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Immanuel Kant
Portrait by Johann Gottlieb Becker,

1768
22 April 1724
Königsberg, Kingdom of
Born Prussia
(present-day Kaliningrad,
Russia)
12 February 1804
(aged 79)
Died
Königsberg, East Prussia,
Kingdom of Prussia
Nationality Prussian
Collegium Fridericianum
University of Königsberg
Education (B.A.; M.A., April 1755;
PhD, September 1755; PhD,
[1] August 1770)
Era Age of Enlightenment

Region Western philosophy
School  Kantianism
 Enlightenment philosophy
 German idealism[2]
 Foundationalism[3]
 Metaphysical
conceptualism[4]
 Perceptual non-
conceptualism[5][6]
 Transcendental idealism
 Empirical realism
 Indirect realism[7]
 Correspondence theory of
truth[a][9]
 Liberal naturalism[10]
 Kantian ethics
 Classical liberalism
Institutions University of Königsberg

 Principiorum primorum
cognitionis metaphysicae
nova dilucidatio (A New
Elucidation of the First
Principles of Metaphysical
Cognition) (September
1755)
Theses  De mundi sensibilis atque
intelligibilis forma et
principiis (Dissertation on
the Form and Principles of
the Sensible and the
Intelligible World) (August
1770)
Martin Knutzen, Johann

Academic Gottfried Teske (M.A.
advisors advisor), Konrad Gottlieb
Marquardt[11]
Jakob Sigismund Beck,
Notable
Johann Gottlieb Fichte,
students
Johann Gottfried Herder
Language German
 Epistemology
 Metaphysics
Main  Ethics
interests  Aesthetics
 Cosmogony
Notable  Abstract–concrete
ideas distinction[12]
 Aesthetic–teleological
judgments
 Analytic–synthetic
distinction
 Categorical and
hypothetical imperative
 Categories
 Cosmotheology
 Critical philosophy
 Copernican revolution in
philosophy
 Disinterested delight
 Empirical realism
 Kant's antinomies
 Kant's pitchfork
 Kingdom of Ends
 Mathematical vs. dynamical
sublimity[13]
 Nebular hypothesis
 Noogony and noology
 Noumenon vs. thing-in-itself
 Ontotheology
 Primacy of practical
reason[14]
 Public reason
 Rechtsstaat
 Sapere aude
 Transcendental schema
 Theoretical vs. practical
philosophy
 Transcendental idealism
 Transcendental theology
 Understanding–reason
distinction
Influences[show]
Influenced[show]
Signature
Part of a series on
Immanuel Kant
Major works
 Critique of Pure Reason

Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics


Answering the Question: What is

Enlightenment?


Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals

 Critique of Practical Reason
 Critique of Judgment

Religion within the Bounds of Bare

Reason


Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical

Sketch

 The Metaphysics of Morals
 Opus Postumum
 Kantianism
 Kantian ethics

Transcendental idealism

Critical philosophy
 Sapere aude
 Thing-in-itself
 Schema
 A priori and a posteriori
 Analytic–synthetic distinction
 Noumenon
 Categories
 Categorical imperative
 Hypothetical imperative
 "Kingdom of Ends"
 Political philosophy
People
 George Berkeley
 René Descartes
 J. G. Fichte
 F. H. Jacobi
 G. W. F. Hegel
 David Hume
 Arthur Schopenhauer
 Baruch Spinoza
 African Spir
 Johannes Tetens
Related topics
 Schopenhauer's criticism
 German idealism
 Neo-Kantianism
Related Categories
► Immanuel Kant
 v
 t
 e
Immanuel Kant (UK: /kænt/,[17][18] US: /kɑːnt/;[19][20] German: [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant, -nu̯ɛl -];[21][22]
22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was an influential German philosopher[23] in the Age of
Enlightenment. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, he argued that space, time, and causation are
mere sensibilities; "things-in-themselves" exist, but their nature is unknowable.[24][25] In his view, the
mind shapes and structures experience, with all human experience sharing certain structural features. In
one of his major works, the Critique of Pure Reason (1781; second edition 1787),[26] he drew a parallel
to the Copernican revolution in his proposition that worldly objects can be intuited a priori ('beforehand'),
and that intuition is therefore independent from objective reality.[b]
Kant believed that reason is also the source of morality, and that aesthetics arise from a faculty of
disinterested judgment. Kant's views continue to have a major influence on contemporary philosophy,
especially the fields of epistemology, ethics, political theory, and post-modern aesthetics. He attempted to
explain the relationship between reason and human experience and to move beyond the failures of
traditional philosophy and metaphysics. He wanted to put an end to what he saw as an era of futile and
speculative theories of human experience, while resisting the skepticism of thinkers such as David Hume.
He regarded himself as showing the way past the impasse between rationalists and empiricists,[28] and is
widely held to have synthesized both traditions in his thought.[29]
Kant was an exponent of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and
international cooperation. He believed that this would be the eventual outcome of universal history,
although it is not rationally planned.[30] The nature of Kant's religious ideas continues to be the subject
of philosophical dispute, with viewpoints ranging from the impression that he was an initial advocate of
atheism who at some point developed an ontological argument for God, to more critical treatments
epitomized by Schopenhauer, who criticized the imperative form of Kantian ethics as "theological
morals" and the "Mosaic Decalogue in disguise",[31] and Nietzsche, who claimed that Kant had
"theologian blood"[32] and was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian faith.[c]
Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These
include the Universal Natural History (1755), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), the Metaphysics
of Morals (1797), the Critique of Judgment (1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology, and Religion
within the Bounds of Bare Reason (1793).
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"Kant" redirects here. For other uses, see Kant (disambiguation).

Portrait by Johann Gottlieb Becker,

Era Age of Enlightenment

Institutions University of Königsberg

Martin Knutzen, Johann

Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics

Answering the Question: What is

Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals

Religion within the Bounds of Bare

Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical

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