Chapter # 4

University of Management and Technology
Resource person: Gulraiz Nasim Ch Introduction to statistics
Name: Registration #
Lecture # 22 Section:
Chapter # 4
Introduction to Probability
Probability Rule 1:
0 ≤ P (A) ≤ 1, where A is an event. Probabilities lie within the range of 0 to 1. That is, neither it
can be negative nor can exceed to 1.
Probability Rule 2:
Sum of all probabilities of a certain random experiment should always be equal to 1.
 ∑ (𝑆)= 1
Probability Rule 3:
It’s also called Additive Rule for individual outcomes
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩𝑼𝑪) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) + 𝑷(𝑪)
Probability Rule 4:
Addition rule for any two events
If A and B are Not Mutually Exclusive Events then
𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)
 If A and B are two events, then P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B).

You can read as P( A or B)= P(A)+ P(B)-P( A and B)
 For three events A, B, and C, P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P(A ∩ B) - P(A ∩ C)
- P(B ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
Probability Rule 5:
We indicated previously that when two events are mutually exclusive, both events cannot occur at the
same time. Thus for mutually exclusive events P(A and B)=0 also you can write as P(A ∩ B)=0
 If A and B are mutually exclusive, then P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B)
Remember: Two events A and B of a single experiment are said to be mutually exclusive or
disjoint if and only if they cannot occur at the same time. That is they have no points in common.
Question #1
John is going to graduate from an industrial engineering department in a university by the end of
the semester. After being interviewed at two companies he likes, he assesses that his probability
of getting an offer from company A is 0.8, and his probability of getting an offer from company
B is 0.6. If he believes that the probability that he will get offers from both companies is 0.5,
what is the probability that he will get at least one offer from these two companies?
Question #2
i) From past experience, a stockbroker believes that under present economic conditions a customer will
invest in tax-free bonds with a probability of 0.6, will invest in mutual funds with a probability of 0.3, and
will invest in both tax-free bonds and mutual funds with a probability of 0.15. At this time, find the
probability that a customer will invest
a) in either tax-free bonds or mutual funds
b) in neither tax-free bonds nor mutual funds.
Question # 3
what is the probability of getting a total of 7 or 11 when a pair of fair dice is tossed?
Question #4
If the probabilities are, respectively, 0.09, 0.15, 0.21, and 0.23 that a person purchasing a new
automobile will choose the color green, white, red, or blue, what is the probability that a given
buyer will purchase a new automobile that comes in one of those colors.
Question# 5
It is common in many industrial areas to use a filling machine to fill boxes full of product. This
occurs in the food industry as well as other areas in which the product is used in the home, for
example, detergent. These machines are not perfect, and indeed they may A, fill to specification,
B, under fill, and C, overfill. Generally, the practice of under filling is that which one hopes to
avoid. Let P(B)=0.001 while P(A)=0.990. a) Give P(C). (0.009)
b) What is the probability that the machine does not under fill? (0.999)
c) What is the probability that the machine either overfills or under fills? (0.01)
Question # 6 A pair of fair dice is tossed. Find the probability of getting
a) a total of 8
b) at most a total of 5
Question # 7
An automobile manufacturer is concerned about a possible recall of its best-selling four-door
sedan. If there were a recall, there is a probability of 0.25 of a defect in the
brake system, 0.18 of a defect in the transmission, 0.17 of a defect in the fuel system,
and 0.40 of a defect in some other area.
a) What is the probability that the defect is the brakes or the fueling system if the
probability of defects in both systems simultaneously is 0.15?
b) What is the probability that there are no defects in either the brakes or the fueling
system?
Do Question from book
4.27
4.29
4.31

Chapter # 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter # 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter # 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of Management and Technology

Resource person: Gulraiz Nasim Ch Introduction to statistics

Sum of all probabilities of a certain random experiment should always be equal to 1.

It’s also called Additive Rule for individual outcomes

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩𝑼𝑪) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) + 𝑷(𝑪)

Addition rule for any two events

If A and B are Not Mutually Exclusive Events then

𝑷(𝑨 ∪ 𝑩) = 𝑷(𝑨) + 𝑷(𝑩) − 𝑷(𝑨 ∩ 𝑩)

 If A and B are two events, then P (A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B).

P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B)

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.