MQ SP I 7003 PDF
MQ SP I 7003 PDF
MQ SP I 7003 PDF
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
This specification has been revised as indicated below and described in the revision record on the following
page. Please destroy all previous revisions.
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
Record of Revisions
Revision Date Description
No.
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1.0 GENERAL......................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Scope of Specification ........................................................................................................................ 4
2.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)...................................................................................................... 4
3.0 ADDITIONS TO PIP PCCFL001 - “FLOW MEASUREMENT DESIGN CRITERIA" .......................... 4
3.1 Flow Switches ..................................................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Restriction Orifices ............................................................................................................................ 5
3.3 Custody Transfer Meters & Flow Verification .............................................................................. 5
3.4 Differential Pressure Flow Transmitters ......................................................................................13
3.5 Parshall Flumes................................................................................................................................13
4.0 ATTACHMENTS...........................................................................................................................................16
4.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)....................................................................................................16
4.2 Standard Drawings ..........................................................................................................................16
4.3 Datasheets .........................................................................................................................................16
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7003
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011
Contract Number: Page: 4 of 16
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
1.0 GENERAL
This specification defines the minimum mandatory requirements governing the design and
installation of process flow instruments for the Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail
and Yanbu (MARAFIQ).
The governing specification will be the Process Industry Practice (PIP) PCCFL001 "Flow
Measurement Design Criteria" (August, 2006) with the additions, deletions, and
clarifications described in Section 3.0.
2.0 REFERENCES
The selection of material and equipment, and the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of
equipment and facilities covered by this specification shall comply with the latest edition of the
references listed below, unless otherwise noted.
The following sub-sections indicate additional requirements, which were not addressed in Process
Industry Practice (PIP) PCCFL001. These sub-sections represent requirements specified in the
addition to PIP PCCFL001 "Flow Measurement Design Criteria" (August, 2006).
Flow switches are normally installed vertical. Other types may be installed in
other ways. Consult manufacturer's specifications.
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7003
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011
Contract Number: Page: 5 of 16
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
Switch wiring will be 2-conductor and will not use the common hot wire
technique.
Switch contacts for interlock and shutdown may either be normally open or
normally closed for normal operation depending upon the type and reliability of
power source, fail safe system option, or the customer's preference.
Switch action for alarms will normally be closed circuit for normal operation;
open circuit for alarm condition.
All local switches will conform to the local and/or client standards.
The mechanical strength of a restriction orifice plate should suit the process
conditions and the thickness should be calculated in all cases to avoid unsafe
conditions.
In liquid service, cavitation may occur and should be avoided; therefore the
cavitation index should be checked for liquid services. Due to its nature,
cavitation may damage the plate to such an extent that mechanical integrity is
lost and/or substantial damage is experienced in the downstream piping.
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
The skid mounted metering equipment comprised of the flow meter runs and a
bi-directional meter prover
The metering systems shall be comprised of parallel meter runs to accommodate the
minimum and maximum flow specified in the datasheet.
Each meter shall be piped to the bi-directional prover for calibration. Metering systems
shall be designed to allow proving under the same flowing conditions, including maximum
flow rate, as exists during normal operations. This piping shall include control and
isolation valves to allow routing normal flow through each meter and also through the
prover (meters and prover in series).
Metering systems shall be designed such that the total pressure drop across the entire
metering skid shall not exceed the maximum value stated on the datasheet when flowing at
the maximum viscosity and maximum flow rate during a proving cycle.
Meters shall be installed in a horizontal run of pipe. Meters shall be mounted in such a
position that the meter runs will be completely filled with the fluid being measured;
otherwise the measuring performance of the instrument will be impaired.
Pressure and temperature instruments shall be provided at each primary element stream,
prover and sampler location. These measurements shall be integral to the calculation and
correction of flow measurements.
Meter Selection
Metering systems shall be single phase with respect to the presence of liquids and gases.
There shall be no vapor present throughout a liquid metering system. The need for air
eliminators upstream of flow meters shall be considered and specified if required.
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
Meters for liquid measurement shall be turbine, Coriolis or ultrasonic type. Meters for gas
measurement shall be orifice plates, ultrasonic, Coriolis or turbine type. Coriolis meters in
gas service shall only be used if there is proven industry evidence of its acceptability for the
application.
Turbine liquid meters shall be fitted with dual pulse transmitters to allow the integrity of
pulse transmission to be checked. Turbine liquid meters shall be used for heavier, more
viscous liquids and fluids which exhibit large changes in viscosity with small temperature
changes. Turbine gas meters shall not be used when pulsations in gas flow exceed 10%
peak to peak of nominal flow or where there is any risk of liquid carryover or condensate
being deposited due to unplanned shutdowns. The SUPPLIER shall provide means to
maintain minimum backpressure on turbine meters to avoid damage associated with sudden
high flow rates.
Coriolis meters shall be installed in a manner that allows shut down and isolation for
periodic “zero” checks and adjustments. Coriolis meters shall be proved using a volumetric
prover in combination with a custody transfer, fiscal standard densitometer. The adequacy
of the meter housing secondary containment must be assured for the system design
conditions. The installation of the Coriolis meters shall be free from stress or torsion
introduced by interconnecting piping.
Ultrasonic meters shall be multi-path and shall provide detailed flow behavior diagnostics.
Ultrasonic meters shall not be externally mounted or clamp on type. Ultrasonic meters
shall be considered for high throughput and large diameter pipeline applications.
Ultrasonic meters shall not be used where fouling at the transducers, pipe bore and flow
conditioners may occur (i.e. waxing).
Orifice plates shall only be used in gas metering applications. Orifice plates shall be
specified with full double block and bleed isolation valves upstream and downstream of the
metering assembly. The provision of a flanged spool downstream of the orifice shall be
installed to allow visual in-situ inspection of the upstream meter tube and the plate.
The metering control panel shall be located indoors, remotely from the metering skid and
shall be comprised of freestanding cabinet(s) with means to secure them to the floor. The
cabinet(s) shall be Rittal TS8 (or equivalent) painted factory standard light grey in
accordance with MNL-01 and shall include the following:
Sample controller
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7003
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011
Contract Number: Page: 8 of 16
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
The metering control panel shall be in accordance with the Specification for Instrumentation in
Packaged Equipment (MQ-SP-I-7022) including alarms for common trouble, temperature and
fan failure.
Electronic flow computers shall comply fully with MARAFIQ requirements. The SUPPLIER
shall be required to provide a statement certifying compliance.
The flow computers shall be provided to manage the metering operations; they shall receive the
signals from the flow transmitters and also receive separate pressure and temperature transmitter
signals, one each per meter. Each computer shall monitor its meter for abnormal performance
and shall alarm to indicate an abnormal meter run condition.
The flow computers shall be programmed for the intended service and tested prior to shipment
but shall be field re-programmable.
The Supervisory System shall consist of two supervisory computers in redundant configuration.
The interface software running in the primary computer will automatically switch to the
secondary computer based on the status of predefined health identifiers. Both computers will be
equipped with all the required software and communication drivers.
The Supervisory System shall receive the data from the stream flow/proving computers and any
supplied analyzers and shall compute the total daily net flows and generate and print metering
reports and event logging to two separate local printers, one in the control room and one in the
room housing the metering control panels.
The Supervisory System shall operate all the valves via the PLC to perform automatic proving
cycle of each meter run. The bi-directional prover shall generate a switch closure at the
beginning and end of the proving volume. The volume within this interval is compared in the
corresponding flow/proving computer with data collected from the flow meters in the same
interval and a correction is calculated. The Supervisory System shall keep track of these events
and automatically backup all fiscal data pertaining to the offloading operation periodically.
The Supervisory System shall be provided with two engineering workstations. The primary
workstation shall be located in the control room and the secondary computer shall be located in
the room housing the metering control panels. The engineering workstations shall match with
other consoles (size, model, color, etc.) in the operator area (to be specified by the
CONTRACTOR).
The engineering workstations shall provide user friendly graphic displays with all pertinent
variables and features.
The SUPPLIER shall include all necessary interface and programming for the integration
(networking) of all the electronic components (stream flow computers, engineering
workstations, sampler controller, printers, etc.) to perform, as a minimum, the following tasks:
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7003
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011
Contract Number: Page: 9 of 16
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
Run automatic proving algorithms and advise for new calibration meter factors
Remote Communication
Metering systems shall be provided with a remote communication gateway to interface via
Modbus TCP/IP. OPC protocol over Ethernet can be used if Modbus TCP/IP is not supported
and shall only be used with MARAFIQ approval.
The following list of data shall be communicated in the appropriate engineering units as a
minimum:
Time synchronization
Prover status
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
The valves in each meter run shall be automatically aligned to flow through the prover when
testing of such meter has been selected either manually or by means of an automatic “proving”
algorithm running in the Supervisory System. The valves shall automatically resume to
normal operation as soon the testing has ended.
A mechanical displacement meter prover shall be used for proving each individual meter run.
The prover shall be bi-directional ball style and either straight or folded (U-tube) design.
Folded provers are preferred due to their reduced space requirements.
The accuracy of calibration equipment must be greater than the accuracy of the device being
calibrated. A liquid flow metering system having an accuracy of better than ± 0.5% must be
calibrated against a standard whose accuracy is ± 0.5% or better.
The meter prover shall be fabricated, calibrated, and certified by a SUPPLIER with the
necessary test facilities to accurately calibrate the prover. The SUPPLIER shall provide
copies of the certified water draw calibration. The integrity of the calibration device shall be
traceable to test measures that have been certified by the National Institute of Standards and
Technology.
The prover shall be internally coated with a baked on phenolic coating to prevent pitting.
Internally coated areas must be accessible for inspection.
Prover displacer detector switches shall be provided so that four volumes are available. The
displacer detector switches shall detect the position of the displacer at the same point, each
time it passes in a given direction. These switches shall start and stop the electronic counter
so that it accumulates flow only while the displacer is located between the switches.
Prover valving shall include isolation valves and a rapid switching 4-way diverter valve with
bubble tight shutoff for switching the direction of the displacer. All valves shall be operable
from the metering panel and from the Control Room. Connections shall be provided for water
draw (calibration) check. Where possible, valve design shall provide for servicing of valve
internals without removal of the valve body. Valves shall also be “double block and bleed”
design to verify that there is no leakage through the valve during the proving operation.
Prover accessories necessary for the efficient and / or safe operation shall be included.
Provers shall have provisions for removal and replacement of the displacer sphere without the
disassembly of major components. The sphere material shall be compatible with the fluid
measured.
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7003
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011
Contract Number: Page: 11 of 16
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
Sampling System
The sampling system shall consist of a sampler skid with portable sample containers and byte
checker connected to a remote sample probe. The sampler shall be provided in an enclosure
insulated and heated to maintain the sample at operating temperature. A separate lab skid
consisting of an electrically powered pump, mixing loop, nozzle, sample connection and other
accessories shall prepare the samples for lab testing.
The sampler probe shall remove samples in proportion to the skid throughput. Each sample is
checked by a byte checker and stored in the portable container at the sampler skid. Each
container shall have quick connect couplers for joining to the sampler loop or the mixer skid.
A level or weight switch, pressure relief and vacuum breaker shall be included to protect the
sample container from damage.
The sampler shall collect a proportional sample (isokinetic) of the skid throughput paced by a
flow proportional pulse output and shall inject a minimum of 1.0 cc of sample per stroke into
the sample container. The sampler rate shall be adjusted to deliver the required volume of
sample fluid during any one sampling period. The sampler shall be capable of sampling at a
rate of up to 100 samples per minute for rapid sampling of small batches and line fills.
The sampling system shall be designed by the manufacturer based on the maximum and
minimum flow rates, viscosities, line pressures, temperatures, densities, header diameter and
maximum allowable pressure drop to ensure homogeneous mixing under all possible
operating conditions. Relevant calculations must be provided by the manufacturer.
The sampling and mixing system shall be located in the common outlet header downstream of
the flow meters, in the flowing stream; the sample take-off shall be located inside the pipe
between 1/3 and 2/3 of the diameter.
Manufacturer of the sampling and mixing system must be able to provide start-up and operator
training and be able to provide the certification of the sampling system water injection test for
fiscal sampling (if required).
The sample container shall be designed to hold the sample under sufficient pressure to prevent
the escape of vapors and shall be designed and constructed in accordance with ASME Section
VIII.
In addition to the mixing and sampling skid with portable containers and sampler enclosure,
the SUPPLIER shall provide a separate mixing skid (labmixer) to be used in the lab to mix
and condition the samples obtained in the sample receivers prior to testing. The labmixer shall
have dual hoses with quick connectors to connect to the receivers and mix the contents
without opening the receivers. Receivers shall have internal sump and takeoff tube and return
tube with lateral spray jets to rotate and circulate the sample in the receiver and minimize wall
cling.
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7003
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011
Contract Number: Page: 12 of 16
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
Piping Requirements
The SUPPLIER shall provide a piping connection to allow an external meter prover to be
connected to allow verification of the metering system prover calibration.
Double block and bleed valves shall be supplied for diversion of flow through proving
devices.
A float-operated gas vent and strainer shall be installed upstream of each meter run for liquid
measurement. The strainer shall be designed and sized to remove any suspended particles
and/or sand that may be present in the fluid and damage the flow meter. The strainer shall
have a flanged davit closure for easy removal and replacement of basket.
The skid size shall accommodate for the straight pipe run conditioning section upstream and
downstream of the meters. No pressure taps or thermowells shall be permitted in the straight
run lengths specified.
Each meter run shall be fitted with the following equipment as a minimum:
Inlet valve
Flow meter
Pressure transmitter
Pressure gauge
Prover take-offs
All piping terminations shall be flanged and anchored at skid edge close to and within the
skid limits in accordance with project piping specifications.
The SUPPLIER shall perform the metering skid pipes stress calculations on piping
subsystems within the skid and provide required static / sliding supports based on the stress
analysis results.
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7003
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011
Contract Number: Page: 13 of 16
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
Seal and gasket materials shall be selected for long term operation under the specified site
conditions (e.g. temperature, sunlight, dust and trace elements in the atmosphere).
The metering skid edge shall have flanged ends for the CONTRACTOR side flange
connections. The flange rating, facing and surface finish shall be in accordance with the
piping class specification.
Vents and drains shall be provided at all high and low points in the piping system. Closed
vent and drain headers shall be provided and shall have a minimum 2 in. diameter. Closed
vent and drain headers shall terminate in a flanged connection at the skid edge, defined as
the battery limit. Vent and drain configurations shall be specified as per MARAFIQ
standards.
Parshall flumes are unique shaped open channel flow sections installed in
ditches, canals, or laterals to measure flow rates. They are classified as
submerged or free-flowing. The Parshall is recommended for those applications
in which moderate concentrations of sand, grit or other heavy solids exist and
fluid velocities entering the flume are subcritical.
Parshall flumes must be built with their dimensions in strict accordance with
specifications (ISO 9826 and ASTM D1941 (1991) standards or USBR (1997)).
Flumes (like weirs) are designed to force a transition from sub-critical to super-
critical flow. With Parshall flumes, the transition is caused by designing flumes
to have a narrowing at the throat and a drop in the channel bottom. Such a
transition causes flow to pass through critical depth in the flume throat. At the
critical depth, energy is minimized and there is a direct relationship between
water depth and velocity (and flowrate).
Free flow occurs when a hydraulic drop is visible at the throat; that is, when the
downstream head is significantly less than the upstream head. Free flow requires
only the upstream head measurement.
Power and Water Utility Company for Jubail and Yanbu (MARAFIQ) Master Specification: MQ-SP-I-7003
Project Name: Date: 14 Jan 2011
Contract Number: Page: 14 of 16
Revision: 1
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
Submerged flow occurs when a hydraulic jump is not visible at the throat; that is,
when the downstream head is sufficiently high that it "drowns out" or "swallows
up" the hydraulic jump. In submerged flow, the downstream water backs up into
the throat swallowing the drop making the drop difficult to identify. Analysis of
submerged flow requires two head measurements - one in the approach channel
and one in the throat.
Q = a * hb
Where:
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
The smallest flume of adequate capacity shall be selected. A slope of almost flat,
to 3% maximum, for very small flumes, and 2% maximum for larger flumes is
the ideal slope value.
When inflow channel or pipe is wider than the parshall flume, then the side walls
should be narrowed at a maximum 45-degree angle to the axis and at a 15-degree
angle to the bottom. If the trough is being widened, the side walls should be
extended at an angle no greater than 10-degrees.
The Flume shall have a concrete manhole constructed first so that the Parshall
flume can be inserted and adjusted. The Parshall Flume must be fixed in the
predicted level and perfectly level. After 24 hours after completion of concreting
the bottom, then the walls of the inlet and outlet connection are constructed.
The manufacturer shall provide a complete Parshall Flume system that meets
MARAFIQ’s project specific specifications. The materials of construction shall
be compatible with the process fluid.
SPECIFICATION – FLOW
4.0 ATTACHMENTS
4.3 Datasheets
PIP PCCFL001
Flow Measurement Design Criteria
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
June 1998 Issued
August 2006 Complete Revision
PIP PCCFL001
Flow Measurement Design Criteria
Table of Contents
3.10 Mass Meter (Coriolis) ..................... 9
1. Introduction................................. 2 3.11 Mass Meter (Thermal) .................... 9
1.1 Purpose .......................................... 2 3.12 Ultrasonic Meter (Transit Time &
1.2 Scope ............................................. 2 Doppler).......................................... 9
3.13 Vortex Meter................................... 9
2. References .................................. 2 3.14 Variable Area Meter ..................... 10
2.1 Process Industry Practices............. 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards....... 2 Tables
2.3 Other References ........................... 3
Table 1 Minimum Straight Run Lengths for
Orifice Runs and Other Flow
3. Requirements.............................. 3 Elements in Accordance with
3.1 General........................................... 3 ISO 5167-2 Column B
3.2 Orifice Meter................................... 5 Table 2 Minimum Straight Run Lengths for
3.3 Flow Nozzle.................................... 6 Orifice Runs in Accordance with
3.4 Venturi (Classical and Proprietary ANSI/API (ISO 5167-2, Column A)
Designs) ......................................... 7 Table 3 Minimum Straight Run Lengths for
3.5 Averaging Pitot Element................. 7 Venturi Tubes and Flow Nozzles
3.6 Integral Orifice ................................ 8 In Accordance with ANSI/API
3.7 Turbine Meter ................................. 8 (ISO 5167-3)
3.8 Positive Displacement Meter.......... 8
3.9 Magnetic Flow Meter ...................... 9
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides requirements for the design of flow measurement systems.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the design requirements for flow measurement systems that
include head (differential pressure), velocity, oscillatory, electromagnetic and mass
flow meters.
This Practice does not cover:
a. Restriction flow elements and flow switches
b. Process isolation (root) valves, secondary transmitters, or process piping
c. Custody transfer measurement requirements
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall
be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract
award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
3. Requirements
3.1 General
3.1.1 Data
3.1.1.1 A data set shall be provided for each flow meter.
3.1.1.2 The data set may be provided in electronic or hardcopy format.
3.1.1.3 The minimum data set shall be in accordance with ISA S20,
Specification Forms for Primary Elements, Sections 20.21, 20.22,
20.23, 20.24, and 20.25.
3.1.1.4 For flange tap orifice meters, gasket thickness shall be specified.
3.1.2 Instruments Sizing
3.1.2.1 Calculation methods and tools used shall be subject to owner’s
approval.
a. All calculation results shall be provided to the owner.
b. Unless otherwise specified by owner, calculations for sizing
of concentric, square-edged orifice meters shall be in
accordance with ANSI-2530/API-14.3/AGA-3/GPA-8185.
c. Nozzle, venturi, and other differential pressure device
calculations shall be in accordance with Flow Measurement
Engineering Handbook.
d. For any other proprietary meter, the manufacturer’s sizing
and calculation methods shall be used.
3.1.2.2 Head meter bore shall be sized to provide non-fractional maximum
differential pressure calibration spans and give even scale flow
display units.
3.1.2.3 In general, head type flow instruments shall be sized such that
normal flow is between 65% to 80% of expected maximum.
3.1.2.4 The units of measurement for flow instruments shall be in
accordance with the owner’s specifications in PIP PCCGN001.
3.1.2.5 Owner shall identify default metering uncertainty (1, 2 or
undesignated) in the checklist PIP PCCGN001.
3.1.3 Installation
3.1.3.1 Unless otherwise specified by owner, the piping specifications
PIP PNF00200 shall be followed.
3.1.3.2 Manufacturer’s installation requirements shall be followed as a
minimum.
3.1.3.3 Meters in liquid service shall be installed so that meters are always
full of liquid and trapping of gases is avoided.
3.1.3.4 In gas service, liquid trapping shall be avoided.
3.1.3.5 The use of strainers and eliminators shall be considered and
evaluated to protect metering devices whose performance or integrity
is compromised without such protection.
3.1.3.6 Thermowells shall be located a minimum of five nominal pipe
diameters downstream of a meter.
3.1.3.7 Use of flow profile conditioning devices of any type shall be
approved by owner.
Comment: The use of flow profile conditioning may not be
permitted if the meter is followed by rotating process
equipment (compressors, pumps, turbines, etc.) that
can be damaged if a part of the conditioning device
breaks off and enters the equipment.
3.1.3.8 Meters shall be installed in a manner that minimizes mechanical
vibration or stress on the meter.
3.1.4 Weather Protection
3.1.4.1 Winterproofing and weather protection shall be in accordance with
PIP PCCGN002.
3.1.4.2 The impulse legs of differential pressure transmitters to head type
flow meters shall require appropriate freeze protection.
3.1.5 Materials of Construction
3.1.5.1 All wetted component materials shall be compatible with the process
fluid.
3.1.5.2 Meters shall be suitable for the environmental exposure including
ambient temperature extremes and external corrosion conditions.
3.1.5.3 Piping and connections shall be in accordance with applicable piping
specifications.
3.2.8 Unless otherwise approved by owner, orifice “flange taps” shall be used for
line sizes 2 inches (50 mm) and larger.
3.2.9 Corner taps shall be used for line sizes less than 2 inches (50 mm).
3.2.10 Unless otherwise required by piping specifications, orifice flange tap
connections shall be 1/2 inch (12 mm) if used in ASME Class 600 service
and below.
3.2.11 Unless otherwise required by piping specifications, orifice flange tap
connections shall be 3/4 inch if used in ASME Class 900 service.
3.2.12 Connection type (threaded or socketweld) shall be in accordance with the
piping specifications.
3.2.13 If used, other tap shall be in accordance with piping specifications.
3.2.14 Piping design for orifice runs shall be in accordance with the following:
a. Orifice meters shall be installed in horizontal runs to minimize
measurement inaccuracies. Vertical orifice runs shall be used only
with owner’s approval.
b. Orifice meter tap locations shall be as follows:
1) For “flange tap” designated orifice meters, the taps shall be
located at 1 inch (25 mm) upstream and 1 inch (25 mm)
downstream from the orifice plate face including gasket
thickness.
2) For “pipe tap” designated orifice meters, the taps shall be located
2-1/2 internal pipe diameters upstream and 8 internal pipe
diameters downstream of the orifice plate face.
3.2.15 Process Piping Connections
3.2.15.1 Primary orifice taps shall have a separate isolation (root) valve in
addition to any manifolds.
3.2.15.2 Piping from taps to and through first isolation (root) valve shall be
in accordance with applicable piping specifications.
3.2.15.3 Unused orifice taps shall be plugged in accordance with piping
specifications.
3.2.16 Meter tube pipe and orifice flanges internal dimensional tolerances
shall be in accordance with ANSI 2530/API 14.3/AGA-3/GPA-8185.
3.2.17 Straight run piping before and after an orifice plate flow element
shall be no less than those specified in Table 1 for applications that
require 1/2% uncertainty (flow control and monitoring) or Table 2
for applications that require no uncertainty and increased accuracy
(custody transfer).
3.3.2 In high pressure (1000 psig or higher) applications, the flow nozzle shall be
welded directly into the pipe.
3.3.3 Tap connections shall be installed 1 inside pipe diameter upstream and 1/2
inside pipe diameter downstream in accordance with ASME-MFC-3M.
3.3.4 Minimum straight run pipe length requirements shall be in accordance with
Table 3.
Comment: Where owner approves additional metering uncertainty,
minimum piping run lengths may be in accordance with
ASME-MFC-3M.
3.3.5 Unless otherwise required by process service or piping specifications, flow
nozzles shall be type 316 SS.
3.8.6 Meters in line sizes 1-1/2 inches (37 mm) and above shall be flanged body
style.
3.13.5 The meter factor data shall be provided by the manufacturer and be based on
the actual piping schedule.
3.13.6 Welds on mounting flanges shall be ground smooth.
3.13.7 Proper gasket sizing shall be followed to avoid protrusion into the process
piping.
Table 1
Minimum Straight Run Lengths for Orifice Runs and Other Flow Elements
in Accordance with ISO 5167-2 Column B
Beta Ratio
Upstream disturbance Dimension 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.67 0.75
3 3 9 13 20 20
Single elbow
Note 4 Note 4 10 18 18 18
Two elbows in same plane 30D>S>10D
Note 4 Note 4 10 18 20 22
Two elbows in same plane 10D>S
18 18 18 18 20 20
Two elbows in different planes 30D>S>5D
A
Note 4 Note 4 5 5 6 8
Reducer
A
Note 4 8 9 11 14 18
Expander
A
6 6 6 7 9 12
Full Bore Ball or Gate valve, fully open
Downstream Length for all B 2 3 3 3.5 3.5 4
pictured disturbances
Table 2
Minimum Straight Run Lengths for Orifice Runs in Accordance with
ANSI/API (ISO 5167-2, Column A)
Beta Ratio
Upstream disturbance Dimension 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.67 0.75
6 16 22 42 44 44
Single elbow
A
10 10 18 30 44 44
Two elbows in same plane 30D>S>10D
A
10 10 22 42 44 44
Two elbows in same plane 10D>S
A
19 44 44 44 44 44
Two elbows in different planes 30D>S>5D
A
5 5 8 9 12 13.5
Reducer
A
6 12 20 26 28 36.5
Expander
A
12 12 12 14 18 24
Full bore Ball or Gate Valve Fully Open
Downstream Length for all
B 4 6 6 7 7 8
pictured disturbances
Table 3
Minimum Straight Run Lengths for Venturi Tubes and Flow Nozzles in
Accordance with ANSI/API (ISO 5167-3)
PIP PCEFL001
Flow Measurement Guidelines
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
June 1998 Issued
August 2006 Complete Revision
PIP PCEFL001
Flow Measurement Guidelines
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2 4.10 Positive Displacement Meters ....... 15
1.1 Purpose............................................ 2 4.11 Magnetic Flow Meters.................... 16
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2 4.12 Mass Meters (Coriolis) ................... 17
4.13 Mass Meters (Thermal).................. 18
2. References .................................. 2 4.14 Ultrasonic Meters ........................... 19
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2 4.15 Ultrasonic Transit-Time
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........ 2 Flowmeter ...................................... 20
2.3 Other References............................. 4 4.16 Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeter ....... 20
4.17 Vortex Meters................................. 20
3. General ........................................ 4 4.18 Variable Area Meters ..................... 21
3.1 Flow Metering Quality ...................... 4
3.2 Flow Element Selection ................... 6 5. Custody Transfer Metering
3.3 Piping Arrangement ......................... 7 Considerations ......................... 22
3.4 Flow Conditioning ............................ 8
3.5 Removal of Insertion Type Flow Appendixes .................................... 22
Instruments ...................................... 8 Appendix A: Flowchart 1: Flowmeter
3.6 Control Valve Location..................... 8 Selection Diagram – Steam ........... 23
3.7 Special Equipment ........................... 8 Appendix B: Table 1: Flange Tap Orifice
Meter Run Requirements............... 27
4. Specific Considerations............. 8
4.1 Head-type (Differential Pressure)
Flowmeters....................................... 8
4.2 Orifice Meters................................... 9
4.3 Flow Nozzles.................................. 11
4.4 Venturi............................................ 11
4.5 Averaging Pitot Elements............... 12
4.6 Integral Orifice................................ 13
4.7 Wedge Type Meters....................... 14
4.8 V-Cone Meter................................. 14
4.9 Turbine Meters (Liquid).................. 14
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides engineering guidance for the selection, design, and application of
flow measurement systems.
1.2 Scope
This Practice provides guidelines, performance considerations, and preliminary
recommendations for the selection of flow meters and their general application. This
guideline applies to devices used to measure the flow of single phase, homogeneous
liquids, vapors, and gases.
This Practice presents commonly accepted meter types but does not limit application
choices. Unique or special requirements may require consideration of other meter types.
Specific custody transfer guidelines are not provided and are only mentioned with
reference to other industry practices.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following Practices, industry codes and standards, and references shall be
considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract award shall
be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
3. General
3.1.2 Figure 1 illustrates the two primary quality parameters likened to rifle
marksmanship. “Repeatability” is a term meant to express the random errors in a
measurement. It is the measurement of how closely a sequence of readings
conforms to each other. As can be seen, a flow measurement may be repeatable
without being highly accurate. Measurement repeatability is the essential
requirement for many flow control loops. The minimum industry requirements
and manufacturer’s guidelines should be followed for the flow meter technology
being applied if repeatable measurement is desired for control or general
indication of flow.
3.1.3 “Accuracy” (or its inverse, inaccuracy) is a term expressing the systemic error in a
measurement and is the value of how far an individual reading departs from a
reference standard. A higher degree of accuracy is crucial in areas where product
quality control or reporting quality is the primary reason for the measurement.
More rigorous selection of meter types and installation practice must be used in
these cases.
3.1.4 “Uncertainty” is the total potential error or inaccuracy from the reference standard
by the two parameters expressed above. An expression of uncertainty usually
represents the limit of allowable inaccuracy for a given flow measurement without
distinction of its error source. A one percent uncertainty flow meter must maintain
a measurement reading within one percent of the reference standard.
3.1.5 Another requirement might include periodic flow calibration as part of operation
and maintenance of the meter.
4. Specific Considerations
Comment: If the user wishes to use the transmitter to linearize the output signal,
care must be taken to avoid the problem of multiple square root
extraction.
4.1.3 Pressure and temperature compensation may be used to improve the accuracy of
the flow measurement. The compensation can be done in the process control
system using transmitted values or within a multivariable transmitter. Flow,
pressure, and temperature values can also be used to calculate mass flow.
4.1.4 Transmitters should be located as close as practical to the primary element for
differential pressure measurement applications. Impulse line length, temperature
difference in the impulse lines, and long piping configurations are detrimental to
the measurement.
4.1.5 Pressure Taps:
4.1.5.1 To avoid plugging or fouling of the sensing line with materials that may
settle on the bottom of the pipe, pressure taps should not be connected to
the bottom of the pipe.
4.1.5.2 For liquid, steam, or heat transfer media services:
a. Pressure taps should preferably be horizontal on the side of the line.
This may require wider spacing of process piping at the orifice
section. Or it may be necessary to raise or lower the orifice run with
respect to other piping for sufficient side clearance for the tap
connections.
b. Alternatively, pressure taps may be oriented 45 degrees down from
horizontal.
c. The impulse lines should always slope toward the transmitter
avoiding traps.
d. Review of piping layouts should be performed.
4.1.5.3 For dry gas services:
a. Pressure taps should preferably be vertical, up from the top of the
line with connecting instrument piping lines sloped up and avoid
pocketing.
b. Optionally, pressure taps may be horizontal on the side of the line or
45 degrees downward from vertical.
c. The flow transmitter should be located above the taps with impulse
lines sloped to be self-draining to the process pipe.
4.2.10 A preferred DP calibration range should be 0-100 inches of water (2500 mm).
Other ranges may be considered to meet the application requirements (e.g., low
pressure gas or to meet beta ratio constraints). High DP may cause deformation in
orifice plates and adds excessive energy loss.
4.2.11 The upstream and downstream piping configuration for an orifice plate should
follow Table 1 or 2 of PCCFL001, Flow Measurement Design Criteria. Table 1
shows dimensions for ½ % additional uncertainty in accordance with ISO-5167-2,
Column B; ½% uncertainty is typically used for flow control and monitoring
applications. Table 2 shows dimensions in accordance with API 14.2.3 (and ISO-
5167-2, Column A) for 0% additional uncertainty; 0% uncertainty can be used
where increased accuracy measurement is required.
4.4 Venturi
4.4.1 Advantages of a venturi include:
a. Very low permanent pressure loss
b. Good for fluid flows with entrained solids
c. Upstream run length is less than for orifice meters
4.5.8 If a failed pitot tube could enter and damage downstream rotating equipment,
another element type should be considered.
4.5.9 If a pitot tube is used, opposite side support should be considered.
4.11.3 Magnetic flow meters can be used on conductive fluids that are:
a. Corrosive
b. Contain suspended or abrasive solids
c. Very low flow
4.11.4 Proper liner material and electrode selection is needed for process fluid
compatibility. The manufacturer should be consulted for material availability.
4.11.5 A minimum fluid conductivity in micromhos/centimeter is needed for the meter to
operate properly. The manufacturer should be consulted for the minimum
requirement.
4.11.6 The application of magnetic flow meters should be evaluated for startup and
cleanout conditions (fluids, conductivity, and temperature).
4.11.7 Grounding method should be in accordance with the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
4.11.8 Liner damage due to over-tightening of bolts and crushing the liner during
installation should be avoided.
4.11.9 A magnetic flowmeter should not be subjected to thermal shock. The meter’s
specified temperature limits should not be exceeded.
without losing accuracy when small flow rates and low pressure
drops are required.
4.12.4 Corrosion mechanisms should be given extra consideration.
4.12.5 Vibration of the meter tube increases the potential for stress related corrosion.
4.12.6 Other alloy materials may be required in applications where 316 SS would
otherwise be acceptable.
4.12.7 Most meter tubes have no corrosion allowance, particularly galvanic corrosion
from dissimilar metals.
4.12.8 Meters should be installed in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations.
Meters should be installed to be liquid full for liquid applications and self-draining
for gas applications.
4.12.9 Adequate discharge back pressure should be ensured in liquid service to prevent
flashing in meter tube.
4.12.10 Meters should not be located in areas susceptible to vibration.
4.12.10.1 External sources of vibration in frequency ranges and harmonics of the
meter operating frequency may affect meters.
4.12.10.2 Installing two meters in series can be susceptible to crosstalk.
4.12.10.3 The meter manufacturer should be consulted.
4.12.11 Care should be taken to avoid subjecting the meter body to piping induced
stresses.
4.12.12 If entrained gas is present, the meter manufacturer should be consulted. Meter
performance can deteriorate significantly due to the presence of entrained gases in
the liquid.
4.12.13 Secondary containment should be considered if using coriolis meters for
measuring highly corrosive or hazardous materials.
4.12.14 Meters to be used in highly viscous slurries, shear-sensitive slurries, or fluids that
could solidify or settle out to block the flow path may require additional
tube/sensor design considerations.
4.12.15 The application of meters should be evaluated for startup and cleanout conditions
(entrained gas, temperature extremes, plugging, slug flow, etc.).
4.12.16 Typically, block valves are installed upstream and downstream of the meter to
isolate the meter for zeroing under normal operating conditions.
Custody transfer metering information is used for exchange of moneys, materials, or trades
between two parties, companies, business units, or financial institutions.
The design of a custody transfer measurement system usually has a requirement for higher
integrity and accuracy than conventional process measurement.
Industry standards such as American Petroleum Institute should be consulted for custody transfer
metering information and requirements.
Appendixes
Start
Custody
Steam? yes Transfer, yes
Yield meter?
Yield meter
no [1d]
no
[1b]
Line size
yes
>8 inches
no
Line vibration
yes
probable?
no
no
From
[1a]
Custody
Gas yes Transfer, yes
Yield meter?
Yield meter
no no [1d]
no
no
no
Need best
available
accuracy?
Need best
no available
accuracy?no
yes no yes
Ultrasonic
Vortex Coriolis d/p Orifice transit time
Custody
Transfer, yes
Yield meter?
[1d]
no
no
Line size
>8 inches?
yes
no
Fluid temp
≥800°F? yes
no
no
Need best
available yes
Need best accuracy?
available
accuracy?
Conductive yes
fluid?
no yes no
no
Ultrasonic
Vortex Coriolis d/p Orifice Magnetic
transit time
+ High Accuracy + Very High Accuracy + Well understood + High Accuracy + High Accuracy
+ Versatile + Low maintenance + Versatile + Obstructionless + Obstructionless
+ Low maintenance + No meter run required – Limited rangeability – Sensitive to dirty fluids – Limited application
– Low flow cutoff – Cost – Higher maintenance – Cost – Cost
– Vibration – Temperature limit – Medium accuracy
Water
service? no
Gas
service? yes
no
Line size
>8 inches? yes Clean fluid? no
yes
no yes
Appendix B: Table 1
Flange Tap Orifice Meter Run Requirements
The following data are recommendations for the design of orifice meter runs. These can be modified by engineering
judgment provided the overall metering performance meets the designated meter classification. Owner's approval is
required when deviations are needed.
uncompensated. Operating near multiple requirement limits (e.g., Beta at 0.7 and Reynolds No. at 10,000 and DP at 2 inches per
PSIA) will result in measurement errors greater than 10% for portions of the measurement range.
(10) Insulating the orifice run is not always necessary and depends on the fluid and the stream condition. The ideal is constant
temperature as the fluid passes through the meter run.
PIP PCFFL000
Orifice Plate Fabrication Details
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
January 2001 Issued
January 2008 Reaffirmation with Editorial Revision
PIP PCFFL000
Orifice Plate Fabrication Details
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2
1.1 Purpose ............................................. 2
1.2 Scope................................................. 2
2. References .................................. 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................ 2
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards .......... 2
Drawings
PCFFL001 – Concentric Square-Edged Orifice Plate
PCFFL002 – Square-Edged Orifice Plate Dimensions for Nominal Flange Sizes and Ratings
PCFFL003 – Eccentric Square-Edged Orifice Plate
PCFFL004 – Orifice Meter Run for “Not Designated” Uncertainty Class (Shop/Field Fab Using Pipe
per Pipe Spec)
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides fabrication details for orifice plates and meter runs.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the minimum requirements for fabricating concentric or
eccentric square edge orifice plates and the orifice meter run.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following PIP Practices shall be considered an integral part of this
Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract award shall be used, except as otherwise
noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
PIP PCIFL100
Orifice Plate Installation Details
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
PIP PCIFL100
Orifice Plate Installation Details
Table of Contents
1. Introduction................................. 2
1.1 Purpose............................................ 2
1.2 Scope ............................................... 2
2. References .................................. 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices .............. 2
Drawings
PCIFL101 – Orifice Plate for Gas Service Horizontal Run
PCIFL102 – Orifice Plate for Liquid, Steam, or Condensing Vapors Service Horizontal Run
PCIFL103 – Orifice Plate for Gas Service Vertical Run
PCIFL104 – Orifice Plate for Liquid Service Vertical Run
PCIFL105 – Orifice Plate for Steam or Condensing Vapors Service Vertical Run
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides installation details for orifice plates used in flow applications.
1.2 Scope
This Practice describes the minimum requirements for installing orifice plates in gas,
liquid, steam, or condensing vapors service.
2. References
Applicable parts of the following PIP Practices shall be considered an integral part of this
Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract award shall be used, except as otherwise
noted. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
PIP PCIDP100
Differential Pressure Transmitter Installation Details
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
PRINTING HISTORY
August 1999 Issued
July 2001 Editorial Revision
March 2007 Complete Revision & Renumbering
PIP PCIDP100
Differential Pressure Transmitter Installation Details
Table of Contents
1. Introduction....................................2
1.1 Purpose............................................... 2
1.2 Scope .................................................. 2
2. References .....................................2
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................. 2
Drawings
PCIDP101 – Differential Pressure Transmitter Liquid or Steam Service
PCIDP102 – Differential Pressure Transmitter Liquid or Steam Service Electric Traced
(Dual Tube Bundle)
PCIDP103 – Differential Pressure Transmitter Liquid or Steam Service Steam Traced
(Dual Tube Bundle)
PCIDP104 – Differential Pressure Transmitter Liquid or Steam Service Electric Traced
(Single Tube Bundle)
PCIDP105 – Differential Pressure Transmitter Liquid or Steam Service Steam Traced
(Single Tube Bundle)
PCIDP106 – Differential Pressure Transmitter Close Couple
PCIDP107 – Differential Pressure Transmitter Gas Service
PCIDP108 – Differential Pressure Transmitter Steam Service w/Blowdown
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose
This Practice provides details for the installation of differential pressure transmitters
in liquid, gas, and steam services.
1.2 Scope
This Practice contains differential pressure installation details, including liquid, gas,
and steam services and includes details for electric or steam tracing of these
transmitters. These details describe the base instrument installations. The bill of
material provided with each detail is generic and is complementary to PIP PCSIP001
- Instrument Piping and Tubing Systems Specifications.
2. References
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