2002 Bookmatter TheAfghanistanWars PDF

References
Abou Zahab, Mariam (1996), ‘L’origine sociale des Tâlebân’, Les

Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 74–5: 24–6.
Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995), ‘The Decline of the Pashtuns in
Afghanistan’, Asian Survey, 35, 7: 621–34.
Ahmed, Akbar S. (1997), Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The
Search for Saladin (London: Routledge).
Ahmed, Ishtiaq (1996), State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary
South Asia (London: Pinter).
Akhromeev, S. F., and G. M. Kornienko (1992), Glazami marshala i
diplomata: Kriticheskii vzgliad na vneshniuiu politiku SSSR do i posle
1985 goda (Moscow: «Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia»).
Akram, Assem (1996), Histoire de la guerre d’Afghanistan (Paris: Édi-
tions Balland).
Alexeyeva, Ludmilla (1985), Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements
for National, Religious, and Human Rights (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan
University Press).
Alexievich, Svetlana (1992), Zinky Boys: Soviet Voices from a Forgotten
War (London: Chatto & Windus).
Allan, Pierre, and Dieter Kläy (1999), Zwischen Bürokratie und Ideologie:
Entscheidungsprozesse in Moskaus Afghanistankonflikt (Bern: Haupt
Verlag).
Allison, Roy (1988), The Soviet Union and the Strategy of Non-Alignment
in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Amanpour, Christiane (1997), ‘Tyranny of the Taliban’, Time, 13 October.
Amnesty International (1983), Democratic Republic of Afghanistan:
Background Briefing on Amnesty International’s Concerns (London:
Amnesty International, ASA 11/13/83).
—— (1984), Summary of Amnesty International’s Concerns in the
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (London: Amnesty International,
ASA 11/07/84).
—— (1986), Afghanistan: Torture of Political Prisoners (London:
—— (1995), Afghanistan: International Responsibility for Human Rights
Disaster (London: Amnesty International, ASA 11/09/95).
284
References 285
—— (1999a), Afghanistan: The Human Rights of Minorities (London:

—— (1999b), Afghanistan: Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment (London: Amnesty International, ASA 11/15/99).
—— (1999c), Women in Afghanistan: Pawns in Men’s Power Struggles
(London: Amnesty International, ASA 11/11/99).
—— (2001), Afghanistan: Massacres in Yakaolang (London: Amnesty
International, ASA 11/008/2001).
Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin (1999), The Sword and the
Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New
York: Basic Books).
Apple, R. W., Jr. (2001), ‘Issue Now: Does US Have a Plan?’, The New
York Times, 27 September.
Arnold, Anthony (1983), Afghanistan’s Two-Party Communism: Parcham
and Khalq (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press).
—— (1985), Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective (Stanford,
CA: Hoover Institution Press).
—— (1988), ‘Parallels and Divergences Between the US Experience in
Vietnam and the Soviet Experience in Afghanistan’, Central Asian
Survey, 7, 2–3: 111–32.
—— (1990), ‘Behind Afghanistan Coup Plot’, San Francisco Chronicle,
28 March.
—— (1993), The Fateful Pebble: Afghanistan’s Role in the Fall of the
Soviet Empire (San Francisco: Presidio Press).
—— (1994), ‘The Ephemeral Elite: The Failure of Socialist Afghanistan’,
in Myron Weiner and Ali Banuazizi (eds), The Politics of Social
Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press): 35–71.
Aron, Raymond (1966), Peace and War: A Theory of International
Relations (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson).
Augoyard, Philippe (1985), La prison pour délit d’espoir: médecin en
Afghanistan (Paris: Flammarion).
Baily, John (2001), ‘Can you stop the birds singing?’: The Censorship of
Music in Afghanistan (London: Freemuse).
Baitenmann, Helga (1990), ‘NGOs and the Afghan War: The
Politicisation of Humanitarian Aid’, Third World Quarterly, 12, 1:
62–85.
Ball, Desmond (1989), Soviet Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) (Canberra:
Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence no. 47, Strategic and Defence
286 References
Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National

University).
Banerjee, Dipankar (1997), ‘Use of Land Mines in War’, Paper presented at
the Regional Seminar for Asian Military and Strategic Studies Experts
‘Anti-personnel Mines: What Future for Asia?’, International Committee
of the Red Cross, Government of the Republic of the Philippines, and
Philippine National Red Cross Society, Manila, 20–23 July.
Barfield, Thomas J. (1984), ‘Weak Links on a Rusty Chain: Structural
Weaknesses in Afghanistan’s Provincial Government Administration’, in
M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds), Revolutions and
Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives (Berkeley:
Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984): 170–84.
—— (1989), The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China, 221 BC
to AD 1757 (Oxford: Blackwell).
Barry, Michael (1974), Afghanistan (Paris: Éditions du Seuil).
—— (1980), ‘Répressions et guerre soviétiques’, Les Temps Modernes,
408–409: 171–234.
Barry, Michael, Johan Lagerfelt, and Marie-Odile Terrenoire (1986),
‘International Humanitarian Enquiry Commission on Displaced Persons in
Afghanistan’, Central Asian Survey, 5, 1: 65–99.
Batkin, Leonid (1989), ‘Two Worlds Meet at the Congress of Deputies’,
Moscow News, 11 June.
Bearak, Barry (2001), ‘In Village Where Innocents Died, Anger Cannot Be
Buried’, The New York Times, 16 December.
Bearden, Milton (2001), ‘Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires’, Foreign
Affairs, 80, 6: 17–30.
Bell, Gavin (1987), ‘Paradise Lost in Afghan Valley of Death’, The Times,
21 July.
Bender, Bryan, Kim Burger, and Andrew Koch (2001), ‘Afghanistan: First
Lessons’, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 36, 25: 18–21.
Bergen, Peter L. (2001a), Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of
Osama Bin Laden (New York: The Free Press).
—— (2001b), ‘The Bin Laden Trial: What Did We Learn?’, Studies in
Conflict and Terrorism, 24, 6: 429–34.
Bermudez, Joseph S., Jr. (1992), ‘Ballistic Missiles in the Third World –
Afghanistan 1979–1992’, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 4, 2: 51–8.
Beschloss, Michael R., and Strobe Talbott (1993), At the Highest Levels:
The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston, MA: Little,
Brown & Co.).
References 287
Bialer, Seweryn (1980), Stalin’s Successors: Leadership, Stability, and

Change in the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Billington, James H. (1992), Russia Transformed: Breakthrough to Hope
(New York: The Free Press).
Birgisson, Karl Th. (1993), ‘United Nations Good Offices Mission in
Afghanistan and Pakistan’, in William J. Durch (ed.), The Evolution of
UN Peacekeeping: Case Studies and Comparative Analysis (New York:
St. Martins Press – now Palgrave Macmillan).
Black, Jeremy (1998), Why Wars Happen (London: Reaktion Books).
Blainey, Geoffrey (1973), The Causes of War (Basingstoke: Macmillan –
now Palgrave Macmillan).
Boesen, Inger W. (1988), ‘What Happens to Honour in Exile? Continuity
and Change among Afghan Refugees’, in Bo Huldt and Erland Jansson
(eds), The Tragedy of Afghanistan: The Social, Cultural and Political
Impact of the Soviet Invasion (London: Croom Helm): 219–39.
Bogomolov, Oleg (1988), ‘Kto zhe oshibalsia?’, Literaturnaia gazeta, 16
March.
Bokhari, Imtiaz H. (1995), ‘Internal Negotiations Among Many Actors:
Afghanistan’, in I. William Zartman (ed.), Elusive Peace: Negotiating
an End to Civil Wars (Washington DC: The Brookings Institution).
Borchgrave, Arnaud de (2001), ‘Analysis: Pakistan’s Aid to Taliban’,
United Press International, 18 June.
Borer, Douglas A. (1999), Superpowers Defeated: Vietnam and
Afghanistan Compared (London: Frank Cass).
Borovik, Artyom (1988), ‘Afganistan – predvaritel’nye itogi’, Ogonek,
30: 25–7.
—— (1990), The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist’s Account of the
Soviet War in Afghanistan (London: Faber & Faber).
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros (1999), Unvanquished: A U.S-U.N. Saga (New
York: Random House).
Bouckaert, Peter, and Saman Zia-Zarifi (2002), ‘For the Sins of the
Taliban’, The Washington Post, 20 March.
Bradsher, Henry S. (1985), Afghanistan and the Soviet Union (Durham,
NC: Duke University Press).
—— (1987), ‘Communism in Afghanistan’, in Hafeez Malik (ed.), Soviet-
American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan (London:
Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan): 333–54.
—— (1999), Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention (Karachi:
Oxford University Press).
288 References
Brigot, André, and Olivier Roy (1988), The War in Afghanistan (London:
Harvester Wheatsheaf).
Brodie, Bernard (1973), War and Politics (New York: Macmillan).
Brown, Archie (1996), The Gorbachev Phenomenon (Oxford: Oxford
University Press).
Brown, Douglas J. (1992), ‘Dedovshchina: Caste Tyranny in the Soviet
armed forces’, Journal of Soviet Military Studies, 5, 1: 53–79.
Broxup, Marie (1988), ‘Afghanistan According to Soviet Sources,
1980–1985’, Central Asian Survey, 7, 2/3: 197–204.
Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1998), ‘Les Révélations d’un Ancien Conseiller de
Carter: “Oui, la CIA est entrée en Afghanistan avant les Russes . . .”’,
Le Nouvel Observateur, 14 January.
Burns, John F. (1989), ‘In Afghanistan, Soviet Airlift Brings Bread and
Guns’, The New York Times, 24 May.
—— (1996), ‘Stoning of Afghan Adulterers: Some Go to Take Part,
Others Just to Watch’, The New York Times, 3 November.
—— (1997), ‘A Year of Harsh Islamic Rule Weighs Heavily for Afghans’,
The New York Times, 24 September.
—— (1998), ‘Bhutto Clan Leaves Trail of Corruption in Pakistan’, The
New York Times, 9 January.
—— (2001), ‘Pakistan Makes Last-Ditch Appeal to Taliban’, The New York
Times, 28 September.
Burton, Michael, and John Higley (1987), ‘Elite Settlements’, American
Sociological Review, 52, 3: 295–307.
Burton, Michael, Richard Gunther, and John Higley (1992), ‘Introduction:
Elite Transformations and Democratic Regimes’, in John Higley and
Richard Gunther (eds), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin
America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press): 1–37.
Bush, George, and Brent Scowcroft (1998), A World Transformed (New
York: Alfred A. Knopf).
Campbell, Matthew (2001), ‘Taliban Forced Orphanage Girls to Become
Married Sex Slaves’, The Sunday Times, 23 December.
Centlivres, Pierre (1997), ‘Violence légitime et violence illégitime: À pro-
pos des pratiques et des répresentations dans la crise afghane’,
L’Homme, 144: 51–67.
—— (2001), Les Bouddhas d’Afghanistan (Lausanne: Éditions Favre).
Centlivres, Pierre, and Micheline Centlivres-Demont (1988a), ‘Hommes
d’influence et hommes de partis: L’organisation politique dans les vil-
References 289
lages de réfugiés afghans au Pakistan’, in Erwin Grötzbach (ed.), Neue

Beiträge zur Afghanistanforschung (Liestal: Stiftung Bibliotheca
Afghanica): 29–43.
Centlivres-Demont, Micheline (1994), ‘Afghan Women in Peace, War, and
Exile’, in Myron Weiner and Ali Banuazizi (eds), The Politics of Social
Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse, NY:
Syracuse University Press): 333–65.
Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (2001), ‘Key Allies of Afghan Rebels Reject Future
Taliban Role’, The Washington Post, 21 October.
Chernyaev, Anatoly S. (2000), My Six Years with Gorbachev (University
Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press).
Chevalerias, Alain (1985), ‘Guerre et subversion dans le nord de
l’Afghanistan’, Les Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 23: 6–7.
Chipaux, Françoise (2000), ‘Le rôle ambigu des talibans dans l’affaire du
détournement de l’Airbus’, Le Monde, 7 January.
Churchill, Winston (1990), The Story of the Malakand Field Force (New
York: W. W. Norton).
Clark, William A. (1993), Crime and Punishment in Soviet Officialdom:
Combating Corruption in the Political Elite, 1965–1990 (Armonk: M.
E. Sharpe).
Clausewitz, Carl von (1984), On War (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press).
Cloughley, Brian (1999), A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and
Insurrections (Karachi: Oxford University Press).
Cogan, Charles G. (1993), ‘Partners in Time: The CIA and Afghanistan
since 1979’, World Policy Journal, 10, 2: 73–82.
Cohen, Stephen P. (1985), The Pakistan Army (Berkeley and Los Angeles:
University of California Press).
Coll, Steve (1989), ‘U.S. and Pakistan Shift Afghan Tactics’, International
Herald Tribune, 4 September.
—— (1992a), ‘New Ray of Hope for Afghans’, International Herald
Tribune, 17 February.
—— (1992b), ‘Peace Plan offered for Afghanistan’, The Washington Post,
11 April.
Colton, Timothy J. (1979), Commissars, Commanders, and Civilian
Authority: The Structure of Soviet Military Politics (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press).
—— (1986), The Dilemma of Reform in the Soviet Union (New York:
Council on Foreign Relations).
290 References
Colville, Rupert (1997), ‘The Biggest Case Load in the World’, Refugees,
108: 3–9.
—— (1999), ‘One Massacre That Didn’t Grab the World’s Attention’,
International Herald Tribune, 7 August.
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1986), Materialy XXVII s”ezda
Kommunisticheskoi partii Sovetskogo Soiuza (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo
politicheskoi literatury).
Connor, Kerry M. (1987), ‘Rationales for the Movement of Afghan
Refugees to Peshawar’, in Grant M. Farr and John G. Merriam (eds),
Afghan Resistance: The Politics of Survival (Boulder, CO: Westview
Press): 151–90.
Constable, Pamela (2001), ‘U.S. Hopes to Attract Moderates in Taliban’,
The Washington Post, 17 October.
Cooper, Kenneth J. (1998), ‘Taliban Massacre Based on Ethnicity’, The
Washington Post, 28 November.
Cooperation Centre for Afghanistan (1998), Ethnic Cleansing in Mazar:
Eye Witnesses Stories (Peshawar: Department of Human Rights:
Cooperation Centre for Afghanistan).
Cordesman, Anthony H., and Abraham R. Wagner (1990), The Lessons of
Modern War. Volume III: The Afghan and Falklands Conflicts (Boulder,
CO: Westview Press).
Cordovez, Diego, and Selig S. Harrison (1995), Out of Afghanistan: The
Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal (New York: Oxford University
Press).
Crossette, Barbara (2000), ‘Gentle Negotiations Said to Soften Taliban’s
Rules for Women’, The New York Times, 23 January.
Cullison, Alan, and Andrew Higgins (2002), ‘Computer in Kabul Holds
Chilling Memos’, The Wall Street Journal, 1 January.
D’Afghanistan, Ehsanullah (1994), ‘L’Afghanistan enfin’, Les Nouvelles
d’Afghanistan, 66: 6–10.
Daugherty, Leo J. (1995), ‘The Bear and the Scimitar: Soviet Central
Asians and the War in Afghanistan’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies,
8, 1: 73–96.
Davis, Anthony (1993a), ‘The Afghan Army’, Jane’s Intelligence Review,
5, 3: 134–9.
—— (1993b), ‘Foreign Combatants in Afghanistan’, Jane’s Intelligence
Review, 5, 7: 327–31.
References 291
—— (1998), ‘How the Taliban Became a Military Force’, in William

Maley (ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban
(London: Hurst & Co.): 43–71.
—— (2002), ‘How the Afghan War Was Won’, Jane’s Intelligence Review,
14, 2: 6–13.
Dekmejian, R. Hrair (1994), ‘The Rise of Political Islamism in Saudi
Arabia’, The Middle East Journal, 48, 4: 627–43.
Delpho, Marc (1989), ‘Aperçus sur le Badakhchân’, Les Nouvelles
d’Afghanistan, 41–2: 8, 49.
Desai, Raj, and Harry Eckstein (1990), ‘Insurgency: The Transformation
of Peasant Rebellion’, World Politics, 42, 4: 441–65.
Deutscher, Isaac (1954), The Prophet Armed: Trotsky: 1879–1921
(Oxford: Oxford University Press).
DeYoung, Karen, and Walter Pincus (2001), ‘In Bin Laden’s Own Words’,
The Washington Post, 14 December.
Diamond, Larry (1999), Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation
(Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press).
Dibb, Paul (1986), The Soviet Union: The Incomplete Superpower
(London: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan).
Diehl, Paul (1994), International Peacekeeping (Baltimore, MD: The
Johns Hopkins University Press).
DiGiovanni, Janine (2001), ‘Radicals Abroad Urged Destruction of
Bamiyan Buddhas’, The Times, 24 November.
DiPalma, Giuseppe (1990), To Craft Democracies: An Essay on
Democratic Transitions (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press).
Dixit, J. N. (2000), An Afghan Diary: Zahir Shah to Taliban (Delhi:
Konark Publishers).
Dobbs, Michael (1992), ‘Dramatic Politburo Meeting Led to End of War’,
The Washington Post, 16 November.
—— (1996), Down With Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire (New
York: Alfred A. Knopf).
—— (2001), ‘A Moment of Candor from a Manipulator’, The Washington
Post, 14 December.
Dobrynin, Anatoly (1995), In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to
America’s Six Cold War Presidents (Seattle: University of Washington
Press).
Donini, Antonio (1996), The Policies of Mercy: UN Coordination in
Afghanistan, Mozambique and Rwanda (Providence, RI: Occasional
292 References
Paper no. 22, Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies,
Brown University).
Dorronsoro, Gilles (1993), ‘Leaders et partis à Kandahar’, Les Nouvelles
—— (1993–94), ‘Le parti de Dostom: Le Jumbesh’, Afghanistan Info, 34:
11–14.
—— (1994), ‘L’assassinat d’un journaliste’, Les Nouvelles d’Afghanistan,
66: 20.
—— (1995), ‘Afghanistan’s Civil War’, Current History, 84, 588: 37–40.
—— (2000), La révolution afghane: Des communistes aux tâlebân (Paris:
Karthala).
Dorronsoro, Gilles, and Chantal Lobato (1989), ‘The Militias in
Afghanistan’, Central Asian Survey, 8, 4: 95–108.
Doyle, Michael W. (1997), Ways of War and Peace (New York: W. W.
Norton).
D’Souza, Frances (1984), The Threat of Famine in Afghanistan (London:
Afghanaid).
Dugger, Celia W. (2001), ‘Taliban Foe Saw “Blue, Thick Fire” of Assassin
Bomb’, The New York Times, 26 October.
Dupaigne, Bernard (1983), ‘La trêve au Panjshir’, Les Nouvelles
d’Afghanistan, 14: 8.
—— (1993–94), ‘Herat, un modèle et une chance pour l’Afghanistan’,
Afghanistan Info, 34: 7–10.
—— (1995), ‘L’émergence du mouvement des Tâlebân’, Les Nouvelles
Dupree, Louis (1973), Afghanistan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press).
—— (1979), ‘Red Flag over the Hindu Kush: Part II: The Accidental
Coup, or Taraki in Blunderland’, American Universities Field Staff
Reports, 45 (Asia).
—— (1980a), ‘Red Flag over the Hindu Kush: Part V: Repressions, or
Security Through Terror Purges I-IV’, American Universities Field Staff
Reports, 28 (Asia).
—— (1980b), ‘Red Flag over the Hindu Kush: Part VI: Repressions, or
Security Through Terror Purges IV-VI’, American Universities Field
Staff Reports, 29 (Asia).
—— (1989), ‘Post-Withdrawal Afghanistan: Light at the End of the Tunnel’,
in Amin Saikal and William Maley (eds), The Soviet Withdrawal from
Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 29–51.
References 293
Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1984), ‘Revolutionary Rhetoric and Afghan

Women’, in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds),
Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological
Perspectives (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of
California, 1984): 306–40.
—— (1987), ‘The Demography of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan’, in
Hafeez Malik (ed.), Soviet-American Relations with Pakistan, Iran and
Afghanistan (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan):
366–95.
—— (1988a), ‘Demographic Reporting on Afghan Refugees in Pakistan’,
Modern Asian Studies, 22, 4: 845–65.
—— (1988b), ‘The Role of the VOLAGS’, in Bo Huldt and Erland
Jansson (eds), The Tragedy of Afghanistan: The Social, Cultural and
Political Impact of the Soviet Invasion (London: Croom Helm):
248–62.
—— (1992), ‘Afghanistan: Women, Society and Development’, in Joseph
G. Jabbra and Nancy W. Jabbra (eds), Women and Development in the
Middle East and North Africa (Leiden: E. J. Brill): 30–42.
—— (1996), ‘Museum Under Siege’, Archaeology, 49, 2: 42–51.
—— (1998), ‘Afghan Women Under the Taliban’, in William Maley (ed.),
Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban (London: Hurst
& Co.): 145–66.
Edwards, David B. (1993), ‘Summoning Muslims: Print, Politics, and
Religious Ideology in Afghanistan’, Journal of Asian Studies, 52, 3:
609–28.
—— (1996), Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press).
—— (2002), Before Taliban: Genealogies of the Afghan Jihad (Berkeley
and Los Angeles: University of California Press).
Eickelman, Dale F., and James Piscatori (1996), Muslim Politics
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Eighmy, Thomas H. (1990), Afghanistan’s Population Inside and Out
(Islamabad: Office of the A.I.D. Representative for Afghanistan).
Ellis, Deborah (2000), Women of the Afghan War (Westport, CT: Praeger).
Fänge, Anders (1995), ‘Afghanistan after April 1992: A Struggle for State
and Ethnicity’, Central Asian Survey, 14, 1: 17–24.
FAO/WFP (1999), FAO/WFP Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission
to Afghanistan: Special Report (Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization and World Food Programme, 7 July).
294 References
Farr, Grant M., and Azam Gul (1984), ‘Afghan Agricultural Production:
1978–1982’, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 8, 1:
65–79.
Fein, Helen (1993), ‘Discriminating Genocide from War Crimes: Vietnam
and Afghanistan Reexamined’, Denver Journal of International Law
and Policy, 22, 1: 29–62.
Fergusson, James (1997), ‘Afghanistan: The Peace Brought by the
Taliban’, The Independent, 19 February.
Ferrero, Guglielmo (1942), The Principles of Power: The Great Political
Crises of History (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons).
Fetherston, A. B. (1994), Towards a Theory of United Nations
Peacekeeping (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).
Fielden, Matthew, and Jonathan Goodhand (2001), ‘Beyond the Taliban?
The Afghan Conflict and United Nations Peacemaking’, Conflict,
Security and Development, 1, 3: 5–32.
Filkins, Dexter (2001a), ‘Rebel Leader Rejects Role for Taliban in New
Regime’, The New York Times, 17 October.
—— (2001b), ‘Mysteries in Kunduz after the Taliban Fled’, International
Herald Tribune, 28 November.
Fischer, Jeff (2001), Post-Conflict Peace Operations and Governance in
Afghanistan: A Strategy for Peace and Political Intervention
(Washington, DC: International Foundation for Election Systems).
Fitchett, Joseph (2001), ‘Did Bin Laden Kill Afghan Rebel?’,
International Herald Tribune, 17 September.
Fitzhardinge, Hope Verity (1968), ‘The Establishment of the North-West
Frontier of Afghanistan, 1884–1888’, Ph.D. thesis, Australian National
University.
Fox, Jonathan (1998), ‘The Effects of Religion on Domestic Conflict’,
Terrorism and Political Violence, 10, 4: 43–63.
Franck, Thomas M., and Georg Nolte (1993), ‘The Good Offices Function
of the UN Secretary-General’, in Adam Roberts and Benedict
Kingsbury (eds), United Nations, Divided World: The UN’s Roles in
International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 143–82.
Frantz, Douglas (2001), ‘Pakistan Ended Aid to Taliban Only Hesitantly’,
The New York Times, 8 December.
Fry, Maxwell J. (1974), The Afghan Economy: Money, Finance and the
Critical Constraints to Economic Development (Leiden: E. J. Brill).
Fukuyama, Francis (2001), ‘Social Capital, Civil Society, and
Development’, Third World Quarterly, 22, 1: 7–20.
References 295
Galeotti, Mark (1995), Afghanistan: The Soviet Union’s Last War

(London: Frank Cass & Co.).
—— (1997), Gorbachev and His Revolution (Basingstoke: Macmillan –
Gall, Sandy (1988), Afghanistan: Agony of a Nation (London: The Bodley
Head).
Ganguly, Rajat (1998), Kin State Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts: Lessons
from South Asia (New Delhi: SAGE Publications).
Ganguly, Sumit (1997), The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of
Peace (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Gargan, Edward A. (1992a), ‘Afghan President Agrees to Step Down’, The
New York Times, 19 March.
—— (1992b), ‘Afghan President Ousted as Rebels Approach Capital’, The
New York Times, 17 April.
Garthoff, Raymond L. (1994), Détente and Confrontation: American-
Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan (Washington, DC: The
Brookings Institution).
Gauhari, Farooka (1996), Searching for Saleem: An Afghan Woman’s
Odyssey (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press).
Gélinas, Sylvie (1997), Afghanistan du communisme au fondamentalisme
(Paris: L’Harmattan).
Gerecht, Reuel Marc (2001), ‘Taking Sides in Afghanistan’, The New York
Times, 8 March.
Ghani, Ashraf (1985), ‘Afghanistan: Administration’, in Ehsan Yarshater
(ed.), Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul):
558–64.
Ghaus, Abdul Samad (1988), The Fall of Afghanistan: An Insider’s
Account (McLean: Pergamon-Brassey’s).
Gill, Graeme (1994), The Collapse of a Single-Party System: The
Disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press).
Gille, Etienne (1980), ‘Avec les manifestants d’avril à Kaboul’, Les
Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 2: 10–11.
—— (1986), ‘Les purges du Docteur Najibullah’, Les Nouvelles
d’Afghanistan, 29–30: 4.
—— (1993), ‘Crimes à Afchâr’, Les Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 60: II–III.
—— (1994), ‘Djallâlâbâd’, Les Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 65: 3–5.
—— (1996), ‘Les combats à Kaboul depuis 1992’, Les Nouvelles
296 References
—— (1997), ‘Le nom d’Afghanistan’, Les Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 79: 5.

Gille, Etienne, and Sylvie Heslot (eds) (1989), Chronique d’un témoin
privilégié: Lettres d’Afghanistan de Serge de Beaurecueil – I – 1979: la
Terreur (Paris: Centre de Recherches et d’Études Documentaires sur
l’Afghanistan).
Girardet, Edward (1985), Afghanistan: The Soviet War (London: Croom
Helm).
Giustozzi, Antonio (2000), War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan
1978–1992 (London: Hurst & Co.).
Glasser, Susan B., and Kamran Khan (2001), ‘Pakistan Closes Taliban’s
Last Embassy’, The Washington Post, 23 November.
Glatzer, Bernt (1977), Nomaden von Gharjistan: Aspekte der
wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und politischen Organisation nomadischer
Durrani-Paschtunen in Nordwestafghanistan (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner
Verlag).
—— (1997), ‘Die Talibanbewegung: Einige religiöse, lokale und politis-
che Faktoren’, Afghanistan Info, 41: 10–14.
—— (1998), ‘Is Afghanistan on the Brink of Ethnic and Tribal
Disintegration?’, in William Maley (ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn?
Afghanistan and the Taliban (London: Hurst & Co.): 167–81.
Goldman, Minton F. (1992), ‘President Bush and Afghanistan: A Turning
Point in American Policy’, Comparative Strategy, 11, 2: 177–93.
Goldsmith, Ben R. (1997), ‘A Victory to Fear or a Source of Hope?’, The
World Today, 53, 7: 182–4.
Goodson, Larry P. (1998), ‘Periodicity and Intensity in the Afghan War’,
Central Asian Survey, 17, 3: 471–88.
—— (2001), Afghanistan’s Endless War: State Failure, Regional
Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban (Seattle: University of
Washington Press).
Goodwin, Jan (1987), Caught in the Crossfire (London: Macdonald).
Gorbachev, Mikhail (1996), Memoirs (New York: Doubleday).
Gordon, Michael R. (2001), ‘U.S. Hopes to Break the Taliban with
Pounding from the Air’, The New York Times, 17 October.
Gordon, Michael R., and David E. Sanger (2001), ‘Bush Approves Covert
Aid for Taliban Foes’, The New York Times, 1 October.
Gordon, Michael R., and Thom Shanker (2001), ‘Bush Says Aim Is to
Ease Entry of Land Force’, The New York Times, 18 October.
Grasselli, Gabriella (1996), British and American Responses to the Soviet
Invasion of Afghanistan (Aldershot: Dartmouth).
References 297
Grau, Lester W. (1998), The Bear Went Over the Mountain: Soviet
Combat Tactics in Afghanistan (London: Frank Cass & Co.).
Gray, Colin S. (1999), Modern Strategy (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Griffin, Michael (2001), Reaping the Whirwind: The Taliban Movement in
Afghanistan (London: Pluto Press).
Gromov, Boris V. (1994), Ogranichennyi kontingent (Moscow:
Izdatel’skaia gruppa «Progress» – «Kul’tura»).
Gromyko, Anatolii, and Vladimir Lomeiko (1984), Novoe myshlenie v
iadernyi vek (Moscow: «Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia»).
Grossman, A. S. (1993), ‘Sekretnye dokumenty iz osobykh papok:
Afganistan’, Voprosy istorii, 3: 3–33.
Haider, Ejaz (1998), ‘Pakistan’s Afghan Policy and its Fallout’, Central
Asian Monitor, 5: 1–6.
Halliday, Fred (1999), ‘Soviet Foreign Policymaking and the Afghanistan
War: From “Second Mongolia” to “Bleeding Wound”’, Review of
International Studies, 25, 4: 675–91.
Halliday, Fred, and Zahir Tanin (1998), ‘The Communist Regime in
Afghanistan 1978–1992: Institutions and Conflicts’, Europe-Asia
Studies, 50, 8: 1357–80.
Haqshenas, Sher Ahmad Nasri (1999), Tawalat-e siasi jihad-e Afghanistan
(New Delhi: Jayyed Press) Vols. I–III.
Harasymiw, Bohdan (1969), ‘Nomenklatura: The Soviet Communist
Party’s Leadership Recruitment System’, Canadian Journal of Political
Science, 2, 4: 493–512.
Hardin, Russell (1999), Liberalism, Constitutionalism, and Democracy
Harpviken, Kristian Berg (1996), Political Mobilization among the Hazara
of Afghanistan: 1978–1992 (Oslo: Report no. 9, Department of
Sociology, University of Oslo).
—— (1997), ‘Transcending Traditionalism: The Emergence of Non-State
Military Formations in Afghanistan’, Journal of Peace Research, 34, 3:
271–87.
Harris, Peter, and Ben Reilly (eds) (1998), Democracy and Deep-Rooted
Conflict: Options for Negotiators (Stockholm: International IDEA).
Harrison, Mark (1993), ‘Soviet Economic Growth since 1928: The
Alternative Statistics of G. I. Khanin’, Europe-Asia Studies, 45, 1:
141–67.
Harrison, Selig S. (1979), ‘The Shah, Not Kremlin, Touched Off Afghan
Coup’, The Washington Post, 13 May.
298 References
Hartzell, Caroline A. (1999), ‘Explaining the Stability of Negotiated

Settlements to Intrastate Wars’, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 43, 1:
3–22.
Hershberg, James G. (ed.) (1996–97), ‘New Evidence on the Soviet
Intervention in Afghanistan’, Cold War International History Bulletin,
8–9: 128–84.
Herspring, Dale R. (1990), The Soviet High Command 1967–1989:
Personalities and Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press).
Higley, John, and Michael G. Burton (1989), ‘The Elite Variable in
Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns’, American Sociological
Review, 54, 1: 17–32.
Hobsbawm, Eric, and Terence Ranger (eds) (1983), The Invention of
Tradition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Holloway, David (1989–90), ‘State, Society, and the Military under
Gorbachev’, International Security, 14, 3: 5–24.
Holmes, Leslie (1989), ‘Afghanistan and Sino-Soviet Relations’, in Amin
Saikal and William Maley (eds), The Soviet Withdrawal from
—— (1993), The End of Communist Power: Anti- Corruption Campaigns
and Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press).
Holsti, Kalevi J. (1996), The State, War, and the State of War (Cambridge:
Hosking, Geoffrey (1990), The Awakening of the Soviet Union (London:
Heinemann).
Hough, Jerry F. (1986), The Struggle for the Third World: Soviet Debates
and American Options (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution).
—— (1987), ‘Moscow Deals from Strength in Afghanistan’, The Los
Angeles Times, 16 January.
—— (1997), Democratization and Revolution in the USSR 1985–1991
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press).
Human Rights Watch (1991), Afghanistan: The Forgotten War. Human
Rights Abuses and Violations of the Laws of War since the Soviet
Withdrawal (New York: Human Rights Watch).
—— (1998), Afghanistan: The Massacre in Mazar-i Sharif (New York:
Human Rights Watch).
—— (2001a), Afghanistan – Crisis of Impunity: The Role of Pakistan,
Russia and Iran in Fuelling the Civil War (New York: Human Rights
Watch).
References 299
—— (2001b), Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan (New York: Human

Rights Watch).
—— (2002), Closed Door Policy: Afghan Refugees in Pakistan and Iran
(New York: Human Rights Watch).
Hume, Cameron R. (1995), ‘The Secretary-General’s Representatives’,
SAIS Review, 15, 2: 75–90.
Hussain, Zahid (2001), ‘US “allows Pakistani fighters to escape”’, The
Times, 24 November.
—— (2002), ‘Taleban “preparing for spring attacks”’, The Times, 29
March.
Hyman, Anthony (1990), ‘Afghanistan’s Uncertain Future’, Report on the
USSR, 3, 12: 15–16.
—— (1994), ‘Arab Involvement in the Afghan War’, The Beirut Review,
7: 73–89.
IISS (1979), The Military Balance 1979–1980 (London: International
Institute for Strategic Studies).
Iklé, Fred C. (1991), Every War Must End (New York: Columbia
University Press).
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001),
The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission
on Intervention and State Sovereignty (Ottawa: International
Development Research Centre).
International Crisis Group (2002), Securing Afghanistan: The Need for
More International Action (Kabul and Brussels: International Crisis
Group).
Isby, David C. (1989), War in a Distant Country. Afghanistan: Invasion
and Resistance (London: Arms and Armour Press).
—— (1991), ‘Soviet Arms Deliveries and Aid to Afghanistan 1989–91’,
Jane’s Intelligence Review, 3, 8: 348–54.
Ispahani, Mahnaz Z. (1989), Roads and Rivals: The Politics of Access in
the Borderlands of Asia (London: I. B. Tauris).
Jackson, Robert (1969), A Study of the Capacity of the United Nations
Development System (Geneva: United Nations): Vols I–II.
Jalal, Ayesha (1995), Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A
Comparative and Historical Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press).
Jalali, Ali Ahmad, and Lester W. Grau (n.d.), The Other Side of the
Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet–Afghan War (Quantico:
SCN: DM–980701, Marine Corps Combat Development Command).
300 References
James, Alan (1990), Peacekeeping in International Politics (Basingstoke:

Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).
Jawad, Nassim (1992), Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities (London:
Minority Rights Group).
Jervis, Robert (1976), Perception and Misperception in International
Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Jones, Ellen (1985), Red Army and Society: A Sociology of the Soviet
Military (Boston, MA: Allen & Unwin).
Jones, Robert A. (1990), The Soviet Concept of ‘Limited Sovereignty’ from
Lenin to Gorbachev: The Brezhnev Doctrine (Basingstoke: Macmillan –
Jossinet, J. C. (1986), ‘La Résistance autour d’Herat’, Les Nouvelles
Judah, Tim (2002), ‘The Taliban Papers’, Survival, 44, 1: 68–80.
Juergensmeyer, Mark (2000), Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise
of Religious Violence (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of
California Press).
Jukes, Geoffrey (1989), ‘The Soviet armed forces and the Afghan War’, in
Amin Saikal and William Maley (eds), The Soviet Withdrawal from
Kakar, Hasan (1978), ‘The Fall of the Afghan Monarchy in 1973’,
International Journal of Middle East Studies, 9: 195–214.
—— (1979), Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir
‘Abd al-Rahman Khan (Austin: University of Texas Press).
—— (1995), Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response,
1979–1982 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press).
Kamm, Henry (1989), ‘Pakistanis Report Ordering Attack by Afghan
Rebels’, The New York Times, 23 April.
Kaplan, Robert D. (1989), ‘How Zia’s Death Helped the U.S.’, The New
York Times, 23 August.
Karklins, Rasma (1987), ‘The Dissent/Coercion Nexus in the USSR’,
Studies in Comparative Communism, 20, 3–4: 321–41.
—— (1994), ‘Explaining Regime Change in the Soviet Union’, Europe-
Asia Studies, 46, 1: 29–45.
Karzai, Hamed (1988), ‘Attitude of the Leadership of Afghan Tribes
Towards the Regime from 1953 to 1978’, Central Asian Survey, 7, 2/3:
33–9.
Keating, Michael (1997), ‘Women’s Rights and Wrongs’, The World
Today, 53, 1: 11–12.
References 301
Keep, John (1995), Last of the Empires: A History of the Soviet Union
1945–1991 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Kepel, Gilles (2000), Jihad, expansion et déclin de l’islamise (Paris:
Gallimard).
Khalidi, Noor Ahmad (1991), ‘Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences
of War, 1978–1987’, Central Asian Survey, 10, 3: 101–26.
Khalili, Khalilullah (1984), ‘Ayari az Khorasan: Amir Habibullah,
Khadim-e Din-e Rasulallah (Peshawar: Tarikh-e Ramadan).
Khalilzad, Zalmay (1996), ‘Afghanistan: Time to Re-Engage’, The
Washington Post, 7 October.
Khalilzad, Zalmay, and Daniel Byman (2000), ‘Afghanistan: The
Consolidation of a Rogue State’, The Washington Quarterly, 23, 1:
65–78.
Khalilzad, Zalmay, Daniel Byman, Elie Krakowski, and Don Ritter (1999),
U.S. Policy in Afghanistan: Challenges and Solutions (Washington, DC:
The Afghanistan Foundation).
Khan, Aimal (2000), ‘Taliban Release a Rapist’, The Frontier Post, 21
September.
Khan, Riaz M. (1991), Untying the Afghan Knot: Negotiating Soviet
Withdrawal (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).
Kifner, John, with Eric Schmitt (2001), ‘U.S. Officials Say Al Qaeda Is
Routed From Afghanistan’, The New York Times, 17 December.
King, Charles (1997), Ending Civil Wars (Oxford: Adelphi Paper no. 308,
International Institute for Strategic Studies, Oxford University Press).
Kolakowski, Leszek (1978), Main Currents of Marxism (Oxford: Oxford
University Press): Vols I–III.
Kolkowicz, Roman (1967), The Soviet Military and the Communist Party
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Kornienko, G. M. (1993), ‘Kak prinimalis’ resheniia o vvode sovetskikh
voisk v Afganistan i ikh vyvode’, Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, 3:
107–18.
Krygier, Martin (1986), ‘Law as Tradition’, Law and Philosophy, 5, 2:
237–62.
Kubálková, Vendulka, and A. A. Cruickshank (1980), Marxism-Leninism and
Theory of International Relations (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul).
—— (1989), Thinking New about Soviet “New Thinking” (Berkeley:
Institute of International Studies, University of California).
Kunz, E. F. (1973), ‘The Refugee in Flight: Kinetic Models and Forms of
Displacement’, International Migration Review, 7, 2: 125–46.
302 References
Kuperman, Alan J. (1999), ‘The Stinger Missile and U.S. Intervention in

Afghanistan’, Political Science Quarterly, 114, 2: 219–63.
Kux, Dennis (2001), The United States and Pakistan 1947–2000:
Disenchanted Allies (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center
Press).
Laber, Jeri (1986), ‘Afghanistan’s Other War’, New York Review of Books,
33, 20: 3, 6–7.
Laber, Jeri, and Barnett R. Rubin (1988), ‘A Nation is Dying’: Afghanistan
under the Soviets 1979–87 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University
Press).
Lapidoth, Ruth (1997), Autonomy: Flexible Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts
(Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press).
Lapidus, Ira M. (1988), A History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge:
Lauterpacht, Hersch (1948), Recognition in International Law
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Lee, Jonathan L. (1996), The ‘Ancient Supremacy’: Bukhara, Afghanistan
and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901 (Leiden: E. J. Brill).
Leggett, George (1981), The Cheka: Lenin’s Political Police (Oxford:
Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal, and Alexandre Bennigsen (1984), ‘Soviet
Experience of Muslim Guerilla Warfare and the War in Afghanistan’, in
Yaacov Ro’i (ed.), The USSR and the Muslim World (London: George
Allen & Unwin): 206–14.
Lepingwell, John W. R. (1992), ‘Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the
August Coup’, World Politics, 44, 4: 539–72.
Leslie, J. (1995), ‘Towards Rehabilitation: Building Trust in Afghanistan’,
Disaster Prevention and Management, 4, 1: 27–31.
LeVine, Steve (1997), ‘Helping Hand’, Newsweek, 14 October.
Lewis, Bernard (1988), The Political Language of Islam (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press).
Liakhovskii, A. A, and V. M. Zabrodin (1991), Tainy afganskoi voiny
(Moscow: Izdatel’stvo «Planeta»).
Lifschultz, Lawrence (1987), ‘ “Soviet Intervention a Tragedy” ’, The
Times of India, 26 May.
Light, Margot (1987), The Soviet Theory of International Relations
(Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books).
Lobato, Chantal (1985), ‘Islam in Kabul: The Religious Politics of Babrak
Karmal’, Central Asian Survey, 4, 4: 111–20.
References 303
Lorentz, John H. (1987), ‘Afghan Aid: The Role of Private Voluntary

Organizations’, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 11,
1–2: 102–11.
Lundberg, Kirsten (1999), Politics of a Covert Action: The US, the
Mujahideen, and the Stinger Missile (Cambridge, MA: Kennedy
School of Government Case Program C15-99-1546.0, Harvard
University).
Mack, Andrew J. R. (1983), ‘Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars: The
Politics of Asymmetric Conflict’, in Klaus Knorr (ed.), Power, Strategy,
and Security (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press): 126–51.
Mackenzie, Richard (1998), ‘The United States and the Taliban’, in
William Maley (ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the
Taliban (London: Hurst & Co.): 90–103.
Magnus, Ralph (1986), ‘The Military and Politics in Afghanistan: Before
and After the Revolution’, in Edward A. Olsen and Stephen Jurika, Jnr.
(eds), The armed forces in Contemporary Asian Societies (Boulder, CO:
Westview Press): 325–44.
Magnus, Ralph H., and Eden Naby (1998), Afghanistan: Mullah, Marx,
and Mujahid (Boulder, CO: Westview Press).
Maley, William (1985), ‘Prospects for Afghanistan’, Australian Outlook,
39, 3: 157–64.
—— (1986), ‘L’Afghanistan vu d’Australie’, Les Nouvelles d’Afghanistan,
27: 19–20.
—— (1987a), ‘Political Legitimation in Contemporary Afghanistan’, Asian
Survey, 27, 6: 705–25.
—— (1987b), ‘Images of Afghanistan’, Review of International Studies,
13, 4: 311–19.
—— (1989a), ‘Afghan Refugees: From Diaspora to Repatriation’, in Amin
Saikal (ed.), Refugees in the Modern World (Canberra: Canberra Studies
in World Affairs no. 25, Department of International Relations,
Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University):
17–44.
—— (1989b), ‘The Geneva Accords of April 1988’, in Amin Saikal and
William Maley (eds), The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 12–28.
—— (1991a), ‘Ethnonationalism and Civil Society in the USSR’, in
Chandran Kukathas, David W. Lovell and William Maley (eds), The
Transition from Socialism: State and Civil Society in the USSR
(Melbourne: Longman Cheshire): 177–97.
304 References
—— (1991b), ‘Social Dynamics and the Disutility of Terror: Afghanistan,

1978–1989’, in P. Timothy Bushnell, Vladimir Shlapentokh, Christopher
K. Vanderpool, and Jeyaratnam Sundram (eds), State Organized Terror:
The Case of Violent Internal Repression (Boulder, CO: Westview Press):
113–31.
—— (1991c), ‘Soviet–Afghan Relations after the Coup’, Report on the
USSR, 3, 38: 11–15.
—— (1993a), ‘Regional Conflicts: Afghanistan and Cambodia’, in
Ramesh Thakur and Carlyle A. Thayer (eds), Reshaping Regional
Relations: Asia-Pacific and the Former Soviet Union (Boulder, CO:
—— (1993b), ‘The Future of Islamic Afghanistan’, Security Dialogue, 24,
4: 383–96.
—— (1995a), ‘The Shape of the Russian Macroeconomy’, in Amin Saikal
and William Maley (eds), Russia in Search of its Future (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press): 48–65.
—— (1995b), ‘Peacekeeping and Peacemaking’, in Ramesh Thakur and
Carlyle A. Thayer (eds), A Crisis of Expectations: UN Peacekeeping in
the 1990s (Boulder, CO: Westview Press: 237–50.
—— (1996), ‘Women and Public Policy in Afghanistan: A Comment’,
World Development, 24, 1: 203–6.
—— (1997a), ‘The Dynamics of Regime Transition in Afghanistan’,
Central Asian Survey, 16, 2: 167–84.
—— (1997b), ‘Afghanistan Observed’, Australian Journal of International
Affairs, 51, 2: 265–71.
—— (1998a), ‘Mine Action in Afghanistan’, Refuge, 17, 4: 12–16.
—— (1998b), ‘Afghanistan’, in Janie Hampton (ed.), Internally
Displaced People: A Global Survey (London: Earthscan Publications):
155–8.
—— (1998c), ‘Introduction: Interpreting the Taliban’, in William Maley
(ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban (London:
Hurst & Co.): 1–28.
—— (1998d), ‘The UN and Afghanistan: “Doing its Best” or “Failure of a
Mission”?’, in William Maley (ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn?:
Afghanistan and the Taliban (London: Hurst & Co.): 182–98.
—— (1998e), ‘The Perils of Pipelines’, The World Today, 54, 8–9: 231–2.
—— (1999a), ‘Review of Sarah E. Mendelson, Changing Course: Ideas,
Politics, and the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan’, American
Political Science Review, 93, 1: 241–2.
References 305
—— (1999b), ‘Reconstructing Afghanistan: Opportunities and

Challenges’, in Geoff Harris (ed.), Recovery from Armed Conflict in
Developing Countries: An Economic and Political Analysis (New York:
Routledge): 225–57.
—— (2000a), The Foreign Policy of the Taliban (New York: Council on
Foreign Relations).
—— (2000b), ‘The UN and East Timor’, Pacifica Review, 12, 1: 63–76.
—— (2000c), ‘Confronting Creeping Invasions: Afghanistan, the UN, and
the World Community’, Paper presented to International Seminar on
‘The Afghanistan Crisis: Problems and Prospects of Peace’, India
International Centre, New Delhi, India, 19–21 November.
—— (2001a), ‘Talibanisation and Pakistan’, in Denise Groves (ed.),
Talibanisation: Extremism and Regional Instability in South and Central
Asia (Berlin: Conflict Prevention Network: Stiftung Wissenschaft und
Politik): 53–74.
—— (2001b), ‘Moving Forward in Afghanistan’, in Stuart Harris, William
Maley, Richard Price, Christian Reus-Smit, and Amin Saikal, The Day
the World Changed? Terrorism and World Order (Canberra: ‘Keynotes’
no. 1, Department of International Relations, Research School of Pacific
and Asian Studies, Australian National University): 18–24.
—— (2002a), ‘Institutional Design and the Rebuilding of Trust’, in
William Maley, Charles Sampford, and Ramesh Thakur (eds), From
Civil Strife to Civil Society: Civil and Military Responsibilities in
Disrupted States (New York and Tokyo: United Nations University
Press).
—— (2002b), ‘Institutional Design and Regional Autonomy’, in Minako
Sakai (ed.), Beyond Jakarta: Regional Autonomy and Local Societies in
Indonesia (London: Hurst and Co.).
—— (2002c), ‘The Reconstruction of Afghanistan’, in Ken Booth and Tim
Dunne (eds), Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global
Order (London: Palgrave Macmillan).
Maley, William, and Fazel Haq Saikal (1992), Political Order in Post-
Communist Afghanistan (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner).
Malia, Martin (1994), The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in
Russia, 1917–1991 (New York: The Free Press).
Mann, Judy (1999), ‘The Grinding Terror of the Taliban’, The Washington
Post, 9 July.
Marigo, Véra (1988), ‘Hypothèse sur l’origine du mot “afghan”’, Les
Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 38: 21.
306 References
—— (2001), ‘Bamyan: Naissance et destruction de deux géants’, Les

Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 93: 16–21.
Marsden, Peter (1998), The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in
Afghanistan (Karachi: Oxford University Press).
Marsden, Peter, and Emma Samman (2001), ‘Afghanistan: The Economic
and Social Impact of Conflict’, in Frances Stewart, Valpy Fitzgerald,
and Associates, War and Underdevelopment: Volume 2: Country
Experiences (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 21–55.
Matthews, Mervyn (1986), Poverty in the Soviet Union (Cambridge:
Maurice, Frédéric, and Jean de Courten (1991), ‘ICRC Activities for
Refugees and Displaced Civilians’, International Review of the Red
Cross, 280: 9–21.
Mawdsley, Evan, and Stephen White (2000), The Soviet Elite from Lenin
to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and its Members, 1917–1991
Mayer, Arno J. (2000), The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and
Russian Revolutions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Mayotte, Judy A. (1992), Disposable People? The Plight of Refugees
(Maryknoll: Orbis Books).
MccGwire, Michael (1987), Military Objectives in Soviet Foreign Policy
(Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution).
McChesney, Robert D. (1999), Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad’s
Account of the 1929 Uprising (Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener
Publishers).
McFarlane, John, and William Maley (2001), ‘Civilian Police in UN
Peace Operations: Some Lessons from Recent Australian
Experience’, in Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel (eds), United
Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent
Engagement (New York and Tokyo: United Nations University
Press): 182–211.
McGrath, Rae (2000), Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance: A Resource
Book (London: Pluto Press).
McGrory, Daniel, and Dalya Alberge (2001), ‘Taleban Ministers Led Art
Raid’, The Times, 23 November.
McMichael, Scott R. (1991), Stumbling Bear: Soviet Military Performance
in Afghanistan (London: Brassey’s).
MCPA (1993), Report of the National Survey of Mines Situation:
Afghanistan (Islamabad: Mine Clearance Planning Agency): Vols I–II.
References 307
Meier, Andrew (1997), ‘Afghanistan’s Drug Trade’, Muslim Politics

Report, 11: 3–4.
Mendelson, Sarah E. (1998), Changing Course: Ideas, Politics, and the
Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press).
Meray, Tibor (1959), Thirteen Days that Shook the Kremlin: Imre Nagy
and the Hungarian Revolution (New York: Praeger).
Metcalf, Barbara D. (1982), Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband,
1860–1900 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
Migdal, Joel S. (1988), Strong Societies and Weak States: State-Society
Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
—— (1994), ‘The State in Society: An Approach to Struggles for
Domination’, in Joel S. Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue (eds),
State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the
Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 7–34.
Miles, M. (1990), ‘Disability and Afghan Reconstruction: Some Policy
Issues’, Disability, Handicap and Society, 5, 3: 257–67.
Miller, John H. (1997), ‘How Much of a New Elite?’, in R. F. Miller, J. H.
Miller, and T. H. Rigby (eds), Gorbachev at the Helm: A New Era in
Soviet Politics? (London: Croom Helm): 61–89.
—— (1988), ‘The Geographical Disposition of the Soviet armed forces’,
Soviet Studies, 40, 3: 406–33.
Miller, John (1993), Mikhail Gorbachev and the End of Soviet Power
(Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).
Miller, Robert F. (1991), Soviet Foreign Policy Today: Gorbachev and the
New Political Thinking (Sydney: Allen & Unwin).
Miller, William H. (2000), ‘Insurgency Theory and the Conflict in
Algeria: A Theoretical Analysis’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 12,
1: 60–78.
Misra, Neelesh (2000), 173 Hours in Captivity: The Hijacking of IC814
(New Delhi: HarperCollins).
Moghadam, Valentine M. (1994), ‘Building Human Resources and
Women’s Capabilities in Afghanistan: A Retrospect and Prospects’,
Momen, Moojan (1985), An Introduction to Shi’i Islam (New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press).
Moore, Molly (2001), ‘Turmoil in Home of Taliban’, The Washington
Post, 2 October.
308 References
Moshref, Rameen (1997), The Taliban (New York: Occasional Paper no.
35, The Afghanistan Forum).
Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1997), The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical,
Cultural, Economic and Political Study (New York: St. Martins Press –
Muggeridge, Malcolm (ed.) (1947), Ciano’s Diary 1939–1943 (London:
William Heinemann).
Nägler, Horst (1971), Privatinitiative beim Industrieaufbau in Afghanistan
(Düsseldorf: Bertelsmann Universitätsverlag).
Najimi, A. W. (1997), Report on a Survey on SCA Supported Girls’
Education and SCA Built School Buildings in Afghanistan in Regions
under Southern and Eastern SCA Regional Management (Peshawar:
Education Technical Support Unit, Swedish Committee for Afghanistan).
Naqvi, Zareen F. (1999), Afghanistan-Pakistan Trade Relations
(Islamabad: The World Bank).
Nasr, S. V. R. (2000a), ‘The Rise of Sunni Militancy in Pakistan: The
Changing Role of Islamism and the Ulama in Society and Politics’,
Modern Asian Studies, 34, 1: 139–80.
—— (2000b), ‘International Politics, Domestic Imperatives, and Identity
Mobilization: Sectarianism in Pakistan, 1979–1998’, Comparative
Politics, 32, 2: 171–90.
Nassery, Fahima (1986), ‘Une femme torturée’, in Bernard Dupaigne (ed.),
Femmes en Afghanistan (Paris: AFRANE): 10–11.
Nawid, Senzil K. (1999), Religious Response to Social Change in
Afghanistan 1919–1929: King Aman-Allah and the Afghan Ulama
(Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers).
Neilan, Terence (2001), ‘Thousand Flee Kandahar in Wake of U.S.
Airstrikes’, The New York Times, 11 October.
Newman, Edward (1998), The UN Secretary-General from the Cold War
to the New Era: A Global Peace and Security Mandate? (Basingstoke:
Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan).
Noelle, Christine (1995), ‘The Anti-Wahhabi Reaction in Nineteenth-
Century Afghanistan’, The Muslim World, 85, 1–2: 23–48.
—— (1998), State and Tribe in Nineteenth-Century Afghanistan: The
Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826–1863) (Richmond: Curzon
Press).
Nojumi, Neamatollah (2002), The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Civil
War, Mass Mobilization, and the Future of the Region (New York:
Palgrave Macmillan).
References 309
Noorzoy, M. S. (1985), ‘Long-Term Economic Relations between

Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: An Interpretive Study’, International
Journal of Middle East Studies, 17: 151–73.
Nossal, Kim Richard (1989), ‘Knowing When to Fold: Western Sanctions
Against the USSR 1980–1983’, International Journal, 44, 3: 698–724.
Novichkova, I. (1956), N. A. Bulganin i N. S. Khrushchev v Afganistane
(Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo izobrazitel’nogo iskusstva).
O’Connor, Ronald W. (1994), Health Care in Muslim Asia: Development
and Disorder in Wartime Afghanistan (Lanham, MD: University Press
of America).
Odom, William E. (1998), The Collapse of the Soviet Military (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
O’Donnell, Guillermo (1994), ‘Delegative Democracy’, Journal of
Democracy, 5, 1: 55–69.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, and Philippe C. Schmitter (1986), Transitions from
Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain
Democracies (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press).
Okulov, V. (1987), ‘Afganistan: Dialektika primireniia’, Pravda, 17
August: 6.
Olesen, Asta (1995), Islam and Politics in Afghanistan (Richmond:
Curzon Press).
Olson, Elizabeth (2002), ‘UN Official Calls for Larger International Force
in Afghanistan’, The New York Times, 28 March.
Olson, Mancur (1965), The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and
the Theory of Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
Orywal, Erwin (ed.) (1986), Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans:
Fallstudien zu Gruppenidentität und Intergruppenbeziehungen
(Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag).
Ottaway, Marina, and Anatol Lieven (2002), Rebuilding Afghanistan:
Fantasy versus Reality (Washington, DC: Policy Brief no. 12, Carnegie
Endowment for International Peace).
Pakulski, Jan (1986), ‘Legitimacy and Mass Compliance: Reflections on
Max Weber and Soviet-Type Societies’, British Journal of Political
Science, 16, 1: 35–56.
Papp, Daniel S. (1985), Soviet Perceptions of the Developing World in the
1980s: The Ideological Basis (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath).
Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier (1991), Statement by Secretary-General Javier
Pérez de Cuéllar (New York: United Nations Department of Public
Information, 21 May).
310 References
—— (1997), Pilgrimage for Peace: A Secretary-General’s Memoir (New

York: St. Martins Press – now Palgrave Macmillan).
Physicians for Human Rights (1998a), The Taliban’s War on Women: A
Health and Human Rights Crisis in Afghanistan (Boston, MA:
Physicians for Human Rights).
—— (1998b), Medical Group Condemns UN Agreement with Taliban
(Boston, MA: Physicians for Human Rights).
—— (2001), Women’s Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan: A
Population-Based Assessment (Boston, MA: Physicians for Human
Rights).
Picco, Giandomenico (1999), Man Without a Gun: One Diplomat’s Secret
Struggle to Free the Hostages, Fight Terrorism, and End a War (New
York: Random House).
Pickering, Thomas W. (1999), ‘Afghanistan Land Mine’, The Washington
Post, 23 December 1999.
Pipes, Richard (1980), ‘Militarism and the Soviet State’, Dœdalus, 109, 4:
1–12.
—— (1999), Property and Freedom (London: The Harvill Press).
Poggi, Gianfranco (1978), The Development of the Modern State: A
Sociological Introduction (London: Hutchinson).
Popper, Karl R. (1977), The Open Society and its Enemies (London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul): Vols I–II.
Poullada, Leon B. (1973), Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan: King
Amanullah’s Failure to Modernize a Tribal Society (Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press).
—— (1981), ‘Afghanistan and the United States: The Crucial Years’, The
Middle East Journal, 35, 1: 178–90.
Powell, G. Bingham, Jr. (2000), Elections as Instruments of Democracy:
Majoritarian and Proportional Visions (New Haven, CT: Yale
University Press).
Rae, Douglas W. (1967), The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
Rahimi, Fahima (1986), Women in Afghanistan (Liestal: Stiftung
Bibliotheca Afghanica).
Rais, Rasul Bakhsh (1994), War Without Winners: Afghanistan’s
Uncertain Transition after the Cold War (Karachi: Oxford University
Press).
Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa (1990), ‘Nationalities and the Soviet
Military’, in Lubomyr Hajda and Mark Beissinger (eds), The
References 311
Nationalities Factor in Soviet Politics and Society (Boulder, CO:

Randle, Robert F. (1973), The Origins of Peace: A Study of
Peacemaking and the Structure of Peace Settlements (New York: The
Free Press).
Rapoport, David C. (1988), ‘Messianic Sanctions for Terror’, Comparative
Politics, 20, 2: 195–213.
Rashid, Ahmed (1996), ‘A New Proxy War: Foreign Powers Again
Feeding Arms to Factions’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 February.
—— (1997a), ‘Playing Dirty: Taliban Try to Starve Hazaras into
Submission’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 27 November.
—— (1997b), The Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan Pipeline:
Company-Government Relations and Regional Politics (Washington,
DC: Focus on Current Issues, The Petroleum Finance Company).
—— (1999), ‘The Taliban: Exporting Extremism’, Foreign Affairs, 78, 6:
22–35.
—— (2000), Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central
Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
—— (2001a), ‘Inside the Taliban’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 10
October.
—— (2001b), ‘Intelligence Team Defied Musharraf to Help Taliban’, The
Daily Telegraph, 10 October.
—— (2002a), ‘Still Waiting To Be Rescued’, Far Eastern Economic
Review, 21 March.
—— (2002b), Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
Ratnesar, Romesh (2001), ‘The Hunt for Bin Laden’, Time, 26 November.
Reilly, Benjamin (2001), Democracy in Divided Societies: Electoral
Engineering for Conflict Management (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press).
Reisman, W. Michael, and James Silk (1988), ‘Which Law Applies to the
Afghan Conflict?’, American Journal of International Law, 82, 3:
459–86.
Reporters sans Frontières (2000), The Taliban and the Media: A country
With No News or Pictures (Paris: Reporters sans Frontières).
Reshtia, Said Qassem (1997), Khaterat-e siasi 1311 (1932) ta 1371 (1992)
(Virginia: American Speedy Press).
—— (1998), ‘Les obstacles à un système fédéral’, Les Nouvelles
312 References
Reuveney, Rafael, and Aseem Prakash (1999), ‘The Afghanistan War and
the Breakdown of the Soviet Union’, Review of International Studies,
25, 4: 693–708.
RFE/RL (1985), The Soviet Public and the War in Afghanistan: Perceptions,
Prognoses, Information Sources (Munich: Radio Free Europe/Radio
Liberty, Soviet Area Audience and Opinion Research, AR 4–85).
Richardson, J. L. (1989), ‘Conclusions: Management of the Afghan
Crisis’, in Amin Saikal and William Maley (eds), The Soviet Withdrawal
from Afghanistan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 161–70.
—— (1994), Crisis Diplomacy: The Great Powers since the Mid-
Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Richburg, Keith B. (2001), ‘In Kabul, a Wide Wake of Destruction:
Looting and Vandalism Mark Taliban’s Retreat’, The Washington Post,
15 November.
Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1986), Sword and Shield: Soviet Intelligence and
Security Apparatus (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing).
Ricks, Thomas E., and Vernon Loeb (2001), ‘Initial Aim Is Hitting
Taliban’s Defenses’, The Washington Post, 8 October.
Rigby, T. H. (1970), ‘The Soviet Leadership: Towards a Self- Stabilizing
Oligarchy’, Soviet Studies, 22, 2: 167–91.
—— (1976), ‘Politics in the Mono-Organizational Society’, in Andrew C.
Janos (ed.), Authoritarian Politics in Communist Europe: Uniformity
and Diversity in One-Party States (Berkeley: Research Series no.28,
Institute of International Studies, University of California): 31–80.
—— (1989), ‘The Afghan Conflict and Soviet Domestic Politics’, in Amin
Saikal and William Maley (eds), The Soviet Withdrawal from
—— (1990), The Changing Soviet System: Mono-Organisational
Socialism From its Origins to Gorbachev’s Restructuring (Aldershot:
Edward Elgar).
Rikhye, Indar Jit (1984), The Theory and Practice of Peacekeeping
(London: Hurst & Co).
Rizvi, Hasan-Askari (2000), Military, State and Society in Pakistan
(London: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave Macmillan).
Roddy, Dennis (2002), ‘Homefront: Taliban Spokeswoman Keeps Low
Profile in N.J.’, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 13 January.
Rohde, David (2001a), ‘U.S. Tactics Thwart Afghan Rebels’, The New
York Times, 18 October.
References 313
—— (2001b), ‘Afghan Leader is Sworn In, Asking for Help to Rebuild’,

The New York Times, 23 December.
Rohde, David, with Eric Schmitt (2001), ‘Taliban Give Way in Final
Province Where They Ruled’, The New York Times, 10 December.
Rose, Richard (1992), ‘Toward a Civil Economy’, Journal of Democracy,
3, 2: 13–26.
Roy, Olivier (1990), Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan (Cambridge:
—— (1991), The Lessons of the Soviet/Afghan War (London: Adelphi
Paper no. 259, International Institute for Strategic Studies,
Brassey’s).
—— (1994), The Failure of Political Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press).
—— (1995), Afghanistan: From Holy War to Civil War (Princeton, NJ:
The Darwin Press).
Rubin, Barnett R. (1988), ‘Soviet Lessons of Afghanistan Assure Pullout
Will Go On’, Los Angeles Times, 14 November.
—— (1989), ‘Afghanistan: The Next Round’, Orbis, 33, 1: 57–72.
—— (1989–90), ‘The Fragmentation of Afghanistan’, Foreign Affairs, 68,
5: 150–68.
—— (1991), ‘Afghanistan: Political Exiles in Search of a State’, in Yossi
Shain (ed.), Governments-in-Exile in Contemporary World Politics
(New York: Routledge): 69–91.
—— (1995a), The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and
Collapse in the International System (New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press).
—— (1995b), The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buffer State to
Failed State (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
—— (1995c), ‘The Failure of an Internationally Sponsored Interim
Government in Afghanistan’, in Yossi Shain and Juan J. Linz (eds),
Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions
—— (1997a), ‘Arab Islamists in Afghanistan’, in John L. Esposito (ed.),
Political Islam: Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform? (Boulder, CO:
Lynne Rienner): 179–206.
—— (1997b), ‘Women and Pipelines: Afghanistan’s Proxy Wars’,
International Affairs, 73, 2: 283–96.
—— (2000), ‘The Political Economy of War and Peace in Afghanistan’,
314 References
—— (2002), ‘Putting an End to Warlord Government’, The New York

Times, 15 January.
Rubin, Barnett R., Ashraf Ghani, William Maley, Ahmed Rashid, and
Olivier Roy (2001), Afghanistan: Reconstruction and Peacebuilding in
a Regional Framework (Bern: KOFF Peacebuilding Reports 1/2001,
Swiss Peace Foundation).
Ruiz, Hiram A. (1992), Left Out in the Cold: The Perilous Homecoming of
Afghan Refugees (Washington, DC: US Committee for Refugees).
Sadruddin Aga Khan (1990), Extemporaneous Remarks of Prince
Sadruddin Aga Khan (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and
International Studies, 16 May).
Saikal, Amin (1980), The Rise and Fall of the Shah (Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press).
—— (1984a), ‘The Afghanistan Crisis: A Negotiated Settlement?’, The
World Today, 40, 11: 481–9.
—— (1984b), ‘The Method of Soviet Intervention: The Cases of Poland
and Afghanistan’, in Robert F. Miller (ed.), Poland in the Eighties:
Social Revolution Against ‘Real Socialism’ (Canberra: Occasional Paper
no. 18, Department of Political Science, Research School of Social
Science, Australian National University): 171–83.
—— (1989), ‘The Regional Politics of the Afghan Crisis’, in Amin Saikal
and William Maley (eds), The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan
—— (1996), ‘The UN and Afghanistan: A Case of Failed Peacemaking
Intervention?’, International Peacekeeping, 3, 1: 19–34.
—— (1998a), ‘The Rabbani Government, 1992–1996’, in William Maley
(ed.), Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban (London:
Hurst & Co.): 29–42.
—— (1998b), ‘Afghanistan’s Ethnic Conflict’, Survival, 40, 2: 114–26.
Saikal, Amin, and William Maley (1991), Regime Change in Afghanistan:
Foreign Intervention and the Politics of Legitimacy (Boulder, CO:
Westview Press).
Saikal, Fazel Haq, and William Maley (1986), Afghan Refugee Relief in
Pakistan: Political Context and Practical Problems (Canberra: Department
of Politics, University College, University of New South Wales).
Sakharov, Andrei (1988), ‘Neizbezhnost’ perestroiki’, in Iu. N. Afanas’ev
(ed.), Inogo ne dano (Moscow: Progress): 122–34.
Sampson, Anthony (2001), Military Reprisals Play Into Bin Laden’s
Strategy’, International Herald Tribune, 24 September.
References 315
Sanger, David E., with Michael R. Gordon (2001), ‘U.S. and Britain Male
Late Push to Forge Coalition for Combat’, The New York Times, 6
October 2001.
Sarin, Oleg, and Lev Dvoretsky (1993), The Afghan Syndrome: The Soviet
Union’s Vietnam (San Francisco: Presidio Press).
SCA (1988), The Agricultural Survey of Afghanistan: First Report
(Peshawar: Swedish Committee for Afghanistan).
Schetter, Conrad (2001), ‘Die Schimäre der Ethnie in Afghanistan:
Volkszugehörigkeit keine Basis für eine neue Regierung’, Neue Zürcher
Zeitung, 26 October.
Schmitt, Eric, and James Dao (2001), ‘Use of Pinpoint Air Power Comes
of Age in New War’, The New York Times, 24 December.
Schofield, Carey (1993), The Russian Elite: Inside Spetsnaz and the
Airborne Forces (London: Greenhill Books).
Sciolino, Elaine (1996), ‘U.S. to Distance Itself From New Kabul
Regime’, The New York Times, 23 October.
Scott, James M. (1996), Deciding to Intervene: The Reagan Doctrine and
American Foreign Policy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press).
Sen, Amartya (1999), Development as Freedom (New York: Alfred A.
Knopf).
Shahrani, M. Nazif (1998), ‘The Future of the State and the Structure of
Community Governance in Afghanistan’, in William Maley (ed.),
Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban (London: Hurst
& Co.): 212–42.
Shahrani, M. Nazif, and Robert L. Canfield (eds) (1984), Revolutions and
Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives (Berkeley:
Institute of International Studies, University of California).
Shalinsky, Audrey C. (1994), Long Years of Exile: Central Asian Refugees
in Afghanistan and Pakistan (Lanham, MD: University Press of
America).
Shevardnadze, Eduard (1990), ‘Afganistan – trudnaia doroga k miru’,
Izvestiia, 14 February.
—— (1991), The Future Belongs to Freedom (London: Sinclair-
Stevenson).
Shils, Edward (1997), The Virtue of Civility: Selected Essays on
Liberalism, Tradition, and Civil Society (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty
Fund).
Shultz, George P. (1993), Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of
State (New York: Scribner’s).
316 References
Shurygin, Veniamin (1986), ‘Kabul’skie vstrechi: Rasskaz o zhizni afgan-

skoi stolitsy’, Pravda, 21 July.
Simon, Steven, and Daniel Benjamin (2001–02), ‘The Terror’, Survival,
43, 4: 5–18.
Sipress, Alan (2002), ‘Peacekeepers Won’t Go Beyond Kabul, Cheney
Says’, The Washington Post, 20 March.
Sipress, Alan, and Thomas E. Ricks (2001), ‘Military Strike Not
Imminent, Officials Say’, The Washington Post, 27 September.
Sirrs, Julie (2001a), ‘The Taliban’s International Ambitions’, Middle East
Quarterly, 8, 3: 61–71.
—— (2001b), ‘Lifting the Veil on Afghanistan’, The National Interest, 65-
S: 43–8.
Sixsmith, Martin (1991), Moscow Coup: The Death of the Soviet System
(London: Simon & Schuster).
Skaine, Rosemarie (2002), The Women of Afghanistan Under the Taliban
(Jefferson, MO: McFarland & Company, Inc.).
Skjelsæk, Kjell (1991), ‘The UN Secretary-General and the Mediation of
International Disputes’, Journal of Peace Research, 28, 1: 99–115.
Sliwinski, Marek (1989a), ‘Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People’,
Orbis, 33, 1: 39–56.
—— (1989b), ‘On the Routes of “Hijrat”’, Central Asian Survey, 8, 4:
63–93.
Smith, Anthony D. (1986), The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford: Basil
Blackwell).
Smith, Nancy DeWolf (1995), ‘These Rebels Aren’t So Scary’, The Wall
Street Journal, 22 February.
Snegirev, Vladimir (1991), ‘On byl zalozhnikom kremlia: Babrak Karmal’
rasskazyvaet’, Trud, 24 October.
Snyder, Jack (2000), From Voting to Violence: Democratization and
Nationalist Conflict (New York: W. W. Norton).
Solnick, Steven L. (1998), Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in
Soviet Institutions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Spillmann, Markus (2001), ‘Die Taliban und die Macht der «Ausländer»’,
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 7 May.
Springborg, Patricia (1992), Western Republicanism and the Oriental
Prince (Cambridge: Polity Press).
Starr, S. Frederick (1999), ‘Afghanistan Land Mine’, The Washington
Post, 19 December.
References 317
—— (2001), ‘Afghan Northern Alliance Makes a Dangerous Friend’, The

Baltimore Sun, 17 October.
Stedman, Stephen John (1997), ‘Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes’,
International Security, 22, 2: 5–53.
Steele, Jonathan (1986), ‘Karmal Not to Seek More Soviet Troops’,
Guardian Weekly, 134, 9: 7.
Stolee, Margaret K. (1988), ‘Homeless Children in the USSR 1917–1967’,
Soviet Studies, 40, 1: 64–83.
Suhrke, Astri, Arne Strand and Kristian Berg Harpviken (2002), Peace-
building Strategies for Afghanistan. Part I: Lessons from Past
Experiences in Afghanistan (Bergen: Chr. Michelson Institute).
Sullivan, Kevin (2002), ‘A Body and Spirit Broken by the Taliban’, The
Washington Post, 5 January 2002.
Talmon, Stefan (1998), Recognition of Governments in International Law:
With Particular Reference to Governments in Exile (Oxford: Oxford
University Press).
Tapper, Nancy (1983), ‘Abd Al-Rahman’s North-West Frontier: The
Pashtun Colonisation of Afghan Turkistan’, in Richard Tapper (ed.), The
Conflict of Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan (London: Croom
Helm): 233–61.
—— (1991), Bartered Brides: Politics, Gender and Marriage in an
Afghan Tribal Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Teimourian, Hazhir (1989), ‘Drug Baron in the Border Hills’, The Times,
25 September.
Terry, Fiona (2002), Condemned to Repeat?: The Paradox of
Humanitarian Action (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
Thakur, Ramesh (2000), ‘Human Security Regimes’, in William T. Tow,
Ramesh Thakur and In-Taek Hyun (eds), Asia’s Emerging Regional
Order: Reconciling Traditional and Human Security (New York and
Tokyo: United Nations University Press): 229–55.
Thomas, Christopher (1991), ‘Kabul Radiates Confidence in Soviet
Support’, The Times, 31 August.
—— (1997), ‘Buddhists Condemn Taleban over Threat to Blow Up
Statue’, The Times, 25 April.
Thornton, Thomas Perry (1999), ‘Pakistan: Fifty Years of Insecurity’, in
Selig S. Harrison, Paul H. Kreisberg, and Dennis Kux (eds), India and
Pakistan: The First Fifty Years (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press): 170–88.
318 References
Tsagolov, Kim M., and Selig S. Harrison (1991), ‘Afganskaia voina:

Vzgliad iz segodniashnego dnia’, Vostok, 3: 42–57.
Tyler, Patrick E. (2001), ‘Bush Warns “Taliban Will Pay a Price”’, The
New York Times, 8 October.
Ullmann-Margalit, Edna (1977), The Emergence of Norms (Oxford:
United Nations (1985a), Rapport sur la situation des droits de l’homme en
Afghanistan (New York: United Nations, E/CN.4/1985/21, Human
Rights Commission, Economic and Social Council, 19 February).
—— (1985b), Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (New York:
United Nations, A/40/843, General Assembly, 5 November).
—— (1988), Agreements on Settlement of Situation Relating to
Afghanistan (Geneva: United Nations Information Service, Press
Release Afghanistan/9, 14 April).
—— (1992), Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (New York: United
Nations, A/47/656, General Assembly, 17 November).
—— (1993a), Afghan Peace Accord (New York: United Nations S/25435,
19 March).
—— (1993b), Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (New York:
—— (1994a), Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan (New York:
—— (1994b), Report of the Secretary General on the Situation in
Afghanistan (New York: United Nations A/49/688, 22 November).
—— (1997), Final Report on the Situation of Human Rights in
Afghanistan Submitted by Mr. Choong-Hyun Paik, Special Rapporteur,
in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1996/75
(New York: United Nations, E/CN.4/1997/59, Human Rights
Commission, Economic and Social Council, 20 February).
—— (1998), UN Peacekeeping: 50 Years 1948–1998 (New York:
Department of Public Information DPI/2004).
—— (1999), The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for
International Peace and Security: Report of the Secretary-General
(New York: United Nations, S/1999/994, 21 September).
—— (2000), Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation of Women
and Girls in Afghanistan Submitted in Accordance with Sub-
Commission Resolution 1999/14 (New York: United Nations,
E/CN.4/Sub.2/2000/18, 21 July).
References 319
—— (2001a), Global Illicit Drug Trends 2001 (Vienna: United Nations

Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention).
—— (2001b), Report of the Secretary-General on the Humanitarian
Implications of the Measures Imposed by Security Council Resolutions
1267 (1999) and 1333 (2000) on Afghanistan (New York: United
Nations, S/2001/695, 13 July).
—— (2001c), Report of the Committee of Experts Appointed Pursuant to
Security Council Resolution 1333 (2000), Paragraph 15 (a), Regarding
Monitoring of the Arms Embargo Against the Taliban and the Closure
of Terrorist Training Camps in the Taliban-Held Areas of Afghanistan
(New York: United Nations, S/2001/511, 21 May).
—— (2001d), The Situation in Afghanistan and its Implications for
(New York: United Nations, A/56/681, S/2001/1157, 6 December).
—— (2002), The Situation in Afghhanistan and its Implications for
(New York: United Nations, A/56/875, S/2002/278, 18 March).
United Nations Security Council (1994), Statement by the President of the
Security Council (New York: United Nations, S/PRST/1994/77, 30
November).
United Nations Special Mission (1994), Progress Report of the Special
Mission to Afghanistan (New York: United Nations, A/49/208,
S/1994/766, 1 July).
United States Institute of Peace (1998), The Taliban and Afghanistan:
Implications for Regional Security and Options for International Action
(Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace).
UNO (1994), The Status of Education in Afghanistan (Peshawar: University
of Nebraska at Omaha and ESSP Research and Planning): Vols I–II.
UNOCA (1988), First Consolidated Report (Geneva: Office of the United
Nations Coordinator for Humanitarian and Economic Assistance
Programmes Relating to Afghanistan, UNOCA/1988/1, September).
Urban, Mark (1990), War in Afghanistan (London: Macmillan Press – now
Palgrave Macmillan).
US Department of State (1985), ‘USSR: Unofficial Poll on Popular
Opposition to Afghan War’, Current Analyses (Washington, DC: Bureau
of Intelligence and Research, Report 1107-CA, 18 June).
—— (1998), International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997
(Washington, DC: Bureau for International Narcotics and Law
Enforcement Affairs, March 1998).
320 References
USSR Supreme Soviet (1989), ‘Postanovlenie Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR

Ob Amnistii Sovershivshikh Prestupleniia Byvshikh Voennosluzhashchikh
Kontingenta Sovetskikh Voisk v Afganistane’, Pravda, 30 November: 1.
Van Dyke, Carl (1996), ‘Kabul to Grozny: A Critique of Soviet (Russian)
Counter-Insurgency Doctrine’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 9, 4:
689–705.
Vasil’ev, A. (1991), ‘Pochemu my ne ukhodim iz Afganistan’,
Komsomol’skaia pravda, 29 June.
Vertzberger, Yaacov Y. I. (1990), The World in Their Minds: Information
Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy
Decisionmaking (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press).
Vogelsang, Willem (2002), The Afghans (Oxford: Blackwell).
VTsIOM (1991), Chelovek i legenda: Obraz A.D. Sakharova v obshch-
estvennom mnenii. Vsesoiuznyi opros VTsIOM (Moscow: Vsesoiuznyi
tsentr izucheniia obshchestvennogo mneniia).
Waldman, Amy (2002), ‘A Fertile Valley Left Barren by the Taliban’, The
New York Times, 7 January.
Walicki, Andrzej (1995), Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of
Freedom: The Rise and Fall of the Communist Utopia (Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press).
Walter, Barbara F. (1997), ‘The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement’,
International Organization, 51, 3: 335–64.
Waltz, Kenneth N. (1959), Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis
(New York: Columbia University Press).
Wardak, Ghulam Dastagir (1989), The Voroshilov Lectures: Materials from
the Soviet General Staff Academy: Volume I: Issues of Soviet Military
Strategy (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press).
Waxman, Sharon (1999), ‘A Cause Unveiled: Hollywood Women Have
Made the Plight of Afghan Women Their Own – Sight Unseen’, The
Washington Post, 30 March.
Waziri, Rafiq (1973), ‘Symptomatology of depressive illness in
Afghanistan’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 130, 2: 213–17.
Weber, Max (1948), ‘Politics as a Vocation’, in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright
Mills (eds), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (London: Routledge
& Kegan Paul): 77–128.
Weinbaum, Marvin G. (1994), Pakistan and Afghanistan: Resistance and
Reconstruction (Boulder, CO: Westview Press).
Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1994), A World at Arms: A Global History of World
War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
References 321
Weintraub, Craig (1989), ‘Ferkhar Massacre of Jami’at Commanders

Gives a Sad Air to Eid Celebrations’, AFGHANews, 1 August.
Weitz, Richard (1992), ‘Moscow’s Endgame in Afghanistan’, Conflict
Quarterly, 12, 1: 25–46.
Westad, Odd Arne (1994), ‘Prelude to Invasion: The Soviet Union and the
Afghan Communists, 1978–1979’, International History Review, 16, 1:
49–69.
White, Stephen (1983), ‘What is a Communist System?’, Studies in
Comparative Communism, 16, 4: 247–63.
WHO (1995), Brief Note on Health Sector of Afghanistan: From
Emergency to Recovery and Building from Below (Stockholm: Donors’
Meeting on Assistance for Afghanistan’s Long-Term Rehabilitation and
its Relationship with Humanitarian Programmes, 1–2 June).
Wiles, Peter (1985), ‘Irreversibility: Theory and Practice’, The Washington
Quarterly, 8, 1: 29–40.
Willerton, John P. (1992), Patronage and Politics in the USSR
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Wimbush, S. Enders (1985), ‘Nationalities in the Soviet armed forces’, in
S. Enders Wimbush (ed.), Soviet Nationalities in Strategic Perspective
(London: Croom Helm): 227–48.
Winchester, Michael (1998), ‘Ethnic Cleansing’, Asiaweek, 6 November.
Winston, Richard, and Clara Winston (1975), The Letters of Thomas Mann
1889–1955 (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books).
Woodward, Bob (2001), ‘Bin Laden Said to “Own” The Taliban’, The
Washington Post, 11 October.
Yousaf, Mohammad, and Mark Adkin (1992), The Bear Trap:
Afghanistan’s Untold Story (London: Leo Cooper).
Zakaria, Fareed (1997), ‘The Rise of Illiberal Democracy’, Foreign
Affairs, 76, 6: 22–43.
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1998), ‘Sectarianism in Pakistan: The
Radicalization of Shi’i and Sunni Identities’, Modern Asian Studies, 32,
3: 689–716.
—— (1999), ‘Religious Education and the Rhetoric of Reform: The
Madrasa in British India and Pakistan’, Comparative Studies in Society
and History, 41, 2: 294–323.
Zartman, I. William (1998), ‘Putting Humpty-Dumpty Together Again’, in
David A. Lake and Donald Rothchild (eds), The International Spread of
Ethnic Conflict (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press): 317–36.
Index
Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 11 see also militias, mujahideen

Abdul Haq, Commander, 208, 214, 264 Afghan Transit Trade Agreement
Abdul Rahman Khan, Amir, 12, 82 (1965), 235
Abdul Wali, Sardar, 190 Afghani, Mulla Muhammad Masum,
Abdullah, Dr, 261, 265, 274 225, 232–3
Abdullah, Sayid, 28 Afghanistan
Abou Zahab, Mariam, 226 cultural heritage, 205, 230, 240–1, 256
Abouchar, Jacques, 92 disintegration of Soviet system, 164
Adkin, Mark, 73, 80, 81, 147, 175, 176, economy, 10, 14, 155–7, 235–6
178 effect of war on, 154–9
afgantsy (Soviet war veterans), 55, 160 history of state, 11–13
Afghan Interim Administration, 270 –5
use of in text, 8 Muslim country, 9
identification as, 8–9 peoples of, 8–9 (see also Tajiks,
society, 8–11, 13–15 Uzbeks, Hazaras, Pushtuns)
state, 11–17 political unit, 7
Afghan army, 30, 44–5, 61, 201, 297 politics in, 10
Khalq–Parcham rivalry, 45 post-Taliban, 275–83
operational relations with Soviet rural/urban divide, 9–10, 166, 194,
army, 52–3 207–9, 232
Najibullah and, 188–93 religion of, 9–10
Afghan civil war, 195 territorial unit, 6–7
‘Afghan Interests Protection Service’ Transitional Authority, 271–2
see AGSA USSR’s Vietnam, 162
Afghan Millat, 26, 75 Afghanistan, eastern
Afghan resistance, 57–84, 181 military activities (Karmal regime),
Arab reactions, 81–3 86–91,
consolidation, 177–8 militias, 110–12
fracturing of, 174–7 warlords, 208
Geneva Accords, 141–2 Afghanistan, northern
grassroots and tribal nature of, 60 –2 military activities (Karmal regime),
international support, 76–84 86–8
Islam as a basis for resistance, 58–60 militias, 112–14
morale, 167 warlords, 208
Pakistan, role of, 66–76 Afghanistan, southern
political parties of, 62–4 military activities (Karmal regime),
regional commanders, 64–5 86–8
322
Index 323
militias, 110–12 Amin, Abdul Rasul, 274

warlords, 208 Amin, Hafizullah, 22, 25, 27, 28, 31,
Afghanistan, western, 32, 34, 35, 51, 61, 78, 93, 99, 283
military activities (Karmal regime), Amir, Sultan (‘Colonel Imam’), 220
89 Amnesty International, 100, 205
militias, 112 Andkhoi, 110
warlords, 208 Andrew, Christopher, 34
Afghanistan, northeastern, 228 Andronov, Iona, 187
Agency Coordinating Body for Afghan Andropov, Iurii V., 24, 33, 35, 43, 45,
Relief (ACBAR), 84 46, 95, 98, 104, 137–8
AGSA, 28 Annan, Kofi, 231, 246, 248, 250, 257,
Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq, 193 268
Ahmad, Qazi Hussain, 215 Apple, R. W., Jr, 264
Ahmed, Akbar S., 67 Arnold, Anthony, 17, 27, 29, 35, 93,
Ahmed, Ishtiaq, 67 117, 126, 164, 165, 173, 198
Ahmed, Mahmood, 260 Aron, Raymond, 5
aid, Arsala, Hedayat Amin, 274
1960s, 14 Asghar, Muhammad, 172
economic, 14, 21 Atal, Ghulam Sakhi, 100
humanitarian, 81, 82, 83, 84 atrocities
military, 21, 72–4, 79, 80, 81, 138, KhAD, 98–101,125
139, 169, 187–8 see also massacres
Pakistan as conduit of, 72– 4 Atta, Mohamed, 252, 258
UK, 81 Augoyard, Philippe, 83
USA, 79, 80, 187–8 Australia, 243, 259
Akbari, Muhammad, 64, 204 Ayub, Gohar, 229
Akhromeev, Sergei F., 87, 133, 163 Azad, Abdul Ghaffar, 118
Akhundzada, Mulla Nasim, 177 Azimi, Muhammad Nabi, 189, 190, 191
Akram, Assem, 3, 99, 101, 150, 191, Azzam, Abdullah, 82, 253, 254
199, 203, 205
Alauddin Khan, 65 Baba Jan, General, 189
Alberge, Dalya, 241 Baba, Sayed, 100
Albright, Madeleine, 242 Babar, Naseerullah, 74, 176, 219, 220,
Alexeyeva, Ludmilla, 103 225
Alexievich, Svetlana, 55 Badakhshan, 114, 178, 213
Allan, Pierre, 27 Baghlan, 88, 113, 170, 188, 265
Allison, Roy, 35 Bagram, 34, 231
Al-Qaida, 251, 262, 263, 266 Baheer, Ghairat, 149
see also Bin Laden, Osama Baily, John, 241
Amanpour, Christiane, 242 Baitenmann, Helga, 84
Amanullah, King, 12, 112, 186, 209, Baker, James A., III, 179, 187, 192
225 Balkh, 7, 88, 90, 209
Amin period, 31–3 Balkhi, Ibn, 14
324 Index
Ball, Desmond, 52 Bonner, Elena, 103

Bamiyan, 114, 178, 230, 241, 246, 256, Borchgrave, Arnaud de, 260
265 Borer, Douglas A., 163–4
Banerjee, Dipankar, 51 Borovik, Artyom, 120, 129
Barfield, Thomas J., 7, 16 Botsali, Huseyin Avni, 185
Barry, Michael, 16, 28, 50 Bouckaert, Peter, 276
Baryalay, Mahmud, 118, 190 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 185, 188, 192,
Batkin, Leonid, 50 210, 212, 218
Bearak, Barry, 264 Bovin, Aleksandr, 94
Bearden, Milton, 261 Bradsher, Henry S., 2, 21, 32, 34, 35,
Beaurecueil, Serge de, 32 92, 94, 97, 101, 106, 114, 120, 131,
Beg, Mirza Aslam, 147, 178, 180 133, 137, 152, 167, 173, 175–6,
Beheshti, Ayatullah, 64 191, 192, 193
Bell, Gavin, 50 Brahimi, Lakhdar, 246, 247–8, 268,
Bender, Bryan, 263 269, 274, 276
Benjamin, Daniel, 257 Brezhnev Doctrine, 161
Bennigsen, Alexandre, 61 Brezhnev, Leonid I., 23, 24, 25, 32, 33,
Bergen, Peter L., 208, 248–9, 253–4, 35, 95, 104, 114, 115, 127, 135,
255, 256 160, 161
Beria, Lavrenti P., 117 Brigot, André, 156
Bermudez, Joseph S., 170 Brodie, Bernard, 5
Beschloss, Michael R., 168 Brown, Archie, 104, 106, 115, 116, 117,
Bessmertnykh, Aleksandr, 145–6 133, 179
Bhutto, Benazir, 147, 176, 219–20 Brown, Douglas J., 40
Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, 69, 74 Broxup, Marie, 54
Bialer, Seweryn, 24 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 78, 79
Billington, James H., 165 Bukharin, Nikolai, 93
Bin Laden, Muhammad, 253 Bulganin, Nikolai, 20, 22
Bin Laden, Osama, 2, 82, 168, 208, 213, Burger, Kim, 263
216, 224, 227, 241, 248–9, 251, Burns, John F., 169, 220, 234, 238, 260
252, 253–6, 257, 258, 260, 275, 281 Burqa, 113
Birgisson, Karl Th., 143 Burton, Michael, 196, 197
Black, Jeremy, 5 Bush Administration (1989–93), 168,
Blainey, Geoffrey, 5 178–9
Blair, Tony, 259 Bush Administration (2001– ), 261
Boesen, Inger W., 155 Bush, George W., 4, 227, 258, 261, 262,
Bogomolov, Oleg, 35, 128 263
Boiarinov, Grigorii, 34 Bush, George, 168, 178
Bokhari, Imtiaz H., 141 Byman, Daniel, 227, 249
Bombay, 19
Bonino, Emma, 242 Calcutta, 19
Bonn Agreement, 263, 268–73, 275, Calo, Carmine, 239
279 Cambodia, 121
Index 325
Campbell, Matthew, 238 Constitution

Canfield, Robert L., 61 1964, 8, 15
Carter Administration, 32–3, 78–9, 1987, 121
162 post-Taliban, 271
Carter, James Earl, 33, 78, 79, 162 Cooper, Kenneth J., 239
Casey, William J., 80 Cordesman, Anthony H., 44, 46, 52, 87,
Castro, Fidel, 135 89, 170
Centlivres, Pierre, 60, 72, 241 Cordovez, Diego, 136, 137, 138, 142,
Centlivres-Demont, Micheline, 10, 72 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 180, 210,
Chamberlain, Neville, 160 248
Chamkani, Haji Muhammad, 118 coup, July 1973, 16–17
Chandrasekaran, Rajiv, 265 coup, April 1978, 25–6, 129, 158, 173
Charikar, 44, 231 assassination of Daoud, 26
Chernenko, Konstantin U., 33, 104, 105, Parcham and Khalq involvement, 26
115, 116 Soviet involvement, 26–7
Chernobyl, 116 Soviet view of, 30–1
Chernyaev, Anatoly S., 106, 130, 145, Courten, Jean de, 84
175 Crossette, Barbara, 246
Chevalerias, Alain, 88 Cruickshank, A. A., 20, 116
China, 7, 22, 58, 117 Cuba, 127
Chipaux, Françoise, 256 Cullison, Alan, 251, 255, 256
Churchill, Winston, 59, 85, 218 Czechoslovakia, 21, 28, 35, 36, 91, 92,
Ciano, Galeazzo, 30 127, 161
Clark, Kate, 265
Clark, William A., 25 D’Afghanistan, Ehsanullah, 209
Clausewitz, Carl von, 1, 57 D’Souza, Frances, 156
Clinton Administration, 227–8, 242–3, Da Afghanistan da Gato da Satalo Agara
248–9 see AGSA
Clinton, William Jefferson, 228, 242, Dadullah, Commander, 224, 240, 241
242, 248, 249 Danchev, Vladimir, 103
Cloughley, Brian, 68 Dao, James, 263
Cogan, Charles G., 78, 79–80 Daoud, Muhammad, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20,
Cohen, Stephen P., 72 22, 23, 25–6, 63, 68–9, 74, 97, 158
Coll, Steve, 170, 183, 185 Daugherty, Leo J., 40
Colton, Timothy J., 38, 103 Davies, Glyn, 227
Colville, Rupert, 71, 239–40 Davis, Anthony, 82, 201, 204, 207, 208,
Communism, Afghan, 216, 221, 222, 260
factions, 22, 27–30 De Gaulle, Charles, 265
Pushtun involvement, 22 Dekmejian, R. Hrair, 82
Soviet influence, 21–2 Delawar, Muhammad Asif, 189, 191
see also Khalq and Parcham Delpho, Marc, 114
Connor, Kerry M., 71 Democratic Organisation of Afghan
Constable, Pamela, 264 Women, 97
326 Index
Democratic Organisation of the Youth Eckstein, Harry, 65

of Afghanistan, 97 Edwards, David B., 12,
demokratizatsiia, 108, 116 189, 200
Deoband, 225 Egypt, 21, 81
Desai, Raj, 65 Eickelman, Dale F., 59
Deutscher, Isaac, 19 Eighmy, Thomas H., 8
DeYoung, Karen, 252 elites
Diamond, Larry, 278 Afghan, 195–200
Dibb, Paul, 25 Soviet, 23–5
Diehl, Paul, 143 El’tsin, Boris, 187
DiGiovanni, Janine, 241 Ellis, Deborah, 155
DiPalma, Giuseppe, 197 Epishev, Aleksei A., 41
Dixit, J. N., 69 Eshaq, Mohammad (‘Lala Malang’),
Dobbins, James F., 269 111
Dobbs, Michael, 34, 131, 252 Esmatullah ‘Muslim’, 88, 110, 111
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 106–7, 117, 128, Etemadi, Nur Ahmad, 26
130, 131 ethnicity, 222, 225, 228, 230, 231, 240,
Donini, Antonio, 181 276, 279
Dorronsoro, Gilles, 2, 25, 63, 90, importance of, 8–9
109–10, 170, 195, 203, 206, 208, Najibullah regime, 188–93
260 shifts in, 158
Dost Muhammad, 100 and Taliban, 222, 225, 228
Dost Muhammad, Amir, 11–12 see also Hazaras, Pushtuns, Uzbeks,
Dost, Shah Muhammad, 118 Tajiks
Dostam, Abdul Rashid, 170, 171, 188, Ezatullah, Mawlawi, 176
190, 198, 200–1, 202, 203, 204,
208–9, 212, 229, 230, 265, 274 Fahim, Muhammad Qassem, 261, 274
Doyle, Michael W., 5 Fänge, Anders, 217
Dubs, Adolph (‘Spike’), 32, 78 Farid, Abdul Saboor, 198
Dugger, Celia W., 251 Farkhar, 113
Dupaigne, Bernard, 90, 209, 220, Farr, Grant M., 156
222 Farzan, Anwar, 118
Dupree, Louis, 2, 7, 26, 28, 60–1, 69, Fatana, 186
82, 146 Fein, Helen, 50
Dupree, Nancy Hatch, 10, 71, 83, 155, Feminist Majority Foundation, 242
206, 233, 237, 238 Ferghana, 34
Durand, Sir Mortimer, 68 Fergusson, James, 206
Durand Line, 7 Ferrero, Guglielmo, 17
see also Pushtunistan Fetherston, A. B., 143
Durrani, Asad, 178, 190 Fielden, Matthew, 269
Dushanbe, 35 Filkins, Dexter, 265, 266
Dvoretsky, Lev, 41, 47 Fischer, Jeff, 279
Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 101 Fitchett, Joseph, 251
Index 327
Fitzhardinge, Hope Verity, 7 Glasser, Susan B., 265

Fox, Jonathan, 282 Glatzer, Bernt, 9, 223
France, 58, 243, 276 Goldman, Minton F., 179
Franck, Thomas M., 78 Goldsmith, Ben R., 228
Franks, Tommy R., 274 Goodhand, Jonathan, 269
Frantz, Douglas, 148, 260 Goodson, Larry P., 2, 85, 108, 158, 168
Fraser, J. Malcolm, 79 Goodwin, Jan, 167
Fry, Maxwell J., 10 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 4, 25, 46, 85–6,
Fukuyama, Francis, 277 104, 105–6, 107, 109, 114, 115,
116, 117, 121, 125, 126, 130–1,
Gailani, Pir Sayid Ahmad, 63, 183, 198, 132, 138, 145, 152, 160, 162, 173,
203, 208, 269, 274 174, 179, 186, 187
Gailani, Sayed Hamed, 187 Gordon, Michael R., 262, 263
Galeotti, Mark, 55, 115, Gorkii, 53, 103
162, 163 Goulding, Marrack, 218
Gall, Sandy, 82 Grachev, Andrei, 105–6
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 68 Grachev, Pavel, 166
Ganguly, Rajat, 69 Grasselli, Gabriella, 79
Ganguly, Sumit, 68 Grau, Lester W., 46–7, 48, 49, 61, 62,
Gardez, 87, 98, 111, 275 111
Gargan, Edward A., 188, 191 Gray, Colin S., 41
Garmushki, 52 Griffin, Michael, 205, 215, 223, 241
Garthoff, Raymond L., 27, 32 Grishin, Viktor, 131
Gauhari, Farooka, 26 Gromov, Boris V., 3, 40, 49, 90, 145,
Gélinas, Sylvie, 215 152, 163, 186
Geneva Accords, 77, 126, 134–42, 143, Gromyko, Anatolii A., 116
144, 145, 167 Gromyko, Andrei A., 24, 30–1, 33, 35,
Gerasimov, Gennadi, 128, 133 43, 115, 127, 128, 131, 137
Gerecht, Reuel Marc, 260 Grossman, A. S., 131, 133
Germany, 19 Gul Agha, 208, 266
Geruh az Defa-i Inqilab (Groups for the Gul, Azam, 156
Defence of the Revolution), 109 Gul, Hamid, 147–8, 150, 176, 215
Ghafoorzai, Abdul Rahim, 230 Gulabzoi, Sayid Muhammad, 26, 32, 95,
Ghani, Ashraf, 11, 224, 281 117, 119, 173
Ghaus, Abdul Samad, 23, 27 Gulf War, 169, 179, 180, 254
Ghund-e Qawmi (Tribal Regiments), 109 Gunther, Richard, 196
Gill, Graeme, 174
Gille, Etienne, 7, 32, 66, 203, 204, 208 Habibullah, Amir, 12
Girardet, Edward, 29 Haider, Ejaz, 222
Giustozzi, Antonio, 45, 94, 96, 97, 110, Hairatan, 143, 188, 209, 265
122, 125, 171 Hala, Habib, 66
glasnost’, 108, 115, 119–20, 129, 160, Halliday, Fred, 32, 43, 45, 95, 104–5,
165 118, 125, 131, 173
328 Index
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 134, 143 Hershberg, James G., 28, 31, 35, 43, 44,
Haq, Ehsanul, 260 122, 135, 137, 138, 169
Haqqani, Jalaluddin, 65, 150, 177 Herspring, Dale R., 38
Haqshenas, Sher Ahmad Nasri, 3, 26 Heslot, Sylvie, 32
Harakat ul-Ansar, 224, 226, 229 Hezb-e Islami (Hekmatyar), 63, 68, 74,
Harakat-e Inqilab-e Islami Afghanistan, 75, 82, 149, 176, 177, 198, 199,
63, 88 202–4, 205, 206, 221
Harakat-e Islami, 64 Hezb-e Islami (Khalis), 63, 111, 219,
Harasymiw, Bohdan, 19 224
Hardin, Russell, 277 Hezb-e Wahdat, 64, 202–4, 205, 230
Harington, Sir John, 93 Hezb-e Watan, 171, 191
Harpviken, Kristian Berg, 91, 178, 202, see also PDPA
221, 278 Higgins, Andrew, 251, 255, 256
Harris, Peter, 279 Higley, John, 196, 196
Harrison, Mark, 104 Himmler, Heinrich, 117, 155
Harrison, Selig S., 25, 27, 125, 136, Hitler, Adolf, 54, 206, 234, 268
137, 138, 145, 146, 148, 210 Hobbes, Thomas, 5
Hartzell, Caroline A. Hobsbawm, Eric, 184
Hasan, Mulla Mohammed, 224, 246 Holl, Norbert, 247
Hashem Khan, Muhammad, 14 Holloway, David, 40
Hashimi, Sayed Rahmatullah, 261 Holmes, Leslie, 25, 81
Hatif, Abdul Rahim, 97 Holsti, Kalevi J., 5
Hazarajat, 207, 229, 230, 240, 246 Hosking, Geoffrey, 115
military activities (Karmal regime), Hough, Jerry F., 35, 115, 133
90–1 Howe, Juli Ward, 258
militias, 114 human rights, 236–41
Hazaras, 9,159, 205, 239, 240, 241, Human Rights Commission (Interim
274 Administration), 272
Afshar massacre, 205 Human Rights Watch, 100, 221–2
Taliban massacre, 239 humanitarian aid, 81, 82, 83, 84
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin, 63, 64, 65, 68, Hume, Cameron R., 135
74, 75, 76, 82, 114, 149, 150, 151, Hungary, 19, 24, 36, 91, 92, 127, 161
156, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, Husain, Sayed, 176
179, 180, 183, 187, 189, 190, 191, Hussaein, Saddam, 180
192, 193, 198, 199, 200, 202, 203, Hussain, Zahid, 266, 272
204, 205, 207, 208, 212, 213, 214, Hussein, King, 74
215–16, 219, 221, 253, 261, 262, Hyman, Anthony, 82, 173
282
Helminen, Rauli, 143 Iakovlev, Aleksandr, 116, 128
Helms, Laili, 249 Ianaev, Gennadii, 187
Herat uprising, 30 Iaroslavskii, Emilian, 60
Herat, 7, 10, 30–1, 34, 52, 65, 66, 89, Iazov, Dmitrii, 165, 169, 187
112, 143, 200, 209, 236, 265 Iklé, Fred C., 4
Index 329
India, 7, 11, 21, 68, 205, 222, 226, 275 Jalali, Ali Ahmad, 61, 62
Indonesia, 20 Jalil, Mir Wais, 206
Interim Government, 151, 152, 176, Jamal, Qudratullah, 239
177, 192, 197 Jamal, Sayed, 176
International Committee of the Red James, Alan, 143
Cross, 83, 203 Jamiat-e Islami, 63, 88, 149, 183–4,
International Security Assistance Force 198, 213, 215, 217
(ISAF), 274, 276, 277 Jamiat-e Ulema-i Islam, 225, 226
Inter-Services Intelligence, Pakistan Jamilurrahman, Mawlawi, 177
see ISI Janjua, Asif Nawaz, 190
Iran, 32–3, 114, 154, 159, 217, 259, 275 Jareer, Homayoun, 269
Iraq, 168, 169 Jawad, Nassim, 8
Isby, David C., 47, 110, 170 Jervis, Robert, 5
ISI, 72–4, 75, 176, 192, 216, 219, 220, jihad, 59
224, 225, 260, 264 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali, 67, 68
Islam, 254 Jones, Ellen, 41
in Afghanistan, 9–10 Jones, Robert A., 35
basis of resistance, 58–60 Jossinet, J. C., 89
religion of Afghanistan, 122 Judah, Tim, 222
in rural society, 10 Juergensmeyer, Mark, 257
pan-Islam, 82 Jukes, Geoffrey, 162
see also Shia, Sunni Jumbesh-e Melli Islami, 202, 230
Islamabad Accord, 219–20 Junejo, Mohammad Khan, 72, 137, 139,
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, 223, 147
235–6, 242 Juvenal, 24
see also Taliban regime
Islamic law Kabul, 1, 2, 4, 10, 16, 17, 19, 25, 34,
see Sharia 44, 52, 65, 66, 87, 89, 90, 91, 96,
Islamuddin, Commander, 176 98, 99, 106, 110, 111–12, 113, 143,
Ispahani, Mahnaz Z., 44 151–2, 155, 169, 190–2, 199,
Israel, 169 201–7, 217, 229, 231, 265, 266,
Ittehad-e Islami Afghanistan, 149, 202, 283
205, 229 Kakar, Hasan, 3, 12, 15–16, 61, 62, 66,
193
Jabha-i Milli-i Nijat-e Afghanistan, 63, Kalakani, Habibullah, 11, 12
149 Kamm, Henry, 176
Jabha-i Muttahed-e Islami Milli bara-i Kandahar, 10, 34, 44, 66, 87–8, 110,
Nejat-e Afghanistan 111, 178, 203, 208, 220, 221, 229,
see Northern Alliance; United Front 236, 260, 264, 268, 277
Jackson, Sir Robert, 145 Kant, Immanuel, 5
Jaji, 87, 110 Kaplan, Robert D., 147
Jalal, Ayesha, 70 Kargha, 111
Jalalabad, 10, 44, 199, 208, 217, 266 Karklins, Rasma, 103, 116
330 Index
Karmal, Babrak, 4, 22, 27, 28, 34, 43, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, 68
45, 55, 85, 86, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, Khan, Aimal, 234
99, 105, 106–7, 108, 117, 118, 121, Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, 147, 178
124, 135, 136, 173, 174, 190, 205 Khan, Ismail, 30, 65, 112, 200, 209,
Karmal regime, 85–107 229, 239, 275
autonomy of, 91–2 Khan, Kamran, 265
factionalism, 92–4 Khan, Riaz M., 77–8, 136, 150
fall of, 105–7 Khost, 87, 111, 177
KhAD, 97–102 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 20, 22, 24, 38,
legitimacy of, 95–7 63, 93, 117
pattern of war during, 86–91 Khwaja Bahauddin, 231, 251
USSR, 103–7 Khyber, Mir Akbar, 25
Karmal, Mahbouba, 101 Kifner, John, 266
Karzai, Abdul Ahad, 256, 266 King, Charles, 212
Karzai, Hamed, 150, 266, 273–4, 275 Kipling, Rudyard, 62, 159
Kashmir, 68, 226 Kirpichenko, Vadim V., 34
Keating, Michael, 232 Kläy, Dieter, 27
Keep, John, 25 Koch, Andrew, 263
Kepel, Gilles, 253, 254 Kolakowski, Leszek, 21
Kerala, 29 Kolkowicz, Roman, 41
Keran, 113 Kornienko, G. M., 33, 36, 87
Keshtmand, Sultan Ali, 43, 118, 122, 172 Kosygin, Aleksei N., 31, 33, 35, 55–6,
Keynes, John Maynard, 102 104
KGB, 98, 102, 117 Krakowski, Elie, 249
KhAD (State Information Service, Krasovskii, Vladimir, 34
Khedamat-e Ettalaat-e Dawlati), 65 Kriuchkov, Vladimir, 99, 125, 169, 187
atrocities, 98–101, 125 Krygier, Martin, 233
janissary class, 101–2 Kubálková, Vendulka, 20, 116
organization 97–8 Kun, Béla, 19
Najibullah and, 98–9, 117–18 Kunaev, Dinmukhamed, 131
Soviet relations, 102 Kunar, 29, 87, 177, 178
urban repression 99–101 Kunduz, 88, 113, 176, 266
Khalidi, Noor Ahmad, 154 Kunz, E. F., 71
Khalili, Khalilullah, 12 Kuperman, Alan J., 80
Khalili, Massoud, 251 Kuwait, 168
Khalili, Muhammad Karim, 229, 269 Kux, Dennis, 220
Khaliliullah, Major-General, 94
Khalilzad, Zalmay, 227, 249, 269 Laber, Jeri, 50, 100, 101
Khaliqyar, Fazel Haq, 172, 182 Lafraie, Najibullah, 184
Khalis, Muhammad Younos, 63, 65, Lagerfelt, Johan, 50
111, 220, 224 Lapidoth, Ruth, 278–9
Khalq, 22, 26. 27–30, 158, 172–3, 189, Lapidus, Ira M., 9
191, 193, 198, 225 Lashkar-e Isar, 174
Index 331
Lashkar-e Jhangvi, 226 Maley, William, 2, 10, 19, 30, 32, 50,
Latif, Haji Abdul, 88, 111, 177, 208, 51, 63, 71, 72, 77, 79, 92, 95, 96,
266 97, 98, 121, 126, 132, 142, 149,
Lauterpacht, Sir Hersch, 243–4 150, 155, 156, 179, 180, 186, 187,
Lazarenko, A. I., 34 192, 197, 199, 200, 211, 221, 222,
Lee, Jonathan L., 12 223, 224, 228, 236, 238, 257, 277,
Leggett, George,101 278, 279, 281
Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal, 61 Malia, Martin, 25
Lenin, Vladimir I., 19, 93, 94, 101 Malinovskii, Rodion, 38
Leno, Mavis, 242 Mann, Judy, 242
Lepingwell, John W. R., 166 Mann, Thomas, 268
Leshchinskii, Mikhail, 120 Marigo, Véra, 7, 241
Leslie, Jolyon, 277 Marsden, Peter, 157, 223
LeVine, Steve, 227 massacres, 239–41
Lewis, Bernard, 59 Afshar, 205
Liakhovskii, A. A., 55, 113 Taliban, 239
Lieven, Anatol, 280 see also atrocities
Lifschultz, Lawrence, 129 Massoud, Ahmad Shah, 2, 65, 89, 90,
Light, Margot, 116 113, 150, 159, 175, 176, 178,
Lin Piao, 22 183–4, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193,
Lizichev, Aleksei, 148 194, 199, 200, 201–2, 203, 204,
Lobato, Chantal, 96, 109–10 205, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217,
Loeb, Vernon, 263 218, 228, 229, 231, 251, 255, 261,
Logar, 110 262, 274, 275
Lomeiko, Vladimir, 116 Matthews, Mervyn, 104
Lorentz, John H., 83 Maurice, Frédéric, 84
Loya jirgahs, 10 Mawdsley, Evan, 18, 115
Constitutional Loya Jirgah, 271 Mayer, Arno J., 282
Emergency Loya Jirgah, 270–1, 279 Mayotte, Judy A., 155
Loya Jirgah 1985, 96 Mazar-e Sharif, 10, 44, 50, 88, 89, 113,
Loya Jirgah 1987, 121 171, 188, 190, 208, 229, 239–40,
Lundberg, Kirsten, 80 266
Mazari, Abdul Ali, 64, 202, 204
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 99 Mazdak, Farid, 189, 191
Mack, Andrew J. R., 1 Mazdooryar, Sher Jan, 32
Mackenzie, Richard, 227–8 MccGwire, Michael, 42
Magnus, Ralph, 16, 228 McChesney, Robert D., 12
Mahaz-e Milli-i Islami Afghanistan, 63 McColl, John, 274
Mahmudi, Abdul Rahman, 22 McFarlane, John, 277
Maillart, Ella, 6 McGrath, Rae, 180
Maimana, 113 McGrory, Daniel, 241
Maiwandwal, Muhammad Hashem, 17 McMichael, Scott R., 42, 47, 48, 52, 53,
Malalai, 10 80
332 Index
McWilliams, Edmund, 151 Mojadiddi, Sebghatullah, 63, 149, 150,

Meier, Andrew, 236 183, 190, 192, 197, 198, 202, 203,
Mello, Sergio Vieira de, 247 274
Mendelson, Sarah E., 129, 132–3, 162 Momen, Abdul, 188
Mengele, Josef, 240 Momen, Moojan, 9
Meray, Tibor, 24 monarchy, 11–13, 16
Meshrano Jirgah, 256 Monjo, John C., 220
Mestiri, Mahmoud, 210, 211–12, 247, Moore, Molly, 264
256 Moshref, Rameen, 222
Metcalf, Barbara D., 225 Mousavi, Sayed Askar, 8, 205
Michel, Louis, 275 Muggeridge, Malcolm, 30
Migdal, Joel S., 13–14 Muhammad, Atta, Commander, 265
Miles, Michael, 154 Muhammad, Faiz, 97
Milishia-i Sahardi, 109 Muhammad, Nazar, 94, 118
military aid Muhammad, Qari Din, 247
UK, 81 Muhammadi, Muhammad Nabi, 63, 88,
USA, 79, 80, 187–8 150, 151, 183, 187, 224
Soviet, 21, 138, 139, 169, 187–8 Mujahideen , 59, 61, 111, 179, 199, 217
militias, 108–14, 202 generic term for resistance, 59
atrocities, 204–5 clashes Western Afghanistan, 89
eastern and southern Afghanistan, fracturing of, 174–7
110–12 Herat attack, 172
Hazarajat, The, 114 Soviet withdrawal, 148–51
Najibullah regime, 170–1 US support for, 78–80
northern Afghanistan and the see also Afghan resistance, militias
Panjsher Valley, 112–14 Musharraf, Pervez, 222, 259–60, 264,
western Afghanistan, 112 267, 281
Rabbani government, 202 Muttawakil, Wakil Ahmad, 255
Miller, John H., 39, 103, 115 Myers, Richard B., 258
Miller, Marty, 245 Mzhavanadze, Vasilii, 115
Miller, Robert F., 128
Miller, William H., 67 Naby, Eden, 228
mines, 50–1, 144, 180 Nadir Shah, 13
missiles Nadiri, Sayed Mansur, 170, 180, 188
SCUD, 169–70 Nägler, Horst, 10
Stinger, 80, 170 Nahrin, 113, 265
Tomahawk, 247, 248–9, 262 Najibullah, Dr, 4, 28, 95, 98–9, 101,
Misra, Neelesh, 256 109, 110, 113, 117–19, 120, 121,
Mitrokhin, Vasili, 34 122, 123–4, 125, 133, 137, 145,
Moghadam, Valentine M., 155 146, 149, 151, 158, 162, 168–93,
Mohaqqeq, Ustad, 265 198, 205, 207, 218, 236–7
Mohseni, Asif, 64, 178, 187, 229 Najibullah regime
Mojadiddi, Hashmatullah, 187 cessation of US and USSR aid, 187–8
Index 333
collapse of regime, 186–93 Northern Alliance, 229, 260

consolidation of power, 115–17 see also United Front
continued Soviet support, 169–71 Nossal, Kim Richard, 79
coup attempt, 173 Novichkova, I., 20
fracturing within resistance, 174–8 Nur, Nur Ahmad, 28
Geneva talks, 137 Nuristani, Abdul Qadir, 25
interparty rivalries, 172–4
Karmal return, 173 O’Connor, Ronald W., 83
militias, 109–14, 170–1, O’Donnell, Guillermo, 197, 278
nationalism and, 171–2 Oakley, Robert, 151, 175, 179, 245
National Reconciliation (policy), Odom, William E., 38, 40, 42, 55
120–5 Ogarkov, Nikolai, 38
political change, 114–20 OIC, 151
post-Soviet withdrawal, 168–93 oil, 244–5
UN and transition, 180–6 Okulov, V., 120
US disengagement, 178–80 Olesen, Asta, 9, 63
Najimi, Abdul Wasay, 237 Olson, Elizabeth, 278
Najmuddin, Commander, 113 Olson, Mancur, 278
Naqib, Mulla, 208, 266 Omar, Mulla Muhammad, 220, 223,
Naqvi, Zareen F., 235 224, 236, 240, 241, 243, 254–5,
Nasr, S. V. R., 226 256, 257, 261, 262, 264, 267, 268
Nassery, Fahima, 100 Operation Enduring Freedom, 262
National Commanders Shura, 191 see also War on Terrorism
National Reconciliation, 120–5 opium, 235–6
National Security Decision Directive Organisation of Islamic Conference
166, 80 see OIC
NATO, 259 Orywal, Erwin, 9
Nawid, Senzil K., 225 Ottaway, Marina, 280
Neilan, Terence, 264
Newman, Edward, 134 Paghman, 112
NGOs, 83–4, 256–7 Pahlavan, Abdul Malik, 229, 230
Niazi, Mulla Abdul Manan, 240 Pahlavan, Rasul, 110, 209, 229
Nihad, 10, 66 Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, Shah of Iran,
Nixon, Richard, 33, 164 70
Noelle, Christine, 12, 82 Pakistan,159, 254, 275, 281
Nojumi, Neamatollah, 195 Afghan resistance, 66–9, 72–6, 138–9
Nolte, Georg, 78 army, 72–4
Non-Aligned Movement, 20 General Zia, 69–71, 147–8
Non-Governmental Organisations Geneva Accords, 136–9
see NGOs ISI, 72–4, 150
Noorani, Zain, 139 Islamabad Accord, 199–200
Noorzoy, M.S., 21 Najibullah regime, 179, 189–90, 193
northeastern Afghanistan, 228 refugee host, 71–2, 154
334 Index
Pakistan (contd) Powell, G. Bingham, Jr, 280

Taliban, 168, 216, 219–22, 224–7, Prakash, Aseem, 165
229, 235, 244, 250, 259–60, 266–7 Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 128
War on Terror, 259–60, 264, 266–7 Pugo, Boriss, 187
see also ISI Pul-e Charkhi, 17, 28, 101, 155
Paktia, 87, 110, 254 Pul-e Khumri, 44, 89, 113, 265
Paktin, Raz Muhammad, 189 Pushtunistan, 68–9, 96, 225
Pakulski, Jan, 92 see also Durand Line
Palwashah, Jamila, 97 Pushtuns, 22, 68, 158, 189–93, 207,
Panjsher Valley, 65, 86, 89, 90, 112–14, 214–15, 222, 223, 22, 256, 264
173 Puzanov, Aleksandr M., 27, 28, 32
Panjsheri, Dastagir, 173
Pankin, Boris, 187, 192 Qaddafi, Muammar, 187
Papp, Daniel S., 35 Qadir, Abdul, 26, 27, 28, 93–4
Parcham, 17, 22, 23, 26, 27–30, 93–4, Qadir, Haji Abdul, 208, 269
117, 118, 122, 124, 158, 189, 208 Qalat, 111
Pavlov, Valentin, 187 Qanuni, Younos, 261, 274
PDPA, 22, 26, 27, 28, 85, 91, 97, 124, Qasideh, 52
125. 129, 158, 166, 171–2 qawm, 8, 109
see also Hezb-e Watan
Pearl Harbor, 27 Rabbani, Burhanuddin, 4, 63, 149, 151,
People’s Democratic Party of 187, 190, 195, 197, 198, 199,
Afghanistan 201–2, 205, 208, 209, 211, 212,
see PDPA 213, 214, 215, 216, 219, 229, 231,
perestroika, 105, 116, 122, 165 238, 243, 255, 269, 270, 274, 275
Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier, 78, 135–6, 139, Rabbani Government
142, 143, 144, 146, 181, 183, 184, elite settlements, 195–200
185 failure of, 213–17
Peshawar Accord, 197–9 Islamabad Accord, 199–200
Petrovskii, Vladimir, 145 Kabul, battle of, 201–7
Picco, Giandomenico, 135, 190, 191, 192 peace March–October, 1995, 206–7
Pickering, Thomas W., 261 Peshawar Accord, 197–9
Pincus, Walter, 252 rural Afghanistan, 207–9
Pipes, Richard, 10, 38 state collapse, 194, 200–1
Piscatori, James, 59 Taliban, 212, 213
Plato, 15 UN, 209–13
Poggi, Gianfranco, 11 Rabbani, Mulla Muhammad, 224, 255
Poland, 162 Rae, Douglas W., 280
Ponomarev, Boris N., 24, 35, 36, 92, Rafi, Muhammad, 26, 28, 118
127, 128 Rahi, Siddiqullah, 99
Popper, Karl R., 281 Rahim, Abdul, 149
Poullada, Leon B., 12, 20 Rahimi, Fahima, 10, 100
Powell, Colin L., 258, 264, 266 Rahman, Akhtar Abdul, 73, 147
Index 335
Rahman, Dr Abdul, 276 Rose, Richard, 280

Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur, 67 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 5
Rais, Rasul Bakhsh, 193 Roy, Olivier, 2, 9, 60, 62, 74, 90, 156,
Rakowska-Harmstone, Teresa, 41 178, 189, 224, 225, 238, 281
Randle, Robert F., 142 Rubin, Barnett R., 2, 14, 22, 25, 29, 50,
Ranger, Terence, 184 63, 75, 78, 82, 90, 92, 95, 98, 100,
Raphel, Arnold, 147 101, 102, 106, 110, 120, 125, 136,
Raphel, Robin, 217, 227 139, 146, 148, 150, 151, 156, 157,
Rapoport, David C., 258 158, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 180,
Rashid, Ahmed, 2, 179, 186, 210, 217, 185, 187, 188, 191, 193, 199, 203,
220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 207, 208, 215, 217, 224, 233, 235,
229, 230, 239, 241, 244, 245, 255, 236, 254, 278, 281
260, 276, 281 Rubinstein, Leonard S., 247
Rashidov, Sharaf, 104 Ruiz, Hiram A., 195
Rasul, General, 188 Rumi, Abdullah, 177
Ratebzad, Anahita, 28, 97, 106, 118 Rumsfeld, Donald H., 258, 263
Ratnesar, Romesh, 268
Razmjo, Abdul Zuhur, 119 Sadat, Anwar, 81
Reagan Administration 80, 105, 138, Sadruddin Aga Khan, 144, 180–1
139, 162 Saikal, Amin, 32, 63, 69, 126, 138, 149,
Reagan, Ronald, 73, 80, 105, 138, 139, 150, 162, 179, 212, 213, 216
162, 179 Saikal, Fazel Haq, 72, 192, 279
Red Crescent, 83, 204 Sakharov, Andrei D., 53, 103, 160
refugees, 154, 195, 272 Salim, Nawab, 193
see also UNHCR Samadi, Fazal Ahmad, 112
Reilly, Benjamin, 279, 280 Samar, Sima, 274
Reisman, W. Michael, 50 Sami ul-Haq, Maulana, 226
Religious Police Samman, Emma, 157
see Sharia, Taliban Sampson, Anthony, 257
Reshtia, Said Qassem, 15, 20, 279 Sanger, David E., 262
Reuveney, Rafael, 165 Santos, Charles, 210, 245
Richardson, James L., 5, 162 Sarin, Oleg, 41, 47
Richburg, Keith B., 265 Sarobi, 204
Richelson, Jeffrey T., 52 Sarwari, Asadullah, 28, 32, 118, 173
Richie, Lionel, 242 Sattar, Abdul, 264
Ricks, Thomas E., 262, 263 Saud, Turki al-Faisal, 81
Rigby, T. H., 18, 25, 163 Saudi Arabia, 81–2, 150, 151, 199, 227,
Rikhye, Indar Jit, 143 244, 253–4, 262
Ritter, Don, 249 Red Crescent, 83
Rizvi, Hasan-Askari, 70, 73 Sayyaf, Abdul Rab al-Rasoul, 63, 81,
Roddy, Dennis. 249 82, 150, 183, 202, 205, 229, 253
Rohde, David, 264, 266, 275 Sazman-e Nasr, 64
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 252 Schetter, Conrad, 265
336 Index
Schmitt, Eric, 263, 266 Shura-i Intiqali, 197

Schmitter, Philippe C., 197 Shura-i Nazar-e Shomali, 113, 176,
Schofield, Carey, 49, 53 202–4, 205, 214, 261
Sciolino, Elaine, 242 Shura-i Qiyadi, 197
Scott, James M., 80 shuras (see also jirgas), 10
Scowcroft, Brent, 168 Shurygin, Veniamin, 120
SCUD missiles, 169–70 Silk, James, 50
Seddiqi, Sohaila, 274 Simon, Steven, 257
Sen, Amartya, 16 Simoniya, Nodari, 128–9
Sepah-i Pasdaran, 64 Sipah-i Sahaba, 226
September 11, 251–2, 257–8 Sipress, Alan, 262, 276
see also Bin Laden, Osama; War on Sirat, Abdul Sattar, 265, 273
Terrorism Sirrs, Julie, 220, 221
Sevan, Benon, 181, 185, 188, 190, 191, Sixsmith, Martin, 165
192, 193, 209 Skaine, Rosemarie, 238
Shafiq, Muhammad Musa, 26 Skjelsæk, Kjell, 135
Shah Mahmoud Khan, 14 Sliwinski, Marek, 71, 86, 87, 158
Shah Shuja, 11 Smeal, Eleanor, 242
Shah Wali, Dr, 32 Smith, Anthony D., 9
Shah, Engineer Ahmad, 149, 150 Smith, Nancy DeWolf, 220
Shahrani, M. Nazif, 61, 279 Snegirev, Vladimir, 173
Shalinsky, Audrey C., 155 Snyder, Jack, 280
Shanker, Thom, 263 society, 8–11
Sharaf, Sharafuddin, 100 rural, 10
Sharia, 233–5, 243 state and, 13
see also Taliban, Religious Police Sokolov, Sergei L., 34
Sharif, Nawaz, 190, 220, 222, 226 Solamal, Muhammad Zahir, 177
Sharq, Muhammad Hasan, 122, 172 Solnick, Steven L., 40
Shchelokov, Nikolai, 95, 104 Soviet armed forces
Shcherbitskii, Vladimir, 131 afgantsy (war veterans), 55
Sher Ali Khan, Amir, 12 ethnicity of, 40–1
Sher Khan Bandar, 113 history of, 37–9
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 54, 115, 116, political control of, 41
128, 133, 139, 145, 169, 180, 186 structure, 39–41
Shia, 9, 59, 63–4, 91, 150, 223, 226 Soviet–Afghan War, 84, 85
Shils, Edward, 184 change in Kabul, 103–5
Shindand, 34, 89, 143 costs of (human and material), 54–5
Shomali Valley, 90, 231, 260 death of Zia, 147–8
Shula-i Javid, 22, 26 East–West relations, 104–5
Shultz, George P., 73, 139 effects of, 154–66
Shura-i Ahl-e Hal va Aqd, 198, 202 Geneva Accords, 134–42
Shura-i Ettefaq, 64, 91, 114 invasion, 33–6
Shura-i Hamahangi, 203, 211, 219 lessons of, 166–7
Index 337
military activities, 86–91 Spillmann, Markus, 241

mujahideen positioning, 148–51 Spin Baldak, 44
UNGOMAP, 142–5 Springborg, Patricia, 15
UNOCA, 142–5, 180 Stalin, Joseph, 19, 20, 24, 27, 41, 59,
unpopularity of, 53–4 105, 200, 234
Gorbachev, 105–7, 127–9, 130 Stanekzai, Sher Muhammad Abbas, 234
situation in USSR, 103–5 Stark, Freya, 6
strategic failure, 129–30 Starodubtsev, Vasilii, 186
strategy, 41–6 Starr, S. Frederick, 260–1
tactics, 46–53 state
withdrawal, 108, 126–7, 142–7, corruption of, 15–16
145–7, 151–2 collapse, 201
see also Karmal regime, Najibullah elites, 23–5, 195–200
regime legitimacy, 15–17
Soviet strategy, 41 and society, 13–15
failure of, 129–30 State Information Service, Khedamat-e
and political situation (Afghanistan), Ettalaat-e Dawlati
45–6 see KhAD
objectives, 42–6 Stedman, Stephen John, 198
Soviet tactics, 46–53 Steele, Jonathan, 106
airpower, 48–9 Stolee, Margaret K., 101
armour, 47–8 Strand, Arne, 278
infantry, 46–7 Sufism, 9, 59
intelligence and communications, Suhrke, Astri, 278
51–2 Sullivan, Kevin, 234
mine warfare, 50–1 Sunni, 9, 58, 63–4, 82, 150, 190–1, 223,
operational relations with Afghan 226, 254
Army, 52–3 Suslov, Mikhail A., 35, 104
scorched earth, 49–50
Spetsnaz forces, 49 Tabeev, Fikrat A., 32, 34
Soviet Union (USSR) Tacitus, 228
advisory role to Karmal regime, 102 Taggart, Chris, 245
coup April 1978 (Afghanistan), 26–7 Tajiks, 158, 190, 231
early relations with Afghanistan, Talbott, Strobe, 168
19–21 Taliban, 68, 195, 203–4, 209, 211, 216
economic aid, 21 Taliban regime,
elite, 23–5 composition of, 222–5
foreign policy, 19–21, 24, 116–17, culture, 240–1, 256
127–9, 132 economy, 235–6
invasion of Afghanistan, 33–6 fall of, 258–66
military aid, 21, 138, 139, 187–8 role of Pakistan, 219–2, 224, 225,
political system, 17–19, 24–5 226, 227, 229
see Soviet–Afghan War military developments, 228–32
338 Index
Taliban regime (contd) Trotsky, Lev D., 19

human rights, 236–41 Tsagolov, Kim M., 120, 125, 129–30
madrassas, 223–6 Tukhachevskii, Mikhail N., 38
massacres, 239–41 Turabi, Mulla Nuruddin, 224
objectives of, 232–6 Tyler, Patrick E., 263
origins of, 218–2
Osama Bin Laden, 253–6 Ul’ianovskii, R. A., 36
radicalisation, 256–7 Ullmann-Margalit, Edna, 184
recognition of, 243–5 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Religious Police, 234, 237 (USSR)
Sharia, 233–5, 243 see Soviet Union
state, 235–6 United Arab Emirates, 244, 262
terrorism, 248–50, 253–6, 257–8 United Front 260, 264, 265, 266, 269
UN, 245–8 see also Northern Alliance
USA, 220, 226–8 United Kingdom, 81, 243, 259, 274
women, 233, 237–8, 242 United Nations,
Talmon, Stefan, 151 attempts to manage transition, 180–6
Taloqan, 231 Bonn Agreement, 268–73
Tanai, Shahnawaz, 173, 189 Donors’ Conference (Stockholm), 211
Tanin, Zahir, 45, 95, 118, 125 evacuation of staff, 203
Tapper, Nancy, 10, 12 Geneva Accords, 77, 126, 134–42
Taraki, Nur Muhammad, 22, 27, 28, 30, OSGAP (Office of the Secretary-
31, 32, 35, 61, 78, 99 General in Afghanistan and
Tariq, Sar Malim, 176 Pakistan), 181
Tarzi, Mahmoud, 12 Rabbani Government, 209–13
Teimourian, Hazhir, 151 refugees, 141, 144
Termez, 34, 113 Resolutions, 77, 210, 249–50
Terrenoire, Marie-Odile, 50 response to resistance, 76–8
terrorism, 248–50, 251–6 Special Rapporteur on Human Rights,
see also September 11; War on 100, 205
Terrorism Taliban, 244, 245–8, 257
Terry, Fiona, 72 UNDP, 211
Thakur, Ramesh, 233 UNHCR, 141, 144
Thatcher, Margaret, 79, 81, 105 UN International Women’s
Thomas, Christopher, 186 Conference Beijing, 242
Thornton, Thomas Perry, 67 UNGOMAP, 142–5
Thucydides, 5 UNOCA, 142–5, 180
Tikhonov, Nikolai A., 104 UN Special Mission to Afghanistan,
Tiziakov, Aleksandr, 186, 187 195, 210
Tomsen, Peter, 151 Urban, Mark, 49, 87, 88, 89, 90, 110,
Torghundi, 143 111, 113
Traditionalism, 184, 225 USA, 151
Tribes, tribalism, 97, 184, 223, 225 aid to resistance, 138, 145, 179
Index 339
Ambassador (Dubs) killed 1979, 32 Waltz, Kenneth N., 5

Bonn Agreement, 269 War on Terrorism, 258–66
cessation of military aid, 187–8 see also Terrorism; September 11
closure of embassy, 152 war orphans, 101–2
indifference to Afghanistan, 20, 32–3, Wardak, Ghulam Dastagir, 42
ISI, 75 Wardak, Masuma Esmaty, 97
Najibullah regime, 169, 178–180 warlords, 194, 207–9, 277, 278
relations with USSR, 104–5 Watanjar, Aslam, 26, 32, 94, 189
response to invasion, 78 Waxman, Sharon, 242
September 11, 257–8 Waziri, Rafiq, 154
support for Mujahideen, 78–80, 179 Weber, Max, 14
Taliban regime, 220, 226–8, 242–3, Weinbaum, Marvin G., 70, 74, 75
243, 247, 248–50 Weinberg, Gerhard L., 27
United Front, 260 Weintraub, Craig, 176
War on Terror, 257 Weitz, Richard, 174
Ustinov, Dmitri F., 24, 33, 43 Westad, Odd Arne, 27, 32
Uzbekistan, 34, 167, 209 White, Stephen, 17, 18, 115
Whitehead, John, 138
Van Dyke, Carl, 42 Wiles, Peter, 162
Varennikov, Valentin, 186, 187 Willerton, John P., 25
Vasil’ev, A., 174 Williamson, Robert, 98
Vendrell, Francesc, 248 Wimbush, S. Enders, 40, 41
Vertzberger, Yaacov Y. I., 5 Winchester, Michael, 239
Vietnam, 46, 78, 121, 162–4 Winston, Clara, 268
Vladivostock speech, 121, 126 Winston, Richard, 268
Vogelsang, Willem, 7, 223 Women
Vorontsov, Iulii, 148, 149 Democratic Organisation of Afghan
VTsIOM, 54 Women, 97
effect of war on, 155
WAD place in society, 10–11
see KhAD post Taliban, 269, 273, 274
Wadood, Abdul, 100 sexual assault, 206
Wadood, Commander Abdul, 176 torture of, 100
Wagner, Abraham R., 44, 46, 52, 87, 89, under Taliban, 233, 237–8, 242–3
170 Woodward, Bob, 256
Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn Abdul, 82 World Muslim League, 83
Wahhabism, 82 World Trade Centre, 259
Wakil, Abdul, 28, 118, 139, 189, 191, see also September 11
193
Waldheim, Kurt, 136 Yakaolang, 240
Waldman, Amy, 231 Yaqubi, Ghulam Faruq, 98
Walicki, Andrzej, 21 Yousaf, Mohammad, 73, 80, 81, 147,
Walter, Barbara F., 212 175, 176, 178
340 Index
Yousuf, Dr, 209 Zaitsev, Mikhail, 109

Yusufi, Wali, 100 Zakaria, Fareed, 278
Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, 226
Zabiullah (Abdul Qader), 88, 112 Zamiatin, Leonid, 35
Zabrodin, V. M., 55, 113 Zartman, I. William, 279
Zabul, 111 Zendejan, 89
Zagladin, Vadim, 43 Zeray, Saleh Muhammad, 97, 119, 173
Zahir Shah, 13, 14, 16, 17, 62, 63, 74, Zhawar, 87
75, 124, 131, 177, 183, 185, 190, Zhukov, Georgii, 38
225, 261, 262, 265, 268, 269, 271, Zia ul-Haq, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 135, 137,
276 139, 147–8
Zaikov, Lev, 169 Zia-Zarifi, Saman, 276

2002 Bookmatter TheAfghanistanWars PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2002 Bookmatter TheAfghanistanWars PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2002 Bookmatter TheAfghanistanWars PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

References

Abou Zahab, Mariam (1996), ‘L’origine sociale des Tâlebân’, Les

—— (1999a), Afghanistan: The Human Rights of Minorities (London:

Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National

Bialer, Seweryn (1980), Stalin’s Successors: Leadership, Stability, and

lages de réfugiés afghans au Pakistan’, in Erwin Grötzbach (ed.), Neue

—— (1998), ‘How the Taliban Became a Military Force’, in William

Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1984), ‘Revolutionary Rhetoric and Afghan

Galeotti, Mark (1995), Afghanistan: The Soviet Union’s Last War

—— (1997), ‘Le nom d’Afghanistan’, Les Nouvelles d’Afghanistan, 79: 5.

Hartzell, Caroline A. (1999), ‘Explaining the Stability of Negotiated

—— (2001b), Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan (New York: Human

James, Alan (1990), Peacekeeping in International Politics (Basingstoke:

Kuperman, Alan J. (1999), ‘The Stinger Missile and U.S. Intervention in

Lorentz, John H. (1987), ‘Afghan Aid: The Role of Private Voluntary

—— (1991b), ‘Social Dynamics and the Disutility of Terror: Afghanistan,

—— (1999b), ‘Reconstructing Afghanistan: Opportunities and

—— (2001), ‘Bamyan: Naissance et destruction de deux géants’, Les

Meier, Andrew (1997), ‘Afghanistan’s Drug Trade’, Muslim Politics

Noorzoy, M. S. (1985), ‘Long-Term Economic Relations between

—— (1997), Pilgrimage for Peace: A Secretary-General’s Memoir (New

Nationalities Factor in Soviet Politics and Society (Boulder, CO:

—— (2001b), ‘Afghan Leader is Sworn In, Asking for Help to Rebuild’,

—— (2002), ‘Putting an End to Warlord Government’, The New York

Shurygin, Veniamin (1986), ‘Kabul’skie vstrechi: Rasskaz o zhizni afgan-

—— (2001), ‘Afghan Northern Alliance Makes a Dangerous Friend’, The

Tsagolov, Kim M., and Selig S. Harrison (1991), ‘Afganskaia voina:

—— (2001a), Global Illicit Drug Trends 2001 (Vienna: United Nations

USSR Supreme Soviet (1989), ‘Postanovlenie Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR

Weintraub, Craig (1989), ‘Ferkhar Massacre of Jami’at Commanders

Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 11 see also militias, mujahideen

militias, 110–12 Amin, Abdul Rasul, 274

Ball, Desmond, 52 Bonner, Elena, 103

Campbell, Matthew, 238 Constitution

Democratic Organisation of the Youth Eckstein, Harry, 65

Fitzhardinge, Hope Verity, 7 Glasser, Susan B., 265

McWilliams, Edmund, 151 Mojadiddi, Sebghatullah, 63, 149, 150,

collapse of regime, 186–93 Northern Alliance, 229, 260

Pakistan (contd) Powell, G. Bingham, Jr, 280

Rahman, Dr Abdul, 276 Rose, Richard, 280

Schmitt, Eric, 263, 266 Shura-i Intiqali, 197

military activities, 86–91 Spillmann, Markus, 241

Taliban regime (contd) Trotsky, Lev D., 19

Ambassador (Dubs) killed 1979, 32 Waltz, Kenneth N., 5

Yousuf, Dr, 209 Zaitsev, Mikhail, 109

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.