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Chapter One: Arithmetic Operations, Decisions and Looping

This document discusses various arithmetic operations, decision making structures, and looping constructs in Python. It covers topics such as operators, data types, comparison operators, if/else statements, while loops, for loops, break, continue, pass, and the range function. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each concept works.

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Khathutshelo Kharivhe
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35 views

Chapter One: Arithmetic Operations, Decisions and Looping

This document discusses various arithmetic operations, decision making structures, and looping constructs in Python. It covers topics such as operators, data types, comparison operators, if/else statements, while loops, for loops, break, continue, pass, and the range function. Examples are provided to demonstrate how each concept works.

Uploaded by

Khathutshelo Kharivhe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER ONE

Arithmetic operations, decisions and looping


Arithmetic operations
• Operators are used to test conditions and to manipulate values

• They provide functionality to an expression

• they require data to operate (operands)

• For expression 2 + 3, the operator is + and the operands are 2 and 3


Arithmetic operations
Mathematical operators
Arithmetic operations
The division operators (/) and (//)

• (//) is called the truncating division operator

• (//) ignores the remainder when dividing two floats or integers

• 8//5 = 1

• The (/) is called the true division operator

• Print “%.2f” %a will round off a to 2 decimal places


Arithmetic operations
The modulo operator (%)

• (%) returns the remainder when two integers are divided

• 8%3 returns 2 (the remainder)


Arithmetic operations
Exponentiation

• For exponentiation double asterisks (a**b) are used. Means a to the


power b

• If a = 8 and b = 3 then a**b = 512


Arithmetic operations
Multiple assignment

• Multiple assignment statement assigns multiple variables at one time


e.g a,b,c = 1,2,3. (left and right should have same number of elements)

• sum,avg = a+b+c,(a+b+c)/3
Arithmetic operations
Finding the data type

• Finding a data type use type function e.g type (x)

• If x = (‘John’, ‘James’, ‘Jill’)

• then Print (type (x)) outputs <class ‘tuple’>


Arithmetic operations
Displaying octal and hexa values

• To assign an octal value to a variable, the number should be preceded by


0o. Similarly, if a number is preceded by 0x, it is considered a hexa value.

c=19
print ('19 in octal is %o and in hex is %x' %(c,c))
Output: 19 in octal is 23 and in hex is 13
Arithmetic operations
Coercion
• If operands that are of different data types are computed then coercion takes place
• Python converts operand with the “smaller” type to the “larger” type
• Coercion is also called casting
• Implicit coercion/casting done automatically when compiler is assured there wont
be data loss
• Explicit coercion/casting requires some code to be written so that there is no data
loss. E.g

num1,num2 = 15,”30”
ans = num1 + int(num2) # num2 cast from string to integer

• Can also use str ()to cast to string and float () to cast to a float etc
Arithmetic operations
Bitwise operations
• Operate on binary digits and can only be applied to integers and long integers

• x<<y (binary shift left): Returns x with bits shifted to the left by y places

• x>>y (binary shift right): Returns x with bits shifted to the right by y places

• x & y (bitwise AND): Compares bits of x with corresponding bits of y. If x and y


are both 1, a 1 is returned, otherwise 0 is returned

• x | y (bitwise OR): Compares bits of x with corresponding bits of y. If x or y is 1, a 1 is


returned, otherwise 0 is returned

• x ^ y bitwise exclusive AND): Returns 0 if corresponding bits are the same otherwise it
returns a 1

• ~ x (bitwise inversion): It returns the complement of x; i.e., binary digit 1 is converted to 0,


and 0 is converted to 1.
Arithmetic operations
Complex Numbers

• A complex number is the combination of a real and an imaginary


component, where both are represented by floating-point data type
• The imaginary component of the complex number is a multiple of the
square root of minus one and is denoted by j
Real Imaginary

• Example: 3.0 + 1.2j

• If a = 3.0 + 1.2j then:


a.real = 3.0 and a.imag = 1.2j
Arithmetic operations
Mathematical functions
• These return a single value after calculation:
Arithmetic operations
Other mathematical functions
• The following can be used with floating point numbers and integers:

Example:
a,b = 8.5,5.1
Math.trunc (a) returns 8
round (a) returns 9
math.floor (b) returns 5
math.ceil (a) returns 9
Arithmetic operations
Comparison operators
• A summary of the comparison operators

Example:
a,b = 7,8.8
a == b returns False
a is != b returns True
a is b returns False
a is not b returns True
Arithmetic operations
Comparison operators
• A summary of the comparison operators

Example:
a,b = 7,8.8
a == b returns False
a is != b returns True
a is b returns False
a is not b returns True
Making decisions
If…else statement
• Is the statement that helps in making decisions and controls program flow
• determines which block of statements to execute on the basis of the logical
expression included
• a block of statements is attached with if as well as with else, and when the logical
expression is evaluated, either the if or the else block statement is executed.
• Syntax:
if (logical expression):
statement(s)
else:
statement(s)
Making decisions
If…else statement
Example
i=16
if (i == 15)
print (‘i is equal to 15 ’)
Else:
print (‘i is not equal to 15 ’)

Output: i is not equal to 15


Making decisions
If-elif-else statement
• Is helpful in avoiding excessive indentation

m=int(input("Enter grades: "))


if(m >=60):
print ("First Division")
elif (m >=45):
print ("Second Division")
else:
print ("Third Division")
Example input 58
Output: Second Division
Making decisions
Chaining comparison operators
• Given x<=y and y<=z
• Then x <= y <= z

m=int(input("Enter grades: "))


if(m >=60):
print ("First Division")
if(45 <= m < 60):
print ("Second Division")
if(m<45):
print ("Third Division")
Looping
Loops

• Loops are used to execute a set of statements while a logical expression is


true.
Looping
While loop
• while loop repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified
logical expression remains true.
• The logical expression in a while loop is evaluated first, and if it evaluates
to false, the body of the while loop will not execute.
• If the logical expression evaluates to true, the block of code in
the while loop is executed.
• After executing the body, control jumps back to the beginning of the loop to
confirm if the logical expression is still true.
• The loop will continue to execute until the logical expression evaluates to
false, in which case the execution of the program continues from the
statement following the while loop.
Looping
Indentation
• Python uses indentation to express the block structure of a program.
• Unlike other languages, Python does not use braces or begin/end
delimiters to denote blocks. Instead it uses indentation to represent blocks
of statements.
• A block is a contiguous sequence of logical lines, all indented by the same
amount, and a logical line with less indentation ends the block.
• The first statement in a block must have no indentation—it must not begin
with any white space. You can use tabs or spaces to indent statements.
• Python replaces each tab with up to eight spaces.
Looping
While loop example

k=1
While k <=10 :
print (k)
k=k+1

Output: 1
.
.
.
10
Looping
The break statement

• The break statement terminates and exits from the current loop and resumes
execution of the program from the statement following the loop.
k=1
while 1 :
print (k)
k=k+1
if(k>10):
break

Output: 1
.
4
6
.
10
Looping
The continue statement

• The continue statement stops execution of the current iteration by


skipping the rest of the loop and continuing to execute the loop with the
next iterative value.
k=1
while k<=10 :
if k==7:
k+=1
continue
print (k)
k=k+1
Output: 1
.
6
8
.
10
Looping
The pass statement

• The pass statement is used in Python to indicate an empty block of


statements. It is also used as a placeholder for code that you want to write
later and acts as a reminder of where a program can be expanded.
k=1
while k<=10 :
if k==7:
pass
else:
print (k)
k+=1
Output: 1
.
6
8
.
10
Looping
The range function

• The range() function generates and returns a sequence of integers and is


very commonly used in looping statements. There are three variations of
the range() function, depending on the number of parameters passed to it:
Looping
The range function

• range (x): Returns a list whose items are consecutive integers from 0
(included) to x (excluded)

• range(x, y): Returns a list whose items are consecutive integers from x (included)
to y (excluded). The result is an empty list if x is greater than or equal to y.

• range(x, y, step): Returns a list of integers from x (included) to y (excluded), and


the difference between each successive value is the value defined by step. If step is
less than 0, range counts down from x to y. The function returns an empty list
when x is greater than or equal to y and step is greater than 0, or when x is less
than or equal to y and step is less than 0. If 0 is specified as the step value, the
range() function raises an exception. When step is not specified, its
default value is 1.
Looping
The for loop

• The for loop iterates through a sequence of objects. A sequence is a


container object that may be in the form of a list, tuple or string
• Containers in Python means sets, sequences such as lists, tuples, and
strings, and mappings such as dictionaries
• e.g
for i in range(1,11):
print (i)

Output: Numbers from 1 to 10


Looping
The for loop
• e.g
print ("Odd numbers between 1 and 10 are:")
for i in range(1,11,2):
print (i)

Output: Odd numbers between 1 and 10 are:


1
3
5
7
9
Looping
Membership operators

• ab in abcde—Returns true because the string ab is found in the string abcde


• 2 in (10,3,5,2,1)—Returns true because the value 2 exists in the tuple
• bob not in ab—Returns true because the string bob is not found in the string ab
for i in ( 7, 3, 8, 1, 4 ):
print i (random number in tuple printed)
Looping
The choice () Function
• The choice() function picks and returns a random item from a
sequence.
• It can be used with lists, tuples, or strings

from random import choice


k=choice(range(1,10))
print ("Random number is",k)

Output:
Random number is 4
Random number is 1
Notes

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