Nassar 1

Jannah Nassar
IR 1/10 GT/Pd 2
May 18th, 2020
Annotated Source List

Awareness of Implicit Biases | Poorvu Center for Teaching and Learning.

https://poorvucenter.yale.edu.

This article explains the need for awareness of implicit bias. This article explains
implicit bias in the classroom. A researcher may find this beneficial because they will be able to
compare and contrast implicit bias in different scenarios and see how implicit bias plays a role
in everyday life. The author explains that in a classroom, an instructor may believe that
someone who speaks help has trouble but, most kids who struggle don’t speak up. The author
then explains a few recommendations to fixing a bias-based classroom. One being inclusive
activities, students will be able to work together and an instructor can see how there biases come
into play when interacting with different students. A researcher studying implicit bias will need
to see it in different aspects as it varies and this could greatly affect their research.

The article was very clear and concise and the author got their main points across very
easily. The reader is able to understand implicit bias in the classroom along with many ways to
overcome them and many calls to action. The author could have added more detail in certain
aspects of the article but overall, it was very informative. A researcher can benefit from this
greatly as it can be applied to implicit bias in many scenarios and is not limited to the
classroom. This article is reliable and credible as it comes from one of the most prestigious
universities in the nation: Yale University.

Axt, Jordan, and Calvin K. Lai. “Reducing Discrimination: A Bias Versus Noise
Perspective.” pp.6-8. PsyArXiv.
This article clearly explains the mechanism of Signal Detection Theory (SDT) to
understand discrimination. The SDT is used to explore new things in social psychology like
stereotyping and bad relationships. Many SDT’s center around how decisions are made under
uncertainty. For example, some people will set higher standards for some races than others, this
is having a high criterion. Others will have a lower criterion which makes others easily accepted.
The SDT approach is based on noise and bias. Noise is how well an individual performs
differentiating between an underlying population, bias is the extent to which a certain response
appears for one group. Discrimination could be conceptualized by considering the number and
type of errors made when evaluating members of different demographic groups. There are
certain aspects such as non-diagnostic which do not affect whether they are good or bad, these
aspects are neutral.
This article was very beneficial as it provides the reader with a great in-depth explanation
of Signal Detection Theory. The article was clear and concise, the author went in-depth however
it wasn’t too difficult where it was confusing to understand. This article is trusted as it comes
from a trusted researcher who works at a highly prestigious university. Overall, this article is a
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good article for someone looking to expand their research is in the beginning phases of research
but has passed background research stages.
“Bill Cosby and Jury Bias: Can Jurors Recognize Their Own Biases?” Litigation Insights, 6 July
2017, https://www.litigationinsights.com/.
This article discusses whether or not Jurors recognize their own biases. Many times judges
know about cases in advance and have time to formulate opinions creating bias within, The author
gives several examples and studies that were done to prove bias and how to get the juror to admit to
implicit bias. One study was the Bill Cosby study, the trial was highly publicized and judges
definitely had time to learn about the case before the trial. The author also mentions the importance
of a detailed voir dire as it may be a great time to uncover possible bias. If they are unable to
recognize the bias that the juror has it may impede their ability to fairly weigh the evidence in the
case. One main point of the article is that jurors will feel rude by admitting to bias, so by putting
them at ease, it allows a more welcoming environment. The phrasing of questions is extremely
important, yes or no questions imply that they are totally biased. By phrasing the questions to a
broader audience, jurors are more likely to confess to favoring one side.
The source was very beneficial in that the reader is able to understand the main points easily.
The author builds off of the same points allowing one to follow along and understand the importance
of the claims they are making. One downside in the article was that it was a bit too repetitive causing
it to lose the reader's attention as they have already read the information in paragraphs prior. Due to
the fact that it comes from a litigation organization with years of experience, one can ensure its
credibility. Overall, it was a great article and would be a beneficial starting point for research as it
clearly explains all the main points.
Brownstein, Michael. “Implicit Bias.” The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by
Edward N. Zalta, Fall 2019, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2019,
https://plato.stanford.edu.

This article explains that research suggests that implicit bias is when people create
prejudice and stereotypes without intending to do so, creating a dangerous environment in the
courtroom. The author explains implicit versus explicit bias and how they come into play.
Implicit biases are different in that they are unknown and unconscious, making them especially
hard to acknowledge. The author argues that implicit biases are “unconscious” but in reality
not so “unconscious”. This is because people may not outright accept their prejudice but they
will be somewhat aware of their favor toward one side over another. Implicit biases capture qa
mix of cognitive and affective processes. The article also addresses how effective the IAT test
is and whether or not it actually reveals any biases.
Overall, this article was very beneficial. The author was clear and concise and the
information provided can be used in many ways. One thing that could be changed is that the
article felt very opinionated and not as statical as the researcher would like. However, it was
still informative and would be very good for someone who wants to learn about the difference
between implicit and explicit bias.
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D'Almeida, Kanya. "Racial Bias in Death Sentencing in U.S. Military." Global

Information Network, 01 Sep 2011. sirsissuesresearcher, https://explore.proquest.com/
This article reports on racial discrimination and prejudice in the U.S. military's judicial
system. Throughout the article. The author explains the racial bias in death sentences in the
United States Military. For the last three decades, the US Military has experienced racial bias in
their rulings. In fact, research was conducted by legal experts and statistics professors, proving
that minorities in the military are twice as likely as their white counterparts to be sentenced to
death by capital punishment. The article provides a visual of a graph, clearly stating that of the
16 death sentences, 10 of them were minorities. The main point of the article was that the
military judicial system is extremely biased toward minorities causing unfair rulings and
sentences.
The article was very beneficial in that it was full of evidence and data to support the
claims that the author had made throughout. The language was easy to follow and very
informative. This article wouldn’t be the best starting point for research as the author goes deeper
expecting the reader to have background information. The source was beneficial and it was
concise and clear. Although, at times the author was repetitive in that all the data supported the
same claim and there was no depth in writing. Lastly, the author’s language and word choice
allowed for following easily and helped avoid any confusion. The article would benefit a reader
to gather information on bias in military courtrooms to expand their research. The reader can
ensure the reliability of this source as it comes from the SIRS database, which school systems
provide.
“How Bias Warps Criminal Justice.” Greater Good, https://greatergood.berkeley.edu
This article explains how favoring a side warps criminal justice. The author claims that our
society doesn’t understand how our brains work and the biases we carry. People tend to see the world
and make decisions based on gut reactions without taking into account the evidence presented. This
source explains that “the voice and behavior of an attorney, as well the way evidence is presented,
can mislead jury members, making them trust information they shouldn’t or ignore important clues in
a case”. Furthermore, juror's backgrounds will cause them to weigh evidence through a lens of bias,
no matter how many times a judge instructs them to act impartially. The author’s main claims are that
favoring one side is part of human nature and it is very difficult to fix.
This source was beneficial because the author was able to provide the reader with information
about bias without explicitly stating it. This author uses examples and evidence to explain their
claims. This article was easy to follow and interesting to read. One can declare it reliable as it comes
from UC Berkeley a very prestigious and trusted university. This source is helpful to further research
as people must look deeper into the presentation of the case as it impacts the thoughts of the juror.
Jerry Kang, Jennifer Mnookin, et al., “Implicit Bias in the Courtroom.” UCLA LAW, pp.
5–10, https://www.uclalawreview.org.
In this UCLA law article, the authors explain in great detail implicit bias and the methods
they have discovered to stop or control it. The author explains how attitudes and stereotypes are
explicit bias and these count as social cognitions. This is due to the fact that they introspection
and endorsed as appropriate by those people. They also describe the difference between the ISC
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(implicit social cognition) and the IAT (Implicit Association Test). The ISC is conventional
beliefs such as attitudes or stereotypes and can be implicit or explicit. The IAT is known for
sorting task that measures differences between schema-consistent pairings and inconsistent
pairings of concepts. The concept of intergroup discrimination was measured better than explicit
bias. The article was mainly focused on explaining to the reader the differences in IAT and ISC
and implicit and explicit bias in the courtroom. This was all to explain empirical introduction.
The author then explains theoretical classification. To do so, they explained that if norms existed
then explicit bias can be concealed to manage impressions that others have of us.
This article was very beneficial in that it explained key concepts in a new and informative
way. Several articles are redundant and repetitive however, this article portrayed information in a
new way and kept the reader engaged. Although, this article does require the reader to have prior
background knowledge as they refer to terminology that is not defined in the article. This source
was without a doubt credible as it comes from a highly prestigious and trusted university, UCLA.
Overall, this was a very helpful article, however, at times, the reader is left confused or almost
overwhelmed due to the terminology used.
Lee, Conie. “Gender Bias in The Courtroom: Combating Implicit Bias Against Women Trial
Attorneys and Litigator” University of Maryland King Carey Law School, 2015.
This law journal works to advocate for implicit bias in courtrooms against women
attorneys. She explains that women have made huge strides in the legal field yet, they are still
thought of as the same way they were several years ago. The article explains that women are an
important part of the legal system but are still being looked down upon. A researcher may benefit
from this information if they are looking into gender bias and how that relates to implicit bias in
the courtroom. Gender bias may play a huge factor when determining the outcome of a case. If a
juror holds bias toward one gender, the other gender is automatically superior.
The article explains the information clearly and easily allowing the reader to follow
along with no issue. One thing they could have improved is providing more analysis to their
statements. The article was full of really good evidence and data but the analysis wasn’t
necessarily as strong. However, the author was still successful in relaying all necessary
information and the researcher was able to retain a plenitude of information. The article is
reliable as it comes from a prestigious and trusted university.
Leibold, Jill, Ph.D. "Implicit and Explicit Effects of Bias in the Courtroom." Litigations
Insights, 31 July 2009, www.litigationinsights.com
This article addresses the implicit and explicit bias in the courtroom. The article suggests
that while a juror’s explicit attitudes are certainly a factor in the courtroom the jurors’ implicit
biases may play a more subtle, yet equally weighty role in deciding the final ruling. In this day
and age, society is categorizing people and associating them with things and events on a daily
basis. We are “bombarded by so much information that categorization helps us simplify the
world around us” (Leibold 2). The article provided several specific cases in which the juror had
implicit bias. Often, we have bias within, that we may not be aware of, which causes us to be in
favor of a certain side. The article presented data from the Implicit Association Test, verifying
that the black-white race test revealed that 70 to 80% of white and Asian Americans implicitly
prefer white over black.
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The article was very informative as it explicitly addressed the bias that comes from
within the juror. Although it is very difficult to record implicit bias, the article presented several
cases in which tests were used. The author’s language and word choice allowed for following
easily and helped avoid any confusion. The article was beneficial and provides a starting point
for those interested in bias and jury research. Although this article is old, the information stated
is still relevant to this day. This source comes from a trusted litigations organization ensuring its
credibility.
Levinson, Bennett, and Hioki, Judging Implicit Bias: A National Empirical Study of
Judicial Stereotypes, 69 Fla. L. Rev. 63 (2017).
This law review explains judging implicit bias and stereotypes that come with implicit
bias. In American justice systems, federal judges have to enter a courtroom with absolutely no
bias. But, in today’s society with the use of several aspects it makes it more and more difficult
for them to be completely impartial. The author brings up the idea of judges having unconscious
bias against “privileged minorities”. As a researcher, terms such as this could be very beneficial
and important when determining claims. The law review presents the result form several data
collections and uses this to support the idea that judges will most likely have some sort of bias or
stereotypes when judging a case. The researcher can learn about the types of biases that different
minorities face. For example, one minority may face bias against one aspect such as education
and the other may face bias in another such as social class.
This law review was extremely beneficial as one was able to learn about the biases that
different races face. In addition, the article wasn’t concluded and displayed the information in a
manor that was easy to follow. The article is credible and reliable as it is a published law review
from a high level university.
Marinakis, Christina “What Are the Benefits of Having Diversity in a Jury Panel?”
Litigation Insights, 30 Sept. 2015, https://www.litigationinsights.com
In this article, the author explains the need for having a diverse jury panel and its effects
on rulings in the courtroom. The bottom line is that diversity matters in every case. No matter the
case, whether big or small, a jury composed of multiple races and ethnicities limits the amount of
bias that can be used when formulating the decision. First, the public is more likely to accept the
verdict if it is rendered from a diverse group of jurors. If the public believe in the justice system
it is essential that they feel that all parties are being heard and understood. The author then
explain the value of having a diverse jury. Social science research explains Justice Thurgood
Marshall was correct when he stated that diverse juries are more likely to “get it right” and come
up with an accurate ruling. This is because “Diverse juries promote vigorous debate, which
encourages jurors to examine a case’s facts and evidence more carefully.” Research also shows
that diverse juries are better at determining what is reasonable as opposed to homogenous juries.
The author then closes off by explaining the need for a diverse jury. Diverse juries are essential
to presenting a fair and equal trial which everyone is given the right to in their sixth amendment
rights.
The article is very informative and would be extremely beneficial to researchers
interested in the effect of diverse juries. The reader can learn a plenitude of information and will
most likely be able to apply the information in their everyday lives. The author was clear and
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concise and presented the information in a way that was clear and easy to follow. Overall, the
article is a great way to further one’s research. It is reliable and accurate as it comes from a very
prestigious organization and the author has a Phd in jury research.
Marinakis, Christina, Personal Interview. 15 November 2019.
The interview that was conducted was extremely beneficial in narrowing the point of
interest at hand today. Dr. Marinakis answered several questions very thoroughly and helped the
researcher understand a new route to take their research down. From the interview, the researcher
learned about racial and nationality bias along with gender bias and how each plays a role in the
courtroom. She explained that in court women and men are viewed differently, a woman who is
stubborn is thought of as rude whereas a male who is stubborn is thought of as professional and
very good. In addition, the researcher was able to learn about the daily life of a jury researcher
and many methods to stop implicit bias. Often times, attorneys will create questionnaires for
jurors to fill out in order to reveal some biases that they may have.
The interview was very beneficial as the researcher was able to learn all about implicit
bias in the courtroom. This interview transcript would be beneficial to someone not aware about
the topic as the interviewee explained implicit bias thoroughly. The author was very clear and the
answers provided were very thorough. The questions asked were in-depth and very engaging for
the listener. In conclusion, the interview provided a plethora of information. Overall, the
interview is a great way to further one’s research. It is reliable and accurate as it comes from a
very prestigious author who has a Phd in jury research.
Nava, Khristina. “Jurors Decisions in A Capital Trial Involving Intellectual Disability”
pp.9-13. 2016.
In this article, the author, Khristina Nava, clearly explains outcomes of jurors decisions
when a trial involves someone with intellectual disability. The author claims that a juror may
stereotypically look for down syndrome facial features of fetal alcohol syndrome to help make
their decision on whether a witness has an ID (intellectual disability). The case Atkins v.
Virginia has prohibited the execution of individuals with an ID yrt, never defined the standard of
an ID. The author claims research is needed to further understand how a juror interpts andybody
with an ID. According to the article, 1% of the USA population have an ID and 4-10% of prisons
are made of people with an ID. Each state is allowed to set its own criteria for an ID, therefore an
ID in Florida may not be an ID in Maryland. Jurors can make their based on past knowledge,
beliefs, and interactions with those with an ID. There is a questioning process called voir dire,
which is used to remove any bias jurors. Some jurors may not answer honestly during voir dire
and answer with something to preserve their reputation. Others may feel embarrassed to admit to
having such bias. A juror that is “Death-qualified” is more likely to vote for a death penlty and
not feel morally wrong, which proves their bias toward the death penalty.
Overall, this article was very beneficial and informed the reader with a great deal of
information. The author was clear and concise but was still able to manage to explain everything
well. One criticism would be that the author talked in first person many times, making the article
feel more informal or less professional. However, all the points that were made are very
important and would help further anybodies research. This article would be very beneficial for
someone looking to get out of that “middle-stage” of research.
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Povalin Nick. Personal Interview. 17th December 2019.

The researcher was able to take away a great deal from the interview. First, there are
many ways to research implicit bias and to find the best way, one needs to look into them all and
see which is best for the topic of research. The interview explains tactics to overcome implicit
bias. In addition, the interviewee explained methods to finding articles and high level sources.
New information such as ways to stop implicit bias by examining the behavior of jurors or
reactions to responses from witnesses. The researcher was able to update their claims and
controls. After using the methods explained, the researcher was also able to find new locations to
look for sources.
The interview was very beneficial as new ideas for research were brought up. This
interview was informative and concise. Mr.Povalin answered very clearly efficiently. The
interview was very concise. Overall, the interview is a very credible source as he has a PhD in
jury research and has been working in the field for years.
Smyton, Robin. “Bias in the Courtroom.” Tufts Now, https://now.tufts.edu.
This article clearly explains bias in the courtroom and the effects it has on the jurors
decision to make a ruling. To start the article, the author gives an example of a judge sentencing
a white man very liently after killing a black man. Right away, the reader understands that bias in
the courtroom colors our perceptions, judgements, and decision-making processes. The author
later goes on to explain that racial bias can influence impressions we form of the parties in the
trial. As they years go by, biases evolve, 5 years ago people advocated s great deal for “color-
blind” bias and today, society feels different about it. If black man shot a white man would the
sentence be longer? Biases can create the same scenario with different people have different
outcomes. The racial make-up of a jury can greatly impact the ruling, as a;;-whote juries are
more likely to convict minorities. The jury pool does not have to have a representative of each
witness, it just has to look like the surrounding community. This means that an all-white jury can
go up against a black man; creating a great deal of potential bias. These jury pools are formed
differently all across the country making them even more complicated. Although the supreme
court has made it illegal to make a jury pool based on race, it is still a main way of creating a
pool.
This article was overall very beneficial. The author was able to make it clear and concise
gingin the reader readers attention as it wasn’t confusing. This would be an excellent article to
start research in a new field. One thing the author could have improved is that they explain racial
bias very well however the article title suggests bias in general. A change to the title would
suffice in improving the article. Overall the article allows the reader to really understand racial
bias in a new way that isn’t common in most articles. This source can be trusted and is reliable as
it comes from a high university: Tufts.
Strategies to Address Unconscious Bias | Diversity.Ucsf.Edu. https://diversity.ucsf.edu
This video explains strategies to address unconscious bias and how to overcome favoring
one side. The speaker explains that the first step to overcoming implicit bias is to educate
yourself and read about possible biases you may have. Enhancing awareness of bias around our
society will help the future of America’s court system. The speaker suggests communities take
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the “Implicit Association Test” as this allows people to become aware of their biases. The last
point they make is to be surrounded by diverse groups. The more often one sees other racial
groups the fast they accept them and the friendlier they are toward each other. The author
provided two main ways to help resolve implicit bias within by creating bonds with a greater
variety of people and by educating society on the implicit biases they hold.
The video was a clear and concise way to inform the community about implicit bias.
However, the speaker in the video is very mono-toned and doesn't add character to the video.
The video was beneficial because it was short and still provided the researcher with information.
The author should have gone more in-depth and explained more reasons and methods people can
use in their day to day life to help them stop favoring toward one side. The information presented
was credible in that it comes from a highly trusted University, University of California, San
Francisco. Lastly, the claims made are beneficial to society today and people can use these
methods daily.
“Understanding Implicit Bias.” Ohio State University,
2015,http://kirwaninstitute.osu.edu.
This article provides the reader with information to help understand implicit bias. The
article explains that implicit bias refers to the attitudes and stereotypes our society builds up
causing our brains to create unconscious bias. Implicit bias also called implicit social cognition,
is activated involuntarily and without an individual's awareness or control. The author goes on to
explain the key characteristics of implicit bias. Implicit biases are malleable, pervasive, and
extremely difficult to permanently remove due to the society that has constructed them. After
conducting some research, researchers have found that Afrocentric features do have to do with
criminal sentencing. Implicit biases are often constructed at very early ages through direct or in-
direct messages. The media and news around America also play a role in creating bias as they
twist and mess with stories to create drama; many times, these stories create bias for religions or
races. From this article, the reader will be able to understand the main point, stating that we
create these biases based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, age, and appearance.
The article would be a beneficial starting point for anyone interested in implicit bias. The
author provided enough detail and information to understand the topic without creating too
complex of an article. Although the author should have added more clear evidence, the research
wasn't easy to follow and did not support the claims strongly. This source was provided by Ohio
State University allowing the reader to understand its credibility as it is coming from a trusted
university. Lastly, the author’s language and word choice allowed for easy following and helped
avoid any confusion.

Waters, Nicole L, and Paula Hannaford-Agor. “Jurors 24/7: the Impact of New Media on
Jurors, Public Perceptions of the Jury System, and the American Criminal Justice
System.” National Center for State Courts, 2010.

This article was extremely beneficial in allowing a researcher to completely understand

the effect of media on juror perceptions. To do so, the author references a study in which the
researcher studied the brains ability to understand information and how it is retained. The
conclusions found revealed that each brain interprets the same information in different ways.
Correlating to this, people from similar backgrounds tend to understand and interpret in similar
 Nassar 9

ways. By connecting the two points, the researcher was able to conclude that media affects juror
perceptions causing them to view information differently. In addition, the brain will remember
negative connotations and unconsciously associate them with people or items that relate to that
idea. This article was crucial in proving that the media affects juror decisions as it changes the
way the brain can retain the information. Therefore, a heterozygous jury is essential as multiple
brains are needed and multiple brains from different backgrounds are needed to retain the
information differently; providing more perspectives.

This article was very beneficial as it allowed all the points of research to come together
and prove the claim. The authors ideas were clear and easy to follow, and they provided an in-
depth explanation leaving the reader with a full understanding. This article would be great for
closing up research as it requires the reader to have a small amount of background knowledge
and a clear claim to support. The information is accurate and reliable as it was written by the
National Center for State Courts. Overall, the article was beneficial and allowed the researcher to
see the effect of implicit bias outside of the courtroom but still information that applies to the
courtroom.

Williams, Stanley P. "Eliminating Bias in the Criminal Courtroom: Interview with

Stanley P. Williams." Scholastic, 11 Sept. 2018, blog.scholasticahq.com
This interview expresses the idea that when implicit bias enters the criminal justice
system it can compromise the results of the trial. According to the interview, our method for
screening bias is limited to voir dire. The Implicit Association Test measures how quickly
someone associates a word with a positive or negative connotation. People have even gone to the
extent of wanting to replace live trials with virtual trial in which everyone will have an avatar.
The main claim of the interview stated that a defendant's right to a fair and impartial trial should
never be compromised. Judges will always have bias within and we must find ways to terminate
and remove implicit bias due to race, gender, or social status.
This interview provided a few important facts, although, the reader could get easily lost
as it wasn’t easy to follow. The author provided many new ideas about the research they may not
have been done, therefore the information isn't beneficial. The facts stated were a tad repetitive
and informed the reader of basic information on implicit and explicit bias in the courtroom. This
article would provide someone with a starting point of research if they are interested in future
methods to prevent implicit bias in the courtroom.
Wistrich, A. J., Guthrie, C., & Rachlinski, J. J. (2005). Can judges ignore inadmissible
information? The difficulty of deliberately disregarding. University of Pennsylvania Law
Review, 1251–1253.
This article clearly answers the main question “Can judges ignore inadmissible
information?” Throughout the article, the authors explain that evidence rules excluding relevant
information fall into 2 categories, intrinsic exclusionary rules, and extrinsic exclusionary rules.
Intrinsic exclusionary rules exclude relevant information that will promote accurate fact-finding.
Rule 403 from the Federal Rules of Evidence is an intrinsic exclusionary rule. Extrinsic
exclusionary rules are those that exclude relevant evidence to promote a policy interest,
regardless of its impact on the accuracy of fact-finding. The article also explains that the best
way to prevent inadmissible information is to shield them from the judge altogether. When jurors
 Nassar 10

are exposed to inadmissible information, they often have difficulty pretending they didn’t
understand it. The author also states that “Judiciary opinions on the issue tend to embrace a
strong presumption that proper limiting instructions will reduce the possibility of prejudice.”
Overall, this article was very beneficial and provides the reader with a very good
understanding of intrinsic and extrinsic exclusionary rules and how they affect the cases. The
author does a nice job of conveying the message that, Jurors will have difficulty to forget
inadmissible information. This article is trusted as it was written by highly prestigious
researchers and comes from a very trusted law school, University of Pennsylvania Law.
Yokum, Robertson, and Palmer. “Inability to Self- Diagnose Bias.” pp. 873-880. Jul. 24,
2019.
This article clearly explains the inability of self-diagnosis of implicit bias. The authors
state that there is no such thing as a perfect and bias-free trial. This is due to the fact that bias can
never be completely removed. A witness is entitled to a fair but not perfect trial. This brings up
the question, How much bias should we tolerate? It is necessary that the judge allows the same
amount of biases for both sides of the case. There are many biases present, the author first
discovers Pretrial Publicity (PTP), this is when a trial is highly publicized and can impact a
judge's perceptions of judicial legitimacy, this is a growing problem due to social media. Even
back when Supreme Court Justice Marshall was in office, he felt that PTP had created
“suspensions”. Another point in the article was Psychology behind Self- Diagnosing Bias, in this
section the authors explain that one may not be aware of their PTP basis as it is implicit and fail
at one step and cause the rest of their results to fail. The authors go into great detail about the 4
complicated steps of failure, which are areas on which a judge would fail in self- diagnosis. The
author's main point was that there are many points of which a juror can fail as elf-diagnosis
exam, therefore we are unable to get accurate results due to self-diagnosis.
This article was extremely beneficial as the reader can retain a lot of information. The
authors were very clear in what they explained. Through the use of lots of examples, the ideas
were clear and the reader had no trouble understanding what they meant. This article is credible
as it comes from trusted University, Denver Law. The authors use of examples were beneficial
however, they were too many at one point the article was dragging on for too long. This article
would be very beneficial for anyone going deeper in their research as it provided detailed
information.