DATA BOOKLET FOR THE

FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE

MODULE : CHEMISTRY

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 1. Physical Constants
molar gas constant R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1

R = 0.08206 L atm mol –1 K-1

Avogadro constant NA = 6.023 x 1023 mol-1

Rydberg constant RH = 1.097 x 107 m-1

RH = 2.18 x 10-18 J

Planck’s constant h = 6.63 x 10-34 J s

h = 3.99 x 10-13 kJ mol-1 s

speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.00 x 108 m s–1

rest mass of proton, 11𝐻 mp = 1.67 x 10-27 kg

rest mass of neutron, 10𝑛 mn = 1.67 x 10-27 kg

0
rest mass of electron, −1𝑒 me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg

electronic charge 𝑒 = -1.6 x 10-19 C

molar volume of gas Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP*

Vm = 24.0 dm3 mol-1 under room conditions

*Where STP is expressed as

101325 Pa (1 atm, 760 mm Hg)
273 K (0°C)

Water dissociation constant Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6 at 298 K (25°C)

Faraday constant F = 9. 65 x 104 C mol-1

Specific heat capacity of water Cs = 4.184 J g-1 K-1

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2. Ionisation Energies (1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th) of Selected Elements, in
kJ mol-1

Proton
First Second Third Fourth
number

H 1 1310 - - -
He 2 2370 5250 - -
Li 3 519 7300 11800 -
Be 4 900 1760 14800 21000
B 5 799 2420 3660 25000
C 6 1090 2350 4610 6220
N 7 1400 2860 4590 7480
O 8 1310 3390 5320 7450
F 9 1680 3370 6040 8410
Ne 10 2080 3950 6150 9290
Na 11 494 4560 6940 9540
Mg 12 736 1450 7740 10500
Al 13 577 1820 2740 11600
Si 14 786 1580 3230 4360
P 15 1060 1900 2920 4960
S 16 1000 2260 3390 4540
Cl 17 1260 2300 3850 5150
Ar 18 1520 2660 3950 5770
K 19 418 3070 4600 5860
Ca 20 590 1150 4940 6480
Sc 21 632 1240 2390 7110
Ti 22 661 1310 2720 4170
V 23 648 1370 2870 4600
Cr 24 653 1590 2990 4770
Mn 25 716 1510 3250 5190
Fe 26 762 1560 2960 5400

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 Proton
First Second Third Fourth
number

Co 27 757 1640 3230 5100

Ni 28 736 1750 3390 5400
Cu 29 745 1960 3350 5690
Zn 30 908 1730 3828 5980
Ga 31 577 1980 2960 6190
Ge 32 762 1540 3300 4390
Br 35 1140 2080 3460 4850
Sr 38 548 1060 4120 5440
Sn 50 707 1410 2940 3930
I 53 1010 1840 2040 4030
Ba 56 502 966 3390 -
Pb 82 716 1450 3080 4080

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3. Atomic and Ionic Radii

Period 3 atomic/nm ionic/nm

metallic Na 0.186 Na+ 0.095

Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.065
Al 0.143 Al3+ 0.050

single covalent Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.041

3-
P 0.110 P 0.212
S 0.104 S2- 0.184
Cl 0.099 Cl- 0.181

var der Waals Ar 0.192

Group II

metallic Be 0.112 Be2+ 0.031

Mg 0.160 Mg2+ 0.065
Ca 0.197 Ca2+ 0.099
2+
Sr 0.215 Sr 0.113
Ba 0.217 Ba2+ 0.135
Ra 0.220 Ra2+ 0.140

Group IV

single covalent C 0.077

Si 0.117 Si4+ 0.041
Ge 0.122 Ge2+ 0.093

metallic Sn 0.162 Sn2+ 0.112

Pb 0.175 Pb2+ 0.120

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Group VII atomic/nm ionic/nm

single covalent F 0.072 F- 0.136

Cl 0.099 Cl- 0.181
Br 0.144 Br- 0.195
I 0.133 I- 0.216
At 0.140
First row
transition
elements
single covalent Sc 0.144 Sc3+ 0.081
Ti 0.132 Ti2+ 0.090
V 0.122 V3+ 0.074
3+
Cr 0.117 Cr 0.069
Mn 0.117 Mn2+ 0.080
Fe 0.116 Fe2+ 0.076
Fe3+ 0.064
Co 0.116 Co2+ 0.078
2+
Ni 0.115 Ni 0.078
Cu 0.117 Cu2+ 0.069
Zn 0.125 Zn2+ 0.074

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 4. Bond Dissociation Enthalpies, kJ mol-1
(a) Single Bond

H C N O F Si P S Cl Br I
H 436 413 391 463 565 328 322 347 432 366 299
C 346 305 358 485 - - 272 339 285 213
N 163 201 283 - - - 192 - -
O 146 - 452 335 - 218 201 201
F 155 565 490 284 253 249 278
Si 222 - 293 381 310 234
P 201 326 - 184
S 226 255 - -
Cl 242 216 208
Br 193 175
I 151

(b) Multiple Bond

Bond Energy kJ mol-1

N=N 418
C=N 615
O=O 498
C=C 610
C=O 745
N≡N 945
C≡N 887
C≡C 835

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5. Standard Electrode Potential and Redox Potentials, Eθ at 298 K (25 °C)
(a) Eθ in alphabetical order

Ag+ + e¯ ⇌ Ag +0.80
Al3+ + 3 e¯ ⇌ Al –1.66
Ba2+ + 2 e¯⇌ Ba –2.90
Br2 + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 Br¯ +1.07
Ca2+ + 2 e¯⇌ Ca –2.87
Cl2 + 2 e¯⇌ 2 Cl¯ +1.36
2 HOCl + 2 H+ + 2 e¯⇌ Cl2 + 2 H2O +1.64
Co2+ + 2 e¯⇌ Co –0.28
Co3+ + e¯⇌ Co2+ +1.82
[Co(NH3)6]2+ + 2 e¯⇌ Co + 6 NH3 –0.43
Cr2+ + 2 e¯⇌ Cr –0.91
Cr3+ + 3 e¯ ⇌ Cr –0.74
Cr3+ + e¯ ⇌ Cr2+ –0.41
Cr2O72– + 14 H+ + 6 e¯ ⇌ 2Cr3+ + 7 H2O +1.33
Cu+ + e¯ ⇌ Cu +0.52
Cu2+ + 2 e¯⇌ Cu +0.34
Cu2+ + e¯⇌ Cu+ +0.15
[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2 e¯⇌ Cu + 4 NH3 –0.05
F2 + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2F¯ +2.87
Fe2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Fe –0.44
Fe3+ + 3 e¯ ⇌ Fe –0.04
Fe3+ + e¯ ⇌ Fe2+ +0.77
[Fe(CN)6]3- + e¯ ⇌ [Fe(CN)6]4– +0.36
Fe(OH)3 + e¯ ⇌ Fe(OH)2 + OH¯ –0.56
2H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ H2 0.00
I2 + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2I¯ +0.54
K+ + e¯ ⇌ K –2.92
Li+ + e¯ ⇌ Li –3.04
Mg2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Mg –2.38
Mn2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Mn –1.18
Mn3+ + e¯ ⇌ Mn2+ +1.49
MnO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Mn2+ + 2 H2O +1.23
MnO4¯ + e¯ ⇌ MnO42¯ +0.56
MnO4¯ + 4 H+ + 3 e¯ ⇌ MnO2 + 2 H2O +1.67
MnO4¯ + 8 H+ + 5e¯ ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O +1.52
NO3¯ + 2 H+ + e¯ ⇌ NO2 + H2O +0.81
NO3¯ + 3 H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ HNO2 + H2O +0.94
NO3¯ + 10 H+ + 8 e¯ ⇌ NH4+ + 3 H2O +0.87
Na+ + e¯ ⇌ Na –2.71
Ni2+ + 2e¯ ⇌ Ni –0.25
[Ni(NH3)6]2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Ni + 6 NH3 –0.51
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 H2O +1.77
O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e¯ ⇌ 2 H2O +1.23
O2 + 2 H2O + 4 e¯ ⇌ 4 OH¯ +0.40
O2 + 2H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ H2O2 +0.68
2 H2O + 2 e¯ ⇌ H2 + 2 OH¯ –0.83
Pb2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Pb –0.13
Pb4+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Pb2+ +1.69

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PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.47
SO42– + 4 H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ SO2 + 2 H2O +0.17
S2O82–+ 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 SO42– +2.01
S4O62–+ 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 S2O32– +0.09
Sn2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Sn –0.14
Sn4+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Sn2+ +0.15
V2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ V –1.20
V3+ + e¯ ⇌ V2+ –0.26
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e¯ ⇌ V3+ + H2O +0.34
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e¯ ⇌ VO2+ + H2O +1.00
VO3– + 4 H+ + e¯ ⇌ VO2+ + 2 H2O +1.00
Zn2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Zn –0.76

(b) Eθ in decreasing order of oxidising power

F2 + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 F¯ +2.87
S2O82¯+ 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 SO42¯ +2.01
H2O2 + 2 H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 H2O +1.77
MnO4¯ + 8 H+ + 5 e¯ ⇌ Mn2+ + 4 H2O +1.52
PbO2 + 4 H+ + 2e¯ ⇌ Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.47
Cl2 + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 Cl ¯ +1.36
Cr2O72¯+ 14 H+ + 6 e¯ ⇌ 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O +1.33
Br2 + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2 Br¯ +1.07
NO3¯ + 2 H+ + e¯ ⇌ NO2 + H2O +0.81
Ag+ + e¯ ⇌ Ag +0.80
Fe3+ + e¯ ⇌ Fe2+ +0.77
I2 + 2 e¯ ⇌ 2I¯ +0.54
O2 + 2 H2O + 4e¯ ⇌ 4 OH¯ +0.40
Cu2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Cu +0.34
SO42¯ + 4 H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ SO2 + 2 H2O +0.17
Sn4+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Sn2+ +0.15
S4O62¯+ 2 e¯ ⇌ 2S2O32¯ +0.09
2H+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ H2 0.00
Pb2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Pb –0.13
Sn2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Sn –0.14
Fe2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Fe –0.44
Zn2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Zn –0.76
Mg2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Mg –2.38
Ca2+ + 2 e¯ ⇌ Ca –2.87
K+ + e¯ ⇌ K –2.92

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 6. The Orientating Effect of Groups in Aromatic Substitution
Reactions.

Ortho- or para-directing Meta-directing

-NH2, -NHR or –NR2 -NO2

-OH or –OR -NH3

-NHCOR -CN

-CH3 , -R -CHO, -COR

-Cl -CO2H, -CO2R

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 Periodic Table of the Elements
8A
18
1.008 4.003
H He
1A 2A hydrogen 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A helium
1 A 1 13 14 15 16 17 2
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.00 16.00 19.00 20.20
Li Be B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

23.00 24.31 27.00 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.99

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
11 12 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 8B 8B 1B 2B 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.79 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.66 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 – 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te iodine Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium 53 xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54

133.0 137.3 138.9 * 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 – – –
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium lanthanum hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

– – – ** – – – – – – – – – – –
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium actinium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116

* Lanthanide 140.1 140.9 144.2 – 150.4 151.9 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71

** Actinide – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

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