Class: M3 Subject: Chemistry Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry

Class: M3 Subject: Chemistry
Chapter 1: Basic concepts of Chemistry
Learning objectives:
Learners will be able to:
1. Define an atom and list the sub-atomic particles along with their properties.
2. Differentiate between elements and compounds.
3. Understand the concept of molecules.
4. Explain ion formation and identify the type of ions.
5. Describe the simple and complex radicals.
6. Discuss the terms valency, valence electron and electronic configuration.
7. Comprehend the rules for compound formation and write the steps for compound formation.
Instructions to study the chapter:

1. Read the chapter from NCERT book.
2. Read and understand the notes/PPT shared through Whatsapp group or portal.
3. Please maintain a fair Chemistry notebook and do the work neatly. However, in case a notebook is
unavailable, use loose sheets to do the work.
4. The assignment should be done in the worksheet only and in case a printer is not available, do the
assignment on loose sheets.
NOTES:
What is an atom?
Atoms are the basic, smallest unit of matter and the defining structure of an element.
An atom consists of three subatomic particles: electrons, protons and the neutrons.
Protons: Positively charged
Electrons: Negatively charged
Neutrons: No charge
Protons and neutrons also collectively known as nucleons are present inside the nucleus in the centre of
an atom whereas the electrons are placed in special orbits around the nucleus.
Note: Due to equal number of protons and electrons, an atom is electrically neutral as the positive and
negative charge gets balanced.
Elements: An element is a pure substance that is made up of the same type of atoms.
Elements are characterized into metals, non-metals and metalloids. Depending on the number of atoms,
elements can be:
 Monoatomic: 1 atom, E.g.: Helium (He)
 Diatomic: 2 atoms, E.g.: Oxygen (O2)
 Polyatomic: More than 2 atoms such as Phosphorus (P4), Sulphur (S8)
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Compounds: When two or more atoms or elements of different type join together through a chemical
bond, it is called a compound.
 The elements of a compound can be separated by a chemical process such as electrolysis.
 The elements loose their identity in a compound.
Differences between Elements and Compounds:
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What are molecules?
Molecules are composed of two or more elements that are joined by chemical bonds. In a molecule:
 Elements can be the same: Examples: hydrogen gas (H2), oxygen gas (O2), nitrogen gas (N2)
 Elements can be different: Examples: Glucose (C6H1206), Water (H2O), Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Ions: An ion is defined as an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more of its valence
electrons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. In other words, there is an imbalance in
the number of protons (positively charged particles) and electrons (negatively charged particles) in a
chemical species.
 Negatively charged ions are called anions. E.g.: Cl-, O2-
 Positively charged ions are called cations. E.g.: Na+, Al3+
Valency and Valence Electrons:

Valency is the combining capacity of an element. For metals, it is equal to the number of electrons in
the outermost shell of their atoms, and for non-metals it is eight minus the number of electrons in the
outer most shell.
A valence electron is a negatively charged particle, located in the outermost shell of an atom, that can
be transferred to or shared with another atom.
OctetRule: Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they have 8 valence electrons in the
outermost shell.
Electron configuration: Electron configuration is the distribution of an atom in atomic orbitals.
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Radicals: When a compound breaks down into two equal halves, these two halves are called Radicals.
a) Simple Radicals: they contain single element.
b) Compound Radicals: They contain more than one element .
Common radicals, their symbols and valency:

S.No. Name of Radical Symbol/Formula Valency
1 Sodium Na 1
2 Magnesium Mg 2
3 Aluminium Al 3
4 Calcium Ca 2
5 Potassium K 1
6 Oxide O 2
7 Sulphide S 2
8 Fluoride Fl 1
9 Chloride Cl 1
10 Iodide I 1
11 Bromide Br 1
12 Carbonate CO3 2
13 BiCarbonate HCO3 1
14 Sulphite SO3 2
15 Sulphate SO4 2
16 BiSulphate HSO4 1
17 Nitrate NO3 1
18 Nitrite NO2 1
19 Phosphate PO4 3
20 Ammonium NH4 1
21 Hydroxide OH 1
22 Acetate CH3COO 1
23 Oxalate C2O4 2
24 Permanganate MnO4 1
25 Ferrous Fe 2
26 Ferric Fe 3
27 Mercurous Hg 1
28 Mercuric Hg 2
29 Cuprous Cu 1
30 Cupric Cu 2
31 Stannous Sn 2
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32 Stannic Sn 4
33 Chromate CrO4 2
34 Dichromate Cr2O7 2
35 Barium Ba 2
36 Zinc Zn 2
37 Cobalt Co 2
38 Nickel Ni 2
39 Manganese Mn 2
40 Strontium Sr 2
Stepwise formulae:
Magnesium Nitrate:
Step1: Write the name of compound Magnesium Nitrate
Step 2: Write symbols of basic and acid radicals Mg NO 3
Step 3: Write valency on the right top of the symbol Mg 2 NO3 1
Step 4 Criss cross the valency Mg (NO3)2
Rules for writing formulae of a compound:
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Class: M3 Subject: Chemistry Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry

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Class: M3 Subject: Chemistry

Chapter 1: Basic concepts of Chemistry

Instructions to study the chapter:

Differences between Elements and Compounds:

Valency and Valence Electrons:

Electron configuration: Electron configuration is the distribution of an atom in atomic orbitals.

Common radicals, their symbols and valency:

Rules for writing formulae of a compound:

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