir we;' 2003 jif¾ oS W;=re
fldrshdj fmdÿ tl`.;dfjka bj;a úh' BY%dh,fha kHIaál wú we;s njg ielhla u;=j we;' tfy;a kHIaálwú
m¾fhaIK lrk njla fy<sorjq ù fkdue;' ol=Kq wm%sldj i;=j kHIaál wú ;snqK o n,h úfoaYlhka w;ska
iajfoaYslhka fj; yqjudreùu;a iu. wdhqO ksIal%Sh lf<a h' f,dj n,j;=ka i;=j iqúYd, m%udKhl kHIaál
wú .nvd lr we;s w;r wjeis fudfyd;l iuQ, >d;kh i|yd tajd Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj we;' fndfyda
rdcHhka n,Yla;s W;amdokh i|yd kHIaál m¾fhaIK yd n,d.dr mj;ajdf.k hk w;r iEu rdcHhlg u
iuQ, >d;l wú ksmehqu .ek fpdaokd bosrsm;a j we;' fmdÿ tl`.;djg wkqj 1985 jif¾ oS fuu rdcHhka i;=j
kHIaál wú 68"000 la muK jQ nj ;lafiare lr we;' fuu m%udKfhka lsisjla úkdY fkd l< w;r tajd l%shd
úrys; lrk njg iEu rdcHhla u tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,fha oS fmdfrdkaÿ úh'

tlai;a ckmoh ;u m%:u kHIaál wú ksIamdok wdrïN lf<a fojk f,dal hqO iufha h' ì%;dkHh yd lekvdj
iu. isÿ l< tu jHdmD;sh uekayegka jHdmD;sh Manhattan Project f,i ye|ska fjhs' kdis c¾uksh kHIaál
fndaïn ksmojdú hehs hk ielh u; Tjqyq hqyqiqÆ jQy' tfuka u fuu ;%s;ajh tlaj f,dal b;sydifha
m%:uj;djg i;=re rdcHhlg tfrys j kHIaál fndaïn Ndú; lrñka 1945 wf.daia;= 6 osk cmdkfha ysfrdaIsud
k.rhg yd 1945 wf.daia;= 9 kd.idls mqrjrhg myr ÿkay' tlai;a ckmoh 1952 j¾Ifha iS;, hqO iufha kej;
c,lr mrudkq fndïnh m¾fhaKh u.ska ksmojd 1954 w;ayod ne,Sh' fidaúhÜ foaYh fojk f,dal hqO iufha yd
miq hqO iufha isÿ l< m¾fhaIK wkqj 1949 jif¾ ish m%:u kHIaál fndaïnh w;ayod ne,S h' ta wkqj reishdj
kHál n,h iys; fojk rdcH f,i f,dal b;sydihg tla úh' iS;, hqoaOfha f,dal n,h iu ;=<kh lsrSug tu
m¾fhaIKh iu;a úh' kej; 1955 jif¾ oS fidaúhÜ foaYh c,lr fndaïnh hydrogen bomb ("RDS-37") w;ayod
ne,S h' 1992 oS reishdkq ckrch ì|Shdfuka miqj merKs fidaúhÜ foaYh wh;a jQ mrudkq wú j,ska fldgila
kej; reishdj i;= úh' ;lafiarejg wkqj reishdj i;=j wdikak jYfhka kHIaál wú 55"000 la muK we;'
ì%;dkHh ish m%:u kHIaál wú w;ayod ne,Su isÿ lf<a 1952 jif¾ h' ì%;dkH f,dj f;jeks kHIaál n,j;d
h' 1957 oS m%:u c,lr fndïnh ksmojd mqmqrjd oeó h' m%xYh 1960 jif¾ ish m%:u w;ayod ne,Su lrñka f,dj
isjqjeks kHIaál n,j;d úh' 1968 oS c,lr fndïnh ksmojd w;ayod ne,S h' Ökh 1964 oS ;u kHIál wúh
ksmojd 1967 c,lr fndïnh msmsr ùh'
8
bkaoshdj kHIaál m¾fhaIK iduldó n, Yla;s W;amdokh fjkqfjka lrk m%h;akhla f,i y`ÿkajd we;' 1974
jif¾ m%:u w;ayod ne,Su iskdfik nqoaO" Smiling Buddha f,i kï lf<a h' bkaoshdjg kHIál n, W;amdokh
i|yd wjYH ;dlaIKh yd fuj,ï lekvdj iïmdokh lf<a h' bkaoshdj wfkla rdcHhka fuka ;u kHIagsl
myiqlï md,kh lrk f.da,Sh iïuq;shg ;ju t<U ke;' ;uka kHIaál n,h Ndúl lrkafka iuldó
jd;djrKhla hgf;a hehs bkaoshdj m%ldY lrhs' tfy;a 1990 jif¾ kHIaál wú w;ayod ne,Sï lSmhla lsrSug
bkaoshdj iu;a úh' th Yla;s fufyhqu Operation Shakti kñka ye|skaúk' 2005 cQ,s udifha tlai;a ckmo
ckm;s fcda¾ca nqIa yd bkaoSh w.ue;s uka fudayka isx w;r kHIaál w;ayodne,ï i|yd jQ wjfndaO;d .súiqulg
w;aika ;eìK'

mlsia;dkfha lrdÉÑ w. k.rh wdY%S; j ish kHIaál m¾fhaIK wdh;kh 1970 jif¾ bos lf<a h' m<uq w;ayod
ne,Su 1970 jif¾ isÿ lf<a h' ta i|yd tlai;a ckmoh yd hqfrdamSh rdcHhkaf.a Wmldr mlsia;dkhg ,eìK'
1990 jir f;la kHIaál wú m¾fhaIK isÿ fkd l< w;r 1998 oS bkaoshdkq kHIaál wú w;ayod ne,Sfuka miqj
mlsia;dkh ld¾.S,aia l`ÿlrfha m%:Ujrg kHIaál wjs m¾fhaIK yhla isÿ lf<a h'2004 jif¾
mlsia;dkfhakHIaál m¾fhaIK m%Odkshdg tfrys j kHIaál m¾fhaIK jd¾;d W;=re fldrshdjg wf,ú l<
njg fpdaokd ke.sk'

W;=re fldrshdj wdrïNfha kHIaál wú fkd ksmoùfï f.da,Sh .súiqug w;aika ;nd ;snqk o 2003 ckjdrs 10
osk tu iïuq;sfhka bj;ajk nj m%ldY lf<a h' oS¾> ld,hl isg W;=re fldrshdj i;=j kHIaál wú we;ehs
tlaia;a ckmoh yd hqrdamd ix.uh W;=re fldrshdjg fpdokd k.;s'

kefgda ixúOdkhg wh;a fn,acshu" c¾uksh" b;d,sh" fko¾,ka;h yd ;=¾lsh i;= N+ñfha tlai;a ckmo
kHIaál wú ia:dk .; lr we;' tfuka u 1984 jif¾ lekvdfõ o 2001 jif¾ .%Sisfha o kHIaál wú ia:dk .;
lsrSug wfursldj iu;a úh' ol=Kq wm%sldj i;=j 1990 jk úg kHIaál wdhqO yhla ;snQ w;r n,h iajfoaYslhka
fj; yqjudre jk úg tu wú ksYal%sh lf<a h' ;j o merKs fidaúhÜ foaYfhka fnoS fjkaj .sh fnf,da reishdj"
lIlia;dkh" hqlaf¾kh i;=j kHIaál wú we;s j. wka;¾cd;sl m¾fhaIK jd¾;dj, igyka j we;'

iqks,a rKisxy
udkj úoHd{

9
 SLAS / 2017/ES/02
zznqoaê l,ïnkhl kjuq u.ZZ
YS% ,xld mßmd,k fiajd újD;$ iSñ; ;r. úNd.h
rpkh yd idrdxYh
wlaIr úkHdih
my; i`oyka jpk úkHdih wkqj ifodia kï ksfodia fldg ,shkak'
1' ish¨ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 37' m%;sl%shd ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' uy¨ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 38' m%;sM, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3' l=re¿ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 39' ms<s.ekSu ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4' hy¿ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 40' ms<sl=< '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
5' .eg¿ '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 41' k<, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
6' .sks '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 42' m<, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
7' msKs '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 43' fl!Y,H ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
8' .KqfoKq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 44' m%ia:dr ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
9' f.dKqj '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 45' fldÜGdYh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
10' meKs '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 46' wfkHdakh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
11' ¨Kq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 47' wLKav ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
12' l¾;D '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 48' NdKav ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
13' ld¾hd,h '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 49' m%KS; ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
14' Nd¾hdj '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 50' iïuka;%K ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
15' uydpd¾h '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 51' ñY%K ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
16' ld¾hndrh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 52' jd¾:d ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
17' ld¾hxYh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 53' úYsIaG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
18' cd;Hdkqrd.h '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 54' YsIaGdpdrh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
19' w;HdjYH '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 55' oDIAÀ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
20' kS;Hdkql+, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 56' ks¾ÈYaG '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
21' mß.Klh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 57' fY%aIaG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
22' úYauh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 58' fcHIAG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
23' m<d; '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 59' ñ, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
24' f,aLK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 60' .eyeKq ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
25' le<Ksh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 61' uqyqKq ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
26' Wf<, '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 62' <`. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
27' YS>% '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 63' iq<`. ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
28' wNsNjd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 64' fnd<`o ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
29' m%Yak '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 65' fjf<`o ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
30' o¾Yk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 66' l<n ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
31' úu¾YK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 67' fj<n ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
32' ;SlaIK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 68' ikafoaYh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
33' ;dlaIKsl '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 69' ck.yKh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
34' f,aLk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 70' mqiA:ld,dêm;s ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
35' >Ügkh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 71' úμd,dêm;s ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
36' jdKsc '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 72' ilaj, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
10
73' l=l=<d '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 82' l<ukdlrKh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
74' m<uq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 83' oDIAÀjdoh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
75' i;a;ajhd '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 84' oDYHudK ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
76' ;;a;ajh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 85' iqNidok ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
77' W!kmQrK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 86' wk¾> ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
78' t<fnk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 87' W;alDIaG ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
79' ckY%e;sh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 88' lKal¨ ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
80' lK.dgq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 89' ixialD;sl ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
81' lKaKdä '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 90' idOdkqiaurKSh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

k" K" ," < fNaoh wkqj w¾: fjkiaùu'

1' lk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 11' u, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

lK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' u< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

2' ñk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 12' j, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

ñK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' j< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

3' myk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 13' l, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

myK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' l< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

4' ork '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 14' wl=, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

orK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' wl=< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

5' jrk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 15' iS, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

jrK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' iS< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

6' ;k '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 16' ms, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

;K '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ms< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

7' ok '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 17' n, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

oK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' n< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

8' jk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 18' o, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

jK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' o< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

9' fuk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 19' uq, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

fuK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' uq< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

10' lsrk '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 20' m, ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

lsrK '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' m< ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

11
 SLAS / 2017/GK/EX/09
zznqoaê l,ïnkhl kjuq u.ZZ
YS% ,xld mßmd,k fiajd újD;$ iSñ; ;r. úNd.h
idudkH - ±kSu - wu;r ksnkaOkh

Y%S ,xldfõ md¾,sfïka;=j

fld<U isg ls'ñ' 15 la muK ÿßka kef.kysrg jkakg Y%S chj¾Okmqr msysgkafkah' tys msysá fm!rdKsl c,
dYhla jk Èhjkakd Th uOHhfha wla' 10 l N+ñ Nd.hl md¾,sfïka;= ixlS¾Kh msysgd ;sfnkafkah' 1833 § rfÜ
jHjia:dodhl msysgqjkq ,eîfuka miq ta i`oyd bÈlrk ,o f;jks f.dvke.s,a, jkafka fuhhs'

tla tla md¾,sfïka;=j /iajk m<uq iNd jdrfha§ uka;%sjre jiska l:dkdhl jrhd f;dardm;alr.kq ,efí' tys
uq,iqk orkakd fudyq jk w;r iNdfjys lghq;= md,kh lrk yd ia:djr ksfhda. ms<smÈkq ,eîfuys j.lSu Tyq
úiska Wiq,hs' md¾,sfïka;=j ;=, fixflda,h wêldßn,fha ixfla;hhs'

md¾,sfïka;=fjys uka;%sjre jir 6 l ld,hlg f;dardm;alr.kq ,efnhs' md¾,sfïka;=fjys uka;%S .kK 225 jk
w;r Tjqkaf.ka 196 fofkla iudkqmd;sl ksfhdað;fhkao 29 fokd cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjkao .kq ,efnhs'
´ku wjia:djl iNdfjys jevlghq;= uyck .e,ßfha isg keröug uyck;djg yelsh' rdcH md,k ;ka;%fha
uyf.or nÿ md¾,sfïka;=j lfYarej Yla;su;a isxy fmda;lhl=f.a isxykdoh nÿ jkafka tys we;s wiSñ; n,;,
ksidh'

hg;a úð;jd§kaf.a meñKSug fmr" Y%S ,xldfõ ;snqfKa rdcdKavq l%uhls' bka wk;=rej mD;=.sis" ,kafoais iy
ì%;dkH md,lhka hgf;a mßmd,kuh yd rdcHuh fjkialï y`ÿkajd fok ,È' uqyqÿ nv msysá ,kafoais md,kh
mej;s m%foaY m%:ufhka ì%;dkH md,khg hg;a jQ w;r" 1815 § Wvrg rdcOdksh o ì%;dkH md,khg hg;a úh'
flda,anDDla leurka fldñifï ks¾foaYj,g wkql+,j" 1833 § Y%Su;a frdnÜ fydagka kue;s wdKavqldrjrhd úiska
úOdhl iNdj iy jHjia:dodhl iNdj kï jQ hg;a úð; md,kh mej;s Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u jHjia:dodhl uKav,
fol msysgqjk ,§'

.d¨ uqjfodr uy ihqrg uqyqK ,d msysgd we;s merKs md¾,sfïka;= f.dvke.s,a, fj; /f.k hk;=re" úOdhl
iNdj jHjid:dodhl iNdj /iaùï meje;a jQfha ±kg úfoaY lghq;= wud;HxYh msysgd we;s o¾YkSh f.davka
Wμdkh bÈßmi we;s f.dvke.s,af,a h' merKs md¾,sfïka;= f.dvke.s,a, 1930 ckjdß 29 jk Èk tjlg
wdKavqldrjrhd f,i isá Y%Su;a y¾nÜ iageka,s úiska újD; lrk ,o w;r" Y%S chj¾Ok mqr fldaÜfÜ msysá kj
md¾,sfïka;= ixlS¾Kh fj; 1982 wfm%a,a udifha § jHjia:Dodhlh /f.k hk;=re th /iajQfha fuu
f.dvke.s,af,a h'

1944 § fida,anß fldñiu úiska fjiaÜñkaiag¾ l%uh y`ÿkajd fok ,È' md¾,sfïka;=j /ðKf.ka
^w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska ksfhdackh lrk ,È'& iy fifkÜ iNdj iy ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h hk iNd
follska o iukaú; úh' ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h idudðlhka 101 la fofkl=f.ka iukaú; jQ w;r" fifkaÜ
iNdj idudðlhka 30 fofkl=f.ka iukaú; úh' fifkaÜ iNslhka 30 fokd w;=ßka 15 fofkl= ksfhdað;
uka;%s uKAv,h úiska f;d¾d m;a lrk ,o w;r b;sß 15 fokd w.%dKavqldrjrhd úiska kï lrk ,È' fifkaÜ
iNdj 1971 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 2 jk Èk wfydais lrk ,§' wdKavql%u jHjia:d m%;sixialrKj, m%;sM,hla f,i
jHjia:dodhlfha ku my; ±lafjk whqßka wjia:d lSmhlÈu fjkia úh'

12
jHjia:dodhl iNdj 1833 - 1931 - ^uka;%sjreka 49&

 rdcH uka;%K iNdj 1931 - 1947 - ^uka;%Sjreka 61&

 ksfhdað; uka;%s uKav, 1947 - 1972 - ^uka;%sjreka 101 la yd 1960 kamiqj uka;%Sjreka 157&
 cd;sl rdcH iNdj 1972 - 1978 - ^uka;%Sjreka 168&
 md¾,sfïka;=j 1978 isg fï olajd - ^uka;%sjreka 225&

Y%S chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ k.rfha 111 jk úl%undyq rc;=udf.a m%n, w.%dud;Hjrhd jQ" ksYaYxl w,flaIajrf.a
ud<s.h msysgd ;snQ ia:dkfha kj md¾,sfïka;=j bÈ lsÍu 1979 § wdrïN jQ w;r tys jev lghq;= 1982 § ksud
flreKs' tâjâ ßâ iy fn.a iud.fï fc*aß ndjd uy;d .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amshd f,i f;dard .kakd ,o w;r
ñÜiqhs iud.ï folla tlaj iEÿKq cmka iud.ulg kj f.dvke.s,s ixlS¾Kfha bos lsÍï lghq;= mjrk ,È'

rdcH kdhlhska

rcq
VI jk fcda¾Ê rc;=ud 1948 fmnrjdß 04 - 1952 fmnrjdß 06
w.%dKavqldrjrhd (
Y%Su;a fykaß fudkala fïika uqj¾ ue;s;=ud 1944 - 1949
uydudkH fida,anß idñjrhd 1949 - 1952

II jk t,sifn;a /ðk 1952 - 1972

w.%dKavqldrjrhd (
uydudkH fida,anß idñjrhd 1952 - 1954
Y%Su;a T,sj¾ w¾kiaÜ .=K;s,l ue;s;=ud 1954 - 1962
.re ú,shï f.dm,a,j ue;s;=ud 1962 - 1972

ckdêm;s
w;s.re ú,shï f.dm,a,j ue;s;=ud 1972 - 1978

úOdhl ckdêm;s
w;s.re fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok ue;s;=ud 1978 fmnrjdß 04 - 1989 ckjdß 02
^1978'02'04 Èk isg n,d;aul jQ 1972 Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ fojk ixfYdaOkh
u.ska úOdhl ckdêm;sOqrh ia:dmkh úh'&
w;s.re rKisxy fm%auodi ue;s;=ud 1989 ckjdß 02 - 1993 uehs 01
w;s.re ã'î' úfÊ;=x. ue;s;=ud 1993 uehs 07 - 1994 fkdjeïn¾ 12
^1993-05-01 Èk isÿ jQ ckdêm;s fm%auodi ue;s;=udf.a wl,a urKfhka miq" tjl w.%dud;HOQrh
±rE .re ã'î' úfÊ;=x. ue;s;=ud jevn,k ckdêm;sjrhd f,i Èjqreï ÿka w;r wdKavql%u
jHjia:dfõ 40 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a md¾,sfïka;=j úiska ckdêm;s ;k;=r i`oyd Tyq f;dardm;a
lr .kakd ,È' 1993'05'07 Èk jk;=re Tyq jev n,k ckdêm;sjrhd f,i lghq;= lf<ah'&

13
 w;s.re pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. ue;sksh 1994 fkdjeïn¾ 12 - 2005 fkdjeïn¾ 19
w;s.re uyskao rdcmlaI ue;s;=ud 2005 fkdjeïn¾ 19 isg fï olajd

w.%dud;Hjre

m%:u md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdacH uka;%S uKav,h& 1947 Tlaf;dan¾ 14 - 1952 wfm%a,a 08

uydudkH ã'tia' fiakdkdhl ue;s;=ud ^ñÍ.u& 1947 iema;eïn¾ 24 - 1952 ud¾;= 22
^uydudkH ã'tia' fiakdkdhl ue;s;=ud Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u w.%dud;Hjrhd úh'&

.re vâ,s fiakdkdhl ue;s;=ud ^±È.u& 1952 ud¾;= 26

^ish mshdKka jQ uydudkH ã'tia' fiakdkdhl ue;s;=udf.a urKfhka miq vâ,s fiakdkdhl uy;d
w.%dud;Hjrhd f,i m;a lrk ,È'&

fojk md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdacs; uka;%S uKav,h& 1952 cqks 09 - 1956 fmnrjdß 18

.re vâ,s fiakdkdhl ue;s;=ud ^±È.u& 1953 Tlaf;dan¾ 12
^uy ue;sjrKfha§ fiakdkdhl uy;d h< ckjrula Èkd.;a neúka kej; m;a lsÍulska f;drj
w.%dud;HOqrfha lghq;= lf<a h'&
uydudkH Y%Su;a fcdaka fld;,dj, ue;s;=ud 1953 Tlaf;dan¾ 12 - 1956 wfm%a,a 12
^fodvï.ia,kao&
^fiakdkdhl uy;d w.%dud;H ;k;=ßka b,a,d wiaùfuka miq Y%Su;a fcdaka fld;,dj, uy;d
w.%dud;HOqrhg m;a lrk ,È'&

f;jk md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdacH uka;%S uKav,h& 1956 wfm%a,a 16 - 1959 foieïn¾ 05

.re tia'ví'wd¾'ã' nKavdrkdhl ue;s;=ud ^w;a;k.,a,& 1956 wfm%a,a 12 - 1959 iema;eïn¾ 26
.re wdpd¾h ví,sõ oykdhl ue;s;=ud ^.d,a,& 1959 iema;eïn¾ 26 - 1960 ud¾;= 20
^nKAvdrkdhl uy;d >d;khg ,laùfuka wk;=rej oykdhl uy;d w.%dud;H ;k;=rg
m;a lrk ,È'&

isõjk md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdacs; uka;%S uKav,h& 1960 ud¾;= 30 - 1960 wfm%a,a 23

.re vâ,s fiakdkdhl ue;s;=ud ^±È.u& 1960 ud¾;= 21 - 1960 cQ,s 21
^fiakdkdhl uy;df.a rch 1960 wfm%a,a 22 jk Èk mrdchg m;aúh'&

miajeks md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdacs; uka;%S uKav,h& 1960 wf.daia;= 05 - 1964 foieïn¾ 17

.re isßud nKAvdrkdhl ue;sksh 1960 cQ,s 21 - 1965 ud¾;= 25
^Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha kdhsldj jQ t;=ñh 1960 cQ,s ui 21 jk Èk w.%dud;Hjßh f,i m;a lrkq ,enqjdh'
kuq;a weh md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjßhl fkdjQ neúka w.%dud;H ;k;=f¾ lghq;= lrf.k hkq msKsi 1960 wf.daia;=
02 jk Èk W;a;r uka;%s uKav,hg m;alrkq ,enqjdh'& ^nKavdrkdhl uy;añhf.a rch 1964 foieïn¾ 03 jk
Èk iNdfõ§ mrdchg m;a úh'&

14
 ihjk md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdacs; uka;%S uKav,h& 1965 wfm%a,a 05 - 1970 ud¾;= 25
.re vâ,s fiakdkdhl ue;s;=ud ^±È.u& 1965 ud¾;= 25 - 1970 uehs 29

i;ajk md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdacs; uka;%S uKav,h& 1970 cqks 07 - 1972 uehs 22

.re isßud nKavdrkdhl ue;sksh ^w;a;k.,a,& 1970 uehs 29 - 1972 uehs 22

m%:u cd;sl rdcH iNdj 1972 uehs 22 - 1977 uehs 18

.re isßud nKavdrkdhl ue;sksh ^w;a;k.,a,& 1972 uehs 22 - 1977 cQ,s 23

fojk cd;sl rdcH iNdj 1977 wf.daia;= 04 - 1978 iema;eïn¾ 07

.re fÊ'wd¾' chj¾Ok ue;s;=ud ^ngysr fld<U& 1977 cQ,s 23 - 1978 fmnrjdß 04
.re wd¾' fm%auodi ue;s;=ud ^ueo fld<U - m<uqjeks& 1978 fmnrjdß 06 - 1978 iema;eïn¾ 07
^chj¾Ok uy;d Y%S ,xld ckdêm;s ;k;=rg m;aùfuka wk;=rej fm%auodi uy;d w.%dud;Hjrhd
f,i m;a lrk ,§'&

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha m%:u md¾,sfïka;=j 1978 iema;eïn¾ 07 - 1988 foieïn¾ 20
.re wd¾' fm%auodi ue;s;=ud ^ueo fld<U - m<uqjeks& 1978 iema;eïn¾ 07 - 1989 ckjdß 02

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha fojk md¾,sfïka;=j 1989 ud¾;= 09 - 1994 cqks 24
.re î'ã' úfÊ;=x. ue;s;=ud ^uykqjr Èia;%slalh& 1989 ud¾;= 06 - 1990 ud¾;= 28

.re î'ã' úfÊ;=x. ue;s;=ud ^uykqjr Èia;%slalh& 1990 ud¾;= 30* - 1993 uehs 07
* kej; m;alrk ,È' ^1990'03'30 Èke;s wxl 603$19 ork .eiÜ m;%h&

.re rks,a úl%isxy ue;s;=ud ^.ïmy Èia;%slalh& 1993 uehs 07* - 1994 wf.daia;= 19
*uy;d Y%S ,xld ckdêm;s Oqrfha jev Ndr .ekSfuka wk;=rej úl%uisxy w.%dud;Hjrhd f,i m;alrk
,È'

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha ;=kajk md¾,sfïka;=j 1994 wf.daia;= 2 - 2000 wf.daia;= 18
.re pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. ue;sksh 1994 wf.daia;= 19 - 1994 fkdjeïn¾ 12
^.ïmy osia;%slalh&
.re isßudfjda wd¾'ã' nKavdrkdhl ue;ksh ^cd;sl ,ehsia;=j& 1994 fkdjeïn¾ 14 - 2000 wf.daia;= 09
^l=udr;=x. uy;añh Y%S ,xld ckdêm;s Oqrfha jev Ndr .ekSfuka wk;=rej nKavdrkdhl uy;añh
w.%dud;Hjßh f,i m;alrk ,È'&
.re r;akisß úl%ukdhl ue;s;=ud ^l¿;r Èia;%slalh& 2000 wf.daia;= 10 - 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 13

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha isõjk md¾,sfïka;=j 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 18 - 2001 Tlaf;dan¾ 10
.re r;akisß úl%ukdhl ue;s;=ud ^l¿;r Èia;%slalh& 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 13 - 2001 foieïn¾ 07
15
Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha miajk md¾,sfïka;=j 2001 foieïn¾ 19 - 2004 fmnrjdß 07
.re rks,a úl%uisxy ue;s;=ud ^fld<U Èia;%slalh& 2001 foieïn¾ 09 - 2004 wfm%a,a 02

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha yhjk md¾,sfïka;=j 2004 wfm%a,a 22 - 2010 fmnrjdß 09
.re uyskao rdcmlaI ue;s;=ud ^yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalh& 2004 wfma%,a 06 - 2005 fkdjeïn¾ 19

.re r;akisß úl%ukdhl ue;s;=ud ^cd;sl ,ehsia;=j& 2005 fkdjeïn¾ 19 - 2010 wfm%a,a 20
^rdcmlaI uy;d Y%S ,xld ckdêm;s OQrfha jev Ndr .ekSfuka wk;=rej úl%ukdhl uy;d
w.%dud;Hjrhd f,i m;alrk ,È'&

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha y;ajk md¾,sfïka;=j 2010 wfm%a,a 22 - 2015 olajd
.re È'uq' chr;ak ue;s;=ud ^cd;sl ,ehsia;=j& 2010 wfm%a,a 21 - 2015 olajd
2015 isg .re rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d

l:dkdhljre

m%:u rdcH uka;%K iNdj 1931 cQ,s 07 - 1935 foieïn¾ 07

.re ta't*a' fud,uqf¾ uy;d ^±È.u& 1931 cQ,s 07 - 1934 foieïn¾ 10
^ta't*a' fud,uqf¾ uy;d Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u l:dkdhljrhd úh'&

.re t*a' ta' Tfífialr uy;d ^wúiaidfõ,a,& 1934 foieïn¾ 11 - 1935 foieïn¾ 07
^fud,uqf¾ uy;d b,a,d wiaùfuka wk;=rej Tfífialr uy;d l:dkdhl jYfhka m;a leßKs'&

fojk rdcH uka;%K iNdj 1936 ud¾;= 17 - 1947 cQ,s 04

.re Y%Su;a ffj;H,sx.ï ÿf¾idñ uy;d ^lhsÜia& 1936 ud¾;= 17 - 1947 cQ,s 04

m%:u md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h& 1947 Tlaf;dan¾ 14 - 1952 wfm%,a 08

.re Y%Su;a *%ekaisia fud,uqf¾ uy;d ^n,xf.dv - m<uqjeks& 1947 Tlaf;dan¾ 14 - 1951 ckjdß 25

.re Y%Su;a we,anÜ t*a' mSßia uy;d ^kd;a;kaäh& 1951 fmnrjdß 13 - 1952 wfm%a,a 08
^Y%Su;a *ekaisia fud,uqf¾ uy;df.a wNdjfhka miq msÍia uy;d l:dkdhljrhd jYfhka m;a lrk ,§'&

fojk md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h& 1952 cqks 09 - 1956 fmnrjdß 18

.re Y%Su;a we,anÜ t*a' mSßia uy;d ^kd;a;kaäh&

f;jeks md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h& 1956 wfm%a,a 19 - 1959 foieïn¾ 05

.re tÉ'tia' biauhs,a uy;d ^mq;a;,u& 1956 wfm%a,a 19 - 1959 foieïn¾ 05

16
isõjeks md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h& 1960 ud¾;= 30 - 1960 wfm%a,a 23
.re à' î' iqnisxy uy;d ^lgq.ïm,& 1960 ud¾;= 30 - 1960 wfm%a,a 23
^iq¿;r wdKavqfõ kdñlhd jq Y%Su;a we,anÜ t*a' mSßia uy;d úmlAIfha nyq;r Pkaofhka mrdch lsÍug
iqnisxy uy;d iu;a úh'&

miajeks md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h& 1960 wf.daia;= 05 - 1964 foieïn¾ 17

.re wd¾'tia' me,afmd, uy;d ^kdj,msáh& 1960 wf.daia;= 05 - 1964 ckjdß 24
.re yshQ m%kdkaÿ uy;d ^fjkakmamqj& 1964 ckjdß 24 - 1964 foieïn¾ 17
^me,afmd, uy;df.a b,a,d wiaùfuka miq m%kdkaÿ uy;d l:dkdhlOqrhg m;a flßKs'&

yhjeks md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h& 1965 wfm%a,a 05 - 1970 ud¾;= 25

.re Y%Su;a we,anÜ t*a' mSßia uy;d ^kd;a;kaäh& 1965 wfm%a,a 05 - 1967 iema;eïn¾ 21
.re I¾,s fldrhd uy;d ^y,dj;& 1967 iema;eïn¾ 27 - 1970 ud¾;= 25
^Y%Su;a we,anÜ msÍia uy;df.a wNdjfhka miq fldrhd uy;dj l:dkdhljrhd jYfhka m;a flßKs'&

i;ajeks md¾,sfïka;=j ^ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav,h& 1970 cQks 07 - 1972 uehs 22

.re iageka,s ;s,lr;ak uy;d ^fldaÜfÜ& 1970 cQks 07 - 1972 uehs 22

m%:u cd;sl rdcH iNdj 1972 uehs 22 - 1977 uehs 18

.re iageka,s ;s,lr;a; uy;d ^fldaÜfÜ& 1972 uehs 22 - 1977 uehs 18

fojeks cd;sl rdcH iNdj 1977 wf.daia;= 04 - 1978 iema;eïn¾ 07

.re wdpd¾h wdkkao ;siai o w,aúia uy;d ^fldaÜfÜ& 1977 wf.daia;= 04 - 1978 iema;eïn¾ 07

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdÈ ckrcfha m%:u md¾,sfïka;=j 1978 iema;eïn¾ 07 - 1988 foieïn¾ 20
.re wdpd¾h wdkkao ;siai o w,aúia uy;d ^fldaÜfÜ& 1978 iema;eïn¾ 07 - 1978 iema;eïn¾ 13
.re tï'ta' ndlS¾ udl¾ uy;d ^fírej, - m<uq jeks& 1978 iema;eïn¾ 21 - 1983 wf.daia;= 30
^wdpd¾h wdkkao ;siai o w,aúia uy;df.a b,a,d wiaùfuka miq ndlS¾ udl¾ uy;d l:dkdhljrhd
jYfhka m;a lrk ,È'&
.re B't,a' fiakdkdhl uy;d ^uykqjr& 1983 iema;eïn¾ 06 - 1988 foieïn¾ 20
ndlS¾ udl¾ uy;d b,a,d wiaùu ksid fiakdkdhl uy;d l:dkdhljrhd jYfhka m;alrk ,È'

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdÈ ckrcfha fojk md¾,sfïka;=j 1989 ud¾;= 09 - 1994 cqks 24
.re tÉ' tï' fudfyduâ uy;d ^fld<U& 1989 ud¾;= 09 - 1994 cqks 24

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdÈ ckrcfha f;jeks md¾,sfïka;=j 1994 wf.daia;= 25 -2000 wf.daia;= 18
.re fla'î' r;akdhl uy;d 1994 wf.daia;= 25 -2000 wf.daia;= 18
^cd;sl ,hsia;=j& 2000 iema;eïn¾ 18 - 2001 Tlaf;dan¾ 10
17
Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdÈ ckrcfha isõjeks md¾,sfïka;=j 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 18 - 2001 Tlaf;dan¾ 10
.re wkqr nKavdrkdhl uy;d ^.ïmy& 2000 Tlaf;dan¾ 18 - 2001 Tlaf;dan¾ 10
^úmlaIfha uka;%Sjrfhla l:dkdhlOqrhg tlÉPkaofhka m;aúh'&

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdÈ ckrcfha miajeks md¾,sfïka;=j 2001 foieïn¾ 19 - 2004 fmnrjdß 07
.re fcdaYma uhsl,a fmf¾rd uy;d ^.ïmy& 2001 foieïn¾ 19 - 2004 fmnrjdß 07

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdÈ ckrcfha yhjeks md¾,sfïka;=j 2004 wfm%a,a 22 - 2010 fmnrjdß 09
.re ú'c'uq' f,dl=nKavdr uy;d ^nÿ,a,& 2004 wfm%a,a 22 - 2010 fmnrjdß 09
2010 ud¾;= 09 - 2010 wfm%a,a 20
^tlai;a ck;d ksoyia ikaOdkfha kdñl ã'B'ví,sõ' .=Kfialr uy;d mrojd Pkao 109 g 110 la ,enQ
úmlaIfha kdñl tlai;a cd;sl mlaIfha ú'c'uq' f,dl=nKavdr uy;d l:dkdhlOqrhg jeä Pkaofhka m;aúh'&

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdÈ ckrcfha y;ajeks md¾,sfïka;=j 2010 wfm%a,a 22 isg 2015 olajd
.re pu,a rdcmlaI uy;d ^yïnkaf;dg& 2010 wfm%a,a 22 isg 2015 olajd

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdÈ ckrcfha wgjeks md¾,sfïka;=j 2015 isg fï olajd
.re lre chiQßh uy;d ^.ïmy& 2015 isg fï olajd

18
 SLAS / 2017/IQ/EX/05
zznqoaê l,ïnkhl kjuq u.ZZ
YS% ,xld mßmd,k fiajd újD;$ iSñ; ;r. úNd.h
idudkH -nqoaêh - wu;r ksnkaOkh

01' rEmfha ±lafjk "A" ys w.h fidhkak'

A = 12 4 x 3 = 12
3 4 1 3 4 1 A 4 x 1x3 = 12
3 x 4x1 = 12
/ 1 x A = 12
iEu jD;a;hla ;=<u we;s ixLHdjkays .=Ks;h 12 fõ'
02' ysia;ekg iqÿiq wxlh fidhkak'

2 1 3

5 25 29 4 16 37 6 36 ?

5 6 6

2 2
? = 45 6 +3
36 + 9
03'
13 11 33 69 18 34
16 8 53 49 34 ?

? = 18 34 - 18 + ? = 34
16 + ? = 34
? = 18
04'
12 11 33 7 5 10 1 ?
53 10 5 25

5 10 25 2

12 + ?2 = 25 1+?
2
= 50 2
? = 50 - 1
2 ? = 7

05'
39 42 37 ?
18 43 13 35 16 27 28 4

? = 38 tla tla ixLHd f.dkqjl tl;=j ms<sfj,ska 100" 90" 80" 70 jk úg

70 - (28 + 4) = ?
19
06'
3 1 5 2 ? 3 5 2

2 8 3 21 6 24 2 14

? = 1 (? + 3) 6 = 24
?+3 = 24 ÷ 6
? = 4-3

07'
4 7
? = 14 7x8 = 4 x ?
56 = 4 x ?
6 6 4 ? 65/4 = ?

9 8

08' 2 2
?= 6 (2 + 1 ) + 1
3 38 5 4 57 6 2 1 4+1 + 1
?

4 5 1

09'
4 23 2

8 11 10 24 6 19 3 ? 5

3 12 1

?= 5 fomi we;s ixLHd 2 ys tl;=ka w;r fjkihs'

(3 + 5) - (2 + 1)

10'
4 9 25 16 81 36 1 100

5 9 15 ?

? = 11 by< ixLHd foflys j¾.uQ, foflys ftlHhs'

1 + 100
1 + 10
20
11'
?
?= 1
3125 5
3906

625 25
125

12' 11 ? 25
8 14
? = 23 -3 + 2 x 2 f,i ixLHd rgdj
ilia ù we;'

5 7 13 26 50

13' 6 (48) 16
12 (84) 14 ? = 48 12 x 8
8 (?) 12 2

= 6 x 8

14'
1 ?
?= 4 2 x 2
6 15
5 24
2 5

15'
4 9 2
j.=fõ l=vd fldgq ljhg 1 - 9 olajd ixLHdjka tla;rd rgdjlg fhdod we;'
A 5 B wxl fh¥ fldgq my yer A, B, C, D ixfla; fh¥ fldgq y;r rgdjg wkqj
mqrjkak'
C D 6

A = 3
B = 7
C = 8
D = 1

21
 wxl 16 isg 20 olajd m%Yak mokï jkafka my; ±lafjk wxl msróvh u;hs' A - E olajd tla tla ysia;ekg
iqÿiq wxlh fhdod ;s;a br u; ,shkak'

+2 10 10

7 5
12
6 2 8
+4 16
6 A 5 9
+6 22
7 6 5 B 3 8
+8 30
2 3 C 5 6 9 7 8
+10 40

+12 32 8 4 7 6 D 4 7 6 3

+14 66 8 9 3 5 E 4 8 7 2 8 9

16. A = 2 (16 + 6) - 20
17. B = 1 (22 + 8) - 29
18. C = 0 (30 + 10) - 40
19. D = 7 (40 + 12) - 45
20. E = 2 (52 + 14) - 64
21.
222

6 G = 24 (6 x 4)
H = 444 (222 x 2)
888 G 37 12 H

18

666

A B
22.
12 32 15 56 ? ?

4 8 7 8 5 6

A = 6+5 = 11
B = 6x5 = 30
22
23'
12 102
? = 146 12 x 12 + 2
8 38
6 66
10 ?

24'
24 = 1 ?

24 = 2 4 3

24 = 1 2 2 6
? = 24 1 x 24

24 = 4 3 1 1 2

24 = 1 1 2 3 2 2

25'

5 6 2

7 34 10 4
? = 36 8 x 4 + 4
32 ?

49 46 8
4 5 7
9 6

23
 SLAS / 2017/IQ/13
zznqoaê l,ïnkhl kjuq u.ZZ
YS% ,xld mßmd,k fiajd újD;$ iSñ; ;r. úNd.h
idudkH -nqoaêh
oS ;sfnk Wmfoia wkqj ish,q u m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fuu m;%fhys u imhkak'

I fldgi

wxl 01 isg 05 olajd m%Yak my; bÈßm;a lr we;s fþoh u; mokï fjhs' tla tla m%Yakhg wod< ksjerÈ
ms<s;=r f;dard" Bg ysñ wxlh ;s;a br u; ,shkak'

úNd. l%shdj,sh lsis`ÿ ndOdjlska f;dr j mej;s wjqreoaola jQ 1987 .; fyd;a idudkH fm< úNd.hg
YsIHhka 484"797 fofkl= fmkS isá w;r" ish wOHdmk lghq;= wLKavj lr f.k hdug iqÿiqlï ,enqfõ
YsIHhka 95"416 fofkl= muKs' jhi wjqreÿ 16 la muK jQ b;sß YsIHhka 389"381 fokdg u Tjqkaf.a wkd.;
wNsjDoaêh i`oyd fjk;a ud¾. fidhd .ekSug isÿúh'
tu wjqreoafoa u zWiia fm<Z úNd.hg fmkS isá YsIHhka 112"577 fokdf.ka iqÿiqlï,enqfõ YsIHhka
31"079 fofkl= muKs' fudjqka w;=frka úYaj úμd,hg we;=¨ ùug yels jQfha f;dard .;a 6"143 fofkl=g
muKs' fuu m%fõY wkqmd;h f,dalfha wfkla rgj,a yd ii`ok úg wvqu wkqmd; j,ska tlls' f,dalfha
wfkl=;a fndfyda rgj, fï úNd.j,g fmkS isák YsIHhkaf.ka b;d jeä m%;sY;hl YsIHfhda úYaj úμd,
j,g m%fõY fj;s' fï fya;=fjka 1987 wjqreoafoa muKla Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isá YsIHhska 106"434
fofkla úYaj úμd,j,g we;=¨úh fkdyelsj iqka jQ n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;a;ka njg m;ajQy' fï
n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka ùu ;j;a j¾Okh jkafka Tjqka uq¿ mdi,a p¾hdj u zzWiia fm<ZZ úNd.hg ms<sfh, ùu
flfrys;a úYaj úμd,hg we;=¨ùu flfrys;a fhduq lrkq ,eîu ksidh' fï wkQj 1987 § uq¿ jYfhka
YsIHhka 495"815 fokl=g tkï" ñ,shk Nd.hlg wdikak ;reK msßilg wNsu;d¾:hka bIag fkdùu ú`o
ord .ekSug isÿúh' ;u wNsu;d¾: bIag lr .ekSug fkdyels ùu ksid;a" M,odhs iajhx /lshd ud¾.j,g
fhduq ùug fkdyelsùu ksid;a ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhl idOdrK;ajhlska hqla; j wOHdmk l%uhg fodia
mjrk wffO¾hj;a jQ yd n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka jq ;reK fldgi j¾Okh lrñka YsIHhka neyer lsÍfï fuu
l%shdj,sh jißka jir È.g u mj;s'

by; ±lafjk ixLHdj,ska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk w¾nqoh úi`od,su i`oyd b;d yÈis lreKla f,i
i,ld wOHdmk jHqyh mßfYdaOkh l< hq;=uh hkak ms<sn`oj ielhla ke;' YsIHhka yhodyla iEySug
m;ajk whqre yd ;j;a oyia .Kkla ;D;shsl wOHdmk wdh;kj,g we;=¨ ùug yels jk whqßka wOHdmk
l%uh mj;ajd .kq ,enqfjd;a iajlSh wNsjDoaêh i,id .ekSug m%udKj;a ud¾. fkdue;s j ñ,shk 1$2 la
muK ;reK ;reKshka wiykhg m;aùu ;j ÿrg;a i;Hhla j mj;sk w;r tnÿ wjia:djl § we;súh yels
;reK wiykh we;a; jYfhka u wj;lafiare l< fkdyelsh'

01' 1987 w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úNd.hg fmkS isg Wiia fm< wOHdmkhg iqÿiqlï fkd,enq YsIH ixLHdfõ
m%;sY;h
1. 95416 x 100 2. 95416 x 100
389 381 1 484 797 1

3. (389 381 - 95 416) x 100 4. (484 797 - 95 416) x 100 (................)

389 381 1 484 797 1

02' fojk fþofhys ±lafjk zzm%fõY wkqmd;hZZ hkqfjka woyia flfrkafka"

1' Wiia wOHdmkh ,eìh hq;= jhfia isák rfÜ uq¿ YsIH ixLHdfjka úYAjúμd,hg we;=¿ jQ YsIH
ixLHdjhs'
2' idudkH fm< iu;a jQjkaf.ka" Wiia fm< iu;a ùug yels jQ YsIH ixLHdj hs'
3' Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák YsIHhkaf.ka Wiia fm< iqÿiqlï ,nk YsIH ixLHdj hs'
4' Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isá YsIHhka w;f¾ úYaj úμd,hg we;=¿ jQ YsIH ixLHdj hs' (................)
24
03' 1987 § Y%S ,xldfõ úYaj úμd, m%fõY wkqmd;h o< m%;sY;hla jYfhka"
1' 1'25 ls 2' 5'5 ls 3' 20 ls 4' 33 ls (................)

04' zzñ,shk Nd.hlg wdikak ;reK msßilg ;u wNsu;d¾:hka bIag fkdùu ú`o ord.ekSug isÿúh'ZZ fojk
fþofhys i`oyka jk fuu YSIH ixLHdj iEÈ we;af;a 1987 j¾Ifha"

1' idudkH fm< wiu;a jQ isiqkaf.ks'

2' Wiia fm< wiu;a jQ isiqka f.ks'
3' Wiia fm< iu;a jqj o úYaj úμd,hg we;=¿ ùug fkdyels jq isiqkaf.ks'
4' Wiia fm< wOHdmkh fkd,enqKq iy Wiia fm< iu;a j úYj úμd,j,g we;=¿ fkdjq YsIH ldKAv
fol tl;= ùfuks' (................)

05' zzby; ±lafjk ixLHd j,ska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk w¾nqoh úi`od,Su i`oyd b;d yÈis lreKla f,i i,ld
wOHdmk jHqyh mßfYdaOkh l< hq;=u h hkak ms<sn`oj ielhla ke;'ZZ
fuys ±lafjk w¾nqoh jvd;a ksjerÈ f,i úia;r flfrkafka my; ±lafjk l=uk ms<s;=f¾ o @

1' ;reK wiykh wj;lafiare lsÍu yd Bg m%;sl¾u fkdfh§u'

2' úYaj úμd, m%fõY wkqmd;h b;d my< uÜgul ;sîu ksid we;sjk YsIH wiykh
3' Wiia wOHdmkhg fyda M,odhs ixjhx /lshd ud¾.j,g fhduq ùug fkdyelsj ;reKhkaf.a
n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqkaùu'
4' uq¿ mdi,a p¾hdju Wiia fm< úNd.hg k;=ùu ksid idudkH wOHdmkh flfrys we;s ù ;sfnk
wys;lr m%;sM,h' (................)

wxl 06 isg 11 olajd m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re" fok ,o m%ia;drh weiqfrka f;dard tla tla ms<s;=rg wod< wxlh ;s;a
br u; ,shkak'

1965 § yd 1985 § rgj,a 8 l kd.ßl ck.ykfha m%;sY; ±lafjk m%ia;drhla my; olajd we;'

1965 1985
100
Precent of Urban Population
kd.ßl ck.yk m%;sY;h

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
bkaÈhdj
,e;§ah
India

Ökh
¥dh
China

mdlsia:dkh
ghf;¢r;j;jhd;
Pakistan

bkaÿkSishdj
,e;NjhNd~pah
Indonesia

ms,smSkh
ßçg;àd; ©rhfk;
Philippines

;dhs,ka;h
jha;yhe;J;
Thailand

n%iS,h
ßNU¥y;
Brazil

u,hdishdj
kNy¤ah
Malaysia

25
06' 1985 § uq¿ ck.ykfhka w¾Ohlg;a jvd kd.ßl ck.ykhla we;s rgla f,i ie,lsh yelafla"
1' ms,smSkh hs' 2' Ökh hs' 3' n%iS,h hs' 4' u,hdishdj hs' ^'''''''''''''''''''&

07' 1965 isg 1985 olajd ld,h ;=< kd.rsl ck.ykfha m%;sY;h jvd;a u YS>% f,i jeä ù we;af;a"
1' bkaÈhdfõ h' 2' bkaÿkSishdfõ h' 3' ;dhs,ka;fha h' 4' n%iS,fha h' ^'''''''''''''''''''&

08' 1965 - 1985 w;r ld,h ;=< ck.ykh kd.ßl ùfï wvq u YS>%;dj olakg ,efnk rgj,a ;=kls'
1' Ökh" mlsia;dkh yd ms,smSkh 2' bkaÈhdj" Ökh yd ;dhs,ka;h
3' mdlsia;dkh" ;dhs,ka;h yd u,hdishdj 4' ms,smSkh" bkaÿkSishdj yd u,hdishdj ^'''''''''''''''''''&

09' m%ia;drfhka ±lafjk o;a; wkqj 1965 wjqreoafoa fuu rgj,a w;=ßka jeä u .ïno ck.ykhla mej;s rg"
1' bkaÈhdjhs' 2' Ökhhs'
3' ;dhs,ka;hhs' 4' ksYaÑ;j lsj fkdyel'' ^'''''''''''''''''''&

10' m%ia;drfhka ±lafjk o;a; wkqj rgj,a kd.ßlrKh ùu ms<sn`oj m%ldY ;=kla my; ±lafõ'
A - bkaÈhdjg jvd bkaÿkSishdfõ kd.ßl ck.ykh jeäùfï YS>%;djla olakg ,efí'
B - bkaÈhdjg jvd mlsia;dkfha kd.ßl ck.ykh jeäùfï YS>%;djla olakg ,efí'
C - 1985 jk úg;a ;dhs,ka; jdiSkaf.ka jeä fofkl= ðj;a j isáfha .ïnoj h'

by; m%ldY w;=ßka ksjerÈ jkafka"

1' A muKs' 2' A iy B 3' A iy C 4' B iy C ^'''''''''''''''''''&

11' kd.ßl ck.ykh jeä ùfï m%jK;dj bÈß ld,fha § fï wdldrfhka u mj;skafka hehs Wml,amkh
l<fyd;a 1995 jkúg ck.ykfhka w¾Ohlg jvd kd.ßl úh yels hehs ksYaÑ;j u lsj yels rg"
1' bkaÈhdj hs' 2' bkaÿkSishdj hs'
3' ms,smSkh hs' 4' u,hdishdj hs' ^'''''''''''''''''''&

II fldgi
wxl 12 isg 21 olajd tla tla m%Yakfha i`oyka j.ka;s j, ysia;ekg .e<fmk ksjerÈ jpk$jpkh §
we;s ms<s;=re w;ßka f;dard tys wxlh bÈßfhka we;s ;s;a br u; ,shkak'

12' frðiagd¾ fckrd,ajrhdf.a ;djld,sl ''''''''''@'''''''''' wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykh 1986 g jvd 1987 §
ñ,shk 16'4 olajd ishhg 1'5 lska jeä ù we;'
1' weia;fïka;= 2' ix.Kkh 3' iólaIKh 4' f,aLkj,g ^'''''''''''''''''''&
13' Èia;%sla Widúh u.ska .kakd ,o ;SrKhla wkqj ''''''''''@'''''''''' uQ,H iud.ï wEjr lsÍu i`oyd uy nexl=j
úiska uQ,sl mshjr f.k we;'
1' mßydkshg m;a jQ 2' nqkaj;a ;;a;ajhg m;a jQ
3' jeä ÈhqKq fkdjQ 4' kS;s úfrdaë ^'''''''''''''''''''&

14' lsishï mk;l isxy, yd fou< NdId mdG w;r hï ''''''''''@'''''''''' we;s jqjfyd;a túg isxy, NdId mdGh
n, meje;aúh hq;=h'
1' wiurEmH;djla 2' wkkql+,;djla
3' wkjfndaOhla 4' jerÈ w¾: l:khla ^'''''''''''''''''''&
15' rcfha ;k;=rla fyda ks,Odßhl= fyda iïnkaOfhka z;rd;srïZ hkafkka woyia flrfkafka tu ;k;=r
fkdfyd;a ks,Odßhd ''''''''''@'''''''''' hkakhs'
1' wkshï o ke;fyd;a ;djld,sl o
2' ;djld,sl o ke;fyd;a iaÓr o
3' ;djld,sl o" iaÓr o ke;fyd;a úY%du jegqma iys; o
4' wkshï o" ;djld,sl o" iaÓr o ke;fyd;a úY%du jegqma iys; o ^'''''''''''''''''''&
26
16' ''''''''''@'''''''''' hkq ks;H jYfhka mqrjd we;s ;k;=rl ta ;k;=r orkakd hï iSñ; ld,hla tu ;k;=f¾
rdcldß i`oyd fkdmeñfKk l,ays ta ;k;=f¾ rdcldß bgq lsÍug fhdojkq ,nk ;eke;af;ls'
1' wkshï ks,Odßhd 2' ;djld,sl ks,Odßhd
3' wdfoaYlhd 4' wkqm%dma;slhd ^'''''''''''''''''''&

17' tla;rd ld, iSudjlska miqj wjika jk ;djld,sl iajNdjfha fhdackd l%uj, ''''''''''@'''''''''' bgqlsÍu i`oyd
we;s lrk ,o ;k;=re wkshï ;k;=re yeáhg ie,lsh hq;= h'
1' ks¾fõ;ksl jev 2' wdjiaÓl jev
3' wdrlaIl lghq;= 4' mQ¾K ld,Sk lghq;= ^'''''''''''''''''''&

18' rcfha ks,Odßfhl= lsishï rcfha ksjdvq Èkhl rdcldßfhys fh§u wjYH hehs fomd¾;fïka;= m%Odkshd
woyia lrkafka kï ta fjkqfjka tu ks,Odßhdg ''''''''''@'''''''''' §ug fomd¾;fïka;= m%Odkshdg iajlSh
wNsu;h mßÈ mq¿jk'
1' rdcldß ksjdvq 2' úfõl ksjdvq
3' bl=;a ksjdvq 4' ys,õ ksjdvq ^'''''''''''''''''''&

19' ''''''''''@'''''''''' uqo,a f.ùu i`oyd Ndr .kakd yeu jjqprhla u iy;sl lsÍug n,h we;s ks,Odßhl= úiska tfia
lr ;sfnk njg j.lsj hq;= h'
1' f.jk ks,Odßhd 2' .Kka §fï ks,Odrhd
3' iy;sl lrk ks,Odßhd 4' m%;s.%dyl ks,Odßhd ^'''''''''''''''''''&

20' ojia mä ,nk ks,Odßfhl=f.a jd¾Isl jegqm jkafka Tyq ojilg ,nk mäh ''''''''''@'''''''''' .=K lsÍfuka
,efnk uqo,h'
1' 300 ka 2' 360 ka 3' 365 ka 4' 366 ka ^'''''''''''''''''''&

21' rdcldßfhys fh§ isáh § uyd ud¾.fhys .ukd.ukh yd m%jdykh i`oyd orKq ,nk úhoï ''''''''''@''''''''''
i`oyd f.jk uqo, zie;mqï l=,shZ jYfhka ye`Èkafõ'
1' wkqmQrKh lsÍï 2' m%;smQ¾Kh lsÍï
3 ;=,kh lsÍï 4' wêNdrh ^'''''''''''''''''''&

III fldgi
wxl 22 isg 31 olajd m%Yakj,g .e<fmk ms<s;=r f;dard tys wxlh ;s;a br u; ,shkak'

22' tla;rd fj<`o iud.ula l=vd lsß msá melÜgqjla re' 50 lg o" f,dl= lsß msá melÜgqjla re' 80 lg o wf,ú
lrhs' fuu iud.u fmnrjdß udifha § l=vd melÜ fuka 4 .=Khla f,dl= melÜ wf,ú lr we;s w;r" ud¾;=
udifha § f,dl= melÜ fuka 3 .=Khla l=vd melÜ wf,ú lr ;sfí' udi fofla § wf,ú l< lsß msá melÜ
.Kk iudk .Kkla ù kï iud.u fuu lsß msá melÜj,ska ud¾;=j, § ,;a uqo, fmnrjdßj, § ,;a
uqof,ka lSfhka mx.=jlaù o @
1' 6 2' 29 3' 15 4' 115 ^'''''''''''''''''''&
5 28 32 148

23' my; i`oyka ljrlska ñ,shkhla ±lafjhs o @

1' 100"000 2' 1"000"000 3' 10"000"000 4' 100"000"000 ^'''''''''''''''''''&

24' h;=re ,shk ,o jd¾;djl msgq wxl 1 isg 100 olajd w;ska ,sùfï § 5 b,lalu lS jdrhla ,súh hq;=o @
1' 11 2' 12 3' 19 4' 20 ^'''''''''''''''''''&

25' 1992 j¾Ifha fmnrjdß 15 od fikiqrdod ojila kï l%s'j' 2000 fmnrjdß udifha we;s w`.yrejdod Èk .Kk
lSh o@

1' 3 2' 4
3' 5 4' lsj fkdyelsh' ^'''''''''''''''''''&
27
26' chka; lñihla" l,siula iy lndhla re' 2"000 lg ñ, § .;af;a h' lndh l,siug jvd re' 900 lska jeä
h' foflys u ñf,ys tl;=j lñihg jvd re' 1"600 lska jeä h' l,sifuys ñ, lShlaù o@
1' re'200 2' re'350 3' re'450 4' re'600 ^'''''''''''''''''''&

27' tl yd iudk jákdlu we;s bvï len,s 5 la yjqf,a ñ, § .ekSu i`oyd A iy B ñ;=rka fofokd re' 140"000
la fhojQy' A re' 80"000 lao" B re' 60"000 la o fhojq w;r udihlg miq tlS bvï lene,a,la re' 35"000 ne.ska
bvï len,s 3 la úlsKSug ;SrKh fldg b;sß fol ;u ksfjia iE§u i`oyd ;nd .;ay' len,s 3 úlsKSfuka
,;a uqo,a fofokd idOdrKj fnod .;af;a kï A g Tyqf.a uqo, jYfhka lShla ,efnkakg we;s o@
1' re' 45"000 2' re' 60"000 3' re' 64"000 4' re' 100"000
^'''''''''''''''''''&

28' jD;a;Sh ix.uhl f,alï ;k;=rla i`oyd ksyd,a iy iuka ;r`. jeÿK y' ksyd,a m%pdrl lghq;= u.ska
iukaf.a wdOdrlrejkaf.ka 1$3 la ;u ms,g yrjd .;a w;r" iuka o m%pdrl lghq;= u.ska ksyd,af.a
wdOdrlrejkaf.ka 1$4 la ;u ms,g yrjd .;af;a h' wjidkfha È fofkd u tl yd iudk Pkao ixLHdjla
,nd.;af;a ;u m%pdrl lghq;= lsÍug fmr ksyd,ag jD;a;Sh ix.ufha idudðl;ajfhka l=uk m%;sY;hla
iyfhda.h olajkg we;a o@
1' 36 2' 40 3' 60 4' 66 2$3 ^'''''''''''''''''''&

29' ú§fï ;r`.hl § ,l=Kq ,efnk wdldrh fuu rEmfhka olajd we;' lsishï rjqulg t,a,h ksjerÈ
jqjfyd;a tu rjqfï i`oyka ,l=Kq m%udKh ,efí' yßhg u ,l=Kq 100 la ,nd.ekSu i`oyd wju jYfhka lS
jdrhla hï hï ia:dkj,g t,a, l< hq;= o@
11
13
31
33 1' 3 2' 6
42 3' 8 4' 13 ^'''''''''''''''''''&
44

..... . 46 . . .. . .
44
42
33
31
13
11

30' W;=re osYdjg uqyqK ,d ;sfnk fudag¾ r:hl bosß frdao ol=Kq w;g yrjd r:h msgqmig .;aúg r:fha
bosßmi m%:ufhka yefrkafka my; oelafjk ljr osYdjg o@

1' Bidk 2' .sKsfldK 3' ksß; 4' jhU ^'''''''''''''''''''&

31' yß y;/ia lEu fïihla jgd y;r me;af;a lu,d" rdks" ud,d iy is;d jdä ù isá;' wi, ;sfnk f,dl=
lKaKdäfhka ms<sônq jkafka lu,d bÈßfhka ud,d o" rdksf.a jñka lu,d o isák wdldrhg h' kshu
jYfhka n,k úg iS;dg ol=Kska isákafka ljfrla o@

1' ud,d 2' rdks 3' lu,d 4' lsj fkdyels h'

28
 IV fldgi
wxl 32 isg 40 olajd m%Yakj,g wod< ms<s;=r ;s;a br u; ,shkak'

32' my; oelafjk ixLHd fY%aKsfhys fkd.e<fmk ixLHdj l=ula o@

3" 3" 6" 18" 72" 216" 2160 ^'''''''''''''''''''&

my; oelafjk ixLHd fY%aKsj, B<`.g tk ixLHd fidhd th ;s;a br u; ,shkak'

33' 2" 3" 7" 16" 32" ''''''''''@'''''''''' ^'''''''''''''''''''&
34' 1266" 155" 44" 33" ''''''''''@'''''''''' ^'''''''''''''''''''&
35' 6723" 4672" 3467" 8346" ''''''''''@'''''''''' ^'''''''''''''''''''&
36' 1" 6" 8" 2" 6" ''''''''''@'''''''''' ^'''''''''''''''''''&
37' 4362" 41" 5473" 63" 6584" ''''''''''@'''''''''' ^'''''''''''''''''''&

fuu p;=ri%fhys fldgq ;=< we;s ixLHdjka u kej; A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H hk ysia fldgq ;=< fhdokak'
 tla ixLHdjla kej; fhosh hq;af;a tla jrla muKs'
 iEu fma<shl" ;Srejl fyda úl¾Khl tl;=j 39 la úh hq;= h' fï wkqj"

A B
5 13
C D 38' A fldgqj ;=< ;sìh hq;= ixLHdj lSh o@ ^'''''''''''''''''''&
10 11
39' D fldgqj ;=< ;sìh hq;= ixLHdj lSh o@ ^'''''''''''''''''''&
E F
3 18
40' G fldgqj ;=< ;sìh hq;= ixLHdj lSh o@ ^'''''''''''''''''''&
G H
12 6

V fldgi
wxl 41 isg 45 olajd m%Yak i`oyd § we;s o;a; mokï lr .ksñka jvd;a u ksjerÈ ms<s;=r f;dard tys wxlh
;s;a br u; ,shkak'

fyauka;s chka;s iy iqika;s hk ldka;djka ;sfokd;a" .=Kr;ak" ,shkf.a iy rK;=x." talkdhl hk

msßñka y;r fokd;a wßka ;sfofkl= muKla tla;rd mÍlaIK uKav,hl fiajh lsÍug f;dard .; hq;=j
we;'
 chka;s iy .=Kr;ak {d;Syq h'
 rK;=x. lsisu ldka;djla iu`. tla uKav,hl fiajh lsÍug leu;s ke;'
 {d;Ska fofokl=g tla uKav,hl fiajh lsÍug fkdyels h'

41' fï wkqj mßlaIl uKav,fha fiajh lsÍu i`oyd chka;s f;dard .kkd ,oafoa kï ;j lS fofkl= w;ßka
wfkla iduðlhka fofkd f;dard .; yels fõo @

1' fofofkl= 2' ;sfofkl= 3' isõ fofkl= 4' mia fofkl=
^'''''''''''''''''''&

42' uKAv,hg fyauka;s iy iqika;s f;dard .kakd ,oafoa kï tys ;=kajeks idudðlhd jYfhka f;dard .ekSug
iqÿiq mqoa.,hka ish,a, u olajk lKavdhu my; ±lafjk ljrla o@

1' chka;s" talkdhl" ,shkf.a 2' talkdhl" .=Kr;ak" ,shkf.a

3' chka;s" .=Kr;ak" talkdhl" ,shkf.a 4' chka;s .=Kr;ak" talkdhl" ,shkf.a" rK;=x.
^'''''''''''''''''''&
29
43' talkdhl iy ,shkf.a mßlaIK uKav,fha fiajh lsÍu m%;slafIam lf<da kï" mßlaIK lñgqj f;dard
.;yels l%u ^ixfhdack& lShla ;sfí o@
1' 1 2' 2 3' 3 4' 4 ^'''''''''''''''''''&

44' mßlaIK uKav,fha ia;%S$mqreI fomlaIhu we;=<;a úh hq;= hhs hk w;sf¾l fldkafoaishla o ;sfí kï iy
.=Kr;a; mßlaIK uKav,hg f;dard f.k ;sfí kï wfkla idudðlhska fofokd mqoa.,hska lS fofkl=
w;ßka f;dard .;yels fõo@
1' 1 2' 2 3' 3 4' 4 ^'''''''''''''''''''&

45' mßlaIK uKav,h ia;%S" mqreI fomlaIfhka u iukaú; úh hq;= h' hk w;sf¾l fldkafoaish ;sfí kï lñgq
idudðlhska f;dard .;yels úê lShla ;sfí o@
1' 6 2' 8 3' 12 4' 14 ^'''''''''''''''''''&

ldis leghl re' 25$-" re' 50$-" re' 2$- iy re' 5$- ldis muKla we;' tu legfhka re' 2$- ldis myf,djla
t<shg .kafka ;u legh ;=< b;sßj we;s 2$- iy 5$- ldis ixLHd iudk fõ' tfy;a 1$- ldâ úismyla t<shg
.kafka kï" legh ;=< b;sßj we;s 1$-" 25$-" 50$- yd re' 2$- ldis ixLHd iudk fõ' kuq;a re' 2$- ldis
úismyla t<shg .;af;a kï" legh ;=< b;sßj we;s re' 2$- ldis ixLHd tys we;s re' 5$- ldis ixLHdfjka yß
wvla fõ'

46' legh ;=< b;sßj we;s re' 5$- ldis ixLHdj fldmuK o@
47' legh ;=< we;s re' 2$- ldis ixLHdj fldmuK o@
48' legh ;=< we;s uq¿ ldis ixLHdj fldmuKo @
49' legh ;=< we;s uq¿ uqo,a ixLHdj fldmuKo @
50' ldis oyhla legfhka t<shg .;a úg ud w; we;s uqo, re' 7$- ù kï" t<shg .;a ldis w;r re' 5$- ldis lShla
;sìh yels o@

30